Lect 9

School of Civil Engineering
Structural Engineering Chair

M. Sc. (Structural Engineering)
Earthquake Engineering
(CEng 6506)
L. N. Ojha Ph.D.
Contents
Lecture Major Topic

1-2 Seismicity Earthquake, and Earthquake Engineering
3-7 Analysis Code Review ,Ductile Design , RSA and RHA
8-9 Design MSB, ERD
Earthquake Resistant Design (ERD)
 Seismoresistant Architecture
 RC Structures ERD Guidelines
 ERD-Detailing for RC Structures
EQE
ERD –Steps
1. Develop concept (design philosophy)

2. Select structural system
3. Establish performance objectives
4. Estimate external seismic forces
5. Estimate internal seismic forces (linear analysis)
6. Proportion components
7. Evaluate performance (linear or nonlinear analysis)
8. Final detailing
9. Quality assurance
EQE
ERD
ERD essentially is based on an inherent ductile response

under strong ground excitation.
The following properties and parameters are most important in ERD
a) Building material properties

- Compressive, tensile, and shear strengths, including dynamic effects
- Unit weight (density)
- Modulus of elasticity
b) Dynamic characteristics of the building system, including periods,

modes of vibration and damping.
c) Load-deflection characteristics of building components.
EQE
ERD Step-1,Develop concept (design philosophy)
Prevent Brittle Failure Mode
Allow Ductile Failure Mode
EQE
Modern Ductile Details

• Initial Failure at ~0.6g
Courtesy of Caltrans
Older Brittle Details

• Total Failure at ~0.2g
• Retrofit Priority
Courtesy of Caltrans
Prevent Brittle Failure Mode Allow Ductile Failure Mode EQE

Capacity Design
Member level: Flexural failure

mode is ensured by suppressing
shear failure
System level: Spreading of plastic

regions that undergo flexural
yielding follows a hierarchy for
obtaining a more ductile system
response (strong column-weak
beam principle).
EQE
A ductile concrete moment

resisting frame structure (Parking
Garage).
The collapse was actually due to

the loss of several interior
“nonstructural” gravity columns
that were not sufficiently detailed
to accommodate the large
inelastic displacement demands
imposed by the earthquake.
EQE
ERD-Step 2 Select structural system
The structural system
Resisting seismic loads as a whole as well as

each structural element of the system shall
be provided with sufficient stiffness,
stability and strength to ensure an
uninterrupted and safe transfer of seismic
loads down to the foundation soil.
Directly related with architectural design

and engineering design.
EQE
EQE
Strengthening Buildings for Earthquakes

• Horizontal structural systems (floors and roofs)
 Diaphragms
 Trussing
• Vertical structural systems (columns, walls and

bracing)
 Braced frames
 Moment resisting frames
 Shear walls
EQE
Horizontal structural systems-Diaphragms

• Horizontal diaphragms are usually floors and roofs. They are
made up from a horizontal frame covered by a floor or roof
deck.
• When a diaphragm is stiff enough in its horizontal plane. it can

share the sideways earthquake forces on a building between
the vertical structural members, e.g. the columns and walls.
EQE
Horizontal structural systems-Trussing

• Horizontal trussing is usually used in roofs where there is not
enough deck to allow the roof to act as a stiff horizontal
diaphragm.
• The trussing transfers the sideways earthquake forces on a

building to its vertical structural members e.g. the columns
and walls.
EQE
Vertical structural systems-Braced Frames

• Single Diagonals
If a single diagonal, or brace,

is used, it must be able to
resist tension (stretching)
and compression (squashing)
caused by sideways forces in
Single diagonals in both directions on a frame.
a 3-storey frame
EQE

• Cross Bracing If two diagonals are used, in the form of cross-
bracing, they only need to resist tension.
This is because one brace is in tension for the
sideways force in one direction on the frame,
while the other brace is in tension when the
force is reversed.
Steel cables can be used for cross-bracing, as
they can be stretched, but not squashed.
Cross-bracing in a 3-storey frame

EQE
 Miscellaneous Methods
Inverted V Bracing
Knee Bracing
K Bracing V Bracing
EQE
Vertical structural systems-Moment Resisting Frames

• In moment resisting frames, the joints,
or connections, between columns and
beams are designed to be rigid.
• This causes the columns and beams to

bend during earthquakes.
• So these structural members are

designed to be strong in bending.
• Moment resisting frames simply means

frames that resist forces by bending.
EQE
Isolating Buildings –Introduction
• Base isolation: special structural bearings are
inserted between the bottom of the building and
its foundation.
• Bearings are not very stiff in the horizontal

direction, so they reduce the fundamental
frequency.
• The frequency becomes so low that the building

does not vibrate as strongly during an
earthquake.
• During an earthquake, a fixed-base building can

sway from side to side.
• When a base isolation system is used, the

sideways movement occurs mainly in the
bearings, and the building hardly distorts at all.
EQE
EQE
A structure will not even

support its own weight if a
load path is not provided.
every structural and non-

structural element that
contributes mass to the
system will impart forces
on the lateral load
resisting system.
EQE
Those parts of the load path

that cannot be detailed as
ductile elements must be
designed to resist their forces
elastically.
In other words, “nonductile”

connections must be able to
elastically resist forces greater
than the maximum probable
strength of the elements
framing in to the connection.
EQE
This slide raises a question of

redundancy.
On first glance it appears that

there are two competent systems
-- a frame system and a shear wall

system.
Both systems are situated on the

perimeter (good) and are
symmetric (good).
Both systems have the same basic

strength and the same basic
deformation capacity.
EQE
What is Earthquake Resistant Structure?
A structure designed to prevent total collapse,

preserve life, and minimize damage
Earthquake resistant design of structures can

not be succeeded only by the structural design
of the layout planned by the architect.
It is achieved by collaboration of the architect

and structural engineer on basic design
principles from initial architectural drawings to
the construction of the building.
EQE
Architect – Engineer Relationship
In resistance to gravity loads architectural

and structural decisions may be made
independently of each other.
But in resistance to EQ effects, separating

the engineer from the architect is the
formula for disaster
M. Sozen 1978
EQE
General Planning and Design Aspects
Irregularly shaped building

will twist as it shakes,
increasing the damage.
Asymmetry leads to torsion

is dangerous
Symmetry, is also desirable in

door and window openings.
EQE
Design and construction of “irregular buildings”

should be avoided
IRREGULARITIES
A) in plan
A1 – Torsional Irregularity
A2 – Floor Discontinuities
A3 – Projections in Plan
B) in elevation
B1 – Interstorey strength irregularity (weak storey)
B2 – Interstorey stiffness irregularity (soft storey)
B3 - Discontinuity of vertical structural elements
EQE
Regularity: Simple rectangular shapes behave better

in an earthquake than shapes with projections .
EQE
Regularity: If longer lengths are required two separate

blocks with sufficient separation between should be
provided
EQE
Regularity: Torsional effects of ground motion are

pronounced in long narrow rectangular blocks. Therefore,
it is desirable to restrict the length of a block to three
times its width.
EQE
EBCS-8
• According to EBCS-8, for the purpose of

seismic design, building structures are
distinguished as Regular and Non-Regular.
• Regularity of building further can be seen as

regularity in plan and regularity in elevation
Criteria for Regularity in Plan (Section 2.2.2.2)
• Symmetrical in plan with respect to two orthogonal

directions, in what concerns lateral stiffness and mass
distribution.
EQE
EBCS-8
• The plan configuration is compact, i.e., it does not present

divided shapes as H, I, X, etc. The total dimension of re-entrant
corners or recesses in one direction does not exceed 25% of the
over all external plan dimension of the building in the
corresponding direction.
• The in-plane stiffness of the floors is sufficiently large in

comparison with the lateral stiffness of the vertical structural
elements so that the deformation of the floor has a small effect on
the distribution of the forces among the vertical structural
elements.
• At any story, the maximum displacement in the direction of the

seismic forces does not exceed the average story displacement by
more thane 20%.
EQE
EBCS-8
Criteria for Regularity in Elevation (Section 2.2.2.3)
• All lateral load resisting systems run without
interruption from their foundation to the top of the
building.
• Both the lateral stiffness and the mass of the
individual stories remain constant, or reduce
gradually, without abrupt changes, from the base to
the top.
• In framed buildings the ratio of the actual story
resistance to the resistance required by the analysis
should not vary disproportionately between adjacent
stories.
• When setbacks are present, they should satisfy the
criteria put in section 2.2.2.3(4)
EQE
Building Configuration- Seismoresistant Architecture
EQE
EQE
EQE
EQE
EQE
EQE
Torsional Irregularity
Condition:
The distance between

the rigidity centre (R)
and gravity centre (M)
results in a floor
torsion around the
centre of rigidity due
to lateral earthquake
forces
EQE
Vulnerability: Torsional Irregularity
The floor torsion results in additional shear forces acting

on vertical structural members (columns, walls)
EQE
Solution: Torsional Irregularity
Structural system (especially

shear walls)
should be arranged
symmetrical
or nearly symmetrical in
plan, and
torsional irregularity should

preferably be avoided.
“Mass Centre and rigidity centre should coincide” EQE

Solution: Torsional Irregularity
It is essential that stiff structural elements such as

structural walls should be placed so as to increase
the torsional stiffness of the building
Unsuitable since it has a

Significant torsional resistance in large eccentricity and very
design because shear walls are little torsional resistance.
farther from the centre of
rotation.
EQE
Floor Discontinuities
Condition:
Buildings usually contain unavoidable openings in

slabs due to functional necessities
EQE
Floor Discontinuities
Vulnerability:
Large openings in slabs results in undesirable loads on
members due to irregular lateral distribution of forces
Solution:
Avoid designing floors with large openings (>1/3 of the
total floor area) or great effort should be conducted in
order to ensure the seismic safety of the building.
EQE
Projections in Plan
Condition:
Buildings may contain projections in plan because of

architectural design or project area (land) requirements.
EQE
Projections in Plan
Vulnerability:
The cases where projections beyond

the re-entrant corners in both of the
two principal directions in plan
exceed the total plan dimensions of
the building in the respective
directions by more than 20%,
undesirable stresses and torsional

eccentricities are developed in the
building.
Extreme stress accumulations may

occur at the recessed corners of the
building.
EQE
Projections in Plan
Solution:
In order to avoid such irregularities, the main body

can be separated into regular (symmetrical in plan)
blocks by seismic joints
EQE
Weak Storey
Condition:
The ratio of the effective shear area of

any storey to the effective shear area of
the storey immediately above should be
greater than 0.80.
Columns rests on a beam or reduction in

area of vertical members may produce
weak storeys.
EQE
Weak Storey
Vulnerability:
Due to the sudden reduction of effective shear
area (the sudden reduction in strength),
concentration of inelastic activity (deformation)
occurs that may result in partial or total collapse
of the storey (building).
SOLUTION:
Vertical irregularities leading to weak storey at

any storey (abrupt decreases in strength ) should
be avoided strength irregularity factor < 0.60 shall
not be permitted.
EQE
Soft Storey
Condition:
Soft storey can occur in buildings due to the sudden
change of storey stiffness with open fronts on the ground
floor or tall ground storey (excessive storey height with
respect to others). The most common examples are
shopping malls, offices, hotels, etc.
Vulnerability:
Due to the abrupt stiffness differences between storeys,
the deformation accumulates unevenly.
Using higher design forces in soft storeys avoid such

sudden and large decrease in stiffness in any storey
(vertical irregularities leading to soft storey at any storey
should be avoided). EQE
Discontinuity of vertical structural elements
Condition: Columns rest on

the cantilever beams or on
top of or at the tip of gussets
provided in the columns
underneath.
Solution : In all seismic

zones, such a condition shall
in no case be permitted
EQE
Condition: A column rests on
a beam which is supported at
both ends
Solution : All internal force

components (combined
vertical loads and seismic
loads in the earthquake
direction) considered shall be
increased by 50% at all
sections of the beam and at
all sections of the other
beams and columns adjoining
to the beam.
EQE
Condition: Structural
walls rest on columns
underneath
Solution In no case
the walls shall be
permitted to rest on
columns underneath
EQE
Condition: Structural
walls rest on the beam
span at any storey of the
building
Solution Structural walls

shall in no case be
permitted in their own
plane to rest on the
beam span at any storey
of the building
EQE
Transitions in Plan
Vulnerability:
In transitions from a larger mass to narrower

mass along with the height of the building,
extreme stress accumulations may occur at these
transitions
EQE
Transitions in Plan
Solution:
To avoid such irregularity in elevation, these masses

should be separated into blocks by structural joints.
By separation, the part having different vibration

periods can vibrate separately.
EQE
ERD-Step 3 Establish performance objectives
EQE
ERD-Step 3 Establish performance objectives
In performance-based engineering, a variety of

performance levels may be checked.
EQE
ERD- Principles for RC Structures
Capacity Design
Capacity design has two major implications, one at

the member level, and the other at the system
level.
Member level: Flexural failure mode is ensured by

suppressing shear failure
System level: The spreading of plastic regions that

undergo flexural yielding follows a hierarchy for
obtaining a more ductile system response (strong
column-weak beam principle at the connections).
EQE
DUCTILITY IN REINFORCED CONCRETE ERD- Principles for RC Structures
Ductility or deformation capacity of reinforced concrete systems is

provided by the ductility of its
constituent materials (steel and concrete),
its members (beams, columns and walls), and
the overall ductility of the structural system under seismic actions.
a ductile reinforced concrete response can be obtained only if the

dominant failure mode of the structural components is flexure.
Therefore brittle failure modes such as shear, diagonal tension and

compression should be prevented whereas ductility in flexure should
be enhanced for obtaining a ductile system response under strong
seismic excitations.
EQE
Ductility in RC Materials-Steel ERD- Principles for RC Structures
A ductile flexural member behaviour can be achieved by employing

materials with ductile stress-strain behaviour at the critical sections
where bending moments are maximum. Steel, is inherently ductile.
(a) hot rolled and (b) cold worked reinforcing bars, both are having large plastic
strain capacity, exceeding 12 percent.
EQE
Ductility in RC Materials-Concrete ERD- Principles for RC Structures
Concrete does not possess

such ductile uniaxial material
stress-strain behaviour (curve
with σ2=0).
However when the conditions

of stress change from uniaxial Triaxial
(σ2 = 0) to triaxial (σ2 > 0),

both stress and strain
capacities of concrete
enhance significantly with the
increasing lateral pressure. Uniaxial
EQE
EQE
Triaxial stress state in reinforced concrete members

can be provided with confinement reinforcement.
When concrete is subjected to axial stress σ1 ,

passive lateral pressure σ2 developed by the lateral
tie reinforcement provides enormous increase in
the strength and strain capacity of concrete.
The improvement is strongly related with the tie

spacing “s” .
EQE
Confinement of concrete in rectangular sections.

a) Lateral confinement pressure provided with lateral ties,
b) Confined concrete along elevation,
c) Confined concrete along cross section.
EQE
EQE
EQE
Strength and deformation capacities of

concrete fibres in the core region of columns
increase with the amount of lateral
confinement reinforcement.
Confinement is most effective in circular

columns since lateral pressure develops
uniformly in all radial directions whereas a
rectangular tie is more effective at the
corners.
EQE
Stress-strain relations for concrete in unconfined (curve 5) and

confined (curves 1-4) reinforced concrete sections.
EQE
Ductility Class
EBCS describes three classes with the related seismic response
characteristics
EQE
EBCS-Material Level
EQE
EBCS-Component Level
EBCS-System Level
EQE
EQE
Ductility in RC Members ERD- Principles for RC Structures
RC members-beams, columns and shear walls may

either fail in flexure by reaching the yielding at a cross
section, or
they may fail in shear or diagonal tension under the

applied internal forces (bending moment, shear force,
axial force) during an earthquake.
Shear failure is brittle since it is accompanied with no

deformation capacity once the shear capacity is
exceeded.
Flexure failure on the other hand is generally ductile.

EQE
After the yield moment is attained under bending, the

tension steel may continue to elongate in the plastic range
until it ruptures or the concrete in compression crushes.
This leads to large plastic rotation capacities, hence large

ductility capacity at member ends where yielding occurs.
SEISMIC DESIGN OF DUCTILE REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Ductility in RC beams is sensitive to the level of shear

stress, ratio of tensile reinforcement, ratio of
compression reinforcement, and ratio of lateral
reinforcement for the confinement of concrete.
EQE
EQE
Ductility in RC Beams ERD- Principles for RC Structures
Minimum Section Dimensions : Minimum dimensions are imposed

for providing the space required for reinforcing detailing to ensure
ductile flexural behaviour.
Minimum beam width is 250 mm.
Beam width is limited with the adjoining column dimension

perpendicular to beam.
Minimum beam height is the largest of 3 times of the slab

thickness or 300 mm.
Maximum beam height is the lesser of 3.5 times the beam width
or 1/4 of the beam clear span. This controls lateral buckling
phenomenon and prevents deep beam behaviour which may
induce flexure-shear failure mode at large deformations.
EQE
Limitations on Tension Reinforcement :

The minimum tensile reinforcement ratio controls cracking of
concrete in service conditions whereas the maximum ratio
controls ductility of the section.
Same lateral reinforcement and
compression reinforcement ratio
that ensure flexural failure
mode.
The only difference is the ratio

of tension reinforcement.
Ductility reduces with increase

in tension reinforcement.
The effect of tension reinforcement ratio
on the moment-curvature ductility of
beams. EQE
EBCS
EQE
EQE
Minimum Compression Reinforcement
Compression reinforcement is known to be increasing the ductility

of a beam cross section significantly.
Moment-curvature relations for
beam sections with minimum tension
and lateral reinforcement, but with
different compression reinforcement
ratios
when the direction of earthquake

excitation reverses which may lead to
a moment reversal at the beam
support, the compression
reinforcement serves as the tension
The effect of compression
reinforcement on the moment- reinforcement.
curvature ductility of beams. EQE
Minimum Lateral Reinforcement for Confinement
The under-reinforced beams are known to be ductile

under monotonically increasing moments.
However when a beam undergoes moment reversals

during a strong earthquake and plastic regions (hinges)
form at the end regions, confinement of these regions are
necessary in order to prevent crushing of concrete and
buckling of longitudinal bars.
The absence of confined end regions results in strength

degradation (reduction of yield moment under moment
reversals), which leads to extensive damage accumulation
in the yielding regions. EQE
Strategies to Improve Ductility
• Use low flexural reinforcement ratio

• Add compression reinforcement
• Add confining reinforcement
Other Functions of Confining Steel
• Acts as shear reinforcement

• Prevents buckling of longitudinal reinforcement
• Prevents bond splitting failures
EQE
EQE
Shear Design of Beams
Shear failure is suppressed by calculating the

design shear force from flexural capacity, but not
from analysis.
The shear forces due to gravity loading are also

taken into account.
This is called “capacity shear” in earthquake

resistant design.
EQE
Ductility in RC Columns ERD- Principles for RC Structures
Ductility in reinforced concrete columns is

sensitive to the level of axial load, ratio of
longitudinal reinforcement, ratio of lateral
reinforcement for the confinement of
concrete and the shear forces acting on the
column.
Each parameter is governed with a different

design rule.
EQE
Limitation on Axial Stresses
Moment-curvature relationship for reinforced concrete

column sections is highly sensitive to the level of axial
load
The moment capacity and stiffness increases with axial load up to

N/No 0.4, but ductility decreases EQE
Limitation on Longitudinal Reinforcement
A ductile flexural column response requires that the

minimum and maximum longitudinal reinforcement ratios
are 1% and 4%, respectively.
Minimum Lateral Reinforcement for Confinement
Lateral ties which confine concrete in compression increases the

compressive strain capacity of concrete, which also improves the
curvature ductility of the cross section significantly.
EQE
Limitation on Longitudinal Reinforcement
Two columns are identical except

the amount of lateral reinforcement.
The lower curve is for a column with

inadequate lateral reinforcement,
which represents typical non-
seismic design detailing.
It has an extremely brittle response

with almost no deformation capacity
after yielding.
EQE
Strong Column-Weak Beam Principle
“the spreading of plastic regions that undergo flexural

yielding follows a hierarchy for obtaining a more ductile
system response”.
Flexural plastic hinges inevitably form at the ends of frame

members under design ground motions which are
reduced with R > 1.
A plastic hinge formed on a beam is less critical than a

plastic hinge on a column or shear wall, because vertical
members may loose their stability under gravity loads
when plastic hinges form.
EQE
Strong Column-Weak Beam Principle
Accordingly, plastic hinge

hierarchy requires formation of
plastic hinges first on beams, then
at the base of first story columns.
A plastic hinging hierarchy can be

imposed in design by
proportioning the flexural
capacities of beam and column
ends joining at a connection.
This is called the strong column-weak beam principle, which is
explained in figure.
Strong column-weak beam principle leads to a ductile collapse

strategy under increasing lateral earthquake forces. EQE
Shear Design of Columns
The design shear force is also calculated from capacity

shear.
Short Column Effect
Short columns may lead to brittle

shear failure even if the original
column is designed for capacity
shear.
Short columns form due to

shortening of clear length from
architectural interventions such
as parapet walls.
EQE
Short Column Effect
Short column formation.

EQE
Reinforcement detailing
Longitudinal reinforcement: The maximum

moments in the span normally occur at the
face of a column.
In addition to providing adequate moment

resistance flexural reinforcement must satisfy
detailing requirements in Code to provide
adequate ductility.
EQE
Transverse confining reinforcement: A seismic

hook as a hook on stirrup, hoops, cross-tie having
a bend not less than 135 degree with a six-
diameter extension that engages the longitudinal
reinforcement and projects in to the concrete in
the interior of stirrup or hoop.
Shear reinforcement: The design shear forces are

based on the shear due to factored dead and live
loads plus the shears due to hinging at the two
ends of the beam for the frame swaying to the
right or to the left.
EQE
Beam column joint:
A beam-column joint is the

part of the column where the
beams join.
Joints are considered as brittle

components in seismic design.
Shear strength of a joint should

be larger than the maximum
shear force acting on the joint
during an earthquake for an
acceptable design.
EQE
Beam column joint-Types
Confined joint: Beams are connecting from all four

sides, Width is at least ¾ of the column. (Only some
interior joints can satisfy this condition)
Unconfined joint : Joint which do not satisfy these

condition
The contribution of concrete to joint shear strength is

larger in confined joints compared to unconfined
joints
EQE
Beam column joint- Design Shear ERD- Principles for RC Structures
Design shear force acting

along a joint can be
calculated with the aid of
side figure
The design shear is not

calculated from analysis, but
it is calculated from the
flexural capacities of the
beams spanning into the
joint according to capacity
design principles.
EQE
SHEAR WALLS ERD- Principles for RC Structures
Shear walls mainly serve

as the major component
of a building for
resisting the lateral
loads applied during an
earthquake.
Their lateral stiffness

compared to typical
columns are very large
due to their large size in
the direction of
earthquake forces.
EQE
CAPACITY DESIGN PROCEDURE ERD- Principles for RC Structures
1. Analyse the system under , assuming flexural

behaviour
2 Design the beams for flexure under the analysis moments

Md and design for shear under capacity shear Ve.
3. Calculate column moments from strong column-weak beam

inequality. Perform flexural design under these moments and
shear design under capacity shear.
4. Design shear walls for flexure under design moment

distribution with tension shift, and design for shear under
capacity shear Ve.
5. Design the capacity of joints for capacity shear.

EQE
ERD- Detailing for RC Structures
Structural engineers use different mechanism of detailing by

increasing its ductility and by changing the plastic hinges of
different failure plans.
Development (anchorage) : may be achieved by extending bars as

straight lengths, or by using 90◦ and 180◦ bends, but development
efficiency will be governed largely by the state of stress of the
concrete in the anchorage length.
Tensile reinforcement should not be anchored in zones of high

tension. If this cannot be achieved, additional reinforcement in the
form of links should be added, especially where high shears exist,
to help to confine the concrete in the development length.
EQE
It is especially desirable to avoid anchorage bars in the

‘panel’ zone of beam–column connections.
Large amounts of the reinforcement should not be

curtailed at any one section.
Bar bending : The minimum bend radius depends

upon the ductility of the steel being used and upon
the stress in the bar, so that earthquake related codes
have a range of values for this.
EQE
EBCS-8
EQE
EBCS-8
EQE
Detailing for beams ERD- Detailing for RC Structures
Cross-section Requirements
Dimensional requirements of cross-section of
(a) Width of the beam web shall be at least 250 mm.
(b) Beam height shall not be less than 3 times the

thickness of floor slab and 300 mm
(c) Beam height should not be more than 1/4 the clear
span
EQE
Detailing for beams-EBCS-8 ERD- Detailing for RC Structures
EQE
Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirements
– Diameter of longitudinal rebar’s shall not be less than 12

mm.
At least two rebar's each at the bottom and top of the

beam shall be continuously provided along the full span
– Ratio of tensile reinforcement along beam spans and at

supports shall not be more than 2%.
Diameter of web reinforcement shall not be less than 12

mm and spacing shall not be more than 300 mm.
EQE
Longitudinal Reinforcement Arrangement
(a) At least 1/4 the maximum of the top support

reinforcement at the ends of a beam shall be extended
continuously along the full span length.
(b) In cases where beams framing into columns are not

extended to the other side of columns, bottom and top
beam reinforcement shall be extended up to the face of
the other side of the confined core of the column and
then shall be bent 90 degrees from inside the hoops.
EQE
EQE
• Horizontal part of the 90 degree bent shall not

be less than 0.4ℓb and vertical part shall not be
less than 12∅.
(c) In the case where beams frame into columns from

both sides, beam bottom rebar’s shall be extended to
the adjacent span from the column face by at least the
development length ℓb given
EQE
(d) In case of beams connected to structural walls

in their own planes, development may be achieved
by straight bars without any bent. In such a case,
development length of rebar inside the wall shall
not be less than ℓb and 50∅.
Transverse Reinforcement Requirements
A region with a length twice the beam depth measured

from the column face of a beam support shall be defined
as confinement zone and special seismic hoops shall be
used along this region.
EQE
Detailing for beams-EBCS-8 ERD- Detailing for RC Structures
Transverse Reinforcement Requirements
A region with a length twice the beam depth measured

from the column face of a beam support shall be defined
as confinement zone and special seismic hoops shall be
used along this region.
EQE
Detailing for columns ERD- Detailing for RC Structures
Detailing aimed primarily at columns which form part

of ductile moment resisting frames.
General design requirements
(1) The minimum width of the compression face of a

member should be 200 mm.
(2) The minimum content of longitudinal steel should

be 0.8% of the gross sectional area.
The maximum content should be 6% for grade 300

steel (8% at lap splices) and 4.5% for grade 400 steel
(6% at lap splices
EQE
confinement
Confinement steel in columns is provided to confine

the concrete core and prevent buckling of the
longitudinal reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement required for confinement

should be provided unless a large amount is required
for shear
Outside of potential plastic hinge zones, of course, less

confinement reinforcement is usually needed,
EQE
EQE
Care is necessary in selecting the details for anchorage

of the transverse reinforcement, as some commonly
used details have ineffective anchorage in reversed
cyclic loading, i.e. Bars with only 90% hooks are
unsatisfactory in most situations.
EQE
Special confinement zones shall be arranged at the

bottom and top ends of each column.
Column central zone is the region between the

confinement zones defined at the bottom and top
ends of the column.
Transverse reinforcement provided in confinement

zones shall also be extended into column central
zone
EQE
Beam-columns joints ERD- Detailing for RC Structures
The strength of a beam–column core should be

at least as great as, and preferably greater than,
the strengths of the members it joins.
because the joint area is subject to failure under

cyclic loads and is obviously difficult to repair.
it is part of the vertical load-carrying system it

should comply with the principle that beams fail
before columns
EQE
9-12AM Term/homework submission

Wednesday 15 July (3-6ET)
Final Exam
EQE
Thank you

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School of Civil Engineering

Structural Engineering Chair

Lecture Major Topic

8-9 Design MSB, ERD

Earthquake Resistant Design (ERD)

 RC Structures ERD Guidelines

 ERD-Detailing for RC Structures

1. Develop concept (design philosophy)

ERD essentially is based on an inherent ductile response

The following properties and parameters are most important in ERD

a) Building material properties

b) Dynamic characteristics of the building system, including periods,

c) Load-deflection characteristics of building components.

Prevent Brittle Failure Mode

Allow Ductile Failure Mode

Modern Ductile Details

Older Brittle Details

Prevent Brittle Failure Mode Allow Ductile Failure Mode EQE

Member level: Flexural failure

System level: Spreading of plastic

A ductile concrete moment

The collapse was actually due to

The structural system

Resisting seismic loads as a whole as well as

Directly related with architectural design

Strengthening Buildings for Earthquakes

• Vertical structural systems (columns, walls and

Horizontal structural systems-Diaphragms

• When a diaphragm is stiff enough in its horizontal plane. it can

Horizontal structural systems-Trussing

• The trussing transfers the sideways earthquake forces on a

Vertical structural systems-Braced Frames

If a single diagonal, or brace,

Vertical structural systems-Braced Frames

Cross-bracing in a 3-storey frame

Vertical structural systems-Braced Frames

Vertical structural systems-Moment Resisting Frames

• This causes the columns and beams to

• So these structural members are

• Moment resisting frames simply means

• Bearings are not very stiff in the horizontal

• The frequency becomes so low that the building

• During an earthquake, a fixed-base building can

• When a base isolation system is used, the

A structure will not even

every structural and non-

Those parts of the load path

In other words, “nonductile”

This slide raises a question of

On first glance it appears that

-- a frame system and a shear wall

Both systems are situated on the

Both systems have the same basic

A structure designed to prevent total collapse,

Earthquake resistant design of structures can

It is achieved by collaboration of the architect

Architect – Engineer Relationship

In resistance to gravity loads architectural