UNIVERSITY OF SAN JOSE – RECOLETOS

Corner P. Lopez & Magallanes Streets, Cebu City

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT:

SUMMARY OF NOTES, TERMINOLOGIES, AND SAMPLE PROBLEMS

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

SUBMITTED BY:
LACABA, JOVBEN SHERJAD G
BSCE-4

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Yuriy Jose B. Sesican

S.Y. 2023-2024
 MODULE 1 - WHAT IS WHO IS A PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT? MANAGER?
PROJECT Management is a process of The one who is tasked with
MANAGEMENT planning, organizing, management of multiple
leading, and controlling. projects that may require
------------------------------- assignment of additional project
The efforts of organization and managers for support.
Project is a non-routine, non- all other resources to achieve
repetitive undertaking normally the stated goals. The art of In such cases the project
with discrete time, financial and getting things done through manager is taking on the role of
technical performance goals. people. It is the overall a program manager.
planning, control, and
It is made up of a group of coordination of the project from THE PROJECT LIFE
interrelated work activities inception to completion. CYCLE
constrained by a specific:
SCOPE, BUDGET, and WHAT IS - Initiation Phase
SCHEDULE - Planning Phase
CONSTRUCTION?
- Design Phase
CHARACTERISTICS It is the mobilization and - Construction Phase
utilization of personnel, - Commissioning Phase
OF A PROJECT
materials, and equipment. - Closeout Phase
Scope – each project is unique
To assemble them in a specific INITIATION PHASE
and must have a written scope
of works. site in accordance with
- Receives project
drawing, specification, and
authorization
Time – all project must have a contract documents.
- Write project
definitive beginning and end.
requirements
Cost – all projects are WHAT IS document
constrained by limited - Assess capability and
CONSTRUCTION
monetary funding resources. capacity
MANAGEMENT? - Select delivery
THE PROJECT Project team comprising the
strategy
TRIANGLE - Establish project
client, the designer,
organization structure
consultant, and the
- Write project
contractor.
SCOPE management plan
Working together at the
PLANNING PHASE
construction stage of the project
with the common objective to - Functional analysis
best serving the owner’s - Alternative studies
interest. - Site selection
QUALITY - Hazardous material
WHO IS A PROJECT and geotechnical
MANAGER? studies
COST TIME - Utility and third-party
The one who plans and controls coordination
the project execution. - Environmental
The project compliance
manager must
have an
adequate
authority to
exercise the
responsibility
and prior to
experience
managing
similar project in
the past.
DESIGN PHASE engineering seal, are referred to PROGRESS
as the designers of record; and PAYMENTS – management of
DESIGN CRITERIA – will continue to provide the progress payments begins with
Codes, design standards, following design services during the contract specifications
document standard – drawing, construction. clearly stating: how the
specification, estimate, contractor’s work progress is to
schedule, calculation, project Receives and be measured, how payments
requirements definition, design responds to construction are determined based on the
schedule, project budget contractor requests for measured progress, and what
information. Review and documents and reports are
CONCEPTUAL recommend acceptance of required to be submitted by the
DESIGN – code analysis, contractor submittals called for contractor to justify the payment
zoning analysis, topographical, in the drawings and request.
boundary, existing utility, specifications with respect to
geotechnical, environmental the construction deliverables. COMMUNICATIONS
survey. Review change requests and MANAGEMENT – it is important
estimate costs for change for projects that impact the local
PRELIMINARY orders. community or businesses, are
ENGINEERING – layout of potential interest of the
refinement, Archi and SCHEDULE media, and where there are
Engineering definitions, CONTROL – project manager political stakeholder
discipling coordination, focuses in the big picture, the
preliminary analyses and master schedule. To manage
calculation, construction interfaces between contractor,
schedule, staging plan, cost third party, and owner’s
estimates. construction activities. For
larger and more complex
FINAL DESIGN – final projects you will require the cm
plans, elevation, section, and to provide a scheduler to
schedule. Detail development, monitor construction progress
final technical specification, using scheduling software to
discipline coordination. State maintain a master schedule of
and local legal requirements- construction activities. for
bid forms, bonds, prevailing smaller projects the use of hand
wages drawn bar charts worked out
CONSTRUCTION PHASE directly with the re(s) should be
adequate to serve as a master
It is procured by the owner, schedule.
combined with the agency’s
COST AND CHANGE
own forces, construct the
project facilities, and fabricate CONTROL – cost control’s
and install equipment. The work objective in construction is to
is done in accordance with the complete the contracts within
plans and specifications budget.
developed during the design DOCUMENT
phase. The project’s highest CONTROL – it
level of activity, in terms of is the
numbers of personnel and cost management of
incurred per day, occur during records
construction. generated during construction… needed to handle reporting o
construction
ROLE OF THE report of a items
OWNER – make timely and of importance,
decisive decision, retain a conferences
construction manager with the
consultant, delegate levels of contractor or
authority through the project other parties,
team to handle, agreements
made, special
ROLE OF DESIGN
CONSULTANT – one who notes regarding
equipment or
produced the contract drawings
and specifications and “sealed” organization,
labor condition.
them with their professional

THIRD PARTY WORK
– involves the relocation or
rearrangement of existing
facilities that impact project
construction including: utilities
(electric power, gas, telephone,
cable), public infrastructure
(highways, bridges, streets,
sewer, water), railroads.
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT - • review of
contract documents to verify
that quality aspects have been
considered • surveillance of
construction for adherence to
quality requirements •in process
and receiving point quality
inspections • audits of
consultant, contractor, and
supplier quality programs for
adequacy and compliance.
SAFETY
MANAGEMENT – planning of
work to avoid personal injury
and property damage.
Monitoring of work to provide
early detection and correction of
unsafe practices and conditions.
Protecting adjacent public and
private properties to provide for
the safety of the public.
Providing safety education and
incentive programs. Complying
with occupational health and
safety acts (OSHA).
COMMISIONING PHASE mark up the drawing as
Is a process for validation of changes occur. The designer of
building equipment and systems the record reviews, approves,
in coordination with operations and documents the changes
personnel and third parties. into final as-built drawings and
conformed specifications. As-
The owner minimizes – the risk
built drawings will save
of delays, cost overruns,
significant life cycle costs and
underperforming heating, air
avoid potential safety hazards
condition and ventilation
during operations and life of the
system, electrical power system
facilities.
failure and faults, and unreliable
support equipment. PROJECT CLOSEOUT
PHASE
Things to accomplish during
commissioning phase: initiate a Final settlement of:
commissioning plan, assure project contracts, acceptance of
system coordination through contract deliverables, collection
integration testing, require the of contract documents and
operation and maintenance records, and approval of final
manuals well in advance of payments, demobilizing the
construction completion. Allow project team, closing of funding
adequate time to train the staff and financing agreements, and
with the new equipment, performing an evaluation of
document the as-built project success and lessons
conditions and become familiar learned.
with them, accept equipment
Activities: prepare a
after it is in operation to assure
punch list of incomplete
a full warrant period.
contractor items, lead a final
OWNER FURNISHED walk-through inspection of
EQUIPMENT – almost every job constructed facility, resolve an
will have some level of owner outstanding changes/claim,
furnished equipment due to long develop a plan to demobilize
lead time, specialty equipment, agency and consultant staff,
or unknown requirements at the assess and document lessons
time of bidding. The project learned on project, obtain
manager is responsible to fully project acceptance from
integrate and account for the principal stakeholders,
owner furnished equipment with celebrate project completion.
the rest of the construction
project work. Requirements:
Manuals and Trainings,
TRAINING AND certificate of beneficial
TRANSITION – under general occupancy, guaranties and
direction of the project manager warranties, as-built drawings,
and through supervision of the final inspection, resolve
commissioning manager, outstanding claim/disputes, final
training is conducted by the payment, commissioning.
contractor or its subcontractors
or suppliers and takes place Administrative:
after the acceptance of demobilization of project team,
equipment and O&M manuals, closure of project funding and
and before operations begin. financing, securing the
The contractor must submit a disposition of project records,
detailed outline of the training conducting a lesson learned
program with the O&M manuals. project evaluation, achieving
closure and acceptance with
AS-BUILT stakeholders, celebrating
DOCUMENTATION – the project success.
construction contractor should
 3. Earthwork Estimation specifications, and drainage
requirements.
MODULE 2 – Cut and Fill: Balancing the
quantities of material excavated 3. Material Handling
CONSTRUCTION (cut) and material added (fill) is
METHODS FOR essential to control project Material Sourcing: Efficiently
costs. source and manage materials,
EARTHWORKS including identifying suitable
Software Tools: Modern borrow pits and transportation
------------------------------- software like AutoCAD Civil 3D logistics.
aids in precise earthwork
Earthworks serve various 4. Equipment Selection
calculations and design.
essential purposes in
construction: Appropriate Equipment: Select
Earthwork Equipment equipment suitable for the
Foundation Preparation: project's scale and
Excavators: Versatile
Earthworks provide a stable and requirements to optimize
equipment for digging and
level foundation for structures, productivity.
removing earth material
ensuring their longevity and
efficiently. 5. Safety Measures
safety.
Bulldozers: Used for pushing, Safety Protocols: Implement
Slope Stabilization: They are
grading, and leveling earth strict safety measures to protect
crucial for preventing erosion
surfaces. workers and the environment
and landslides on slopes, which
can damage infrastructure. Loaders: Essential for moving during earthwork operations.
materials and loading trucks 6. Quality Control
Infrastructure Development:
quickly.
Earthworks are integral to
Inspection and Testing:
constructing roads, highways, Graders: Precision equipment Regularly inspect and test
railways, airports, and other for leveling and grading earthwork to ensure it meets
transportation networks. surfaces to desired slopes. specified standards and project
Drainage: Proper grading and Dump Trucks: Transport earth requirements.
earthwork design facilitate materials within the construction
efficient water drainage, site, optimizing logistics.
preventing flooding and erosion. EARTHMOVING
Compactors: Ensure proper MATERIALS AND
Earthwork Methods compaction of fill materials to
enhance stability.
OPERATIONS
1. Mass Diagrams
Earthmoving is the process of
Earthwork moving soil or rock from one
Mass Diagram: A graphical
representation showing Management location to another and
changes in elevation along a processing it so that it meets
1. Site Investigation construction requirements of
linear project route, helping
optimize cut and fill quantities. Soil Analysis: Conduct location, elevation, density,
comprehensive soil and moisture content, and so on.
Benefits: Mass diagrams assist Activities involved in this
geological studies to
in cost estimation and efficient process include excavating,
understand site conditions and
material management. loading, hauling, placing
material properties.
(dumping and spreading),
2. Cross-Sections
Geotechnical Reports: Use compacting, grading, and
Cross-Section: A depiction of geotechnical reports to guide finishing. Efficient
the earthwork profile earthwork design and management of the
perpendicular to the project construction decisions. earthmoving process requires
alignment. accurate estimating of work
2. Design and Planning quantities and job conditions,
Uses: Cross-sections aid in proper selection of equipment,
Precise Earthwork Plans:
visualizing and designing and competent job
Develop detailed plans based
earthwork components management.
on site investigations, including
accurately.
cut and fill calculations, grading
Trafficability is the ability of a
soil to support the weight of
vehicles under repeated traffic.
Trafficability is primarily a
function of soil type and
moisture conditions.
Loadability is a measure of the
difficulty in excavating and
loading a soil. Loose granular
soils are highly loadable,
whereas compacted cohesive
soils and rock have low
loadability.
Soil is considered to consist of
five fundamental material types:
gravel, sand, silt, clay, and
organic material. Gravel is
composed of individual particles
larger than about 1⁄ 4 in. (6 mm)
in diameter but smaller than 3
in. (76 mm) in diameter. Rock
particles larger than 3 in. (76
mm) in diameter are called
cobbles or boulders. Sand is
material smaller than gravel but
larger than the No. 200 sieve
opening (0.7 mm). Silt particles
pass the No. 200 sieve but are
larger than 0.002 mm. Clay is
composed of particles less than
0.002 mm in diameter. Organic
soils contain partially
decomposed vegetable matter.
Peat is a highly organic soil
having a fibrous texture. It is
normally readily identified by its
dark color, odor, and spongy
feel. It is generally considered
unsuitable for any construction
use.
Two principal soil classification
systems are used for design
and construction in US: Unified
System and the American
Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO).
The liquid limit (LL) of a soil is
the water content (expressed in
percentage of dry weight) at
which the soil will just start to
flow when subjected to a
standard shaking test.
The plastic limit (PL) of a soil is
the moisture content in percent
at which the soil just begins to
crumble when rolled into a
thread 1⁄ 8 in. (0.3 cm) in
diameter
The plasticity index (PI) is the
numerical difference between
the liquid and plastic limits and
represents the range in
moisture content over which the
soil remains plastic.
SOIL VOLUME-
CHANGE
CHARACTERISTICS
Bank – materials in its natural
state before disturbance.
Loose – materials that has
been excavated or loaded.
Compacted – materials after
compaction
A soil increases in volume when
it is excavated because the soil
grains are loosened during
excavation and air fills the void
spaces created. As a result, a
unit volume of soil in the bank
condition will occupy more than
one unit volume after
excavation. This phenomenon
is called swell.
When a soil is compacted, some
of the air is forced out of the
soil's void spaces. As a result,
the soil will occupy less volume
than it did under either the bank
or loose conditions. This
phenomenon is called
shrinkage.
A soil’s angle of repose is the
angle that the sides of a spoil
bank or pile naturally form with
the horizontal when the
excavated soil is dumped onto
the pile.
Three principal categories: pit
excavation, trench
excavation, and excavating or
grading relatively large areas.
The volume of cut or fill between
stations is then calculated,
accumulated, and plotted as a
mass diagram.
EXCAVATING AND
LIFTING
Auger: Drills holes for poles,
posts, soil sampling, and ground
improvement.
Booms: Extended booms used
for long-reach applications.
Breaker/hammer: Vibratory
hammer used to break up
concrete and rock.
Bucket, 4-in-1: Also called a
multipurpose bucket or
multisegment bucket. Such
buckets are capable of
performing as a clamshell,
dozer, or scraper, as well as a
conventional excavator bucket.
Bucket, articulating clam: A
hydraulic clamshell bucket with
full rotation.
Bucket, cemetery: Used for
digging straight wall trenches.
Bucket, clamshell: Performs like
the clamshell described in
Section 5.
Bucket, ditch cleaning: Wide,
shallow, and smooth edged
bucket; may be perforated for
drainage.
Bucket, drop center: Used for
trenching. The drop center
excavates for pipe bedding
while the sides excavate to the
required trench width.
Bucket, general purpose:
Standard excavator bucket.
Bucket, muck: Used for
excavating mud and muck;
usually perforated for drainage.
Bucket, pavement removal: A
forked bucket used for removing
and loading pavement slabs.
Bucket, ripper: The bucket sides
and bottom are lined with ripper
teeth to break up hard soil or
soft rock.
Bucket, rock: A heavy-duty
bucket designed for loading
rock.
Bucket, sand: Has a flat bottom
and tapered sides to reduce the
chance of soil cave-in.
Bucket, side tilting: Can be tilted
for grading slopes and for
ditching
Compaction plate/tamper
Compaction wheel Coupler,
quick: Permits rapid exchange
of attachments.
Cutter/processor: Power jaws
primarily used for crushing
concrete.
Drill, rock: Mounted on the end
of the stick to drill blast holes.
Grapple: Equipped with tong-
type arms for handling rock,
logs, and other materials.
Pile driver/extractor: Used for
driving and extracting piles.
Shear: Primarily used for
processing scrap metal but also
used for demolition.
Thumb, bucket: Attached to
bucket to provide a hook
capability. It can be retracted
when not needed
Plate line capacity is the bucket
volume contained within the
bucket when following the
outline of the bucket sides.
Struck capacity is the bucket
capacity when the load is struck
off flush with the bucket sides.
Water line capacity assumes a
level of material flush with the
lowest edge of the bucket.
Heaped volume is the maximum
volume that can be placed in the
bucket without spillage based
on a specified angle of repose
for the material in the bucket.
HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS
(Operation and Employment)
Hydraulic excavator equipped
with a hoe front end.
Backhoe is an excavator
designed primarily for
excavation below grade
SHOVELS (Operation and
Employment)
Hydraulic shovel digs with a
combination of crowding force
and breakout (or prying) force.
Digging face easily formed
when excavating a bank or
hillside.
Ramping down shovel must
dig a ramp down into the
material until a digging face of
suitable height is created.
DRAGLINES (Operation and
Employment)
Dragline is a very versatile
machine that has the longest
reach for digging and dumping
of any member of the crane-
shovel family
CLAMSHELLS
Clamshells are commonly used
for excavating vertical shafts
and footings.
TRENCHING AND
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY
Trenching Machines and
Plows
• Some of the types of trenching
machines available include
chain trenchers, ladder
trenchers, and bucket wheel
trenchers.
• Plows can be used to cut a
narrow trench and
simultaneously insert a small
diameter cable or pipeline in
most soils.
• Vibratory plows deliver a
more powerful cutting action
than static plows and can be
used to insert utility lines in hard
soil or soft rock.
Trenchless Technology
• Pipe jacking involves forcing
pipe horizontally through the
soil.
• Horizontal earth boring is a
horizontal hole is created
mechanically or hydraulically
with the pipe to be installed
serving as the casing for the
hole.
• Micro tunneling or utility
tunneling is similar to the
conventional tunneling except
for the tunnel size and use.
Repair and Rehabilitation of
Pipelines
Pipe bursting uses a high-
powered hydraulic or pneumatic
piercing tool equipped with a
special bursting head to shatter
the existing pipe and enlarge
the opening.
CRANES
Cranes are primarily used for
lifting, lowering, and
transporting loads.
Mobile telescoping boom
crane is capable of lifting loads
to the top of a 24-story building.
Operating radius is the
horizontal distance from the
center of rotation to the hook
Outriggers are beams that
widen the effective base of a
crane
Tipping load is a load that will
cause the crane to actually
begin to tip
Heavy Lift Cranes are intended
for lifting very heavy loads are
usually crawler-mounted lattice-
boom models.
Tower crane is widely used on
building construction projects
because of its wide operating
radius and almost unlimited
height capability. Major types of
tower cranes include horizontal
jib, luffing boom cranes, and
articulated jib cranes. Types of
tower crane by method of
mounting include static (fixed
mount) tower cranes, rail-
mounted tower cranes,
mobile tower cranes, and
climbing cranes.
Among these attachments,
concrete buckets, slings,
special hooks, and load
dropping tools (weights) are
most often used in construction The foundation of a structure supporting soil does not exceed
applications. supports the weight of the soil’s allowable bearing
the structure and its strength.
Skull cracker (wrecking ball)
applied loads. It
is a heavy weight that is hoisted Types of spread footing includes
includes the soil or
by the crane and then swung or individual footing, combined
allowed to drop free to perform rock upon which a
structure rests, as well footing, and mat foundation.
like a huge sledge hammer.
as the structural Mat or raft
Drop hammer is simplest form system designed to foundation consist of a heavily
of pile driver uses a similar transmit building loads reinforced concrete slab
action to drive piles. to support the soil. extending under the entire
LOADING AND A foundation is part of a structure, in order to spread the
building’s substructure – located structure’s load over a large
HAULING area.
below the surrounding ground
Fixed time represents those surface. - Floating
components of cycle time other
FOUNDATION SYSTEM foundation is a
than travel time.
type mat
Spot time moving the unit into Shallow foundation – if the foundation in
position to begin loading width of the foundation is which the weight
greater than the depth of the soil
Variable time represents the
excavated
travel time required for a unit to - Isolated Spread approx. equals
haul material to the unloading Footing, Wall the weight of the
site and return. Footing, Mat structure being
Rolling Resistance is primarily Foundation, erected.
due to tire flexing and Combined
penetration of the travel surface. Footing, and Strap The process of improving soils
Footing in place is called ground
Grade Resistance represents modification or soil
that component of vehicle Deep Foundation – if the width stabilization.
weight which acts parallel to an is smaller than the depth of the
inclined surface. foundation

Effective Grade state it as a - Pile Foundation,

grade (%), which would have a
grade resistance equivalent to
the total resistance actually
encountered
Derating factor expresses
percentage of reduction in rated
vehicle power at various
altitudes.
Rimpull is the pull available at
the rim of the driving wheels
under rated conditions.
Drawbar pull is the power
available at the hitch of a
crawler tractor operating under
standard conditions.
------------------------------------------
MODULE 3 –
SUBSTRUCTURES
AND FOUNDATIONS
------------------------------------------
Pier Foundation,
and Caissons
Foundation
Methods on describing a
building’s construction based on
the location of the lowest
building floor: slab-on-grade
construction, crawl space
construction, and basement
construction.
Principal types of foundation
system include spread footing,
piles, and piers.
Spread Footing is the simplest
and the most common type of
building foundation. It usually
consists of a square or
rectangular reinforced concrete
pad that serves to distribute
building loads over an area
large enough so that the
resulting pressure on the
Pile is a column driven into the for use where the Piers may be constructed in an
soil to support a structure by lower section would be open excavation, a lined
transferring building loads to a continuously excavation(caisson), or in a
deeper and stronger layer of submerged (hence not drilled excavation.
soil. subject to decay) while
the upper section A caisson is a structure used to
Piles is classified either end- would be exposed to provide all-around lateral
bearing or a friction piles. decay. support to an excavation. It is
- Bulb piles are either open or pneumatic.
TYPES OF PILES: timber,
precast concrete, cast-in-place also known as Drilled piers are piers placed in
concrete, steel, composite, and compacted concrete holes drilled into the soil.
bulb piles. piles, Franki piles, and
pressure-injected Soil identification includes
- Timber piles footings. They are a cohesionless and cohesive.
are inexpensive, easy special form of cast-in-
to cut and splice, and place concrete pile in Cohesionless soil is one
require no special which an enlarged whose grains do not show any
handling. It is also base (or bulb) is tendency to stick together.
subject to insect attack formed during driving.
and decay. The enlarged base
- Precast increases the
concrete piles may be effectiveness of the
manufactured in pile as an end-bearing
almost any desired pile
size or shape.
Commonly used The modern version of the drop
hammer is the pile driver. Cohesive soil, shear strength
section shapes include is provided primarily by the
round, square, and Driving operations consist of: attraction between soil grains.
octagonal shapes. lifting the pile, placing it into the
Advantages of leads, lowering the pile until it no
concrete piles include longer penetrates the soil under
high strength and its own weight, operating the
resistance to decay. drop hammer until the pile is
Heaviest type of pile driven to the required
available for a given resistance.
pile size.
- Cast-in-place Embankment Failures
concrete piles (or shell
piles) are constructed - Subsidence and
by driving a steel shell bulging
into the ground and - Formation of
then filling it with tension crack
concrete.
- Steel piles
are capable of
supporting heavy
loads, can be driven to
great depth without • Head block
damage, and are with guard
easily cut and spliced. • Hammer
Common types of steel • Leads
piles include H-piles • Catwalk
and pipe piles. • Pile
- Composite
piles are piles made up
of two or more different Pier is column, usually of
materials. This would reinforced concrete constructed
be an economical pile below the ground surface.
 compacted soil Portland cement, clay
mass (bentonite), fly ash, sand,
lime, and additives.

Protection for Excavation Chemical grouting involves

and Workers the injection of a chemical into
soil. It is used primarily in
o Sloping or benching of sands and fine gravel to
the sides of the cement the soil particles
excavation together for structural support
o Supporting the sides or to control water flow.
of the excavation by
Modes of Embankment shoring Compaction grouting is the
Failures o Placing a shield process of injecting a very stiff
between workers and mortar grout into a soil to
- Face sliding into the sides of the compact and strengthen the
excavation excavation soil. Grouting materials include
- Face toppling into silty sand, cement, fly ash,
excavation additives, and water.

Heaving (or rising) of the Jet grouting employs a

bottom of the cut will occur due rotating jet pipe to remove soil
to the weight of the soil on the around the grout pipe and
sides of the cut. replace the soil with grout. As a
result, the technique is effective
Preventing Embankment over a wide range of soil types
failure to include silts and some clays.

• Side slopes may ------------------------------------------

be stabilized by
cutting them back - Upright MODULE 4 –
to an angle equal - Horizontal SUPERSTRUCTURE:
to or less than the Spacing of
angle of repose of crossbraces
CONCRETE, STEEL,
the soil, or by - Wale WOOD, AND
providing lateral - Crossbrace MASONRY
support for the - Vertical spacing
excavation. of wales and -------------------------------
• Dewatering the crossbraces
soil surrounding Construction Staking or
the excavation otherwise known as Site
• To protect more Layout Survey - is the process
Dewatering is the process of
permanent of interpreting construction
removing water from an
slopes, such as plans and designs and marking
excavation.
highway cuts, in the field the location of
retaining walls are Grouting or pressure proposed new structures such
often used grouting is the process of as buildings, sidewalks, curb
• driving piles or injecting a grouting agent into and gutter, storm sanitary
inserting stone soil or rock to increase its sewer, roads to ensure that the
columns into the strength or stability, protect project is built according to the
soil across the foundations, or reduce designed engineered plans.
potential slip groundwater flow.
plane Staking - refers to points
Grouting methods helping guide the contractor
• soil reinforcement
construct the improvements on
which involves Slurry grouting involves the the site and help ensure the
embedding high injection of a slurry consisting construction project is
tensile- strength of water and a grouting agent completed on schedule –
nonbiodegradable into soil or rock. Common budget – and as designed.
elements in a grouting materials include
Formwork - is temporary or
permanent molds into which
concrete or similar materials are
poured.
Falsework - supports the
shuttering molds
TYPES OF FORMWORKS:
Traditional Timber Formworks,
Engineered Formwork System,
Re-usable Plastic Formwork,
Permanent Insulated
Formwork, Stay-IN-Place
Structural Formwork System,
and Flexible Formwork
Timber formwork - was one the
first types used in the
construction industry. It is
assembled on site and is the
most flexible type.
Plywood - is often used along
with timber. It is a manufactured
wooden material, which is
available in different sizes and
thicknesses.
Steel formwork - is becoming
more popular due to its long
service life and multiple reuses.
Although it is costly, steel
formwork is useful for multiple
projects, and it is a viable option
when many opportunities for
reuse are expected.
Aluminum formwork - is very
similar to steel formwork. The
main difference is that
aluminum has a lower density
than steel, which makes
formwork lighter. Aluminum also
has a lower strength than steel,
and this must be considered
before using it.
Plastic Formwork - is
assembled from interlocking
panels or modular systems,
made of lightweight and robust
plastic.
Fabric formwork - is also
known as flexible formwork.
This system uses lightweight
and high-strength sheets of
fabric, designed to adjust to the
fluidity of concrete and create
interesting architectural forms.
Stay-In-Place Formwork - is
designed to remain fixed after
the concrete has set, acting as
axial and shear reinforcement.
This formwork is made on-site
from prefabricated and fiber-
reinforced plastic forms. It is
mainly used in piers and
columns, and also provides
resistance against corrosion
and other types of
environmental damage.
Coffor – is another type of stay
in place formwork which can be
used in any type of building
Permanent Insulated
Formwork - is one of the most
advanced formwork systems,
offering permanent insulation. It
may also include thermal,
acoustic, fire-resistance and
rodent-resistance properties.
- Sheathing
- Studs
- Tie
- Braces
- Wales
- Cleat
- Battens
- Side plate
- Footing
Board Sheathing
Plywood sheath
Temporary
Spreader
Ties
Brace
Studs
Double walers
Sill or plate
REQUIREMENT FOR GOOD
FORMWORK: Capable of
withstanding dead and live
loads, retaining its shape with
adequate props and braces,
leak-proof, must not damage
the concrete, reusable material,
lightweight, should not warp or
distort.
FORMWORK BASED ON
STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS: Wall
Formwork, Beam Formwork,
Foundation Formwork, and
Column Formwork.
CONCRETE
Concrete - is one of the world’s
most versatile and widely used
construction materials.
Reinforced concrete -
Because concrete has little
strength in tension, all concrete
used for structural purposes
contains reinforcing material
embedded in the concrete to
increase the concrete member’s
tensile strength.
Major elements of a concrete
construction cost analysis
include the following:
• Formwork costs • Cost of
reinforcing steel and
placement. • Concrete
materials, equipment, and labor
for placing, curing, and finishing
the concrete.
Since formwork cost may make
up as much as 60% of total
concrete construction cost,
every effort must be made to
reduce formwork cost.
Walls and Wall Footings - this
method of construction is now
used primarily for foundation
walls, retaining walls, tank walls,
and walls for special-purpose
structures such as nuclear
reactor containment structures.
Formation of void spaces in the
concrete under blockouts for
windows, pipe chases, and so
on can be prevented by using
concrete with adequate
workability accompanied by
careful tamping or vibration of
the concrete in these areas
during placing.
There are a number of
different types of structural
systems used for concrete
floors and roofs, such
systems may be classified:
• one-way • two-way slabs.
One-way slab - is principally
supported in one direction
(i.e.,at each end).
Two-way slabs - provide
support in two perpendicular
directions.
Flat slabs - are supported
its directly by columns without
edge support.
One-Way Slabs supporting
beams, girders, and slabs may
be cast at one time
(monolithically).
Precast concrete - is concrete
that has been cast into the
desired shape prior to
placement in a structure.
STANDARD SHAPES
COMMONLY USED FOR
PRECAST CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS:
Rectangular,
Shaped, Inverted Tee,
Shaped, and AASHTO
Tilt-up construction - is a special
form of precast wall construction
in which wall panels are cast
horizontally at the job site and
then erected.
Bond-breaker - is applied to the
slab to prevent the tilt-up panel
from sticking to the slab.
PRECAST SLAB SHAPES:
Single Tee, Double
Tee, Channel, Flat Slab, and
Hollow-Core Slab
Prestressed concrete - is
concrete to which an initial
compression load has been
applied.
TWO METHODS FOR
PRODUCING PRESTRESS IN
CONCRETE MEMBERS
• Pretensioning - places the
prestressing material
(reinforcing steel or prestressing
cables) under tension in the
concrete form before the
member is poured.
• Posttensioning - places the
prestressing steel (usually
placed inside a metal or plastic
tube cast into the member)
under tension after the concrete
member has been erected.
ARCHITECTURAL EFFECTS
ARE ACHIEVED THRU:
Shape, Size, Texture, and Color
used.
L-
MAJOR METHODS USED ON
I- OBTAINING
ARCHITECTURAL
CONCRETE EFFECT:
o exposed aggregate
surfaces - are
produced by removing
the cement paste from
the exterior surface,
exposing the
underlying aggregate.
o special surface
designs and textures
achieved - may be
achieved by using form
liners of plastic, rubber,
or wood.
o form liners
o mechanically
produced surfaces
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
PRACTICES:
Batching, Mixing,
Transporting, Placing,
Consolidating, Finishing, and
Curing
EQUIPMENTS USED FOR
MOVING CONCRETE FROM
THE MIXER TO ITS FINAL
POSITION:
o wheelbarrows - have a
very limited capacity
 o buggies - are often spraying it onto a surface. accelerated when concrete
employed on building Concrete placed by this temperature is appreciably
construction projects. process is designated higher than the optimum
o push buggies shotcrete. temperature of 50–60°F (10–
- that carry 15.5°C).
6–11 cu ft Tremie - is nothing more than a
o powered vertical tube with a gate at the Heat gain during hydration may
buggies - bottom and a hopper on top. be reduced by adding a
carrying up to retarder.
Consolidation - is the process
1⁄2 cu yd
of removing air voids in USED TO INCREASE
o chutes - widely used
concrete as it is placed. WORKABILITY OF THE MIX
for moving concrete
W/O CHANGING THE W-C
from the mixer to haul Concrete vibrators - are RATIO
units and for placing normally used for consolidating
concrete into forms. concrete Air entraining agent,
o conveyors - are water-reducing agent, and
available to move Finishing - is the process of workability agents
concrete either bringing the surface of concrete
horizontally or to its final position and Accelerator – may be used to
vertically imparting the desired surface reduce concrete setting time
o pumps – capable of texture. during low temperature.
moving concrete from
a truck directly into FINISHING OPERATIONS:
final position.
o Screeding - is the
o buckets - attached to
process of striking off
cranes are capable of
the concrete in order
lifting concrete to the
to bring the concrete
top of high-rise
surface to the required
buildings and of
grade.
moving concrete over
o Floating - smooths
a wide area.
and compacts the
o trucks - are equipped
surface while
with integral retracting
embedding aggregate
chutes that may be Wale
particles.
used for discharging Stud
o Troweling - with a
concrete directly into Brace
steel trowel follows
forms within the radius Spacer for
floating when a
of the chute. anchor, bolt
smooth dense surface
is desired. Footing
MAJOR FACTORS THAT
o Brooming - the Plywood
INFLUENCE THE MAXIMUM
SAFE HAULING DISTANCE: concrete may be
broomed by drawing a
Reinforcing bars - are usually
Temperature, Road stiff broom across the
deformed; that is, they are
Condition, Truck Body Type, surface.
manufactured with ridges that
and Mix Design
Curing – is the process of provide an interlocking bond
Placing – is the movement of providing the required water with the surrounding concrete.
plastic concrete into its final and maintaining a favorable
Welded wire fabric - commonly
position (usually within forms). temperature for a period of time
used for slab reinforcement, is
after placing concrete
The strength, watertightness, available with smooth wire or
durability, and wear resistance Vacuum dewatering - may be deformed wire.
of concrete are largely employed to reduce the amount
Reinforcing steel - is used
determined by the of free water present in plastic
primarily to resist tension and
water/cement ratio of the concrete after the concrete has
thus prevent cracking or failure
concrete mix. been placed and screeded.
of the concrete member under
Concrete may also be Rate of hardening of tension.
pneumatically placed by concrete - is greatly
5 PHASES OF CONCRETE
QUALITY CONTROL:
- Mix design
- concrete
materials quality
- batching, mixing,
and transporting
concrete
- concrete placing,
vibrating,
finishing, and
curing
- testing of fresh
and hardened
concrete at the job
site
Structural Steel Construction
is a specialized task that is
usually performed by specialty
subcontractors.
3 MAJOR ELEMENTS ON
PROCESS OF STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
Advance planning, steel
fabrication and delivery to the
job site, and field operations
Divisioning is the process of
dividing a structure into units,
which are used to schedule the
fabrication and delivery of
structural steel members to the
job site.
FIELD OPERATIONS
INCLUDES:
Receiving and
unloading, sorting, inspecting,
storing, and erecting the steel.
Yarding is the process of
unloading steel to a temporary
storage area and then moving it
from storage to the point of
erection.
Shaking out steel is the
process of sorting it out by
identifying each member and
storing it in such a manner that
it can be easily obtained during
erection.
TYPES OF STEELS
A36, A572, and A588
Fy is the designated symbol of
steel strength
Weathering steel is a type of
steel that develops a protective
oxide coat on its surface upon clearance when beams connect
exposure to the elements so to columns or other beams.
that painting is not required for
protection against most Guy ropes and support are
atmospheric corrosion. often used in the process of
bringing steel into alignment.
5 MAJOR SECTIONS SHAPES
OF ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
W-Shaped, S-Shaped,
Hp Shape, Channel, and Angle
Girders are used when regular
rolled shapes are not deep
enough or wide enough to
provide the required section
properties.
TYPES OF JOIST END:
THREE PRINCIPAL SYSTEM
Underslung end, USED FOR CONNECTING
Square end, and Extended end STEEL MEMBERS:
USUAL STEEL ERECTION Bolting, Riveting, and
PROCEDURE: Wielding
Raising crew lifts the steel Interference-body are bolts
member into position and that are driven into place and
makes temporary bolted use oversize shanks to prevent
connections that will hold the turning during tightening.
member safely in place until the
fitting crew takes over. Tension control bolts or
tension set bolts are bolts that
Fitting crew brings the member are incorporate a torque control
into proper alignment and groove so that the stem breaks
tightens enough bolts to hold off under a specified torque.
the structure in alignment until
final connection are made. Bolt tension calibrator is a
device that can be used to
Fastening crew makes the final calibrate both impact wrenches
connections to meet (used for bolt tightening) and
specification requirement hand indicator torque wrenches
(used by inspectors for
OFTEN USED ON HANDLING
checking the tension of bolts
STEEL AND LIFTING IT INTO
that have been tightened by
FINAL POSITION:
either method)
Mobile crane & Tower
Wielding is another specialized
crane
procedure that must be
accomplished properly if
Gin pole is one of the simplest
adequate connection strength
types of powered lifting device.
is to be provided.
Guy derrick is probably the
MAJOR TYPES OF
most widely used lifting device
in high-rise building STRUCTURAL WELDS
construction.
Fillet welds, groove
Stiffleg derrick is the name welds, and rivet welds
applied to notching beams to
provide the necessary
TEST METHOD AVAILABLE • Construction vehicles
FOR DETERMINING THE
• Earth moving
QUALITY OF WELDS:
equipment
Visual Inspection is the • Construction
quickest, easiest, and most equipment
widely used methods of
• Material handling
inspection
equipment
Destructive Testing is used Conduct Proper Training to
primarily in welder qualification Equipment Users
procedures
Ensure that the people
Radiographic Inspection
designated to handle
involves producing an X-Ray
picture of the weld construction equipment are
extensively trained. Unless
Ultrasonic Inspection uses
someone can efficiently handle
high-frequency vibration the equipment, he or she
Magnetic-Particle Inspection shouldn’t operate it.
utilizes magnetic particles
Adhere to Safety Rules
spread on a weld
Liquid-Penetrant Inspection To ensure the construction site
involves spraying the weld remains safe, it’s highly
important to observe safety
------------------------------------------ rules religiously. Contrary to
how it might sound, feel or look,
MODULE 5 –
handling construction
CONSTRUCTION equipment isn’t simple. The
EQUIPMENT bedrock of a hazard free
OPERATION AND experience is safety.
MAINTENANCE Always Put on Protective
Gear
-------------------------------
Protected gears such as dipped
The Use of Construction gloves, fall gear, hard hats,
Equipment goggles, etc. are great at
preventing hazards at the
The selection and use of the
appropriate size and type of construction site. Industrial ear
plugs are also a must have on
construction equipment affect
the needed effort and time of a any construction site.
project. It also highly affects The equipment used at
jobsite productivity.
construction work should be:
Consequently, it’s not only
important to select the right • Ideal for the intended
construction equipment, it’s also use
crucial to use it in the right way. • Only used by people
Whether your construction with necessary
project is paving, drilling, training, adequate
compaction and grading, information and
excavation and loading etc training
doesn’t matter. You must use • Safe for use
the equipment in the way that
• Used based on
it’s supposed to.
specific requirements,
for power presses and
Construction equipment can be
mobile work
classified into four main
categories. The groups are equipment
based on use and purpose.
They are:
The Use and Maintenance of
Construction Safety
Equipment
Observing high safety levels in a
construction site is very
important. It protects site
workers from different forms of
injury. Safety equipment such
as industrial ear plugs and hand
protection like coated gloves
should never miss in a site.
Having them goes miles in
protecting everyone at the site
from any form of danger.
Construction equipment plays a
huge role in any construction,
whether big or small. For this
reason, it is prudent to use such
equipment in the best way
possible. Additionally, make
sure that you maintain your
equipment regularly. Ultimately,
you’ll benefit immensely in
terms of reduced maintenance
and repair costs as well as
increased profits.
Maintenance of Construction
Equipment
Regular maintenance of
construction equipment is an
important factor in cost control.
Equipment maintenance is an
effective way of getting the most
out of your investment.
Excellent maintenance helps
minimize, repair and
maintenance costs, as well as
going miles in maximizing both
profit and production, but has
the greatest impact on profits.
Other benefits you stand to gain
from maintaining your
construction equipment include:
• Maintenance adds
resale value
• Maintenance
minimizes downtime
• Maintenance
lengthens equipment
life
• Maintenance helps
control service
intervals and costs
 Doing this ensures the Bulldozers remove topsoil
Simply put, proper maintenance equipment operates at optimum layers, and graders level soil
of construction equipment can conditions at all times. surfaces, mainly for road
reduce your operating costs Furthermore, you should never construction.
significantly, both indirectly and get tired of performing daily
directly. In terms of direct inspections. It goes miles in Wheel Tractor Scraper provide
operating costs, it’s related to making sure that you’re able to flattened soil surfaces by
costly unscheduled repairs and avoid issues later. Additionally, it scrapping and collecting soil.
machine downtime. extends the life cycle of an Trenchers excavate trenches
Maintenance will help you equipment. Of great to note is for pipeline, cables, and
indirectly in the sense that your that you need to conduct the drainage.
equipment will always be daily inspections in an
functional thus you’ll not organized manner. For Loaders are used to load
experience any shutdowns that example, visual inspections materials onto vehicles.
can harm the entire production usually determine operator
site. That last thing you want is techniques. On the other hand, Tower cranes are fixed cranes
to suffer thousands if not you can conduct a deeper or for hoisting heavy materials
millions of dollars because of more thorough inspection during the construction of tall
equipment failure. depending on operator structures.
suggestions and/or machine Pavers lay asphalt on roads,
Routine is Key performance. and compactors are used to
Adhering to recommended compact soil or asphalt.
Video 1: TYPES OF
maintenance schedules as well
as regular inspections is a major CONSTRUCTION Telehandlers lift heavy
step towards proper EQUIPMENT materials or provide platforms
maintenance of your for construction workers.
construction equipment. Heavy construction equipment
is used for various purposes in Feller bunchers are tree-
Secondly, you must always cutting equipment.
follow the manufacturer’s large projects. These make
recommendations. Remember construction process easier and Dump trucks transports
that nobody knows the faster. materials on construction sites.
equipment better than the Selection of different types of
manufacturer. So it’s important Pile boring and pile driving
heavy equipment depends on equipment are used for making
to adhere to the manufacturer’s the size of the work and
manual. bore holes and installing precast
economy of the project. piles in construction projects.
Have Your Own Application Excavator are important and
Related Maintenance Different types of pile driving
widely used equipment in equipment: piling rigs and
Guide/Rules construction. General purposes hammers, are used to drive
Adding your personal to excavation but other than that piles into the ground.
application-related they are used for many
maintenance items is another purposes such as heavy lifting, Video 2: TYPES OF
demolition, river dredging.
important step to take. For CONSTRUCTION
instance, some harsh Backhoe is another widely used EQUIPMENT USED IN
environments need air filters to equipment which is suitable for CIVIL ENGINEERING
be changed frequently. Also, multiple purposes. The name
undercarriages exposed to itself saying that the whole Types of Equipment:
abrasive or corrosive soils arrangement is provided ton the
require extra attention to detail. • Earthwork Equipment
back side of the vehicle. This is
These are just some of the o Tractor
well for excavating trenches
items that no manufacturer will o Dozers
below the machine level. o Power Shovel
ever know when it comes to
o Dragline
individual job characteristics. Dragline Excavator is
o Clamshells
generally used for larger depth o Hoe
Adhere to Equipment’s excavation, especially o Scraper
Maintenance Schedule underwater. • Trenching Machines
Recommended by the
Manufacturer
 o Wheel type laying, cable laying, and • Construction
trenching drainage purposes Equipment
machine • Loaders – used to load the • Material Handling
o Ladder type material onto dumpers, Equipment
trenching trucks, and more.
machine • Tower Cranes – fixed Benefits of Maintenance of
• Truck And Hauling cranes used for hoisting Construction Equipment
Equipment purposes of tall structures
o Rigid Dump Truck - Effective way of getting
• Paver – called as asphalt the most out of your
o Rear Dump Truck paver is used in road
o Bottom Dump investment
construction where it - Helps minimize repair
Truck distributes asphalt evenly
o Side Dump Truck and maintenance costs
on road surface - Maximizes both profit and
• Compaction Equipment
• Compactors – called as production
o Sheepfoot Roller
rollers used to compact - Adds resale value
o Tamping Roller
material or earth’s surface - Minimizes downtime
o Vibrating
Compactors • Telehandlers – hoisting - Lengthen equipment life
o Pneumatic-Tired equipment used to lift - Helps control service
Rollers heavy materials up to intervals and costs
• Concreting Equipment required height
• Feller Bunchers – a tree Rules in Construction
o Mixer
cutting heavy equipment to Equipment Operation and
o Paving Mixer
Maintenance
• Hoisting Equipment remove large trees in the
o Pulley field
• Conduct Proper
o Chain Hoists • Dump Trucks – used in
Training to
o Winch construction to carry the
Equipment Users –
o Cranes material in larger quantities
Make sure the people
from one site to another site
Definition of Some assigned in handling
• Pile Boring Equipment – construction
Equipment:
used to make bore holes in equipment are well
• Excavators – used for the construction sites to
trained
install precast piles
heavy lifting, demolition, • Adhere to Safety
• Pile Driving Equipment –
river dredging, cutting of Rules – always
trees and more used for lifting the pile and
observe safety
• JCB Backhoe – used for holds it in proper position
precautions
and drives into the ground
excavating trenches below • Always Put on
up to the required depth
the machine level and front Protective Gear –
bucket loading, unloading o Different types of
always use protected
and lifting of materials can pile driving
gears such as dipped
equipment:
be done gloves, fall gear, hard
▪ piling
• Dragline Excavator – long hats, goggles and etc.
rigs,
length boom and digging to prevent accidents at
▪ piling
bucket used for larger the site
hammer,
depth excavations
▪ hammer • The Equipment used
• Bulldozers – a soil at Construction work
guides
excavating equipment used should be:
and
to remove top soil layer up o Ideal for the
more
to particular depth intended use
• Graders – called as motor Use of Construction o Only used by
graders used for Equipment trained
construction of roads to people
level soil surface - It affects the needed o Safe for use
• Tractor SCR – earth- effort and time of a project o Used based
moving equipment used to - It highly affects jobsite on specified
flatten surface through productivity requirements
scrapping • The Use and
Classified into Four Main Maintenance of
• Trenchers – used to
Categories Construction Safety
excavate trenches and oil
Equipment – Always
and used for pipeline • Construction Vehicles
observe high safety
• Earth Moving
Equipment
 levels to prevent What Is A Construction construct the project’s work
different injuries Scheduler? scope. That work scope is
• Routine is Key – represented by the schedule’s
Following The construction scheduler is work activities, how long they’re
maintenance the person on the project who is going to take, and their
schedules helps in responsible for developing and sequence. One thing to
proper maintenance of updating the project schedule. remember is that a construction
the equipment. Always project schedule is the only
follow what the There are really two types of
schedulers. One is a button project management tool that
manufacturer’s
pusher, someone who takes the can forecast when the project
recommendations are.
will finish.
• Have Your Own information from one party and
Application Related inserts it in scheduling software The construction schedule
Maintenance Guide/ like Primavera, Microsoft should predict, based on the
Rules – Having your Project, or Asta Powerproject. contract, the plan, and how the
own maintenance
The second type is what I would work should progress to
items helps the
individual job call a professional scheduler. forecast, when the project is
characteristics That’s someone who knows and expected to finish.
• Adhere to understands construction Why Do We Need Project
Equipment’s means and methods, as well as Schedules?
Maintenance the capabilities of the software.
Schedule Most importantly, they also Increasingly, over the last 15 or
Recommended by understand what construction 20 years, construction owners
the Manufacturer – scheduling best practices are have required that contractors
This ensures the
and how to incorporate them prepare schedules during the
equipment functions at
into the project schedule. construction project. There are
the optimum level at all
two primary reasons for this
times. Always perform Too often projects don’t have a
daily inspections on trend.
professional scheduler who can
the equipment
pull all those elements together. First, as projects become more
------------------------------------------ Bringing on such a person does complex and have tighter
not guarantee project success. budgets, we need schedules to
MODULE 6 – But the right professional help us manage our
PLANNING AND scheduler can work with the construction projects. As a
project manager and the project construction project
SCHEDULING superintendent to ensure that management tool, a schedule
the plan residing in their heads enables the project participants
-------------------------------
is accurately depicted in the (not just the owner, the
What Is Construction project schedule and will protect contractor, the engineer, or the
Scheduling? the contractor’s risk. architect) to understand the plan
for completion. It allows the
A construction project schedule Construction Scheduling parties to coordinate all the
is either a written or graphical Basics elements of the work.
representation on how the
project is to be completed or In nearly every case, a To some degree, this trend has
constructed. When I say written, construction contract will require also been driven by litigation.
it could be a written narrative. It the contractor to complete the Time is money. Every day a
could be a description. It could project within a specific duration construction project is delayed,
be depicted as a bar chart or by a specified completion either the owner, and/or both the
schedule or a CPM schedule. date. owner and contractor, will incur
For every construction project, additional costs to support that
A construction schedule is project. Therefore, we need a
analogous to a contractor’s bid. there is a lot of work that must
be done before contract way to measure to what extent
Just as a contractor’s bid is an the project is delayed.
estimate of its cost that it completion.
expects to spend to build the The construction project The schedule allows us to
project, the schedule represents schedule provides a detailed identify not just what the work is,
an estimate of the time required description and representation but the responsibilities of each
to construct the project. of how the contractor plans to
party, and the party responsible
for each of the activities.
It allows us to track
performance. Ultimately, having
a reasonably accurate
schedule, be that a bar chart or
a CPM schedule, will also
enable the project participants
to identify and resolve project
delay as it occurs.
The last thing you want to do is
ignore time-related issues
during the project and have the
parties kick the can down the
road. This will often result in a
claim being submitted because
time wasn’t resolved, the project
finished late, and the parties
can’t agree as to the cause of
the delay. This can and often
does result in unnecessary
money spent in litigation.
That is not a recipe for success
on construction projects. We
want to finish projects on time
and on budget. A way to do that
is to address delay as it occurs
during the project.
What Is Critical Path Method
Scheduling?
The most commonly used
construction scheduling
technique is the CPM approach.
This approach models or
depicts the construction plan in
what is called a network. This
network consists of activities
and logic relationships that
determine the overall sequence
of construction.
In a CPM schedule, “activities”
depict every element of work in
the project, be it preparation,
submission and review of
submittals, procurement, or
construction. We connect those
activities with “logic
relationships.” For example, the
schedule may depict that one
activity can start only after
another is finished. The
combination of the work
activities, their duration, the
logic in the schedule, and a
mathematical formula allow us
to predict when the project will
finish.
A nice thing about the CPM
schedule is it allows us to model
both the physical and the
contractual limitations or
constraints on a project. As an
example, especially on larger
and more complex construction
projects, we can develop a CPM
schedule that integrates
contractual limitations on work
during certain time periods, like
environmental restrictions or
winter weather.
A CPM schedule also enables
the project team to prioritize the
uncompleted work, based on
the activities’ total values, and to
assign the available resources
to complete the work in the most
efficient manner. It also allows
us to:
Assign responsibility, costs, and
resources to each of the project
activities.
Forecast the expenditure of
costs on an earned value basis.
Forecast the expenditure of
hours, direct labor hours, over
the course of the project.
Track whether we’re achieving
those expected rates of
production or earning of the
contract amount.
Compared to a bar chart, a CPM
schedule is a much more
comprehensive tool that project
teams can use to plan and
manage projects. I’ve worked
on projects where I developed
CPM schedules ranging from
300 activities to 30,000
activities. The number of
activities in your CPM schedule
often comes down to the level of
detail you choose to represent,
the project’s size, or its
complexity.
Tools in Construction
Scheduling
Today, there exist many
technology platforms and tools
that are designed to streamline
construction project scheduling
without necessitating that you
create new workflows from
scratch. The benefits of using
software include:
1. Less risk and chance
of mistakes
2. Better overview of
clashes
3. Ability to track key
metrics and milestones
4. Improved efficiency
5. Streamlined workflows
and processes
6. More adaptable for
changes if they occur
7. Increased
transparency and
accountability
This isn’t to say all construction
software is created equal,
though. There are many
options, and no one right
answer for your team and
project needs. Before you plunk
down your cash and commit to a
long-term subscription, there
are a few essential qualities to
consider. Any good construction
project scheduling tool should
be:
Cloud-based: If your software
isn’t in the cloud, it becomes
much harder to keep teams
updated with central access to
real-time information, wherever
they are.
Secure: Any software you
consider should have A-class
security stands; otherwise, you
risk compromising your job site,
project, and company as a
whole.
Accessible on Mobile: Made-for-
mobile solutions to keep your
field team always in the loop,
anywhere, and from any device.
Easy-to-Use: If your software is
complicated, it won’t be used.
Ensure its easy-to-use and has
world-class support staff in case
you need it down the road.
------------------------------------------
CONSTRUCTION
SCHEDULING
METHODS FOR
PROJECTS
1. Critical Path Method (CPM)
Perhaps the most widely used
construction scheduling method
in large construction projects,
the Critical Path Method (CPM)
holds that “your ability to
complete any activity hinges on
a few critical resources or
constraints.
In one of the best metaphors of
all time, they illustrate this
concept using a sandwich,
explaining that “might have all
the butter, ham, and cheese you
need, but if you don’t have
bread, you can’t make a
sandwich. The bread, in this
case, would be the constraint
your sandwich-making project
depends on.”
Due to the critical importance of
constraints, project managers
study CPM as part of their
Project Management (PMP)
certification. Also, for this
reason, it’s the legal standard
for measuring delays when it
comes to project-related
disputes.
CPM “generates a graphical
view of a project and calculates
how much time and resources
are required to complete each
activity. It also determines
critical activities requiring
attention so that the project can
be completed on time.”
Pros
Is widely used and recognized
and is the legal standard
Is simple and effective at
organizing large and complex
projects
Encourages project managers
to optimize critical paths and
reduce project duration
Enables the team to improve
efficiency with better allocation timelines and offer a false sense
of resources of confidence about project
Enhances the visibility of the completion
impact of any schedule changes Is vulnerable to failure with any
change in the precedence and
Cons sequential relationships of
Is burdensome to manage for activities
large and complex projects due 3. Gantt Chart
to thousands of activities and A Gantt Chart is another
their dependent relationships construction scheduling tool,
Fails to account for resource rather than a technique. It is a
allocation and might require type of bar chart that
other methods to complement it encourages stakeholders to
structure the project with
2. Program Evaluation and several levels of details and
Review Technique (PERT) consider dependencies
between tasks. This helps them
PERT is one of the most visually estimate the duration of the
accessible construction project and identify the critical
scheduling tools. Essentially, it path to take during construction.
is a diagram that “provides a
visual depiction of the major “A Gantt chart is a bar chart
project activities and the used to illustrate a project
sequence in which they must be schedule, that includes some
completed.” Each of these steps milestones and it is not as
represents the use of time or detailed as a full CPM,”
resources or both. Think of it as explains. “It normally includes
a road map toward project start/end dates of activities and
completion; only once you pass a summary of activities of a
all of the milestones will the project.” However, it lacks the
complexity of more
building have reached its final
comprehensive approaches
stages. “PERT charts are often
constructed from back to front and doesn’t include the
resources or materials needed
because, for many projects, the
to complete it.
end date is fixed and the
contractor has front-end Gantt Charts are excellent for
flexibility.” creating a hierarchy among
Pros projects, showing which ones
require immediate attention and
Provides a comprehensive which must be completed
activity analysis for events before other, dependent
independently and in projects can follow.
combination
Offers a “What-if-Analysis” that Pros
enables better planning for Creates an accurate picture of
uncertainties and risk project complexity
Facilitates improved Is helpful to organize thoughts
coordination for team-wide Indicates clearly what should be
decision-making done, within realistic time
Takes the deadline into account frames
at the start Is easy to build with software or
on your own
Cons
Is labor-intensive and expensive Cons
in nature Tends to get complex,
Carries the risk of prediction especially when a project has
inaccuracy, which can muck up more than 30 activities
Requires constant updates, fault during litigation, arbitration, ------------------------------------------
which is time-consuming or lawsuit. For example, wall
Might be inaccurate both in foundations have to be MODULE 7 –
displaying information and constructed before the walls CONTRACTS AND
reflecting actual resource themselves, and that must be
DOCUMENTATION
requirements properly represented on the
project schedule. It may seem -------------------------------
Common Construction like a no-brainer, but in a
Project Scheduling Mistakes complex project, it’s easy to Documentation is a major factor
The schedule is often the first overlook these types of in prudent project management.
piece of documentation an mistakes. To avoid delays, Then, too, proper
owner receives demonstrating schedules should be continually documentation is the critical
the contractor’s professionalism checked by multiple element of a risk control system.
in planning and management, stakeholders to ensure all Whether the project manager
so it’s key to establishing dependencies are in the proper, represents the architect, owner,
credibility in an increasingly logical order. or contractor, their
competitive field. Here are four responsibilities are the same on
common construction project 3. Poor resource allocation every construction project.
scheduling mistakes that, when
corrected, can help improve Every company has a set Today, every construction
your company’s success rates amount of resources available project requires detailed
and reputation. for any given project, whether documentation by project
that’s time, budget, materials, or managers. Orderly and
1. Inaccurate project manpower. Problems and conscientious recordkeeping
estimates delays often occur when not only provides the
schedules are set in place with information to effectively and
To ensure your project is set up the assumption that there are efficiently manage a project, but
for success from the beginning, unlimited resources at your is also essential preparation for
it’s important to be as accurate disposal. When creating your contract disputes, delays, and
as possible about project schedule, maintain a realistic litigation. Such preparation
deadlines during the sense of what you’ll have to requires a comprehensive
preconstruction process. work with at any given time, and documentation system to
Estimating the project be sure to remember external defend against or prove
accurately can even be started factors that could impact your entitlement to a number of
in the RFP process. This is the resources, like material damages resulting from a
opportunity where architects, shortages. compensatory claim.
contractors, and owners can 4. Not preparing for the worst Adequate documentation may
express their concerns over the
also satisfy a requirement for a
budget and timelines of the Speaking of material shortages
logical and supportable
project. If either of the parties — there are a lot of factors on
demonstration of cause and
appears to be unrealistic about the job site you simply can’t
effect. Documenting the many
timing or budget, this should be control. That’s why on projects
complicated problems
an immediate red flag that the where just about anything can
developing during a
project is heading straight for an happen, overseeing schedules
construction project is
overrun. Thorough, realistic is a role best suited for the
burdensome. Nevertheless,
estimation and planning will overly cautious. Always plan for
since documentation is
help you avoid scheduling the worst-case scenario,
essential to the success of any
issues down the line, so be allocate extra funds, and include
delay claim, the importance of
willing to listen and adjust buffer time to handle the
creating a paper trail cannot be
course if project stakeholders unknowns that will most likely
overemphasized. Since
express concern over timelines. impact a build, like potential
disputes are not often settled
weather delays.
2. Missing dependencies until after a project is completed,
which may be several years,
If not properly defined from the management policy should
get-go, missing dependencies recognize committing anything
can lead to more than just to memory is only as good as
overshooting deadlines: you the longevity of the
could have difficulty arguing professionals involved both
physically and corporately. • pre-bid site investigation • abnormal weather and
Documentation usually lasts reports; climatologic data;
longer than people and their • pre-construction • transportation or material
jobs. conference minutes; delivery delays;
Most construction contracts • project manager’s daily • unusually severe
reports; and inspections;
require a written change order,
supplemental agreement, or • status project photos. • material and labor
other contract modification for The project manager must shortages;
changed or added work and its maintain a daily record of • defective or deficient and/or
corresponding cost impact. A changes to the project changes to plans and
claim the contract has been schedule, including delays, out- specifications;
constructively changed by the of-sequence, disruptions, • defective owner-furnished
owner may arise in absence of a suspensions, or acceleration of materials;
written and signed change work. These changes may affect • lack of parameters as to
order. either planned work sequence ‘game plan’;
or duration times. The contract
• no field orientation as to
The owner is normally usually contains the overall critical path methodology;
responsible for issuing and project starting date, planned
• poorly defined
approving change orders. duration time, and the
management of CPM
Problems are often encountered anticipated completion date.
schedule philosophy; and
when the owner’s project Milestones or work sequences
manager relies on the architect
• people with whimsical and
are normally found in
procrastination positions on
to review and recommend accompanying special
CPM schedules and
approval or rejection of change conditions. The astute project
documentation.
orders based on ‘unanticipated manager must critique each
Some of the initiatives that can
conditions or some area monthly CPM schedule update
be implemented to avoid
inadequately covered in the and narrative report to know the
problems include:
plans and specifications. This full status of the project.
may cause a conflict of interest • complete daily reports of
for the architect who, by It is imperative for owners,
architects, and contractors to be the scrupulous project
approving such change orders manager;
in a timely manner, maybe problem-oriented while
maintaining documentation • record all project meeting
inappropriately admitting his/her
during construction to be able to minutes;
own negligence with faulty
identify and react to issues • use time impact analysis
omissions.
impacting the contract price or (TIA) to record
Many construction contracts performance time such as: documentation;
contain a differing site • study the project
conditions clause allowing an • lack of meticulous CPM manager’s day timer that
equitable contract price planning; should show proper
adjustment if the physical site or • out-of-sequence activities; documentation;
subsurface conditions are either • lackadaisical attitudes • review all time extensions
different from those represented toward CPM updates; requested and approved;
in the plans and specifications • no project management • document start and
or materially different from communication; completion dates of all
conditions normally inherent in • very little team esprit de milestones;
the type of work performed. corps; • keep complete records of
Prompt notice to the owner’s • delayed approval of shop as-built drawings; and
project manager is required if drawings; • use CPM monthly updates
these differing conditions are
• no timely or adequate input to record as-build CPM
found. Proof of anticipated schedules.
to schedule updates;
conditions may be established
• untimely response to Pre-contract documents
by the following:
information requests;
Documents included in the
• bid specifications; • interference by other owner’s bid package, including
• bid estimate worksheets; contractors or owner;
drawings, specifications, soil
• owner’s boring logs and soil • differing site conditions; and asbestos data, special
reports;
conditions, and specific
instructions, as well as the
contractor’s calculations and
bid-preparation documents, are
generally admissible evidence
as to what was intended by a
construction contract.
A reasonable contractor
prepares his or her bid or
proposal to provide what the
contract requires—no more and
no less. A prudent contractor will
seek clarification to ambiguities
in the bid documents,
particularly if they have any cost
impact or risk. However, when
disputes develop over such
ambiguities or alleged changes
in the contract requirements, an
examination of the bid
documents and the contractor’s
backup information may be the
only way to resolve these
issues. A comparison of the as-
bid drawings with the as-built
drawings should disclose any
changes, variances, or
dissimilarities.
Forensic investigation into the
reason for these differences
may reveal some owner action
or inaction (e.g. defective
design) for which a contractor
may be entitled to recover any
related additional cost.
Soil data supplied by the owner,
in the owner’s possession, or
obtained by the contractor
during a site investigation visit
prior to contract are important
evidence in decisions that
regard to differing site
conditions. Reliance on this
data by a contractor when such
information is found to be in
error is critical to determining
entitlement for this type of claim.
Contract documents
Only those documents in
existence at the time the
contract
is awarded are part of the
agreement. There is, however,
one exception. Special
conditions may state the CPM
schedule prepared by the
contractor and approved by the
owner and architect after the
issuance of the contract will be
an integral part of the
documents. Anything else
prepared at a later date, except
for formal change orders, is not
part of the contract. It is
essential to keep a clean,
unchanged set of original
contract drawings and
specifications for future
reference to prove changes
occurring during the project. It is
also important to note drawings
and/or specifications issued at
the contract-award stage may
be different from those in the
bid, and the contractor should
verify such changes before
accepting the contract. The
notice to proceed is also a
significant contract-related item
in that its date may
unexpectedly follow contract
award by several weeks or more
and could delay the project from
the beginning.
Correspondence
All correspondence of any kind
on a project should be
preserved in a chronological
master file with each letter, fax,
and e-mail numbered and
cataloged for convenient
reference. Coordination
meetings should cover items
such as:
• approval of last meeting
minutes;
• construction progress
(reference CPM activities
by node numbers);
• contractor’s plan for the
coming month;
• any delays including
weather and strikes;
• status of material
deliveries;
• schedule narrative report;
• status of change orders
and items on submittal log
as to submissions to date
and approvals;
• constraints;
• pay applications;
• field issues;
• request for information
(RFI) requirements and the
need for clarifications of
plans and specifications;
and
• inspection and testing
reports.
Oral directives versus written
documentation
In the daily routine of conducting
business at a construction site,
many directives are conveyed
orally. There are several
dangers in instructing activities
orally—one being that the
directive may not be clearly
understood and, therefore, not
carried out accurately. To guard
against such errors, all oral
directives must be substantiated
in writing to help clarify the
information conveyed.
In addition to the order of
precedence of the contract
document for a construction
project, there is also an order of
precedence for the forms in any
contract based on general legal
principles. This order from the
least to the most important is as
follows:
• the printed form;
• the typed form;
• the handwritten form; and
• the oral directive.
Contemporaneous
documentation
Contemporaneous written
expressions of work progress,
CPM schedule updates, site
conditions, and damages
entered into a job log, or daily
report can provide a valuable
and factual evidentiary
foundation, particularly if it is
done by a punctilious project
manager in the form of a regular
business record.
Design professionals who are
providing field observation
reports should be encouraged
to take photographs of site
conditions and the work in
progress on a routine and
systematic basis, concentrating
on problem areas critical to the
procedures and scheduling. A
picture is worth a thousand
words, or a thousand dollars,
especially in matters involving
impacts or delays on
construction projects. Changes
and additions to the work often
cause delays. Although the
reason for the change or
addition usually cannot be
photographed, the resulting
delay, such as idle equipment or
lack of daily progress, can be
documented visually.
Cost Documentation
Providing the actual dollars lost
is critical to a construction claim.
Use and maintenance of
effective accounting methods
can provide the proof of
damages necessary to support
additional compensation. All
project managers must study
current accounting systems tied
to a time impact analysis (TIA)
of the project CPM schedule.
Since delay, acceleration, and
impact claims frequently involve
inefficiency claims and loss of
productivity factors, which are
difficult to segregate under
traditional accounting systems,
a method of isolating cost not
covered by the contract is
especially needed.
A system allowing for
concurrent segregation of
unanticipated costs is not only
easier and less expensive than
the after-the-fact breakdown,
but also more convincing in the
courtroom.
Reports are often prepared to
study costs or production units
as the project progresses.
Analysis of such cost reports
may show where the
contractor’s estimating
department was incorrect or
when inefficiencies were the
direct result of contractor
mismanagement.
Although cost records on each
project and between contractors
vary, the following list is a typical
spectrum of cost data that
should be preserved by the
project manager for potential
use in proving damages:
• project cost budget;
• weekly labor distribution
reports;
• labor timecards coded to
CPM work activities;
• overtime labor records;
• labor fringe agreements;
• certified payroll reports;
• canceled payroll checks;
• daily equipment cost
records, including hours
operated and idle, work
performed by CPM activity,
and repairs made;
• purchase orders;
• contractors bid analysis;
• paid invoices;
• material receiving tickets;
• canceled accounts payable
checks;
• monthly job cost reports;
• subcontractors cost
reports;
• revenue records;
• progress payment reports;
• ‘S’ curve of projected
collections and actual
collections
• of work in place by CPM
schedule (a dollar value is
given
• to each CPM scheduled
activity to show projected
• monthly cost);
• record of stored materials
billed monthly;
• change order request and
approved;
• bank loans; and
• cost assigned to each delay
and will advise the owner of
current request for the cost
on the project.
Essential Contract
Documents for Construction
Projects
Construction Contract
Agreement
This is the principal agreement
between the construction
contractor and the private
property owner or the
contracting officer for a
business. It's the essential
component of the bundle of
various contract documents—
the main document to which
most of the other documents
attach or refer.
Scope of Work (SOW)
Having a clearly defined scope
of the work involved for a project
is helpful during the bidding
process and later on during the
construction sequence.
The Scope of Work document,
sometimes known as the
Statement of Work, should
enumerate all of the work to be
done, who is responsible for the
work, how the work should be
performed (techniques used),
and what materials will be used.
This is the document that will
detail how change orders are
handled.
Construction Schedule
The construction schedule is an
important component of the
larger document and second
only to the construction contract
agreement. This component
allows the contracting client to
know how and when the project
will be completed and offers
them leverage when schedule
problems arise. It is also the
document that helps the
contractor schedule the work.
Construction contracts
sometimes require updated
schedules throughout the
construction progress, and they
might form the basis for the
application for payments by the
contractor.
General Conditions
The General Conditions portion
of an overall construction
contract is the portion that sets
forth the right, responsibilities,
and relationships between the
client and contractors. Most
important is the delineation of
rights and responsibilities of
each party.
The General Conditions portion
of the contract offers the legal
framework for the overall
construction contract. It includes
stipulations for how any
disputes will be resolved.
Special Conditions
This is usually an extension of
the contract and an addendum
to the General Conditions. The
Special Conditions document
should specify certain
conditions and clauses that
pertain to specific portions of the
job. For example, if there are
specific instructions that apply
to only one portion of the job, the
Special Conditions section is
where this will be described.
Specifications
The Specifications section of a
contract is where all the
technical data and requirements
are listed. Information should
detail all the materials and
techniques that are expected to
be used.
These specifications should be
discussed and negotiated at the
time the contract is developed,
and later changes to the
specifications are often handled
under whatever conditions are
laid for change orders in the
Scope of Work section.
Bill of Quantities
This document comprises lists
of diverse trades and materials
that will form part of the
construction. It includes an
itemized list on the costs of
materials, parts, and labor that
will be part of the construction
project. This document is
essential for allowing a You want a complete weather
contractor to properly bid a
project. Sometimes this
document is omitted since it is
not always required by the
contracting officer.
Cost Estimate
This portion of the construction
contract agreement provides a
breakdown of all items being
incorporated into the
construction project and their
costs. The cost estimate can be
detailed per item in a document
that combines specifications
and costs, or in a lump sum form
that doesn't specify individual
items. Sometimes an itemized
Cost Estimate is combined with
the Specifications in a single
section.
Drawings
All contracts should include a
set of whatever drawings that
are applicable to the work being
performed. This might include
the actual blueprints for the
project, or it may be one or more
simpler drawings that provide a
graphic representation of the
scope, extent, and character of
the work that will be performed
by the contractor.
Construction Insurance
Coverage
This is an essential part of the
agreement because it provides
a guarantee to the owner that
the contractor has the means
and the economic backup to
perform under the terms of the
construction contract. It will
include details on specific types
of coverages, including general
liability insurance, performance
bonding, and builder's risk
insurance.
As a Contractor, These Are
Things You Need To
Document On Your
Construction Daily Reports
Item 1: Weather
report for the day. Was it sunny,
cloudy, rainy, or snowing? What
were the temperatures morning,
noon, and at the end of the day?
How did the weather change
throughout the day?
Item 2: The Location of Work
On-Site
Who was working and where
were they working? Location
can be defined by sectors on the
plans, column lines, or using
north, south, east, or west
directions.
Item 3: Work Accomplished
Who is performing what scope?
In this section, it is important to
tie the daily report to the
activities on the schedule. Note
which activities are starting,
completing, making progress,
and which work activities should
be progressing but are not. For
your project manager or
superintendent to do this, they
must have access to and be
familiar with the schedule.
Item 4: Quantities
How many pieces of steel were
set today? This is essential data
to evaluate productivity. We
know there are 500 pieces of
steel in the building, and the
steel erection activity was 20
days. We can calculate the
contractor’s planned progress
for the steel erection as 25
pieces per day. In the event of a
dispute, you may need to note
whether or not the steel erection
subcontractor was meeting its
production rate. On the flip side,
if you’re in construction and that
subcontractor was on the site
two days, but has only set 15
pieces…you already know it is
behind. The contractor needs to
step it up and you may ask him
to accelerate.
Item 5: Workforce
Document each subcontractor
on the site that day, as well as
the number of workers provided.
Item 6: Hours Worked
Document the hours the crew
worked. Also, record the hours
the crew did not work and why
the crew did not work. Again,
this will be important when
evaluating productivity.
Item 7: Equipment In Use
and/or Idle
You want to document what
equipment is being used by
each subcontractor and what
equipment is sitting idle. Also,
identify when major pieces of
equipment are mobilized and
demobilized from the project
site. Again, this information is
essential for a productivity
evaluation, or to support a
change order.
For example, if the site work
subcontractor submits a change
order for unforeseen field
conditions, such as rock, and if
the change was not
preapproved, it is important that
both the site work subcontractor
and the general contractor have
daily reports documenting the
conditions and the equipment
that were used to excavate that
rock.
Item 8: Potential Delaying
Events
Is the job being impacted by
weather? Who was scheduled
to work, but couldn’t? Are there
access problems? Was an
underground tank found that
was not indicated on the plans
to be there and did that stop the
excavation operation? Did the
carpenter not show up to
complete his work and delay the
start of paint? Any potential
delay should be documented.
Item 9: Significant Events
A road closure that prohibited
material deliveries or a
graduation ceremony are
examples of significant events.
If you are working on a school
project, and school authorities
request that no loud work be
performed during the graduation
ceremony, that request needs to
be noted.
Item 10: Third Party Activity
Any type of third-party activity
that impacts the project should
also be documented in this
section of your daily report.
Item 11: Safety Issues and
Toolbox Talks
All injuries should be thoroughly
documented, not just on a daily
report. Most insurance policies
will have their own forms to fill
out as well. As the writer of the
daily report, you want to
document the time and location
of the incident, as well as what
actions took place.
Item 12: Meetings
Decisions are still occasionally
made in the field. These
meetings and decisions should
not only be documented in the
daily report but should also be
followed up with an email at the
end of the day.
Even if no decisions were made
at the meeting, the meeting
itself should still be
documented. If it was a brief
coordination meeting between
the mechanical and plumbing
subcontractors, it is still
important to document the
meeting and any plans that
were discussed.
Item 13: Directions
Direction from authorities
having jurisdiction needs to be
documented, as well as
inspections passed or
inspections failed.
Item 14: Deliveries
Deliveries need to be
documented, such as what and
how much material was
delivered. Even as the general
contractor, and you are not
signing for it, you should
document the delivery, who
signed for it, and where it was
placed.
Item 15: Record of Visitors
Keep track of when the
inspector, owner, designer, or
insurance representative visited
the site.
Item 16: Signature
Every daily report should have a
signature.
A prime contractor, who is
typically a general contractor, is
a fi rm that contracts directly
with the owner for the
construction of a project, either
in its entirety or for some
designated portion thereof. In
this regard, the owner may
choose to use a single prime
contract or several separate
prime contracts.
Competitive Bidding
-The owner selects a prime
contractor on the basis of
competitive bidding,
negotiation, or some
combination of the two.
-When bidding a project, the
contractor estimates how much
the project will cost using the
architect‐engineer’s drawings
and specifications as a basis for
the calculations. The contractor
then adds a reasonable profit to
this cost and guarantees to do
the entire job for the stated
price.
-Bid prices quoted by the
bidding contractors most often
constitute the principal basis for
selection of the successful
contractor, with the low bidder
usually receiving the contract
award.
-Most bidding documents
stipulate that the work shall be
awarded to the “lowest
responsible bidder.”
-This gives the owner the right
to reject the proposal of a
bidding contractor if the
contractor is judged to be
unqualified for some reason. If
its bid is selected, the contractor
is obligated to complete the
work in exchange for the
contract amount.
Negotiated Contracts
- At times it can be
advantageous for an owner to
negotiate a contract for its
project with a preselected
contractor or small group of
contractors.
-It is common practice for an
owner to forgo the competitive
bidding process and to handpick
a contractor on the basis of its
reputation and overall
qualifications to do the job. A
contract is negotiated between
the owner and the chosen
contractor.
-Such contracts can include any
terms and provisions that are
mutually agreeable to the
parties.
Combined Bidding and
Negotiation
- An owner sometimes will
combine elements of both
competitive bidding and
negotiation into an approach
known as best value.
-In this approach, a portion of
the decision is based on price
and the rest on qualifications.
- In the best‐value approach, the
competing contractors are
required to submit their
qualifications along with their
bids and are encouraged to
tender suggestions as to how
the cost of the project could be
reduced.
- Competing contractors are
often interviewed, in addition to
submitting the bid and the
qualifications statement.
- The owner then scores the bid
and the qualifications, awarding
the project to the contractor with
the best score.
Subcontracting
-When the prime contractor
engages a specialty firm to
accomplish a particular portion
of the project, the two parties
enter into a contract called a
subcontract.
-No contractual relationship is
thereby established between
the owner and the
subcontractor. When a general
contractor sublets a portion of
its work to a subcontractor, the
prime contractor remains
responsible under its contract
with the owner for any negligent
or faulty performance by the
subcontractor.
-The prime contractor assumes
complete responsibility to the
owner for the direction and
accomplishment of the total
work.
-An important part of this
responsibility is the coordination
and supervision of the various
subcontractors.
Construction Contract
Services
-The selection of the proper
contract form appropriate to the
situation is an important
decision for the owner and is
one deserving of careful
consideration and consultation.
-The construction contract can
be made to include
construction, design construct,
or construction management
services.
Construction Services
-Where the contractor provides
construction services only, the
usual arrangement is for a
private architect‐engineer firm
to perform the design in contract
with the owner.
-Under this arrangement, the
design professional acts
essentially as an independent
design contractor during the
design phase and as an agent
of the owner during construction
operations.
-The architect‐engineer acts as
a professional intermediary
between the owner and
contractor and often represents
the owner in matters of
construction contract
administration.
-Under such contractual
arrangements, the owner,
architect‐engineer, and
contractor play narrowly defined
roles, and the contractor is
basically in an adversarial
relationship with the other two.
Design‐Construct
-When the owner contracts with
a single firm for both design and
construction and possibly
procurement services, this is
referred to as a design‐
construct project.
-This form of contract is usually
negotiated, although
occasionally it is competitively
bid.
-Usually, the contractor has its
own design section with
architects and engineers as
company employees.
-In other cases, however, the
architect‐ engineer can be a
contractor’s corporate affiliate or
subsidiary, or the contractor can
enter into a joint venture
arrangement with an
independent architect‐ engineer
firm for a given project or
contract.
Turnkey
-A turnkey contract is similar to
a design‐ construct contract.
-The difference lies in the
greater range of responsibilities
that the contractor undertakes
on behalf of the owner under a
turnkey arrangement.
- For example, a turnkey
contract often includes such
services as land selection and
acquisition, project financing,
project equipage procurement,
and leasing of the completed
facility.
Project Management
-The term project management
is applied to the provision of
professional management
services to the owner of a
construction project with the
objective of achieving high
quality at minimum cost.
-Such services may encompass
only a defined portion of the
construction program, such as
field construction, or they may
include total project
responsibility.
-The objective of this approach
is to treat project planning,
design, and construction as
integrated tasks within a
construction system.
Fixed‐Sum Contract
-A fixed‐sum contract requires
the contractor to complete a
defined package of work in
exchange for a sum of money
fixed by the contract. Should the
actual cost of the work exceed
this figure, the contractor
absorbs the loss.
-The owner is obligated to make
only such total payment as is
stipulated in the contractual
agreement.
-A fixed‐sum contract may be
either lump sum or unit price.
Cost‐Plus‐Fee Contracts
-Cost‐plus‐fee contracts provide
that the owner reimburse the
contractor for all construction
costs and pay a fee for its
services.
-How the contractor’s fee is
determined is stipulated in the
contract, and a number of
different procedures are used in
this regard.
-Commonly used are provisions
that the fee shall be a stipulated
percentage of the total direct
cost of construction or that the
fee shall be a fixed sum.
Work‐by‐Force Account
-The owner may elect to act as
its own constructor rather than
have the work done by a
professional contractor. If the
project is being built for the
owner’s own use, this method of
construction is called the force‐
account system.
-In such a situation, the owner
may accomplish the work with
its own forces and provide the
supervision, materials, and
equipment itself.
-Or the owner may choose to
subcontract the entire project,
assuming the responsibility of
coordinating and supervising
the work of the subcontractors.
Turnkey and BOT Contracts
Fixed‐sum, cost‐plus‐fee, and
work‐by‐force account
contracting methods all require
owners to coordinate initial
planning, design, construction,
and facilities start‐up. These
tasks distract the owners from
their core business
responsibilities.
-For this reason, some owners
also contract these
responsibilities to the contractor.
Turnkey and build‐operate‐
transfer (BOT) contracts provide
a vehicle for complete project
delivery by the contractor.
- In a turnkey arrangement, the
owner provides the facility
design requirements to the
contractor, which designs and
constructs the facility under a
single contract. The single
contract eliminates the need for
owner coordination and reduces
project duration. Upon
completion, the key to the
project is turned over to the
owner and the contract is closed
out.
Integrated Project Delivery
-A new type of project delivery
system is emerging with the
development of BIM.
-In BIM environment, all data for
the project go into a massive
database that is shared by all
stakeholders in the project.
-Because the data are
integrated into a single entity, all
stakeholders who contribute
and use the data become active
participants in the entire project.
The result is shared risk and
shared reward across all
stakeholders, which, in turn,
requires a new type of contract
that integrates all stakeholders
into a single operational
structure.
-Individual contracts between
various stakeholders are no
longer efficient in a BIM
environment.
-Integrated Project Delivery
(IPD) ties all stakeholders
together based on a single
contract that is signed by each
stakeholder.
Speculative Construction
-When owners build structures
for sale or lease to other parties,
they engage in what is
commonly referred to as
speculative construction.
- Housing and commercial
properties like shopping centers
and warehousing facilities are
common examples of such
construction. In tract housing, conditions, watch employees for area where the hazard
for instance, “merchant” unsafe actions and take prompt was observed.
builders develop land and build action to eliminate any hazards. Supervisor Responsibilities
housing for sale to the general
public. Management must do its part by 1. Ensure that each
devoting the resources employee has
- This is a form of speculative necessary to form a safety and received initial
construction through which health committee composed of orientation before
developers act as their own management and elected beginning work.
prime contractors. They build employees. A system must be 2. Ensure that each
dwelling units on their own developed for identifying and employee is
account and employ sales correcting hazards and competent or has
forces to market their products. foreseeable emergencies. The received training on
In much speculative housing, company must provide initial the safe operation of
contractors build for unknown and ongoing training for equipment or tasks
buyer employees and supervisors and before starting work.
we will establish a disciplinary 3. Ensure that each
------------------------------------------ policy to ensure that company employee receives
safety and health policies are required personal
MODULE 8 – followed. protective equipment
CONSTRUCTION (PPE) before starting
Safety and Health
MANPOWER SAFETY work on a project
Responsibilities requiring PPE.
------------------------------- Manager Responsibilities 4. Perform a daily safety
check of the work
Safety and Health Policies
1. Ensure that sufficient area. Promptly correct
All companies must place a high employee time, any hazards you find.
value on the safety and health of supervisor support and 5. Observe the
its employees. It should be funds are budgeted for employees you
committed to providing a safe equipment, training supervise while they
workplace for all employees and and carrying out the are working. Promptly
have developed this program for safety and health correct any unsafe
injury prevention to involve program. behavior. Provide
management, supervisors and 2. Evaluate supervisors additional training and
employees in identifying and each year to make take corrective action
eliminating hazards that may sure they carry out as necessary.
develop during our work their responsibilities as 6. Document employee
process. described in this evaluations.
program. 7. Set a good example for
It is the basic safety and health 3. Ensure that incident employees by
policy that no task is so are fully investigated following the safety
important that an employee and corrective action is and health rules and
must violate a safety and health taken to prevent the attending required
rule or take a risk of injury or hazardous conditions training.
illness to get the job done. or behaviors from 8. Investigate all
happening again. incidents in your area
Employees are required to and report findings to
4. Ensure that a record of
comply with all company safety management.
injuries and illnesses is
and health rules and are 9. Talk to management
maintained and posted
encouraged to actively about changes to work
as described in this
participate in identifying ways to practices or equipment
program.
make our company a safer that will improve
5. Set a good example by
place to work. employee safety and
following established
Supervisors are responsible for safety and health rules health.
the safety and health of their and attending required Employee Responsibilities
employees and, as a part of training.
6. Report unsafe 1. Follow the safety and
their daily duties, must check health rules
the workplace for unsafe practices or conditions
to the supervisor of the established by your
 company, Report Employees from each represent on safety
unsafe conditions or operational unit, division or area and health issues.
actions to your may volunteer or be nominated 3. Encouraging safe work
supervisor or safety from among themselves to be a practices among co-
and health committee representative on the workers.
representative committee. If there is only one 4. Reviewing the injury,
promptly. volunteer or nomination, the illness and first aid logs
2. Report all work-related employees may approve the for trends and
injuries and illnesses person by voice vote at a short conducting a separate
to your supervisor meeting called for that investigation of any
promptly, regardless of purpose. If there is more than incident (if determined
how minor they may one volunteer or nomination, a appropriate).
seem. secret paper ballot may be used 5. Providing any
3. Report all near-miss to elect the representative. recommendations to
incidents to your management for
supervisor promptly. Elected representatives will consideration.
4. Always use personal serve for 2 years before being
protective equipment re-elected or replaced. If there The safety and health
that is in good working is a vacancy then an election committee should meet at a
condition when it is will be held before the next regular interval. Each area
required. scheduled meeting to fill the committee member should bring
5. Do not remove or balance of the term. information from the monthly
bypass any safety In addition to the employee- inspections of their areas and
device or safeguard elected representatives, any concerns from the
provided for your management should designate employees in the area they
protection. no more than three represent. Using this
6. Encourage your co- representatives but a minimum information, the committee can
workers to use safe of one who will serve until help identify safety and health
work practices on the replaced by management. problems, develop solutions,
job. Management representation review incident reports, provide
7. Make suggestions to should not outnumber employee training, and evaluate the
your supervisor, safety representation. If the company effectiveness of the safety and
and health committee employs a medical professional health program.
representative, or on staff, it is recommended that
management about A committee member will be
this individual serve on the designated to keep minutes. A
changes that will safety and health committee as
improve employee copy of the minutes will be
well but at least an individual posted in a place where all
safety and health. who manages the workers’ affected employees have
compensation, injury and access to them. The company
Employee Participation illness, and first aid logs, such should archive meeting minutes
Safety and Health as the company safety and for a specified period of time
Committees and Meetings health manager. such as one year for follow-
A chairperson should be up/review purposes. (The
Employers can form safety and company may choose to post
health committees to help selected by a majority vote by
the committee members each minutes on employee bulletin
employees and management boards, on an intranet, etc.
work together to identify safety year. If there is a vacancy, the
same method should be used to Additionally, the company may
and health problems, develop choose to archive such records
solutions, review incident select a replacement.
electronically.)
reports, and evaluate the The duties of safety and health
effectiveness of the safety and committee members include: General Employee Safety
health program. The committee Meetings
should be made up of 1. Conducting a monthly
management-designated self-inspection of the All employees are required to
representatives and employee- area they represent. attend a monthly safety and
elected representatives from all 2. Communicating with health meeting. This meeting
areas within the company. the employees they will help identify safety and
health problems, develop
solutions, provide training, and
evaluate the effectiveness of the
safety and health program.
An employee will be designated
each month to keep the
minutes. A copy of the minutes
will be posted in a place where
all affected employees have
access to them. The company
should archive meeting minutes
for a specified period of time
such as one year for follow-
up/review purposes. (The
company may choose to post
minutes on employee bulletin
boards, on an intranet, etc.
Additionally, the company may
choose to archive such records
electronically).
Recordkeeping and
Reporting
Injuries and Illnesses
Reporting
Employees are required to
report any injury or work-related
illness to their immediate
supervisor regardless of how
serious. Minor injuries such as
cuts and scrapes will be entered
on the first aid log. The
employee will use an
“Employee's Incident
Report” form to report more
serious/compensable injuries.
The supervisor will:
• Investigate all injuries
and illnesses in their
work area, including
serious first-aid cases
and near miss
incidents. Complete an
“Incident Investigation
Report” form and “Sup
ervisor’s Incident
Investigation” form
immediately following
the incident.
• Provide all incident
investigation
report forms to the
safety and health
manager/company
medical professional
or HR/personnel office
within three days of the
incident.
The safety and health
manager/company medical
professional/HR or personnel
manager will:
• Determine from the
Employee’s Incident
Report form, Incident
Investigation Report
form and any claim
form associated with
the incident.
• Enter any recordable
incident within seven
calendar days after
becoming aware of the
injury/illness/fatality.
• If the injury is not
recorded on the OSHA
log, add it to the first
aid log, which is used
to record non-OSHA
recordable injuries and
near misses.
• The employer may
need to fill out and file
a Workers’
Compensation Form,
“Employer’s Report of
Employee’s Injury,”
with the Industrial
Commission within five
days of learning of an
injury or allegation.
Employee Access to Medical
and Exposure Records
Whenever an employee or
designated representative
requests access to a record, we
must ensure that access is
provided in a reasonable time,
place, and manner. If we cannot
reasonably provide access to
the record within 15 working
days, we will apprise the
employee or designated
representative requesting the
record of the reason for the
delay and the earliest date when
the record can be made
available.
The medical record for each
employee will be preserved and
maintained for at least the
duration of employment plus 30
years.
First aid records (not including
medical histories) of one-time
treatment and subsequent
observation of minor scratches,
cuts, burns, splinters, and the
like that do not involve medical
treatment, loss of
consciousness, restriction of
work or motion, or transfer to
another job, if made on-site by a
nonphysician and if maintained
separately from the employer's
medical program and its records
and the medical records of
employees who have worked for
less than one year for the
employer need not be retained
beyond the term of employment
if they are provided to the
employee upon the termination
of employment.
Exposure Records
Background data to
environmental (workplace)
monitoring or measuring, such
as laboratory reports and
worksheets, need only be
retained for one year so long as
the sampling results, the
collection methodology
(sampling plan), a description of
the analytical and mathematical
methods used, and a summary
of other background data
relevant to interpretation of the
results obtained are retained for
at least 30 years.
Material safety data sheets and
records concerning the identity
of a substance or agent need
not be retained for any specified
period as long as some record
of the identity (chemical name if
known) of the substance or
agent, where it was used, and
when it was used is retained for
at least 30 years.
Biological monitoring results
designated as exposure records
by specific occupational safety
and health standards must be
preserved and maintained as
required by the specific
standard.
Analyses using exposure or
medical records must be
preserved and maintained for at
least 30 years.
Training Records
Some standards require training
records to be maintained for
three years and some do not
require training records.
Records of employees who
have worked for less than one
year need not be retained after
employment, but we are
required to provide these
records to the employee upon
termination of employment.
Accident / Incident
Investigation
Accident/Incident
Investigation Procedures
If an employee dies while
working or within 30 days of the
initial accident/incident causing
an injury or illness, or when
three or more employees are
admitted to the hospital as a
result of a work-related
accident/incident, the company
must contact DOLE within eight
hours of becoming aware of the
accident/incident.
Whenever there is an incident
that results in death or serious
injuries or illnesses, a was a near miss and that no
preliminary investigation will be
conducted by an accident
investigation team made up of
the immediate supervisor of the
injured person(s), a person
designated by management, an
employee representative of the
safety and health committee,
and any others whose expertise
would help in the investigation.
The accident investigation team
will take written statements from
witnesses and photograph the
incident scene and equipment
involved. The team will also
document, as soon as possible
after the incident, the condition
of equipment and any anything DOLE (Department of Labor
else in the work area that may and Employment) Department
be relevant. The team will Order 13 - Construction Safety
complete a written incident
investigation report. The report /content/enforced/17067-
will include a sequence of FirstSem2021-
events leading up to the 4101/DO13+Seriesof1998
incident, conclusions about the CONSTRUCTION SAFETY.pdf
incident and any DOLE (Department of Labor
recommendations to prevent a and Employment) Frequently
similar incident in the Asked Questions
future. This report will be given
to [insert appropriate name/job /content/enforced/17067-
title] for corrective action. The FirstSem2021-4101/FAQs 1.pdf
report will be reviewed by the
safety and health committee at /content/enforced/17067-
its next regularly scheduled FirstSem2021-4101/FAQs 2.pdf
meeting.
When a supervisor becomes
aware of an employee injury
where the injury was not serious
enough to warrant a team
investigation as described
above, the supervisor will write
an incident investigation report
to accompany the employee’s
report and forward them to
In addition, whenever there is
an incident that did not result in
an injury to an employee
(a near-miss), the supervisor
will investigate the incident. The
incident investigation report
form will be filled out to
investigate the near-miss and to
establish any corrective action
as applicable. The form will be
clearly marked to indicate that it
actual injury occurred.
Below are Links to
Documents and Files Related
to Construction Safety
Sample Safety Programs
/content/enforced/17067-
FirstSem2021-4101/SAMPLE
SAFETY PROGRAMS.doc
DOLE (Department of Labor
and Employment) Occupational
Safety and Health Standards
/content/enforced/17067-
FirstSem2021-4101/OSH-
Standards-Amended-1989.pdf
FORMULAS
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Compacted Volume =

1700𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
458,823.5 × = 410,526.32
1900 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

1
4(120)
Base width= ( )2 = 7.56𝑚
12 tan 35

Height =7.56tan 35 = 2.65𝑚

2

𝑚3 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 60𝑚3
Productivity Rate = . 5 × 120 =
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝑃𝐻𝑃
4500
Unit Cost of Production = ℎ𝑟
𝑚3
= 75 𝑃𝐻𝑃
3
60 𝑚
ℎ𝑟
3
𝑚3
Net Productivity Rate = 60𝑚 × .69 = 41.4
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

60𝑘𝑔
A . Rolling Resistance = 25,X10^3𝑘𝑔 × =
𝑡𝑜𝑛
Moisture Content = 50 𝑘𝑔−40𝑘𝑔 = .25 × 100% = 25% 1,500 𝑘𝑔
40 𝑘𝑔
Grade Resistance = 25,000𝑘𝑔 × 15% = 3,750𝑘𝑔

Total Resistance = 1,500 𝑘𝑔 + 3,750𝑘𝑔 = 5,250𝑘𝑔

Rimpull = 15,000 𝑘𝑔 × .35 = 5,250𝑘𝑔

Rimpull = 5,250𝑘𝑔 − 5,250𝑘𝑔 = 0

55𝑘𝑔
B . Rolling Resistance = 27,400𝑘𝑔 × =
𝑡𝑜𝑛
1,507 𝑘𝑔

Grade Resistance = 27,400𝑘𝑔 × 15% = 4,583𝑘𝑔

1700𝑘𝑔
3
Swell = ( 𝑚 − 1) × 100 = 30.8% Total Resistance = 1,500 𝑘𝑔 + 3,750𝑘𝑔 = 6,090𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
1300
𝑚3
Rimpull = 17,400 𝑘𝑔 × .35 = 6,090𝑘𝑔
1700𝑘𝑔
3
Shrinkage = (1 − 𝑚
𝑘𝑔
) × 100 = 10.5% Rimpull = 6,090𝑘𝑔 − 6,090𝑘𝑔 = 0
1900
𝑚3

3
Load Factor = 1300𝑘𝑔/𝑚 = .76
1700 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
3
Shrinkage Factor = 1700𝑘𝑔/𝑚 = 0.89
1900 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

Loose Volume = 600X10^3 m3

Bank Volume =
1300𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
600,000 × = 458,823.5 𝑚3 10 × 6 × 20 × 2.5 × .75
1700 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 10𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑐𝑐𝑚
225
ℎ𝑟