I

5- Block

Complete Chapter from

NCERT

RATTA
 51310€
last e- enters into S Subshell ,
Elements in which
are called S -
Block elements .

' GG ]ns2 ④
④ Groiptt → [IG ] ns
Groups
2ndP→
'
Be [ He]2s2
Li [ He]2s
'
3rd P→ Na [ Ned 3s Mg [Ne] 352

+Hsp
→ K [ As] Asl ca [ Ar]4s2
'
g- trip
→ Rb [ Kr]5S Sr [ Kr] 552
'
gthp → Cs [✗ e) 6s Ba [ ✗ e) 652
nthp →
Fr [ Rn ] 7s '→ Radioactive Ra [rn '
] 7s
 GI GI
①
•
alkali metals ( because on •
alkaline earth metal
reaction with t

water all oxides 8 hydroxides

they are alkaline in nature
form hydroxide) and
t

strongly
also
found in earth count .

alkaline
Be is not an alkaline
nature
•

earth metal .

because
' '
oxides hydroxide of Be

is
amphoteric in nature .
 !
Gt 62

" " "" " " "" " ""

" """ • -

[ IG ] Ms
'
[ la ] nsz
+2
oxidation state →

oxidation state
→ +1 •

2
•

Valency =

Valency I
•

divalent
monovalent
.

behaviour
First element each
group
shows different
•
of 6K¥)
① small size

② High IE
diagonalRelationst.it#
Li # Be

↳ ↳
Al
My
They show diagonal relationship because of
ratio
potential .gov charge/ size
.

same Ionic

Ionic
potential
charges
=

ize
 {
Atomic Radius -91 GI
or
tonic Radius

size T down the group size T

group
•

•
down the

because no
of shell
T
Be < Ca Gsr { Ba
my
<
Li<Na<k< Rbccs

•
Between Gil 8 Gz elements

GI has more size than 62

 IonizationEnergy_ GI
GI

|
IE ✗ 1-
size

size, , .gg,
down +ne group size , ,gy, down me group
Be > > Ca > Ba
> K > Rb >
cs Sr >
Li > Na mg

size than Gz elements -

# Gl elements have large

so GI elements have less IE than G2 elements .

 tydrationEnnqy_

( mk )

HE&%Ég#
G2_
+2 *
+2 +2
+2
> ca > so > Ba
Be > mg
Lit > Nat > K+ > Rbt > est Btw alkalis alkaline
✓ Sizemore
alkali →

t Size less
alkaline →

Li has Max Hydration Energy .

alkaline has more hydration

hydrated .
•
:
so , Li salts are
than alkali Nack
energy .

KCIX
Licl 21-120 So ,
mostly alkaline forms hydrated
.

H2O
salt
Mgclz.co caclz
.

.
61120
 gy physicalproperty 92

Silvery while •
silvery white

be cut with Plastic than alkali )

soft ( soft ( harder
•
•
can

Knief)

/
metal lustrous Be
light
•

)
•

metal
→
Greyish
•

light Mg

É
in period →
density I

exc-eptionex-ioncasmqLBea.si
in
Group →
density of
< Basra

k÷÷<Rb<
Li < es
p
 meitingsBoilingpoints-o.am
É
-61

8 BP ✗ metallic bonding
# 2 valence e-

Bp than alkali
#
High MP 8

metallic
bonding
( it valence e- → directly proportional
di , size of atom → inversely
proportional
④
# 1 valence e-
F- Low M.P 8 BP
 Gzq
electropositive actor
GZ
= -

size T size In electropositive T

character
dist of e- from nucleus is
far
e- removal easy
Bes < cacsr < Ba
and hence electropositive .mg
character Increases .

Li < Nac Ks Rbc CS

 Ftameoor
Lipstic Be IE more

g)
Li → Crimson Red Size less no
→

µ,
flame
Eun Golden Yellow color
Na →

GdTyeUT
KV K →
Voilet Ca → Brick Red

Rb → Red toilet Sr → Crimson Red

Cs → Blue at Ba apple green

sea

N0 → Both GI 892 have high electricals thermal Conductivity -

 g- Chemicalpnprty G-
Size is less than alkali
Size is Big
•

•
IE is more than alkali
•
IE is less
•

Reactivity is less than alkali

. e- is removed in less Energy .

•
Reactivity is high .

F-
→
down < Caesar <
Ba
T let,
Becmg
→
size
the group
Reactivity T

Li < NALKLRBLCS
 Reactivity towards air

Betfair # water) → ✗✗
GI oxide
•
dry air + →

water)
My + lairs
→ xx
+
due to this metal
gets tarnished
.
↳ because oxide film layer is
• moist air + GI →
Hydroxide formed on their surface .

( amphoteric)
reaction with 02 Be 1-02 → BeOS
- 0-2
v0
Liao ( oxide)

caqsic
Li +02 →

up
0-1/0-22
"
19+02 →
MgO
Na +02 → Ngzoz ( peroxide)
✓ Sir ca +02
0-1/2 →

k 1<02

{
+02 →

}
3
Sr nature
Rb Rb -02 superoxide +02 → Sro
+ 02 → → 0-112
-112 139 1- 02 → Bao
CS + Oz →
Csoz -
o
 ± at
when G1 elements are mixed

and then reacted

Beo →
amphoteric
with liq MHz
with oxygen then all forms oxide

]
mgo

}
Lille'gNHz) 1-02 → Liao Cao Basic
nature
' N" Soo
Na ' " +" →
Basic
Bao
K ( ) nature
n
+02ns kzo
reacts
so , Basic oxides
Rb ( n ) 1- Oz → Rbzo with acid .

CS ( n ) +02 → 020

since these oxides are basic in

,

nature so they react with acid

.
 GI 9-2

Beck 1- H2O
Lid 1- H2O + Hcl
→

Liz 0 1- Hcl → Beo

µzo"←Be°
+ NaOH → N9zBeoztHzo
[Sodium Beryl ate)
1- H2O
111920 t Hcl →
Nacl + MgO 1- Hcl →
Mgclz
Cao + Hcl → Cachet Hzo
kzo 1- HCl → Kel 1- 1120

Sro
→ Srclzttlzo
thy
Rbzo 1-114 → Rbcl 1-1720

Bao 1- HCl → 139421-1720

cszo 1- Hcl → Cscl 1-1120
ReactionwithNZGz.LI
gy

+ Nz → Light Be + Nz →
Bez Nz

Mg 1-Nz →
MgzN2
Na

}
ca 1- Nz →
C93N2
K
Sr 1- Nz
✗
→
srzNz
Rb Ba 1- N2 →
Baz Nz
Cs
 of nitride
Hydrolysis

Light
t.io/-1tNHzBezNztHz0-Bel0i-DztNHzMgzNztHzO
t 1-120 →

)ztNH3
Mg (
→ OH

Ca ( OH )z + NH3
CazNz +1-120 →

SrzNz 1- H2O → Sr ( OH )ztNH3

BazNz + H2O → Ba ( OH )ztNH3

 oy-Reactionwithhzometa.lt
Mt

!
H2O → MOH + HZT

Li t H2O → Lion +1129 Be + Hz%"% ✗ ✗ ✗✗

;§¥y
"" "
"" " """ " " " ""
"" "" →

( cold ) ✗✗ ✗

Mg
t Hzo →

K 1- H2o
→ Koh that
eh , + µ, pyo , + µ ,
µ
,g+µw(
not , →
mgcom.tw
,
→
calm)z 1-1129
Cat Hzo ( cold / hot )
→

CS + 1120 → csoypfyz.gr
Srt Hao Und / hot)→srlm)ztH4^
high IE SO
✗ less size → So → Bat tho (cold / hot → Balon
)ztHzP
with
Lithium Reacts less Vigorously
water .
So less Explosive .
Since Gi elements are

highly explosive with water

.

So they are kept in kerosene .

alto . Li is less denser than kerosene

so kept in
paraffin
Li is wax .

,
 5-1310452
Reaction with Hydride
Hydrogen > metal

at
G2_
Mt t Hz →
MH (metal M
"
t Hz → MHz (metal
hydride ) hydride)

Li t Hz → Lit ( 1073k) Be 1- Has → Xxxx

Mg Mgm
→
1119

}
+ Hz → NAH

Ca H2
K C9 →
→ KH 673k
Sr → srtsz
Rb → RBH
B9 → Batiz
CS → Csu

( Point)
all these metal hydrides are ionic solid high melting
 other
preparation method for Beltz

1- Liat Hy Beltz
Beck
→

+ Licl
Lithium
Aluminium 1-
Aklz
Hydride

Betts → 2 bond
-

ye

e-
deficient
Banana Bond BridgeBond
,

3 center 2 e- bond
 -91 Reaction GI
with
Halogen
(metal M+Z+×z→M×z
-

( metal
Mt + ✗ → MX
halide halide)

Li -1×2 → Lix →
Covalent Be + Xz → Be✗z→BeF2*
nature → Beck *

t,
"9 m9
Mg✗2
→
→ Max smai,
cation
K → KX or ca → Caxz
Large
RBX anion
Rb →
Sr
*
,
→ srxz

CS → Csx Fatah's Rule

Ba → Baxz
mqincovalent
LIF < Liu < LIBR < Liicharacler

order of covalent character

 (NH4)zBeF4 ☐→ Betz 1- MHz

Ammonium Tetra Fluro

Beryl ate

Beo tc tclz → Beck 1- co

-
 GI Reducing Nature GI

Mt
" -

M → + e- M → M tze

v v
✗
/ oxidation

✗
/ oxidation

Reducing Nature
Reducing Nature

# GI has more size than 62 .

These are less

poweful Reducing agent
than alkali .

# So, GI has Reducing nature

more

Reducing nature increases

from Beto
than 42 because
of large •

Ba .

negative electrode potential .

because ,
the value
of electrode potential
becomes more
negative down the group
.
 I E-
As down the group
we
go .

Size T
e- releasing tendency T
Reducing nature T

④ Cs > Rb > K > Na

t,

Highest
Red¥É¥
'

① Sublimation Energy
② Ionization Energy
③ Hydration Energy → Li ( size t)
( HFT )
 Reaction with liq NH}
ay GI
•
All alkali metals dissolve in •
all alkaline earth metals also
dissolve in
liquid MHz liquid NH } .

+
14 + ( nty)NHz →
(NH} )n] M tcnty)NH} →
[M(NHz)n]
"

+ [e- ( )y ]
+
2[e( NHS))
-

NH,

( ammoniated
deep blue black solution
•
.

electron )
→ deep blue color soln due to

→ Ammoniated electron
ammoniated e-

→
Paramagnetic
Ease H2
→
standalone for long hours
and forms amide .
 standalone
Mta my
+ e- 1- MHz → for
long hours
MIN Hz t
£142T

Concentratedsolution
•
diamagnetic
Bronze color
•
Blue →
 ReactionwitnAcid_
Mt + Hcl → Mcl 1- Hz
MHZ + Hcl → Metz THz

Mt t Hzsoy → Mz soy 1- Hz
"
pg Hzsoy M + H2
+ →
soy

Mt 1-
Hzpoy →
MzPOy + Hz M
"
t Hzpoy →
Mz Poy + Hz
 General Characteristics General Characteristics

Of Alkali Of Alkaline

lnexcessof.ae# • These metals only form

oxide

Li →
Liao $ Li20z
( small amount)
• Oxides Hydroxide of Bess

covalent than
NG → 1119202 s Matz Mg are more

C. Small amount] Cai Sri Bai

→ acid
K

]
1<02 Beo →
amphoteric
↳ base
Rboz Conly superoxide )
Rb
Mgo
Cs

superoxide
csoz
is stable with large cation .
Cao

Sro

Bao
{ → Basic
 Hydrolysis of oxide
peroxide Basic When
oxides
of Group
,
2
,

Superixide
-

-
reacted with Hzo → Hydroxide

1420 1-1-120 → Mttoti louts

MgO →
My
Cao Ca 101172
1×1++0151-14202
→
14202 1-1-120 →
1- H2O
Sro
→ so ( OH )z
Moz 1- 1-120 → 14+1-011-+11202
Bao
→ Balon)z
+ 02
gnhydroxides ,
oxide character,
s colorless
solubility Thermal Stability Basic
,
,
→

peroxide increases down the group

-

Beo t H2O → Belote)z

Superoxide → yellow, Orange
amphoteric amphoteric
(paramagnetic
 -2
Beton )z + Oti →
[ Belong]
excess

Beryl / ate ion

Beton )z 1- HCl →
[ Beloit)y]dz
acid
 Halide GI
at
MX (✗ = F , CI ,
Br , I )
(M = Li
,
Ma , K, Rb , G)

MP BP → Flori de > chloride> Bromide> Iodide

Small Cation
Cation Large

(
↳" "" "°" "" "
" " "° "

I t,

covalent ionic
character character
 GI GI
Prepaon preparation
ionic
all Gz halides are

oxide
halide
except Beryllium
.

or
"" ×
→
HX
Hydroxide 1-
Beryllium halide → covalent
metal
or Hydro halide
hate'G Becsz Solid →
Polymer
carbonate
=
acid
Vapour → dinner

•
all halides are soluble in H2O .

monomer
1- = 1200k
→

Lif se es I → insoluble

( High
→
( low
Lattice Energy) Hydration
energy )
 solid → Beck
density "

" c'
"

' ¥5
"
'

-
'
' :B , > "
Be ,¥
± at
51%1
G) / "

:-.
-

CI
CI .

3. center
-

He bond
{ Na4Rb< es

octet complete
stable

Be LSr<Ba<R9 Banana Bond

ca<mg<
 Beclz
T I 1200K Vapor -

"
Be Cl
C) / \
-

a- Be Be -
Cl
e-
deficient
\o/
3. center 4e
-

3 bond
e-
deficient
Banana Bond
 Important Compounds of 5- Block
Group
① sodium Carbonate ( Nazcoz )

④ sodium Hydroxide LNAOH )

③ sodium chloride ( Nacl )

④ sodium Bicarbonate ( Maltos)

 Sodium Carbonate

soda
ashing
•
Molecular formula →
M92Wz • 101120

prepared by Solvay process

•

+
4 step

step 1 MHz + H2O + coz → ( NHY )zC0z

step
2 (NHY )zC°3 t H2O 1- coz → (NHy) Hcoz
Used to recover

steps (NHy)Hwz 1- Nacl → Na0z +

Ntlgcl →
Ammonia
less soluble

therefore precipitate is
formed .

Step 4 NAH coz

Nazcoz t H2O 1- 102
←
 Solvay process → Naz ( 03

9h this
process first
Ammonium Hydrogen carbonate is
formed .

The ammonium hydrogen carbonate on reaction with Nacl

it
forms Sodium
Hydrogen Carbonate
(1491-1103) .

Since Nations is less soluble hence it

gets precipated in rxn
, ,
.

at last
Mateus is to
heated gives Nazloz
,

Ammonia 1- Hzo + coz → Ammonium Carbonate

Ammonium Carbonate bicarbonate
1- excess those coz →
Ammonium
Ammonium Bicarbonate t Mau → sodium Bicarbonate

sodium bicarbonate -1 sodium Carbonate t H2O +02

# MHz is recovered back
In Solvay process .

ca 101-172 →
2MHz + caclz + H2O
2141-144 t

NHy+ Catz

a-
☒ on
-

kzcoz because
I Solvay process can't be used to
prepared
Ktllos is highly soluble in water .
 properties of Sodium Carbonate

solid
White
crystalline
•
exists as decahydrate ( Ngzcos . 101120 )

called soda
washing
i

as

•
Soluble in water

Healing of sodium carbonate

Nazcoz •
101-120 NAzCO3 •
H2O
375k
decahydrate monohydrate

1119203 Hzo É 1492¢03 )

.

monohydrate
( Whitepowder
anhydrous ( soda ash )
 Nacl ( Sodium chloride)
# crude sodium chloride is
manufactured from crystallization
of Brine solution .

( Brine solution contains Nazsoy , Casoy Caclz

,
.

Magda
as
impurity )
Cada $
Magda are
deliquescent in nature

↳
tendency to absorb H2O .

# To obtain sodium chloride , crude Nacl

pure is mixed
insoluble
with H2O
filtered out
S to remove
impurity .

Then saturated with Hot then

gas , crystals of
Nacl

is formed .

# MP of Nacl is 1081 K .
 NaOH
( sodium Hydroxide )
u also called as Cauesticsodai
•

prepared commercially by electrolysis of sodium chloride

in Castner - Kellner cell .

A Brine Solution is electrolyzed cathodes

using mercury
•

carbon anode

sodium metal is at cathode

•

discharged . Combines with mercury

and forms sodium
amalgam .

• Chloride gas is evolved at anode .

Cathode Na + e-
← Na -
Amalgam
A- node a- →
2- clz + e-
 This sodium amalgam on hydrolysis gives
NaOH $ Hz
gas
.

Na
Amalgam 1- Hzo → NaOH t Hz +
Hg
# White , translucent solid .

# MP is 591k .

# Soluble in H2O
NaOH 1-coz
.

→
Nazcoz
# Sodium at
Hydroxide surface , reacts with coz
I
and forms Nazcoz .
ns.i?....----a------
- - - -
- - - -

- - -
-
- -
- - -

-
-
-
- - -
- -

- -
-
-
<
- . - .
- - -

-
-

NaOH
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-

:
- -

:-. :
-
-

Soth
. .
.

-
-
- - -
- - - -
 Mateos ( sodium Hydrogen carbonate)
-

( sodium bicarbonate)

(
Baking soda )

•
9T
decomposes on heating to generate bubbles
of coz

(
leaving holes in cakes &
pastries $ making it tight •
fluffy) .

carbonate
•

manufactured by saturating a solution

of sodium

with carbon dioxide .

out
hence is
separated
.

•
St is less soluble • it

N 92103 1- H2O 1- ( Oz → NAHCO }

 Important comp of GZ

Calcium oxide Cao

② Calcium Hydroxide Caton )z

③ Calcium Sulphate Casey

④ Calcium Carbonate Cacoz

⑤ Cement
 Calcium oxide ,
Cao .
Quicklime

prepared commercially by beating Cacoz .

Cao + coz
tacos
solid
• Cao is white
amorphous
•
NIP →
2870k

to air , it absorbs moisture

On
exposure $ CO2
•
.

Cao t H2o → Caton )z

Cao + coz →
Cacoz
 limited of water
Stainmore
→
on
adding amount .

It breaks lump of lime , called

slacking of time .

Sodatime → Quick time stacked with soda .

soda time
gives .

I
3 :| mixture $ Cao
of NaOH .

Cao is a basic oxide so it combines with acidic oxide .

>
Cao t sioz → Cas ;oz~ Slag
Basic Acidic
Cao + Pyo, , → Caz ( Poy )z
 Caton )z Calcium Hydroxide , Stacked time

Quicklime Cao
prepared adding
•

by H2O to .

White soluble in H2O

amorphous powder sparingly
°
.
,

The solution Kla

of Calum )z is limewater
-

aqueous
.

suspension time in
•

of Slacked H2O is
Kla milk of time .

On
passing coz in calcium hydroxide , it forms
•

calcium

carbonate

Caton )z 1- Wz → Ca coz
on
passing
•

coz in excess . turns time water Milky

ca lo
z t coz 1- H2O → Ca ( 1110332
milkiness disappear
•
milk
of
time reacts with chlorine to form hypochlorite .

Ca @ H )z +
clz → Caclz + Ca / Oclz )z 1- 21120

-
Powder
Bleaching
constituents
 Caleiumcarbonate Cali
-
limestone

stacked time
through by
coz or
prepared by passing
•

addition sodium carbonate to calcium chloride

of
.

Caton )z t coz → Cacoz 1- Hzo

c

I+
caclz t
N9zl0z → tcacoz
-

Avoid
giving excess coz because it
forms Calcium

Bicarbonate .
9T reacts with dilute acid carbon dioxide
to
give
.

C. along + Hcl → Caclz t H2O + coz

Caloz t Hzsoy → Casoy + Hzo + coz

 Calcium
sulphate ( casoy.1-ztb.co) ( Pop )

Plaster of Paris
•
Hemihydrate of calcium
sulphate .

When heated at 393K

Gypsum is
• .

Casoy 2h20 -☐ 2 Casoy H2O

31120
.

t
.

593k
08

Gypsum Casoy 1-21120

.

( Pop ]
heated at high temp
when
( > 393k)
•

calciumsulphate)
(
9504 '

1=1120 ↳ casoy ( anhydrous

( dead burnt plaster )
 Cement
•

Portland cement .

Gooddlaalitycement
composition
•

Si0z_ =
2.5 to 4
Cao 50 -60 % D- 1203

Sioz 20 -25 %
A- 1203
5 -10% _Ca0_ I 2

MY 2- 3% siozt Alzoztfezhz

Fez 03
I -2%

503 I -2%
 BAHUBALI

?
Plus ✓

Iconic ✓

0A lite ✓