Contents

CHAPTER

Centre of Gravity 6
Contents
1. introduction.
2. Centrodi
3. Methods for Centre of
Gravity.
4. Centre ofGravity by
Geometrical
Considerations.
5. Centre of.Gravity by
Moments.
Axis of Reference.
Centre of Gravity of Plane
Figures
Centre ofGravity of
Symmetrlcal Sections,
9 Cenre of Gravity of;
Unsymmetrical secion
10. Centre of Gravity of Solid
Bodies.
11.Centre'of. Gravity of
6.1. INTRODUCTION Sactions withCut out Holes
It häs been established, since long, that every
particle of a body is attracted by the earth towards its
centre. The force of attraction, which is proportional to
the mass of the particle, acts vertically downwards and
is known as weight of the body. As the *distance between
the different particles of a body and the centre of the
earth is the same, therefore these forces may be taken to
act along parallel lines.
We have already discussed in Art. 4.6 that a point
may be found out in a body, through which the
resultant of all such parallel forces act. This point,
* Srictly speaking, this distance is not the same. But it
is taken to the same, because of the very small size of
the sdy as compared to the earth.
78

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Chapter 6: Centre of Gravity 79

through which the whole weight of the body acts,
gravity (brietly written as C.G.). It irrespect of its position, is known as
centre of
may be noted that cvery body has one and only one centre of
gravity.
6.2. CENTROID
The plane figures (like triangle,
centre of area of such figures is known asquadrilateral,
centroid.The
circle etc.) have only areas, but no mass. The
method of finding out the
is the same as that of finding out the
centre of gravity of abody. In many books, thecentroid of a figure
authors also write
centre of gravity for centroid and vice versa.
6.3. METHODS FOR CENTRE OF GRAVITY
The centre of gravity (or centroid) may be found out by
any one of the following twO methods:
1. By geometrical considerations
2. By momentS
3. By graphical method
As a matter of fact, the graphical method is a tedious and
the centre of gravityof simple figures. That is why, it has cumbersome method for finding out
academic value only. But in
shall discuss the procedure for finding out the centre of gravity of this book, we
considerations and by moments one by ones. simple figures by geometrical
6.4. CENTRE OF GRAVITY BY GEOMETRICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
The centre of gravity of simple figures may be found out from the geometry of the figure as
given below.
1. The centre of gravity of uniformn rod is at its middle point.

h
2

Fig. 6.1. Rectangle Fig. 6.2. Triangle

2 The centre of gravity of a rectangle (or a parallelogram) is at the point, where its diagonals
meet each other. It is also a middle point of the length as well as the breadth of the rect
angle as shown in Fig. .1.
3. The cenre of gravity of a triangle is at the point, where the three medians (a median is a
line connecting the vertex and middle point of the opposite side) of the riangle meet as
shown in Fig. 6.2.
4. The centre of gravity of a trapezium with parallel sides a and b is at a distance of
h (b+ 2a
measured form the side b as shown in Fig. 6.3.
3 b+ a

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80 MA Textbook of Engineering Mechanics

4r
5. The centre of gravity of a semicircle is at a distance of from its base measured along
3T
the vertical radius as shown in Fig. 6.4.

G. 4G
b

Fig. 6.4. Semicircle

Fig. 6.3. Trapezium
semi-vertical angle a is at a distance
6. The centre of gravity of a circular sector making
2r sin a axis as shown
of from the centre of the sector measured along the central
3
in Fig. 6.5.

2,:sin 0. 3r

iG

Fig. 6.6. Hemisphere

Fig. 6.5. Circular sector
face (where l is the length
The centre of gravityof a cube is at a distance of 2 from every
7.
of each side). d is the
at a distance of from every point (where d
The centre of gravity of a sphere is
diameter of the sphere).
hemisphere is at a distance of from its base, measured along
9. The centre of gravity of a
the vertical radius as shown in Fig.6.6.

A, c3(2r-b
4 3r-h

Fig.6.8. Segment of asphere

solid cone from its base,
Fig. 6.7. Right circular at a distance of 4
circular solid cone is
gravity of right
10. The centre of vertical axis as shown in Fig.
6.7.
measured along the

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Chapter 6: Centre of Gravity 81

11The centre of gravity of a segment ot sphere of a
height h is at a distance of 3 (2r - h)
from the centre of the sphere measured along the 4 (3r - h)
height. as shown in ig. 6.8.
6.5. CENTRE OF GRAVITY BY
MOMENTS
The centre of gravity of a body may also be found out by moments as
discussed below:

-X

Fig. 6.9. Centre of gravity by moments

Considera body of mass Mwhose centre of gravity is required to be found out. Divide the
body into smallmasses, whose centres of gravity are known as shown in Fig. 6.9. Let m,, m,, m,...
etc. be the masses of the particles and (,, y),(1,. y,), (*4, y,), ....be the co-ordinates of the centres
of gravity from a fixed point O as shown in Fig. 6.9.
Let 7 and ù be the co-ordinates of the centre of gravity of the body. From the principle of
moments, we know that

Emx
or
M

Dmy
Similarly M
where M= m, + M, + m, t ...

6.6. AXIS OF REFERENCE

The centre of gravity of a body is always calculated with reference to some assumed axis
known as axis of reference (or sometimes with reference to some point of reference). The axis of
reference, of plane figures, is generally taken as the lowest line of the figure for calculating ù and the
left line of the figure for calculating .
6.7. CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF PLANE FIGURES
but
The plane geometrical figures (such as T-section, I-section, L-section etc.) have only areas
in the same way as that of solid bodies. The
no mass. The centre of gravity of such figures is found out
of gravity of the
centre of area of such figures is known as centroid, and coincides with the centre
centroid and vice versa.
figure. It is acommon practice to use centre of gravity for

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82 ATextbook of
Engineering Mechanics
Let ~ and ù be the
then co-ordinates of the centre of gravity with respect to some axis of
reference,

and

where a,.a,, dq.... etc., are the areas into which the
are the respective co-ordinates of the areas a,, a,, aq... onwhole
X-X
figure is divided x, , X,, x, ...ec.,
axis
reference. with respect to same axis of
yy y y..... etc., are the respective
respect to same axis of the reference. co-ordinates of the arcas a,, a,, a,..... on Y-Y axis with
Note. While using the above formula, x,, X,, X ...or y,,
from the same axis of reference (or point of reference) and on y» y, Or F and ù must be measured
the same side of it. However, if the
figure is on both sides of the axis of reference, then the
and those in the opposite directions must be taken as distances in one direction are taken as positive
negative.
6.8. CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF
SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Sometimes, the given section, whose centre of gravity is required to be found out, is symmetrical
about X-X axis or Y-Y axis. In such cases, the prOcedure for
caleulating the centre of gravity of the
body is verv much simplified; as we have only to calculate either + or ù.This is
due to the reason
that the centre of gravity of the body will lieon the axisof
symimetry.
Example 6.1. Find the cenure of gravity of a100 mm x 150 mmx 30 mm T-section.
Solution. As the section is symmetrical about Y-Y axis, bisecting the web, therefore its
centre of gravity will lie on this axis. Split up the section into two
rectangles ABCH and DEFG as shown in Fig 6.10.
Let bottom of the web FE be the axis of reference. AK00 mm BI
30 mm
(i) Rectangle ABCH
|D
a, = 100 x 30 = 3000 1mm² 150 mm

and 135 mm

(ii) Rectangle DEFG

K30 mm
a, = 120x 30 = 3600 mm²
120 Fig. 6.10.
and = 60 mm
2
We know that distance between centre of gravity of the section and bottom of the flange FE.

(3000 x 135) + (3600 x 60)

ù= mm
3000 +3600
= 94.1 mm Ans.

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Chapter 6: Centre of Gravity I 83

Example 6.2. Find the centre of gravity of achannel section 100 un x 50mm x 15 mm.
Solution. As the section is symmetrical about X-X axis,therefore its centre of gravity will lie
on this axis. Now split up the whole section into three rectangles ABFI, EGKJ and CDHK as shown
in Fig. 6.1.
Let the face AC be the axis of reference.
() Rectangle ABFJ
a, = 50x l5 =750 mm²
50
and ==25
2
mm
(ii) Rectangle EGKJ Ak50 mmB
a, =(100- 30) x 15= 1050 mm? 15 mm

15 E
and N} ==7.5 mm
100 mm
X -X
(üi) Rectangle CDHK 15 mm
4, = 50x 15 =750 mm²
G H
50 K
and ==25 mm
2
D
We know that distance between the centre of gravity of the
section and left face of the section AC, Fig. 6.11.

X=
a, + a, t ag

(750 x 25) + (1050 x7.5) + (750 x 25) =17.8 mm Ans.

750 + 1050 + 750

Example 6.3. An I-section has the following dimensions in mm units:

Bottom flange = 300 × 100
Top flange = 150 x 50
Web = 300 × 50
Deternmine mathenatically the position of centre of gravity of the section.
Solution. As the section is symmetrical about Y- Yaxis, bisecting the web, therefore its centre
of gravity will lie on this axis. Now split up the section into three I50 mm
rectangles as shown in Fig. 6.12.
50mm
Let bottom of the bottom flange be the axis of reference.
(i) Bottom flange
a, =300 x 100=30 000 mm²
300 mn
100 50 mm
and = 50mm
2
(i) Web
a, = 300x 50 = 15 000 mm² 100mm

300 k-300 mm
and y = 100 + = 250mm
2
Fig. 6.12.

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84 ATextbook of Engineering Mechanics

(iü) Top flange
a, = 150x 50 = 7500 mm²
50
and y= 100 + 300 + = 425 mm
We know that distance between centre of gravity of the section and bottom of the flange,

(30 000x 50) + (15 000 x 250) + (7500 x 425) = 160.7 mm Ans.
30 000 + 15 000+ 7500
6.9. CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF UNSYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Sometimes, the given section, whose centre of gravity is required to be found out, is not sym
Inetricaleither about X-X axis or Y-Y axis. In such cases,we have to find out both the values of
and ù
Example 6.4. Find the centroid of an unequal angle section 100 mm x80 mm x 20 mm.
Solution. As the section is not symmetrical about any axis, therefore we have to find out the
values of T and y for the angle section. Split up the section into two rectangles as shown in
Fig. 6.13.
Let left face of the vertical section and bottom face of the horizontal section be axes of
reference.
() Rectangle I 20 mm
a, = 100 x 20 = 2000 mm²
20
==10 mm
2
100 mm
and 100 = 50mm

(i) Rectangle 2 2 20 mm
a, = (80 20) × 20 = 1200 mm²
80 mm
60
Xy = 20+ = 50 mm.
2 Fig. 6.13.
20
and = 10mm
2
We know that distance between centre of gravity of the section and left face,
(2000 x 10) + (1200 × 50) 25 mm Ans.
2000 + 1200

Similarly, distance between centre of gravity of the section and bottom face,
(2000 x 50) + (1200 × 10) 35 mm Ans.
2000 + 1200

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Chapter 6:
Centre Gravity of85
Example
triangle.
6.5. Auniform lamina
shown in Fig. 6.14 consists of a
rectangle, a circle and a
25
mm
25
mm

25 mms0 mm
50mm

50 mm

-100 mm
125 mm

Fig. 6.14.
Determine the centre of gravity of the lamina. All dimensions are in mm.
Solution. As the section is not symmetrical about any axis, therefore we have to find out the
values of both and ù for the lamina.
Let leftedge of circular portion and bottom face rectangular portion be the axes of
() Rectangular portion reference.
a, = 100 x 50 = 5000 mm²
4=25+.I00 =75-mm
2

50
and y= 25 mm
(iü) Senicircular portion

a, =xr=(25j =982 mm
4r 4x 25
Xy =25 = 25 =14.4 mm
37 37
50
and = 25 mm

(ii) Triangular portion

a, =0xS0= 1250 mm
2
X,= 25+ 50 + 25 = 100 mm
50
and y3 = 50 + = 66.7 mm
We know that distance between centre of gravity of the section and left edge of the circular
portion,
(5000 x 75) + (982 × 14.4) + (1250 >x 100)
X= 5000 + 982 + 1250

=71.1 mm Ans.

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86 A Textbook of Engineering Mechanics

Similarly, distance between centre of gravity of the section and bottom face of the rectangular
portion,
(5000 x 25) + (982 x 25) + (1250 x 66.7))
5000 + 982 + 1250 mm
= 32.2 mm Ans.
Example 6.6. A plane lanmina of 220 mm radius is shown in figure given below

220
mm
60

Fig. 6.15.
Find the centre of gravityof lamina from the point O.
Solution. As the lamina is symmetrical about y-y axis, bisecting the lamina, therefore its
centre of gravity lies on this axis. Let O be the reference point. From the geometry of the lamina. We
find that semi-vertical angle of the lamina
a=30o= rad
6
We know that distance between the reference point O and centre of gravity of the lamina,
2r sin . 2x 220 sin 30° 440 0.5
= 140mm Ans.
ù= 3 3 3

EXERCISE 6.1
mm x 10 mm and web also
I. Find the centre of gravity of a T-section with flange 150
150 mm × 10 mm. [Ans. 115 mm for bottom of theweb]
flange 60 mm × 10 mm and web
2. Find the centre of gravity of an inverted T-section with
50 mmx 10mm [Ans, 18.6 mm from bottom of the flange]
A channel section 300 mm x 10 mm is 20 mm thick.
Find the centre of gravity of the
3. [Ans. 27.4 mm])
section from the back of the web.
flange 100 mm x 20 mm, web
4. Find the centre of gravity of an T-section with top
200mm x 30 mm and bottom flange 300 mm x 40 mm.
[Ans. 79 mm from bottom of lower flange]
an unequal angle section 10 cm x
5. Find the positionof the centre of gravity of [Ans. 5.67 cm and 2.67 cm]
16 cm x 2cm.

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6. Afigure consists of a rectangle Chapter 6 : Centre of Gravity 87

triangle described on the larger having one of its sides twice the
line joining the rectangle and side. Show that centre of gravity other, with an
of the section equilateral
7. A triangle.
plane lamina of radius 100 mm lieson the
as shown in fig
6.16 given below:
- 1mm
00

45°

Fig. 6.16.
Find the centre of gravity of
lamina from the point O.
6.10. -CENTRE OF [Ans.65 mm]
GRAVITY OF SOLID BODIES
Thecentre of gravity of solid
etc.) is found out in the same way asbodies (such as hemispheres, cylinders, right
that of plane figures. The only circular solid cones
figures and solid bodies, is that in the case of difference, between the plane
volumes of few solid bodies are given below:solid bodies, we calculate volumes instead of areas. The
Volume of cylinder =NXPxh
2. Volume of hemisphere
3. Volume of right circular solid cone =xr²xh
2Txr
where 3
r=Radius of the body, and
h= Height of the
Note. Sometimes the densities of the body.
two solids are
weights instcad of volumes and the centre of gravity of different. In such a case, we calculate the
the body is found out as
Example 6.7. Asolid body formed by joiningthe base ofa right circularusual:
the equal base ofa right circular cylinder of cone of height Hto
the solid from its plane face, when H= heighth. Calculate the distance ofthe centre ofmass of
120 mm and h = 30 min.
Solution. As the body is
willlie onthis axis as shown in Fig.symmetrical about the vertical axis, therefore its centre of gravity
6.17. Let r be the radius of the cylinder
of the cylinder be the axis of base in cm. Now let base
reference.
() Cylinder
V, =I Xx30 =30 2 mm3
and
30
= 15 mm
(ii) Right circular cone 120 mm

2
V, =xr'xh=x
3
r²x120 mm?
3 30 mm
= 40T2 mm3
and 120
y, =30+=60 mm Fig. 6.17.
4
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88 A
Textbook of Engineering
We know that
distance
Mechanics
between centre of gravity of the
section and base of the
(30Trx 1S) + (40rrx 60) cylinder,
2850
=40.7 mm
30Tr+ 40Tr2 70
mm
Ans.
30 mm Example 6.8. A body consists of a
right
placed on asolid hemisphere
centre of gravity of the body. of radius 30circular solid cone of height 40 mm
mm of the same and radius
material. Find the position of
this axisSolution.
As the body is
symmetrical
as shown in Fig. 6.18. Let about Y-Y axis,
(i) Hemisplere bottom of the hemispheretherefore its centre of
(D) be the point of gravity will lie on
reference.
2T
3 =(30) mm
= 18 000 T mm²
40 mm
and
Sr Sx 30
= 18.75 mm
A
(ii) Right circular cone B

V, =xxh=x
3 (30)x 40 mm D

= 12 000 T mm³ Fig. 6.18.

40
and y =30 + = 40 mm
4
We know that distance between centre of gravity of the body and bottom of hemisphere D,

y= y y t y y2 (18 000 TX18.75) + (12 000T x 40) mm

18 000 + 12 000n
= 27.3 mm Ans.

Example 6.9. A bodyconsisting ofa cone and hemisphere of radius rfixed on the same base
rests ona table, the hemisphere being in contac1with the table. Find the greatest height ofthecone,
so that the combined body may stand upright.
Solution. As the body is symmetricalabout Y-Yaxis,therefore its centre of gravity will lie on
this axis as shown in Fig. 6.19. Now consider two parts of the body viz., hemisphere and cone. Let
bottom of the hemisphere (D) be the axis of reference.
() Hemisphere
3
oo|
5r
and

(ii) Cone D

3 Fig. 6.19.
h
and 4

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We know that Chapter 6: Centre of Gravity
distance between centre of gravity of 89
the body and botton of
(27 xpx hemisphere D,
(2r
Now for stable
be belovw the
common cquilibrium, we know that the
centre of
rin the above face AB or muximum may coincide withgravity of the body should
it. Therefore preferably
equation, substituting y cqual to
2r

xxxr
-#)-$**)-(v)
Or

Dividing both sides by n.

+rh_S rh 32
3 12 3 12 12 12
32=i h= 1732 r Ans.
Example 6.10. A right circular cylinder of 12 cm diameter is joined with a
the same diumeterface to face. Find the greatest hemisphere of
height of the cylinder, so that centre ofgravity
composite section coincides with the plane of joining the wo of the
sections. The density of the material of
hemisphere twice that the material of cylinde:
is
Solution. As the body is sym1netrical about the
will lie on this axis. Now let the vertical axis cuu the planevertical axis, therefore its centre of gruvity
ioining the two sections at O as shOwn in
Fig. 6.20. Therefore centre of gravity of the section is at a distunce of 60 mm from
of the hemisphere. Pie., bottony
Let h= Height of the cylinder in mm. K 2 0 mm >
(i) Riglht circular cylinder
Weight (w) =P xxd'x h
4

60 mn
-p, xx
4
(120)*x h=3G00xp, h
and y= 60+=60
2 +0.5h mm Fig. 6.20.
(ü) Hemisphere
Weight (w,) = P2X 3
x'= 2p, x2n3 x(60) ..(*P,=2 p)
= 288 000 p,
5r_5x 60 300
and = 37.5 mm
8 8

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90 A
Textbook of Engineering
We know that Mechanics
distance between centre of gravity of
the combined body
3 600nph (60 from P(),
+0.5 h) + (288 000 Tp, x
3 600Tp, h + 37.5)
288 000 Tp,
216 000h + 1800 h+ 10
800 000
3600h + 288
216 000 h + 17280 000 000
=216 000 h + 1800 h+ 10
1800 h= 17 800 000
280 000 - 10800 000 = 6
480 000
h= 480 000
1800 =J3600 =60 mm Ans.
60 mm.
Example 6.11. Find the centre of gravity of a
segment of height 30 mm ofa sphere of
Solution. Let O be the centre of the radius
and ABC is the
Fig. 6.21 segment of this sphere asgiven sphere
shown in
As the section is
symmetrical about
therefore its centre of gravity X-X axis,
lies on this axis.
Let O be the
reference
We know that centre ofpoint.
sphere gravity of the segment of

3(2r - h) 3(2 x 60- 30) B

4(3r h) 4(3× 60 - 30) +30 mme
3 x (90)2 Fig. 6.21.
4 x 150 =40.5 mm. Ans.

EXERCISE 6.2
1. A hemisphere of 60 mm
diameter is placed on the top of the cylinder having 60
diameter. Find the commnon centre of gravity of the body mm
height is 100 mm. from the base of cylinder, if its
2. A solidconsists of a cylinder and a [Ans. 60.2 mm]
hemisphere
ratio of the radius tothe height of the of equal radius fixed base to base. Find the
the common face. cylinder,so that the solid has its centre of gravity at
Hint.For stable equilibrium, the centre of the body
[Ans. 2:1]
maximum lie on it. So take the centre of gravity ofshould be below the common face or
the body at a distance (a) from the
bottom of the hemisphere.
3. A body consisting of a cone and
hemisphere of radius (r) on the same base rests on a table,
the hemisphere being in contact with the table. Find
the combined solid may be in stable the greatest height of the cone, so that
equilibrium. [Ans. 1.732 r]
4. Find the centre of gravity of a
segment of height 77 mm of a sphere of radius 150 mm.
[Ans. 100 mm]
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Chapter 6: Centre ofGravity 91

6.11. CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF
The centre of gravity of such a
SECTIONS WITH CUT OUT HOLES
section is found out by considering the
complete one, and then deducting the area of the cut out main
as negative. Now substituting a, (i.e., hole i.e., by taking the area ofsection,
the cut
first as a
out hole
tor the centre of gravity, we get the area of the cut out hole) as negative, in the
general equation
and

Note. In case of circle the section will be

bigger and the cut out circle. symmeterical along the line joining the centres of the
Example 6.12. Asquare hole is
being the radius of the circle as shown in punched
out of circular lamina, the digonal of the square
the radius of the circle.
Fig.6.22. Find the centre of gravity of the renainder,if r
Solution. As the section is symmetrical about X-X axis, therefore its centre of gravity will lie
on this axis. Let A be the point of reference.
(i) Main circle

and
(iü) Cut out square
rXr
= 0.5 2
2

and L=15r
2
Fig. 6.22.
We know that distance between centre of gravity of the section and A,

T44- t_ (tr xr)-(0.5x1.5r)

Lr-0.5,2

r(r-0.75) r(r -0.75)

Ans.
r' (n - 0.5) Tt-0.5
Example 6.13. A
semicircle of 90 nm radius is cut out from a trapezium as shown in Fig 6.23
200mm

120 mm

B
H E
300 mm

Fig. 6.23.
Find the position of the centre of gravity of the figure.
willlie
Solution. As the section is symmetricalabout Y-Y axis, therefore its centre of gravityEFH.
trapezium ABCD and semicircle
on this axis. Now consider two portions of the figure viz.,
Let base of the trapezium AB be the axis of reference.
() Trapezium ABCD
200 + 300
a, = 120 X
=30 000 mm
2

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92 A
Textbook of Engineering
20
Mechanics
and 300 + 2 x 200
3
(ii) Semnicircle 300 + 200 | 36 mm

a,
and =xr-RX(90) - 4050n mmn?
4r 4 x90
120
We know that y23between centre gravity section
distance
37
of'
mm

of the and AB,

(30 000x 56) -40S0 x 120
mm
30 000 -4050
= 69.1 mm Ans,
Example 6.14. A semicircular area is
remOved from atrapezium as shown
(dimensions in mm) in Fig.6.24

60
30

k-4040
Fig. 6.24.
Determine the centroid of the remaining area (shown hatched).
Solution. As the section in not symmetrical about any axis, therefore we have to find out
values of xand yfor the area. Split up the area intothree parts as shown the
base of the trapczium bethe axesof reference. in Fig. 6.25. Let left face and
() Rectangle
a = 80 >x 30 = 2400 mm²
80
= 40 mnm
2 60

and
30
= 15 mm 30
(ii) Triangle
80 × 30
= 1200 mm' 4040
2
Fig. 6.25.
80 × 2
= 53.3 mm
3

and
½ =30+ 30= 40 mm
3
(ii) Semicircle

ay=xr'=(20'= 628.3 mm?

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40
Chapter 6 : Centre of Gravity 93
X3 =40+ = 60 mm
and
2
4r 4× 20
= 8.5 mm
We know that distance 37 3
between centre of gravity of the area and left face of
trapezium,
(2400 x 40) + (1200 x 53.3) (628.3 x 60)
2400 + 1200 - 628.3
= 41.1 mm
Ans.
Similarly, distance between centre of
gravity of the area and base of
the trapezium,
(2400x 15) + (1200 x 40) (628.3 x 8.5)
2400 + 1200 - 628.3
=26.5 mm Ans.
Example 6.15. Acircular sector of angle 60° is
cut from the circle of radius r as
Fig. 6.26: shown in

.60
B

Fig. 6.26.
Determine the centre ofgravity of the remainder.
Solution: As the section is symmetrical about X-X axis, therefore its centre of gravity will lie
on this axis.
Let C be the reference point.
(i) Main circle
a, = 2
and
(i) Cut out sector

TrX 60°
360° 360° 6
2r
and

We know thatdistance between the centre of gravity of the section and C

r+

6
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Textbook of Engineering
Mechanics

out from the ----

Example 6.16.as Asolid consists of a
cylinder shown in Fig. 6.27.
2r
5T
right circular
Ans.

cylinder and a hemisphere with a

cone Cut

F
120 mm

D
60 mm 150 mm

Findthe centre of gravity of Fig. 6.27

the body.
Solution.
on this axis.
As the solid is
symmetrical about horizontal axis, therefore its centre of
Let the left edge of the gravity lie
(i) Hemisphere ADE hemispherical portion (E) be the axis of
reference.
y=xr=x (60) =144 000 Tmm
3

and 5r_5 x 60 = 37.5 mm

(ii) Righu circular
cylindler ABCD
V, =I Xrxh=TX (60) x 150 = 540 000 T mm
and 150
Xy = 60 + =135mm
2
(iii) Cone BCF

Vy=xrx
3 h= 3 (60)x 150 =180 000 mm
and 3
Xy = 60 + 150 x =172.5 mm
We know that distance between centre of
sphere (E), gravity of the solid and left edge of the hemi

(144 000 nX 37.5)+ (540 000 T X135) - (180 000 TX

172.5)
144 000 T + 540 000Tt 180 000 T
= 93.75 mm Ans.

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Chapter 6:
Centre of Gravity 95
as
Example 6.17. Afrustunm ofa solid right circular cone has
shown in Fig. 6.28. an axial hole of 50cm
diameter
K-lm

2 m

K0.5 m
2m
Fig. 6.28.

Determine the centre of gravity of the body.

Solution. As the body is symmetrical about vertical axis,
therefore its centre of geravity lie on this axis. For the sake of sim
plicity, let us assume a right circular cone 0CD, from which a right
2 m
circulr cone OAB is cut off as shown in Fig. 6.29.
Let base of cone CD be the axis of reference.
(i) Right circular cone OCD -1 m-B

V=
x R'x H
3 2 m
4T
x(1)x4= 3
m

and
4 Im
y)==
4 0.5 m
2 m
(ii) Rigt circular cone OAB
Fig. 6.29.

x (0.5)² x2=m
6
3
2_5
,=2+=m
and 2
(iii) Circular hole

Vy=xd'xh=x(0.5)x 2=m
4
2
=lm
and cone,
2
between centre of gravity of the body and the base of the
We know that distance

4 5 1
()-(*-() 3 12
4 1
19
25
=0.76 m Ans.
4T
3 6 8
3 6

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96 A
Contents
Textbook of Engineering
and 60 Example
mn height6.18.
as
Asolid
hemisphere
Mechanics
of 20 mm
shown in Fig. 6.30. radius supports a solid cone of
Locate the centre of gravity of the the same base
composite section.

60 mm

20 mm

f the upper portion of the Fig. 6.30.

cone is
down by 5 mn. Find the depth of the removed by a certain section, the centre of gravity lowers
section
Solution. As the body is symmetrical plane
this axis.
(h) below the apex.
aboutY-Y axis, therefore its centre of gravity will lie on
Let apex of the cone (O) be the axis of
reference.
Centre of gravity of the composite section
(i)) Right circular cone
y=xrxh=x(20) 60 =25 133 mn
3
and y, = 60 x = 45 mm
4
(ii) Hennisphere

y=x=x(20=
3 3
16 755 mn
3x 20
and y = 60+ = 67.5 mm

We know that distance between centre of gravity of the body and apex of the cone,
T tV2 Y2 (25 133 x 45) + (16 755 x 67.5) Imm
25 133 + 16 755

2 261950
=54 mm Ans.
41888
Depth of the section plane below the apex
We know that the radius of the cut out cone,
r

3 20 60

Volume of the cut out cone,

=xh= 0.1164 h² mm
y=xrxh
3
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98 A
Textbook of Engineering
Now we find that the
value of () is less answer
Mechanics
than obtained
39.5 mm. Now let usis more than the
right
equation, (i). substitute the hand side of equation (i). Thus the
h=39.4 mm in the left hand side of
We find that(39.4y-78.67
is answer is (39.4) =-2 40l 900
of further very
calculations. Thus the valueclose to the right hand
of h = 39.4 mm side of the equation and
Ans. there is no need

1 A circular
EXERCISE 6.3
hole of 50 nm
diameter is cut out from a circular disc of
shown in Fig. 6.31. Find the
centre of gravity of the section 100 mm diameter as
fromA. [Ans. 41.7 mm]

J00 mm 50
mm

A -

-160 1nm (
200 mm

Fig. 6.31.
2. Fig. 6.32..
Find the centre of gravity of a
mm and 160mmn respectively as semicircular section having outer and inner diameters of 200
3. A circular
shown in Fig. 6.32. [Ans. 57.5 mm from the base]
sector of angle 45° is cut from the circle of
of gravity of the remainder from the radius 220 mm Determine the centre
centre of the secto. [Ans. 200 mm)
4. Ahemisphere of radius 80 mm is
cut out from a right circular cylinder of
Fig. 6.33. Find the centre of gravity diameter
mm and height 160 mm as shown in 80
from the base AB. of the body
[Ans. 77.2 mm]
K50 mm

160mm
120mm

60 mm

A
K80 mn K30
Imm

Fig. 6.33. Fig. 6.34.

5. A right circular cone of 30 mm diameter and 60 mm
height is cut from a cylinder of 50
mm diameter at 120 mm height as shown in Fig. 6.34. Find the position of
the centre of
gravity of the body from its base. [Ans. 60.7 mm
QUESTIONS
1 Define the terms 'centre of gravity'.
2. Distinguish between centre of gravity and centroid.
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Chapter 6: Centre of Gravity 99

3. How many centres of gravity a body has?
4. Describe the various mnethods of finding out the centre of gravity of a body.
5. How would you find out the centre of gravity of a section, with a cut out hole?

OBJECTIVETYPE QUESTIONS
1. The centre of gravity of an equilateral triangle with each side (a) is ...... from any of the
three sides.
(a) 2V3 av2 a
(b) (c) ()
2.
2 3 2/3 3V2
The centre of gravity of hemisphere lies at a distance of .....form its base measured along
the vertical radius.
3r 3 8r
(a) (6) (c) 3 () 3r
8r
3. The centre of gravity of a right
circular cone of diameter (d) and height (h) lies at a
distance of . . from the base measured along the vertical radius.
h h h
(a) h
2 (b) 3 (c) () 6
4
4. A circular hole of radius () iscut out froma
circular disc of
diagonal of the hole is the radius of the disc. The centre of radius (2r) in such a way that the
gravity of the section lies at
(a) Centre of a disc (b)Centre of the hole
(c) Somewhere in the disc
(cd) Somewhere in the hole