B A L L A B G A R H

CHEMISTRY
PROJECT

2022-23

SUBMITTED BY
Ritika Sharma
XII Science A

SUBMITTED TO
Ms. Surbhi Goyal
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
CHEMISTRY teacher MS. SURBHI GOYAL as well as our
principal MRS. AMITA SAILY who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
PARACETAMOL.

Secondly, i would also like to thank my parents who helped

me a lot in finalizing this project by providing me the
facilities i required for the project within the limited time
frame.

Lastly, i like to thank all my supporters who motivated me

to fulfill the project before the given timeline.

Parul Singhal
XII SCIENCE A
 CONTENTS
01 About Paracetamol 01-04

02 Preparation 05-06

03 Chemical Properties 07

04 Taking & Working 08-09

05 Dosage 10

06 Uses 11

07 Interactions 12

08 Side Effects 13
PARACETAMOL
Acetaminophen
It is a medication used to treat fever and mild to
moderate pain. Common brand names include
Tylenol and Panadol.
 INTRODUCTION
Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen,
was first made in 1877 or possibly 1852. It is the
most commonly used medication for pain and
fever in both the United States and Europe.

At a standard dose, paracetamol only slightly

decreases body temperature; and the benefits of
its use for fever are unclear. Paracetamol may
relieve pain in acute mild migraine but only
slightly in episodic tension headache. However,
the aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine combination
helps with both conditions where the pain is
mild and is recommended as a first-line
treatment for them.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of

Essential Medicines. Paracetamol is available as
a generic medication, with brand names
including Tylenol and Panadol among others. In
2020, it was the 118th most commonly
prescribed medication in the United States, with
more than 5 million prescriptions.
ACETAMINOPHEN

PARACETAMOL
IUPAC NAME N-(4 HYDROXYPHENYL)
ETHANAMIDe

Formula C8H9NO2

Molar mass 151.163 G/MOL

Melting point 169 °C

Boiling point 420 °C

Density 1.26 g/cm³

Soluble In WATER, ACETONE

 PREPARATION
0F PARACETAMOL
Classical method
The classical methods for the production of
paracetamol involve the acetylation of 4-aminophenol
with acetic anhydride as the last step. They differ in
how 4-aminophenol is prepared. In one method,
nitration of phenol with nitric acid affords 4-
nitrophenol, which is reduced to 4-aminophenol by
hydrogenation.

PHENOL 2-NITROPHENOL
4-NITROPHENOL

4-NITROPHENOL 4-AMINOPHENOL
ACETAMINOPHEN
 Celanese synthesis
An alternative industrial synthesis developed at
Celanese involves direct acylation of phenol with
acetic anhydride in the presence of hydrogen
fluoride, conversion of the resulting ketone to a
ketoxime with hydroxylamine, followed by the acid-
catalyzed Beckmann rearrangement.

PHENOL

ACETAMINOPHEN
KETOXIME
PARACETAMOL MOLECULE HAS POLAR SURFACE
AREA.

PARACETAMOL ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL MAP.

PARACETAMOL CONSISTS OF A BENZENE RING

CORE, SUBSTITUTED BY ONE HYDROXYL GROUP
AND THE NITROGEN ATOM OF AN AMIDE GROUP IN
THE PARA PATTERN. THE AMIDE GROUP IS
ACETAMIDE (ETHAN-AMIDE). IT IS AN EXTENSIVELY
CONJUGATED SYSTEM AS THE LONE PAIR ON THE
HYDROXYL OXYGEN, THE BENZENE PI CLOUD, THE
NITROGEN LONE PAIR, THE P- ORBITAL ON THE
CARBONYL CARBON, AND THE LONE PAIR ON THE
CARBONYL OXYGEN ALL ARE CONJUGATED. THE
PRESENCE OF TWO ACTIVATING GROUPS ALSO
MAKE THE BENZENE RING HIGHLY REACTIVE
TOWARDS ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC
SUBSTITUTION.

THE CONJUGATION ALSO GREATLY REDUCES THE

BASICITY OF THE OXYGEN'S AND THE NITROGEN,
WHILE MAKING THE HYDROXYL ACIDIC THROUGH
DELOCALISATION OF CHARGE DEVELOPED ON THE
PHENOXIDE ANION.
 WHO CAN TAKE

Most people can take paracetamol

safely, including:

pregnant women
breastfeeding women
children over 2 months of age – lower doses are
recommended for young children

If you are not sure whether you can take paracetamol,

check the leaflet that comes with it or ask your pharmacist
or doctor for advice.

Always get advice before taking paracetamol if you:

have liver or kidney problems
have problems with alcohol, such as long-term alcohol
misuse.
are very underweight
are taking other medications
Don't take paracetamol if you've had an allergic
reaction to it in the past.
HOW TO TAKE PARACETAMOL
Make sure you take paracetamol as directed on the
label or leaflet, or as instructed by a health professional.
Adults can usually take 1 or 2 tablets (500mg) every 4-6
hours, but shouldn't take more than 4g (8 x 500mg
tablets) in the space of 24 hours.
Children under 16 need to take a lower dose, depending
on their age or weight – check the packet or leaflet, or
ask a pharmacist or doctor for advice. For very young
children, paracetamol liquid is given using a measuring
spoon or an oral syringe.

HOW DOES IT WORK ?

Paracetamol has been in general use for more than 50
years, but the way it works to reduce pain and fever is
not fully understood. Paracetamol begins to ease pain
and lower a high temperature about 30 minutes after a
dose is taken. Its effects usually last for about 4 to 6
hours.
Paracetamol works as an analgesic (pain reliever) and
anti-pyretic (fever reducing) agent that exhibits
minimal interactions with other pharmaceutical
compounds. Scientists do know that paracetamol, more
correctly known as acetaminophen, works upon the
brain to block prostaglandin production.
 The recommended dose of paracetamol for
adults and children 12 years and over is no
more than 1g every 4-6 hours to a total of 4g
daily. The maximum dose for children is
dependent on their body weight. The labels
on liquid paracetamol contain clear
Dosage

instructions.

tablet – 500mg or 1g
capsule – 500mg
syrup you swallow (oral solution) –
120mg, 250mg or 500mg in 5ml
powder you add to water and drink
suppository (medicine that you push
gently into your bottom) – 60mg to 1g

Taking too much paracetamol, known as an

OverDosage

overdose, can be very dangerous. If someone has

taken more than the recommended dose of
paracetamol,then

Call triple zero (000) immediately and ask

for an ambulance
Go to your nearest accident and emergency
(A&E) department as soon as possible.

Symptoms of paracetamol overdose include:

abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
liver problems
seizures
coma and death
 1. Fever: Itbyislowering
a choice for reducing fever
body temperature

2. Pain: toItmoderate
is used for the relief of mild
pain like headache,
muscle aches,toothache as well
& pain caused by cold sprains,
and dysmenorrhea.
PARACETAMOL
3. Headache: It is effective for acute
migraine.

4. Surgical pain
Pain after a dental surgery provides a
reliable model for the action of analgesics
on other kinds of acute pain.

5. Patent ductus arterio-

-sus: Paracetamol helps ductal closure
in patent ductus arteriosus.
.
Keep out of sight and reach of children
Do not use the medicine after the expiry date
Store below 77°F (25°C)
Store paracetamol suppositories in a cool, dry
place below 77°F (25°C) and out of direct
sunlight
Store paracetamol effervescent tablets below
USES OF

(30°C). Use within 1 month of first opening the

tube. Do not use the effervescent tablets if
you notice visible signs of deterioration, such
as brown or black spots on the tablets, or
bulging or discolored tablets.
Store paracetamol solution for infusion below
(30°C). Do not refrigerate or freeze. Store in
the original package and protect from light.
 Interactions
Tell your doctor or pharmacist about all the medicines
you take, including prescription and OTC medicines,
vitamins, and herbal supplements before taking this
medication. Especially tell your doctor if you take:

Blood thinning medications (anticoagulants) such as warfarin

and you need to take a pain reliever daily. Occasional doses
of paracetamol can be taken with anticoagulants
Medications to help relieve nausea (metoclopramide or
domperidone)
Medications to treat high cholesterol (cholestyramine)
Medications to treat epilepsy (lamotrigine)
Medications to treat tuberculosis (isoniazide)
Medication to treat fever or mild pain (aspirin, salicylamide)
Barbiturate and tricyclic antidepressants to treat depression
(amitriptyline)
A medication to treat gout called probenecid
A medication used to treat bacterial infections called
chloramphenicol
A medication used in HIV infections and AIDS called
zidovudine

Paracetamol may affect the results of

laboratory tests for uric acid and
blood sugar levels.
Paracetamol can be taken with oral
contraceptives, but it may not work
as well to lower your pain or fever.
 Side Effects
Side effects from paracetamol are
rare but can include:

an allergic reaction, which can cause a rash and swelling

flushing, low blood pressure and a fast heartbeat – this can
sometimes happen when paracetamol is given in hospital
into a vein in your arm
blood disorders, such as thrombocytopenia (low number of
platelet cells) and leukopenia (low number of white blood
cells)
liver and kidney damage, if you take too much (overdose) –
this can be fatal in severe cases
effect on blood glucose levels. Other
9%

Abdominal Pain
6%

Toothache
5%
Consumptionof Headache

paracetaol durng 43%

pregnancy
Back pain
12%

Fever
5%

Cold/flu
20%
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS
PROJECT IS MADE BY
RITIKA SHARMA
OF CLASS XII SCIENCE A OF
AGGARWAL PUBLIC SCHOOL,
BALLABGARH UNDER THE
PROPE GUIDANCE AND HAS
SHOWN UTMOST SINCERITY IN
COMPLETING THE PROJECT.