Learners Book Answers

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LS English 9 learner book answers
english rules (Cambridge Group of Institutions)
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CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
Learner’s Book
answers
1 Going underground
1.1 Relic with narrow prospects), he is bored
(looking for excitement), open to being
1 Discussions should be based on the idea of manipulated, which may make him an
Darkparis being in the mystery genre. Learners easy target.
might consider the following:
• Who is The Doorkeeper and what does
• The title – what does the word ‘dark’ you’re the one mean? What will Louis be
suggest literally and metaphorically? Link asked to do? What will happen at nine
to the darkness in the extract but also o’clock the following evening?
other connotations of darkness.
3 Discussions may include consideration of
• The literal meaning of the word ‘Relic’ the following:
and what this could suggest about the
• Phrases such as the shadows . . . dance on
character. Link to the content of the
the walls, it felt unnatural, narrow tunnels
extract particularly (as if she belonged
provoke an uneasy response.
to another time). ‘Louis’ is a normal,
everyday name (in contrast to the other • The use of a short paragraph that asks a
characters), signifying a recognisable, real- question – How did he end up here – and
world character common to protagonists why? – allows the writer to add in explicit
in some fantasy texts. He is the reader’s details about Louis and explain the
identifiable, sympathetic character. situation he is in. The stress on how dull
and uneventful his life is suggests he may
• The setting, and how it builds atmosphere,
be looking for adventure.
linking ideas to the extract: ancient
catacombs, narrow tunnels, back streets of • The mention of The Doorkeeper adds
Paris. Learners may contrast this with the intrigue, mystery and uncertainty. What
mundane nature of local supermarket and is beyond the door? Why does Relic refer
small apartment. to Louis as the one? What has he been
selected for?
• The unanswered questions readers may
have about the events so far: Who is Relic? 4 Discussions should include:
How did she know Louis’s name? Who is
The Doorkeeper? What does she mean by • personal responses to the text, supported
the one? Why does she want him to come by reasons
back to the catacombs the next day? They • the way that the backstory is incorporated
all point to the mystery genre. to provide information about Louis and his
• Responses to the picture will vary. situation, whereas Relic remains a mystery
2 Paragraphs should include some of the • how the story is narrated through Louis’s
following: eyes so we know more about him than
Relic – how does that affect reader
• The explicit information revealed about interest?
Louis: he is 17 (young), lives in a small
apartment (sense of confinement), has a 5 Learners write structured summaries of their
job in a local supermarket (unfulfilling discussions in Activity 4.
1 Cambridge Lower Secondary English 9 – Creamer, Clare & Rees-Bidder © Cambridge University Press 2021
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1.2 The Doorkeeper

1 Example answer:
Structural choice Effect

Focusing on the setting in the first three It builds up an eerie atmosphere, thus
paragraphs creating suspense.
Making The Doorkeeper more central It develops the narrative by introducing
another key character. The Doorkeeper also
holds power, so increases conflict and ten-
sion. He sets a challenge for Louis to accept
or reject, which is gripping for the reader.
Using dialogue to show the interaction The dialogue allows variation in the narra-
between Louis and The Doorkeeper tive, but also establishes The Doorkeeper as
a character who is stern and unbending. It
allows us to see Louis’s fears and uncertainty.
It is good at showing how contrasting the
characters are.
Ending on a cliffhanger The cliffhanger shows us the choice that
Louis has to make. It’s a difficult choice, so
the reader is left in suspense wondering what
choice he will make.
2 Discussions should include: b The Doorkeeper almost comes across

as a game-show host when he says,
a The way that the writing appeals to or Welcome to . . . The Test! The ellipsis is
affects the senses: the phrase rebounded used in a dramatic way, as though it is
off the walls makes the space seem small entertainment.
as the sound has nowhere to go so there
is a sense of an echo. Scurrying is a word 4 Example answer:
that evokes fear as it sounds as though
the passages are full of rodents. The mist Breathing in deeply, Louis made a decision.
makes everything sound damp and cold, He dashed to the middle tunnel and ran
linking to the foul-smelling passageways. at a lightning pace until he could see The
Flaming torches gives the impression of Doorkeeper ahead of him. The tunnel
glare, movement and heat. was dark but surprisingly straight. He was
running so furiously that he failed to notice
b The symbol of the fork in the tunnel that The Doorkeeper was blocking the tunnel
is used to show the decision that Louis ahead of him. He suddenly loomed out of
has to make. Whichever path he takes the darkness and watched sternly as Louis
will decide his fate. The mist symbolises stopped in his tracks.
Louis’s weakness. It is referred to as the
mist of indecision. ‘Louis, you disappoint me. I thought you
had more courage,’ The Doorkeeper said,
c Opposites are used to make a point about while shaking his head slowly. ‘You need to
courage: fearful/ fearless; weak/strong. find your own way; there is little merit in
The test is used as a way of Louis proving following the paths of others. That way leads
which of these opposites applies to him. to blindness and misery rather than foresight
and fulfilment. Go back! Think about what
3 Discussions will vary but should consider: you want; face your innermost fears.’
a The Doorkeeper uses questions as part Louis sobbed and stumbled, feeling
of his challenge to Louis. He constantly overwhelmed; when he looked up The
tests him and makes him question himself Doorkeeper had vanished. Had he imagined
as a result. He also uses questions as a him? He turned and made his way back to the
warning: You do know there is no going Fork, wondering whether he should just give
back to your old life, don’t you, Louis?
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up. He wasn’t a hero. What was he thinking? • Why she chose Louis as a central
Without Relic, the tunnels had lost their magic character: She wanted a young adult as
and he just felt alone. the central character to reflect the target
readership. Instead of a child, she wanted
As he stood at the entrance to the third tunnel,
to portray a young adult who finds life
he felt something brush past him. But he could
dull and is thrust into a world where he
see nothing. It seemed to be a breeze that was
feels more like a child again as he has to
light but full of energy which started to flow
discover new things.
into him. Before he knew it, his feet started to
move and he stepped into the dark entrance of • What she says about the message of her
the tunnel. There were strange beams of light book: She says the message of her book
crossing one another from the walls; they were is about having self-belief and learning to
dim but bright at the same time and flickered be confident. Sometimes the message of
enticingly as he crossed them before snapping the book doesn’t become clear until the
out. Ahead of him was magical light; behind end but she wanted to write a story about
him was cold darkness. The tunnel began to becoming more confident and overcoming
twist and turn, moving uphill and downhill, challenges even if they seem difficult.
at times narrowing to tiny fissures that he had
to squeeze himself through. Finally, it opened 4 Discussion should include the following points:
up and he found himself looking down into a • Some readers may find Louis a dull
huge underground cave in the middle of which character.
was a maze of stone walls forming an intricate
symmetrical pattern inside a perfect circle. • Some readers may prefer a central
character who is female.
1.3 Reviewing Darkparis • Some people may identify with Louis due
to their age or because they have similar
1 Learners’ answers will vary.
life experiences.
2 a Ayesha prefers the mystery genre, which
5 Example answer:
offers settings and characters that are
unlike normal life. This means she A story set in the delightful city of Paris but
likes Darkparis because the mysterious instead of bustling cafes and busy boulevards,
characters such as Relic and The we are taken into the dark and gloomy world
Doorkeeper appeal to her. of the catacombs. Our protagonist, Louis,
whose life in northern Paris is dull and
b Vanessa’s slightly negative reaction is due
uneventful, finds himself being led into the
to the fact that she prefers books with
tunnels by a mysterious young woman called
strong female characters. As Louis is the
Relic, who leaves him to face the challenges
most central character in this novel, she
given to him by the equally mysterious
isn’t as keen on it.
Doorkeeper.
c Alexei is 18 and feels he has outgrown this
This book will appeal to readers who like
genre of novels. However, he does identify
mysteries and intrigue. It poses questions
with the character of Louis and likes the
but doesn’t offer easy answers. Who is The
setting of the catacombs as he has visited
Doorkeeper and why has Relic chosen
them during a trip to Paris.
Louis to take The Test? What secrets do the
3 • Why she chose the setting: Her choice of catacombs hold and how dangerous will
setting was influenced by a visit to Paris as Louis’s quest be?
a teenager. Her knowledge that Paris has
The novel is aimed at young adult readers who
two sides: it’s a beautiful city but has also
should identify with the character of Louis
been the setting of some terrible conflicts
as he faces the realities and monotony of
throughout history. She also liked the idea
navigating life in an adult world. His desire for
of a story set underground in a different
uncertainty and excitement is likely to appeal
world, and the catacombs offered a
to those who yearn for the adventures and
perfect setting.
discoveries of childhood but in a more mature
and dark setting.
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1.4 The second test • Whether Relic was acting or not. If not,
how did she get into that situation?
1 Groups read the scene aloud.
• Is the Old Man an inner voice for Louis?
2 Discussions will vary, but groups should Does he force him to confront difficult
start by discussing and annotating the script issues from his past?
to explore ideas about tone, gesture and
movement. • What could a new character add at this
point? Suggestions may consider whether
3 In their discussions, learners should consider: a new character is helpful when the
Old Man and Relic are still relatively
• How Relic’s power is presented and how it
undeveloped.
changes in this scene from Extracts 1 and 2.
• Whether using a cliffhanger for two
• How and why Louis’s power increases
consecutive scenes could lack variation.
through the extracts: how does it change
What are the other possibilities for ending
at the end of Scene 4: The Second Test?
the next scene dramatically?
Where can the reader detect a shift in
hi power?
1.5 Visiting Coober Pedy
• The power of The Doorkeeper – does it
vary or is it constant? 1 Discussions will vary but should consider:
4 Answers may include: a The writer implies that the area is very
basic and undeveloped. In many ways,
• At first the two people cannot be seen it is an area which lacks modernisation
so they had mystery and suspense. The and the facilities expected in a civilised
sound of rushing water hints at danger society. It does not look real but more
which adds tension. like something from a science-fiction film.
As a result, it is quite discomforting. The
• The old man seems to be looking at
writer also implies that the weather makes
Louis’s past and present in a crystal ball,
the area really hostile and unpleasant
which adds mystery and intrigue. He hints
and that people only live there to try to
at something significant in his school life,
make money.
which adds information for the audience.
He confirms what we already know about b The writer’s voice is quite negative, using
the lack of excitement and fulfilment in expressions such as effectively a hole in the
Louis’s life presently. He acts as a tempter ground to describe the sleeping conditions.
for Louis, enticing him to choose a new There is a sense of disbelief in her tone,
and better life. as though she has never seen anything
like this area before. She also sounds
• The ending of the extract is unexpected,
uncomfortable in the area, as though she
as Louis refuses to save Relic by agreeing
finds it really creepy. She says she was the
to enter the river. It uses a rather silly and
unwilling heroine which shows that she
stereotypical helpless female scenario so
doesn’t really want to be there. It sounds
it may be that Louis doesn’t trust them.
as though she didn’t enjoy her trip there.
Relic was very in control at the beginning
of the text so why would she be so useless 2 Discussions will vary, but should consider
now? As a reader I agree with Louis the following:
that the whole set up looks staged and
unconvincing. They may be testing how • The fact that it took the writer three days
easily duped he is. to get there shows how remote the area
is and how far from her normal life. She
5 Learners may consider the following in their stresses it is 1,800 miles from Canberra
script scene: and likens it to Mars.
• Perhaps another test by The Doorkeeper • Saying people live in dugouts makes their
and Louis has to pass or fail. If the latter, lives seem incredibly hard, which makes
how will The Doorkeeper react? them seem desperate. It seems to be full
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of people who are only there temporarily 2 Discussions may include the following points:
to try to get rich rather than a settled
community who have tried to establish a • The writer did not seem to like Coober
proper town. Pedy or feel comfortable there. Even after
talking to Alinta, she is still quite negative
3 Learners’ answers will vary, but may consider: about their lives.
• otherworldly images: makes the landscape • The writer notices the noises of the city
sound alien and strange and the pinging of her phone when she
returns home and wonders if a more
• long stretches of dusty red landscape: links
peaceful environment like Coober Pedy is
to Mars as the ‘red planet’
a good thing.
• strange hills of white soil: colour contrasts
• She is more reflective when she returns
with the red
home and seems to wonder if her initial
• randomly scattered mining holes: makes judgements were too harsh. She did
the place sound chaotic and messy, as seem rather closed-minded when she
though humans visit, mine, then leave visited – perhaps irritated by the lack of
modern technology. It seems as though
• winters are colder than Mars: very hostile she was not willing to give it a chance,
and brutal but changed her mind a bit when she was
• this place of extremes: stresses how hostile back in her own environment.
it is and how difficult it is to live there 3 Discussions might include the following
• like a deserted film set for a Martian movie: points:
makes it sound empty and abandoned. • why the writer doubted Alinta’s
4 Discussions may include consideration of the reassurances
following: • why she softened her attitude after
• The response identifies explicit information returning home
but looks at deeper meanings behind the • why the writer found being without her
details (‘The implication is . . . ’). phone and other modern comforts so
• Appropriate quotations are used to challenging
identify key points. • why the writer was so dismissive of the
• It interprets the writer’s feelings and area and the people who live there
intentions from the words. • what Alinta says about her life there
1.6 Living under the ground • what the writer says in the final
paragraph.
1 Alinta is introduced to add more depth to the
article, as she is a resident of Coober Pedy
so can offer a true perspective on the town 5 Learners’ answers will vary.
rather than one based on first impressions.
She is also only 17 so adds a young adult’s Check your progress
views. She shows that life there is harsh but
not as strange or impossible as the writer 1 Writers can use structure in many ways to
has implied. The fact that she is going make stories interesting. They may start with
to Melbourne to study shows that she is a description of a setting to build atmosphere
educated and a normal teenager. She also and create strong visual images. They may
mentions her parents having a business and also deliberately withhold information to add
that they have electricity, which shows that suspense, tension or intrigue. Use of dialogue
their lives are not as difficult as the reader varies the narrative style and allows the reader
has been led to expect. Her frustration with to hear the characters’ voices. Flashbacks can
people’s assumptions that they are considered add details at appropriate points or answer
backward also adds a new perspective. questions.
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2 Various forms of punctuation can create 5 Travel writing aims to entertain readers by
effects such as tension or excitement. Use informing them about places that they have
of ellipses can indicate a pause in speech or never visited. It also aims to make people
where words have been left out. Questions think more deeply about different cultures
may add tension or intrigue. and ways of living. It aims to expand people’s
horizons without them having to travel
3 The quotation means that people will be more themselves.
or less interested in texts according to their
own personal experiences and preferences. 6 Travel writing is most effective when it gives
So, someone interested in travelling to remote information about a place but is also reflective
areas may respond differently to a travel and thoughtful. Using interesting language
article than someone who has no interest in or to offer good descriptions, as well as some
experience of such places. background information, is effective too. It
is also interesting for the reader to hear the
4 Tone of voice and gestures can be used to voices of local people, so including interviews
indicate a character’s tone or attitude in a and other evidence is a good idea.
drama script. The voice can be raised or
lowered for dramatic effect. Gestures can vary
to reflect what the character is saying.
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2 Law and order

2.1 Right and wrong • Structure: the blog entry starts with a
series of questions then lists advice to
1 Learners should scan the text to identify the answer them. It uses bullets but starts
following information to identify that the each bullet point with a capital letter to
statement refers to a conscience, which is an make them more emphatic instructions. It
emotional reaction inside our head to guide uses imperatives so is quite authoritative.
us into doing the right thing or to make us However, the ending sentence makes it
feel bad when we do the wrong thing. Links to more light-hearted.
the article:
• Appeal to the audience: the structure
• It links to the idea that humans are makes it easy to follow and achieves a
sociable and prefer cooperating as this light-hearted tone, so it will probably
leads to an easier life. appeal to the audience as they don’t take
themselves too seriously.
• The idea that we are happier when we do
the right thing. 4 Example answer:
• People remember those who act well The simple and minor sentences make the blog
and are helpful, so it also involves our entry punchier and less formal. The sentences
reputation with others. that open the text are reflective and explain
what the blog is about in a very concise way.
• The article explores how our brains are It is chatty, so quite fragmented, like flitting
wired to listen to our conscience and thoughts. The minor sentence at the end is
behave accordingly. jokey and makes it clear that they do not take
2 Learners may include the following examples: themselves too seriously. This is likely to make
the reader identify more strongly with the text
• Humans are very good at remembering who as it is light-hearted and friendly.
has helped us, and who hasn’t. We like those
who help. We don’t like selfish people. In 5 Learners’ discussions may include:
this example, the writer uses a compound • The first text is written in a formal style
sentence to present us with opposite types using a variety of sentence types to add
of people. Two simple sentences then emphasis and develop the ideas fully. The
illustrate the emotional responses to each sentence types help the reader to move
of the opposites. This makes the point through the text smoothly and access the
clear and easy to follow. information contained in it.
• Humans are social beings. We live in The second text uses less formal sentence
groups and work together to get things types as it reflects the way that the writer
done. In this example, the writer uses a thinks so is more fragmented. They use
simple sentence to make a statement of questions more and minor sentences. It
fact followed by a compound sentence to is also arranged using bullet points. The
extend and develop the point by adding text is much shorter and easier to read as
details. it does not really deal with complex ideas
3 Learners’ discussions may include: or information.
• Purpose: to reflect and share reflections • The writer of the first text has a serious
with others; also to entertain. attitude towards the subject and focuses
on including information that has been
• Audience: friends, contacts and online supported by theoretical Science and
followers. definitions that can be accessed easily. It
• Reason for reading: the audience may explains things fully as they want the reader
be regular readers of the blog or just to understand and extend their learning.
browsing for things to read. The second writer has a much more
light-hearted attitude and is not claiming
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to be an expert, as they make it clear that 3 Learners should discuss the following:
they probably will not be able to follow
their own instructions anyway. There is a View A: The persuasive nature of the text and
sense of togetherness with the reader in how this is supported by the structure. The
the second text whereas in the first text convincing nature of the text – what would
the writer is clearly the expert teaching appeal to them? Does this view consider the
the reader. intended reader and the purpose of the text.
View B: What information does the text miss
2.2 Join the police out? Why might this information be unsuitable
for the text’s purpose? Does this view consider
1 Learners should discuss the following: the intended reader and purpose?
The purpose is to inform the reader about View C: Does this view generalise? How? Does
being a police officer and persuade them to the sense of serving a community dominate
apply for the role. the text? What other attractions are outlined
The intended audience is people interested in and how do they compare? Does this view
joining the police force, or those looking for consider the intended reader and purpose?
a job. 4 Example answer on View 2:
The reader may choose this text if they are I do not agree that the article is misleading.
looking for a career and think the police force I agree that it highlights the more positive
could be suitable for them, but they require aspects of being a police officer, but this is
further information about what the job entails. entirely appropriate for an article trying to
The text is highly structured, using bullet attract applicants for the role. The text does
points to clearly separate the material mention that training is offered for handling
logically. It also begins with a question dangerous events and solving crimes, so it
heading: Why should you become a police does make it clear that the role does have
officer? some less pleasant aspects, however it also
stresses the job satisfaction too. It also says it
The structure would appeal to readers as it is a physical, mental and emotional challenge
makes the information clear and easy to learn/ so it does warn people that it won’t always be
remember. The questions used as subheadings easy. Therefore I disagree with this view and
means that the reader can skip to the sections would argue that the balance in the article
which are more relevant to them. The sections is appropriate.
are linked logically so that if you didn’t think
the job was right for you, you could stop 2.3 The art detective
reading before it gets too specific.
1 Learners read the text aloud in pairs. Listen
2 Learners should scan the text using the
for evidence of reading ahead and for
subheadings and looking for key phrases.
confidence and expression in their reading.
Their notes may include the following:
2 Discussions will vary, but may consider the
• it will change your life
following based on the bullet points:
• it will help the community you serve
• Is driven by a love of art: He says the
• you have the power to help and protect paintings can end up being kept in
people through solving crime unsuitable conditions. He says he does not
earn money from recovering the paintings.
• you will learn new skills for life such as
problem solving • Enjoys the glamour of his job: He enjoyed
hanging the Picasso on his own wall for
• no two days are the same one night.
• you will receive a competitive salary and • Does a useful and helpful job: The
private healthcare paintings are works of art, so although he
• you will receive excellent training. is finding priceless works of art, he seems
to work for private owners so the paintings
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aren’t seen by many people. This does not 4 Learners’ answers will vary.
see very helpful or useful. But returning a
painting that was on a private boat is not 2.4 Young detectives
really serving the public in any way.
1 Learners perform the extract. Check that they
• Seems to live a very privileged life: There use voice and movement to bring out the ideas
is not much evidence of this. Presumably and personalities in the piece.
he makes money from it, although he says
not. If he does not need to earn money, 2 Learners’ notes will vary but should include
he may be wealthy already. It is not clear the following:
whether this is a rich man’s hobby or
• Dan’s concern is serious; the plaster on
whether he gets generous rewards for
Sir Jasper’s forehead shows that there
returning the paintings.
was some violence which could have been
• Is someone to admire: He comes across serious; the reconstruction adds some
as quite brave because he is dealing with humour because it might look silly; it then
dangerous criminals so puts himself at becomes more serious again when we are
risk for his job. However, if he recovers reminded that Sir Jasper was injured.
paintings owned by private collectors, is it
• The story may appeal to the audience
really a useful role? He could be doing it
because it is intriguing, as we do not
for the money.
know who stole the painting. The fact
• Has a job that many people would like that the detectives are young and lack
to do: Some people probably would not confidence makes them endearing. Sir
think the job was worth the risks but Jasper seems a very good sport so adds to
others may think being an art detective the entertainment.
was quite exciting and challenging.
3 Example answer:
• Is not a proper detective: Some may argue
Dan is the leader of the group and the others
that he is not solving serious crimes, he is
make that clear when they call him ‘Sherlock’.
just trying to hunt down missing pictures.
He seems to lack confidence at the beginning
Others may argue that this is a specialist
and is very nervous when Sir Jasper comes in.
crime, so he is a real detective.
However, when Sir Jasper is pleased with the
3 Example summary: idea of them investigating the stolen painting,
his confidence begins to develop. His idea of
In our group we all agreed that in some ways the reconstruction gives some shape to the
he does a useful job as he restores valuable investigation and allows Dan to take some
works of art to their rightful owners and control of the situation and get more evidence
therefore acts as a deterrent to art thieves who from Sir Jasper, who comes across as fairly
may fear getting caught. We all agreed that he eccentric. Despite being injured, he seems
seems to enjoy the risks involved and perhaps quite relaxed and very happy to help. His
likes the glamour. character is very likeable.
Our views were more mixed on whether it is 4 Example answer:
a job that many people would enjoy, as most
of us thought that was unlikely. Some of the The thieves entered the gallery (it is unclear
group admired him but others thought he was how they got in) and found the painting. The
probably just doing it for large rewards in spite taller one shone a torch while the smaller one
of him claiming he doesn’t do it for money. cut the painting canvas away from the frame,
We were divided on whether he must be very working very slowly and carefully which
wealthy to have the time to do this, or whether might imply he knows something about art.
he does the job for less materialistic reasons. Sir Jasper suddenly burst through the door
Some of us thought that finding a painting from his study and said something to them.
that was kept on a private boat was pointless The impression is that the smaller man is the
as the public cannot see it anyway. This made specialist art thief while the taller one acted as
us think he does it for money. a guard. Their behaviour definitely makes the
story less humorous.
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2.5 Making deductions 5 Example answer:
1 Learners may identify the following clues: Dan comes across as a likeable character. He
is young, so seems genuinely interested in
• The larger man seems quite calm. This solving crimes as a hobby in his spare time.
leads Dan to think he is not experienced His nerves at the beginning of the first extract
at it. make him endearing as he isn’t really sure
about how to solve the mystery and seems
• The smaller thief did not want to show
quite clueless at first. However, he is a creative
his hair, which suggests it was an unusual
person so has the idea of a reconstruction to
colour. His hands were very white, which
spark Sir Jasper’s memories. This works really
indicates pale skin so leads Dan to think
well so he is able to get a good description of
he had red hair.
the robbers and their actions. This then allows
2 Learners may note that Dan has several him to use his intelligence to make deductions
skills. He is creative, spontaneously coming about the robbers that can help solve the crime
up with the idea of using a reconstruction by tracking them down.
to bring back Sir Jasper’s memories of the
Dan is an appealing character because he
event. He is also good at using clues to make
has no element of self-interest at all. He is
logical deductions and inferences and to fill
very focused and achieves his goals while still
in gaps. This suggests that to solve mysteries
coming across as modest and pleasant. His
you need to be able to piece things together to
friends are very supportive of him so he is
form a bigger picture. You need to listen very
clearly a popular person who can also motivate
carefully and be very observant.
others. The fact that solving the mystery could
3 Learners’ answers will vary. They may agree save Old Park House seems to motivate him
that the process of deduction allows the reader even more, showing that he is interested in
to see how others are impressed by Dan’s doing good for others rather than himself.
powers of deduction – for example, reading
into the hat fiddling and asking about whether 2.6 Detective fiction
his hands smelt strange. He also probes for
details: ‘Anything else? His voice? His hands?’ 1 a Conventions of detective fiction include:
They may not agree that it makes him a hero • riddles and puzzles that a detective
as we do not know yet whether he is right. works out
4 Learners’ notes should consider the following: • a neat ending/loose ends tied up
• Dan is a student who is passionate • a detective with a great mind
about solving mysteries as an amateur
detective whereas Arthur Brand is an • clues to solve
adult who only specialises in art thefts
• villains driven by greed
where the police have given up looking
for a painting. Dan seems motivated by • villains being caught in the end
curiosity and wanting to do good, whereas
Arthur seems motivated by the thrill of the • memorable settings
chase. Arthur seems more motivated by • unusual characters.
money than Dan, although he denies this.
b Examples from The Case of the Missing
• It suggests that Dan has better values Masterpiece:
than Arthur. Arthur found a painting that
was owned privately and kept on a luxury • a detective with a great mind
boat. It is difficult to see how this would
• clues to solve
motivate him in terms of the good done
by solving the mystery. Dan discovering • villains driven by greed
the painting would save Old Park House.
• memorable settings
• unusual characters.
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2 Discussions on the purpose of the text should and dramatic tension. This interest is
include the following: explored further in her course on detective
fiction, part of her university course.
• It appears on the homepage of an online
bookstore that specialises in detective fiction 6 Learners discuss and recommend detective
so the audience will be people who already fiction they have enjoyed.
like this genre. The purpose is to write an
informative/persuasive text encouraging Check your progress
people to try out some of the new detective
books the shop has on offer. The author is 1 An article can be written with a very particular
the person who runs the online shop. reader in mind in terms of its purpose. So
some articles are published as research for
• The text shows bias because it assumes people to learn more about a topic, whereas
that the reader enjoys reading detective some are published less formally (e.g. blogs)
fiction, so it is aimed at those who already and are there to offer friendly advice and share
read it. It only points out positive things experiences with like-minded people. Others
about the genre. are written to entertain people.
3 Learners’ answers may include: 2 Colons and semi-colons help the writer to
• Themes: The extended metaphor of dark organise information. Using a colon or a semi-
and light suggests that in detective novels colon closely links information in the sentence.
there are themes of mystery and shadowy A colon can be used where the second part of
characters, which the detective tries to the sentence directly explains the first, and a
overcome. semi-colon can be used where the two parts of
the sentence are very close in terms of ideas so
• Morals: The metaphor of dark and do not need a ‘pause’ between them.
light suggests that the detective is always
morally good and the villains always 3 When reading aloud, you can use your voice
morally bad – two ends of a spectrum. It to make the text more interesting. Varying
suggests ideas of good and evil, in which volume and putting emphasis on certain words
good triumphs. makes the text come to life and allows a tone
to be established. You can also vary the pace
4 Learners should note that the writer uses of your voice, speeding up to show excitement,
‘we’ and ‘us’ to establish a common passion for example. Pauses are good for adding
for detective fiction with the readers. As this tension or showing that you are thinking.
article appears on an online bookshop, the
writer wants people to buy the books. So, 4 You can use gesture and movement to show
establishing the idea that they are all fans of how a character is feeling at a certain point,
this genre by addressing the reader directly such as wringing your hands if you are worried.
and counting himself as one of them is more Movement around the stage can show urgency
likely to get them to feel part of a group with or evasion if you turn your back to someone.
a common interest. 5 Detectives are often shown as being slightly
5 Answers may include some of the following: odd or eccentric. They are intelligent and
resourceful. They may ask a lot of questions
• Jake likes realistic detective stories that then think before offering their deductions
focus on how a mystery or crime is solved from the clues they have gathered.
by the police working alongside scientists.
His interest stems from a desire to be a 6 In crime fiction, there may be villains and
policeman when he was a child. good characters (usually the detectives) who
solve the mystery or crime. At the end, the
• Abebi prefers stories that explore mystery is solved or the villain caught. To do
corruption in politics in Nigeria, her this, the detectives have to pick up clues and
home country, where power is a significant make deductions to work out how the crime
factor. She also prefers writing with was carried out. Detective stories often involve
female lead characters. remote settings such as huge old houses.
• Vanessa is more interested in old-fashioned
detective fiction with interesting settings
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3 ‘The Red-Headed League’

3.1 The red-headed visitor poses more questions for the reader than
it answers.
1 Discussions and methods of working out
4 Notes will vary but may consider:
meanings will vary. Suggested glossary below:
a In the first story, Sir Jasper is the victim.
blazing: flaming / fiery / bright
He is a wealthy older man. In the second
beyond: excepting / outside story, Jabez Wilson appears to be the
victim, but of what is not clear yet.
considerable: great / large / substantial
Sir Jasper is clearly a victim of crime. He
deduce: conclude / infer / reason did not know the robbers. Jabez Wilson
indicated: suggested / signified / signalled is supposedly the victim of a joke rather
than a crime. Sir Jasper seems generally
entitles: qualifies / permits / allows unfazed by his experiences and is eager to
nominal: token / small / minimal help catch the robbers. Jabez Wilson also
seems fairly unfazed as he laughs heavily.
eligible: qualified / appropriate / acceptable /
suitable b Both victims are reasonably sympathetic
characters. Sir Jasper is very likeable but
chuckled: snickered / chortled / sniggered does not seem vulnerable; similarly, Jabez
Wilson does not seem vulnerable either.
2 Notes will vary, but may include:
Sir Jasper almost treats the reconstruction
• he notices his increased muscle mass on as a game which indicates he is not
his right side so deduces he does physical traumatised and Jabez Wilson laughs. He
labour seems more perplexed than upset.
• he notices his shiny right cuff so deduces 3.2 The assistant

that he has been writing a lot
1 Discussions should include:
• he notices his fish tattoo so knows he has
been in China • It is strange that he could earn more
money but chooses to stay as an assistant
• this implies that Holmes is observant and to Jabez Wilson.
good at using clues to make deductions
Taking photographs and going to the
• he is quick-thinking and intelligent cellar to develop them is strange.
• he is articulate and able to explain his The fact that he knows so much about the
reasoning effectively Red-Headed League is strange.
• he is knowledgeable. • He is very intelligent so a good assistant.
3 a The language used suggests that Jabez He brings the advertisement to Jabez
Wilson has very distinctive appearance Wilson’s attention, which is helpful.
with his fiery red hair. It also suggests he is
middle-aged and perhaps overweight and He has a lot of information about the
unfit, as he is stout and florid-faced. League so can answer questions helpfully.
b It creates a sense of mystery because He offers to look after Jabez Wilson’s
the reader is given very little detail. The business when he works for the League.
advertisement is very odd as it appears
• At this point in the story, the reader is
to be offering a salary for doing nothing
probably a bit suspicious of Vincent
except having red hair. We do not know
Spaulding as it feels as though he is part
why Jabez Wilson is seeking help, but
of a plot to set up Jabez Wilson. Things
assume that he has been the victim of
seem too convenient and it is unlikely that
a crime due to the advertisement. It
he would receive money for doing so little.
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2 Example answer: 2 Discussions will vary but may include:

The introduction of Vincent Spaulding at this • His motive for taking the job was money.
point in the story adds to the mystery because
his motives are very unclear. He could be a • He trusted people when there were
helpful assistant who sees an opportunity for clearly clues that he was being duped or
his boss and points it out, or he could be part manipulated.
of an elaborate plot to trap Jabez Wilson. There • He may have been taken advantage of by
are a number of unanswered questions about his employee who he trusted.
him, such as why he chooses to do a menial and
badly paid job when he is clever enough to do • He seems to be the victim of something
something better. Also, how does he know so but it is not clear what.
much about the League and why is he so keen to 3 Answers will vary, but learners may note some
get Jabez Wilson involved. We also do not know of the following:
why he takes photographs and develops them
in the cellar. It makes us think that he is hiding a The apparent history and actions of
something and may be a spy. the League:
3 Learners improvise the conversation. • it was founded by an American
millionaire with red hair
4 a Spaulding tries to persuade Wilson to
• he put in his fortune for men with
take the job by flattering him, saying he
red hair
has beautiful, blazing red hair. He also
tells him that he deserves to be lucky and • it pays well but asks little
appeals to his greed by pointing out how • men have to fill in an encyclopaedia
rich he will be if he takes it.
• the hours are between 10 a.m.
b Wilson agrees to do the job because of and 2 p.m
the amount of money he will receive. This • they get paid on a Saturday.
implies that he is greedy and a bit lazy, as
he wants to earn a lot for doing very little. b Key details about Vincent Spaulding and
Duncan Ross:
c It is likely to make listeners less sympathetic
because he comes across as greedy. • Vincent Spaulding
However, we do feel a little sorry for him, • he is about 30
because he seems to be part of a trick or • he has no facial hair
con and is being manipulated. He clearly
trusts Vincent so is possibly a victim. • he is short and stout
• he is clever
d The tone of voice is flattering/smarmy. It
gets a bit more desperate when Wilson says • he is persuasive
he is being tricked. He sounds quite false. • he takes and develops
photographs
3.3 The end of the League • Duncan Ross
1 Methods of working out meanings will vary. • he is small with very red hair
Suggested glossary below: • he issues instructions about the
dissolved: liquidated / disbanded / broken up work
• he gets the work going then leaves
staggered: amazed / dumbfounded / startled
• he pays for the work.
wisely: prudently / intelligently / sensibly
c Any clues you have noted or suspicions
object: aim / goal / motive you have:
handy: useful / helpful • Vincent definitely seems suspicious –
what is he taking photographs of ?
pierced: pricked though
frankly: honestly / candidly / plainly
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• the League is very odd – why do they • Mr Merryweather may have been warned
want Jabez to be in the office between that there is a plan to rob his bank.
10 a.m. and 2 p.m.
• The ending is likely to include Holmes
• why has it suddenly dissolved? foiling an attempt to rob the bank by
• what is the significance of red hair? tunnelling into it from Wilson’s cellar.
• is Vincent a woman as he has no 4 Learners’ answers will vary.
facial hair and is small?
4 Learners’ discussions will vary. 3.5 The dark cellar
5 Learners’ answers will vary. 1 Discussions may consider the following:
• The night-time setting adds a sense of
3.4 Investigating the street danger and mystery as they cannot see
properly and know that the criminals
1 Learners read the extract aloud.
could be dangerous. The fact that the
2 Holmes: scene takes place underground reflects
the murkiness of the crime. It also adds a
• thumps his stick on the pavement feeling that they could be trapped.
(he could be trying to find a cellar or
basement) • The darkness adds to the sense of
danger so increases tension. The silence
• knocks on the door (he could be trying to makes time go slowly so also increases
observe the man who answers it) the tension.
• looks at how the row of buildings is • John Clay is a known criminal so adds
ordered (he could be trying to see where to the sense of danger as he could be
the bank is in the row) dangerous and has presumably evaded the
• calls a meeting with a police agent and the police before.
bank director (he could be plotting how • The uncertain timing of Clay’s arrival
to crack the case with their help). makes things very tense and adds
3 Learners’ discussions may include suspense as it is all so uncertain. This bit
consideration of the following: is beyond Holmes’s control.
• The job may be a way of removing Wilson 2 Words and phrases include:
from his office so his assistant can get up • lantern – makes it sound shadowy
to something. They are trying to keep and dim
him occupied for four hours a day to
distract him. • dark passage – adds the sense of
unknowing and danger ahead
• Spaulding seems to be working for/
with the League. The cellar seems to be • pitch darkness . . . absolute darkness –
important. emphasises the intensity of the darkness
to create tension
• Spaulding is happy to work for little pay
because he wanted to get the job badly. • depressing – emphasises the gloominess
He is likely to be a criminal with a motive
• sudden gloom – makes it sound unpleasant
for this.
and dark
• Spaulding may be digging a tunnel in
• the cold dank air of the vault – makes it
the cellar to get into the bank vaults
sound like a grave / as if they are buried
next door.
alive / gives an eerie atmosphere
• Holmes may have been checking the
• highest pitch of tension – shows how the
pavement to see where the cellar meets the
tension is building to a climax.
bank’s cellar.
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3 Answers will vary. See example in Check your progress

Learner’s Book.
1 You can work out the meaning of unfamiliar
4 Discussions will vary. words by considering:
3.6 The solution • the context of the word within the text
and trying to deduce its meaning
1 Answers will vary, but may consider:
• the prefix of the word
• the clues given throughout the story
• similar words.
• the way that Holmes uses the clues to
work out the mystery 2 Introducing a suspicious character into a
mystery story is effective because it gives the
• the way that Jabez Wilson was reader a focus and makes them wonder what
manipulated by the gang he is up to. It is a good way of distracting the
reader from other things too.
• the identity of John Clay and whether it is
clear that he is the same person as Vincent 3 When writing a report, you should follow the
Spaulding conventions of reports, using subheadings to
organise the information as well as devices
• who the ‘pal’ was (Duncan Ross)
such as bullet points or numbered lists. You
• whether the ending tied up all the reader’s should use clear, direct language and write in
questions. formal, standard English. The tone should
be formal.
4 Mystery stories usually end with a resolution
3 Discussions should consider: of the story which ties up all the loose ends
• whether Holmes is solely motivated by and answers the readers’ questions. The
a desire to do good, or if he might have criminals should be caught and punished so
some selfish motivations that good triumphs over evil. There may be a
twist or surprise to keep the reader interested.
• whether Homes allows any unnecessary
risks to other characters to find out 5 The narrative structure of a typical
the truth mystery story:
• whether Holmes seeks out cases or • introduction of the detective/s and

whether people just bring them to him. victim/s
4 Discussions will vary. • details of the crime committed
5 Example answer: • the introduction of the criminal/s
I liked this story as it follows the usual • the setting of the crime – usually remote
conventions of a Sherlock Holmes mystery. • the climax of the story where the criminal
It was a bit predictable as Vincent Spaulding is caught
was obviously up to no good, but it was not
clear why he was working for Jabez Wilson so • the denouement where the detective
it kept me interested. The scene in the cellar explains how the crime was solved.
was effective as it built up the tension well.
6 People’s own personal circumstances
It was satisfying when the villain was caught
and experiences will make them respond
at the end. The Red-Headed League added
individually to the same text. So, a female may
intrigue but wasn’t really explained at the end
prefer texts with female characters, or a young
so was left a bit open. I assumed that it was
person may prefer something where the plot is
completely fictious but think it would have
less predictable.
been good if Holmes had explained that too.
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4 Time
4.1 Moments in time c Images connected to the natural world: In
‘Autumn’ images are mostly connected to
1 Learners read the poem aloud. Listen for disappearance, such as They are no more
accuracy in pronunciation, especially with which makes the dying of the lily flowers
unfamiliar words. more dramatic. There is also a description
of the chrysanthemums fading and white
2 Learners may note the following: with frost to show how the colour ebbs
• the flowers dying / colours fading / the away. In ‘The Turning Year’ the winter
effect of the cold on the flowers / colours night is seen as pure which makes it
changing sound perfect and positive. The clouds
scatter and vanish as though making way
• the last two lines are ambiguous / for the perfection of a winter night with
connotations of winter – positive or clear skies.
negative? / connotations of orange turning
to gold may be positive / connotation of d Use of the present tense alongside
citrons turning green – unripe but promise speculation about the future in the last
of future? / cyclical pattern of nature and two lines: In ‘Autumn’ the last two lines
acceptance of that. seem to look forward to the winter with
orange turning to gold and citrons green.
3 Discussions should include considering of This appears to be more positive, as
the following: although gold and green are less warm,
a The narrator’s feelings about time they indicate that nature is cyclical and
passing: In ‘Autumn’ there may be some new life is ready to come again. Whereas
sadness about winter approaching and in ‘The Turning Year’ the focus of the
the flowers dying, shown by the phrase final two lines looking at the future is the
a solemn memory but also an acceptance poet considering his own existence and
of nature’s cyclical pattern, whereas in whether he will be there the following
‘The Turning Year’ seasons are viewed year. The message here seems to be to
as time passing so the narrator thinks we treat each day as though it is your last
should live in the present. The second because you do not know what the future
poem is more about time passing in may bring.
terms of the narrator’s life whereas the 4 Learners’ answers will vary.
first poem is about the change of seasons
and its impact on nature. In ‘Autumn’ 5 Discussions may include consideration of
the narrator’s feelings are less relevant the following:
or obvious. a Is this an optimistic poem or not?
b Words connected with disappearance • The poem is not strongly optimistic
and cold: In both poems the cold is but neither is it strongly pessimistic.
described using positive language, such
as white with frost in ‘Autumn’ and pure • There is an acceptance that time
and cold in ‘The Turning Year’. ‘Autumn’ passes and the past flows behind us
describes the water lilies as gone and the and we can’t get it back.
chrysanthemums as fading to show the
• It says that we leave the past
impact of autumn as winter approaches.
without regret, which is reasonably
The phrase They are no more has a ring
positive, but then it says will we
of sadness or mourning to it. In ‘The
leave so carelessly the years to come
Turning Year’ it talks about clouds which
recognising there are no guarantees,
scatter and vanish on a cold night but
which is more pessimistic.
the emphasis seems to be more on the
narrator’s fear that he might vanish (die). • The last three lines seem to convey an
acceptance but also a recognition that
we weaken as we get older.
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b What similarities does this poem have c The flower dies as time passes, so is
with ‘Autumn’ and ‘The Turning Year’? a measurement of time. The sun’s
movement in the sky to setting is also a
• The acceptance of time passing and symbol of time passing. So they are both
our helplessness to do anything about used to show how time never stands still.
it is similar to ‘Autumn’.
2 Learners’ answers will vary. Example
• It is less similar to ‘The Turning metaphors could include:
Years’, as it does not consider the
future as a time when we may not • a cake: mix the ingredients, bake it, the
exist – instead it focuses on old age fresh sponge is delicious but starts to dry
and growing weaker. out and go mouldy
• It does, however, raise the subject of • an oak tree: starts as a tiny acorn, is fed
regret, which touches on the same and watered, grows into its prime until
theme as ‘The Turning Years’ in terms it grows old and gnarled and the rotten
of the idea of living without regrets, boughs begin to fall
as we only get one life.
• a toy: new in its box, adored and played
c What have you learnt about the themes with; then as it grows older, other new
and voice of this poet from the three and exciting toys replace it until it gets
poems? discarded, trodden on and is eventually
thrown out with the rubbish.
• This poet often looks at the theme of
time passing and its impact on nature 3 a The narrator suggests that we should
and humans. make the most of our youth because life
gets harder and lonelier as we get older.
• The poems look at the past and
future. b The title links to the advice in the
last stanza to use your time to make
• The poet is mostly accepting that we relationships when you are young, as it is
can’t do anything to change the past about ‘making much’ of your time.
and have to look to the future.
c The final line is saying that if you wait
• The poet has quite a gentle reflective for things, you may wait forever. This
tone. reinforces the message that you should
6 Learners’ answers will vary. seize opportunities while you can.
d The title summarises the message
4.2 Making the most of time effectively – use your time wisely and take
every opportunity while you can.
1 Discussions should include the following:
4 Notes will vary, but should consider the
a The narrator is telling the reader to get as
following ideas:
much out of life as they can right now, as
nothing stands still and things may change. a The regular rhyme and rhythm links to
It may be related to youth and age – telling the theme of time, as time is regular and
the reader to take advantage of their youth broken down into equal units of seconds,
before it is too late. This could mean seizing minutes, hours, etc.
opportunities for happiness when they
present themselves, as they may not always b The writer gives the positive advice to
be there. Act today before it is too late. use time wisely followed by a negative
reminder of why in each stanza. This
b Old Time is still a-flying sounds like a balanced approach makes the poem more
warning that time passes very quickly. convincing. It means that each stanza is
The sun is personified as being in a race mirrored in design so it creates a regular
to set, which also emphasises the speed of pattern like time itself.
time passing.
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5 Learners should consider the following in • there is an awareness of money and

their discussions: commercialism.
• The ‘glass half full’ and ‘glass half-empty’ 2 Learners should consider the following in
metaphor shows that different people can their discussions:
look at the same situation in different ways.
It connotes how our attitudes (whether • The writer mainly seems to focus on what
optimistic or pessimistic) can affect our the Baduy cannot do, such as forbidden
approach to life. Someone with a positive customs, lack of education and punishing
attitude is more likely to tackle challenges people for breaking rules. There is little
and look for long-term solutions, whereas written about the positive aspects of
someone with a pessimistic attitude may their isolation and freedom from the
give up too easily and accept less than they expectations of modern society.
deserve. It is likely to have a significant • The Baduy do not have a voice in the
impact on a person’s well-being. article. The writer quotes a university
• Reactions to ‘To Make Much of Time’ lecturer who has studied them, but there
will vary: some may think it focuses too is no evidence that he has interviewed
much on how quickly life passes by; others any members of the tribe to ask for their
may think it has a powerful message opinions on their way of life.
to live each day with meaning and not • The final paragraph makes it sound
waste a second of life. Young people may as though the Baduy are quite half-
respond less positively as for them there hearted about their traditions as they are
is so much life left to live and time seems eager to watch TV if they are given the
to pass more slowly; older people may opportunity. It seems quite dismissive of
find the message more meaningful, as they their tribe and way of life, and suggests it
have less time left and are likely to think it is all a sham.
is important to make the most of it.
3 Learners’ answers will vary, but they may
• For the final bullet point, learners discuss come up with ideas such as: cars, planes,
their own experiences/attitudes. mobile phones, Barbie dolls/Action Man, high
6 Learners’ answers will vary. heels, bottled water, money, the Kindle, the
internet, schools, open-plan offices.
4.3 The tribe that time forgot 4 Learners’ answers will vary.
1 Notes will vary, but may include reactions to 5 Learners deliver their speeches, using
the following information: appropriate gesture and voice techniques to
engage the audience.
• the Baduy are secluded from the outside
world despite living near a large capital city
4.4 The time tornado
• they follow strict customs – some of
them must make life hard, such as not 1 Genre features mentioned in the audio:
wearing shoes • strange or magical events that are not
• they do not believe in formal education scientifically possible
• they live in two zones – the inner zone is • set in faraway but recognisable worlds
stricter and people can be expelled to the • strange creatures
outer zone for breaking rules
• end with a strong moral
• the outer zone has some contact with the
wider world; outsiders can stay there for a • may have a superhero
short time • may be high fantasy (entirely new world/
• some elements of the modern world are creatures) or low fantasy (real world with
creeping in, despite leaders’ attempts to ordinary people, but also magic)
stop them • a journey – literal and metaphorical
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• playing with time • everything vanishes – sudden anti-

climax adds mystery and makes
• conflict in opening central character reader question what has happened
challenge
• police finding the book with
• power struggle between good and evil hieroglyphics – adds to the mystery
• good usually triumphs. and makes the reader intrigued
2 Genre features learners may note in the • bus and passengers never found –
extract include: invites reader to want to find out
more and solve the mystery.
• strange or magical events that are not
scientifically possible 4 Learners’ answers will vary, but paragraphs
may mention the following verb choices:
• strange creatures
• At the beginning the verbs are calm
• low fantasy (real world with ordinary (sitting, copying and looked).
people, but also magic)
• The verbs become stronger, as the children
• a journey – literal and metaphorical notice the strange events (elbowed,
• playing with time pointing and glowing).
3 a A ‘Time Tornado’ may take people from • As time slows down, it is shown in verbs
one time in history to a different time. such as hovering.
b The chapter starts off quite calmly, • The sudden dramatic action is shown
describing children copying one another’s in violent verbs such as breaking, hit,
homework on a bus. Then it adds a knocking, shattering, crashed, whirled,
sense of mystery and intrigue when they swelled, battering, torn, slammed and spun.
start to see strange things from the bus, • The verb vanished has a dramatic impact
around Cleopatra’s Needle. There is then as it implies suddenness.
a moment where everything seems to
slow down before a sudden terrible crack • In the final paragraph, gentle verbs are
where everything suddenly becomes very used such as floating.
dramatic, and the bus is taken up by 5 Learners’ own story opening.
the tornado before vanishing. The final
paragraph is back in the real world, where
everything is calm again. There are hints
4.5 The visitor
about what happened but the mystery 1 References to time and their effects include:
remains. The structure builds excitement
in the reader then replaces it with intrigue • The extract starts with the time and
about what has happened. the word precisely makes it clear it is
important – the reader wonders why.
c Mysterious events and characters:
• There is an emphasis on punctuality and
• the tip of Cleopatra’s needle is the watch being correct.
glowing red – mysterious
• The theme of time is introduced in a
• chariots and horsemen riding down mysterious way when the reader is told
the river – adds drama and excitement Abel Darkwater had all the time in the
• the Pharaoh appears – builds the world – we do not really understand how
drama more as he is powerful he can have nearly all of it.
• the slowing down of time – adds • There is further emphasis on punctuality

tension and intrigue when he drives up.
• the crack and the bus being lifted by a • The year 1588 when Tanglewreck was
tidal wave – adds fear and excitement built – far in the past – adds intrigue.
and a sense of danger
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• The Age-Gauge is mysterious but suggests • The whole balanced sentence makes him
time travelling to the reader. seem like an interesting character who is
an enigma. He seems very confident and
• The notion of echoes of time and the as though you can trust him.
idea that time is . . . buried layer by layer
adds suspense and is an interesting 4 Learners’ answers will vary. Example answer:
if implausible idea, typical of a
fantasy story. The name Abel Darkwater makes him sound
like an enigma – as if there is much more
• Now was Then and Then was Now below the surface that you have to dig deep to
continues the theme of time travelling. find. He clearly has special powers to go back
in time and the implication is that he uses
• Looking at the pocket watch – builds them for good, although that is not entirely
suspense as we are expecting something certain yet. The Age-Gauge and the pocket
will happen at a certain time. watch appear to contradict one another, as the
• the fourth hand, in red, like a warning, former is not a real machine but something
pointed towards eleven o’ clock and what imaginary that is linked to time travelling.
this means. A face then appears at the However, the pocket watch is an old watch
window. from the past that still keeps perfect time. It
shows how he travels through time and has
2 Learners may note the following: belongings from different eras.
• The writer tells the reader very little about The writer uses language to add mystery, as
Abel Darkwater. The name builds a sense he hints at things like time travel but is quite
of mystery, as it implies there is a great vague: today lies on top of yesterday, and
deal hidden under the surface. yesterday lies on top of the day before. This
• He is only late when he intends to be, but challenges the reader, as it creates an image
we do not know why time is so key to of time where it is vertical rather than the
his existence. horizontal line most timelines use. The idea
of the past having voices that are muffled is
• He can talk to people from the past but interesting as it makes it sound as though it is
we do not know how. always there rather than gone for ever. There
is a lot of repetition in the text, with some
• He is meeting someone at Tanglewreck,
deliberate contradictions to create intrigue,
but we do not know who or why.
such as Now was Then and Then was Now. The
• We know that Tanglewreck is a great capitalisation of Then and Now makes notions
house with a long driveway. of past and present seem significant. In the
final paragraph, the short sentences counting
• It was built in 1588. down time build suspense. The phrase Sure
• The house is going to tell Abel about its enough in the final sentence shows that Abel
beginnings, but the reader knows nothing knew what was going to happen the whole
about them. time, as he is in the past.
• There is someone in the house but we do 5 Learners’ discussions should consider

not know who. the following:
• He has business at Tanglewreck. • There is a clue in it was the nearly that was
the problem, and the reason why he had
3 Discussions will vary but may include the come to Tanglewreck. The house seems
following: to hold some knowledge that he needs to
have all the time in the world rather than
• Repetition of never is emphatic.
nearly all of it.
• Repetition of unless he . . . deliberately
To visit, he has gone back to 1588 – this
contradicts the emphatic never. This adds
is when the house was built so obviously
mystery to the character, as it seems odd.
holds some importance.
• The use of a dash in each part of the
sentence mirrors and adds balance.
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• The interior of the house would look like second transcript, he just summarises what
something built in 1588. they think so it is less personal. It is possible
that the first transcript sounds more sincere
We are told it is a great house so it is because his own views are more obvious
likely to be an Elizabethan manor house – but the second one sounds more serious.
possibly timber framed.
c The impact on the audiences is different.
There are gates and a long drive so the In the first transcript, he sounds as though
house is set in its own grounds. he is joking around a bit so the audience
The house has windows high up, as the may not take what he says as seriously as
watch hand is pointing to 11 o’clock in in the second transcript, where he sounds
the direction of the face at the window. serious and intelligent.
• Learners will have their own ideas about 2 Learners may consider the following in their
the face at the window and that person’s discussions:
relationship to Abel. • The main benefit of not having to go on
• There are no obvious indications of holiday in order to remember one is that it
conflict, as Abel clearly needs to learn would be much easier with no risky travel.
something and that is why he is there. The You could go to amazing places like Mars.
meeting seems planned. The main disadvantage is that it is not real
and you would know that.
The advantage of not going to school is
7 Learners’ answers will vary. that you can stay in bed all day. The main
disadvantage is that you might get lonely
4.6 Into the future and unhealthy.
1 a Learners may note the following The main advantage of having no more
differences: diseases is that you could live forever. The
main disadvantage is that you could live
• Use of ellipsis and dashes show forever. That’s a ‘double-edged sword’.
that Ahmed pauses more in the
first transcript. This is because he is • It is unlikely that these changes would
thinking as he speaks. The second make the world a better place as it looks
transcript is more fluent and he speaks as though humans would live forever so
in whole sentences because he is population size would become a huge
addressing the class and has had time issue. It also looks as though people
to organise his thoughts and ideas. would barely leave their homes, instead
living inside their heads filled with fake
• He uses informal language such as memories. If children do not go to school,
yeah in the first transcript but he says humans would never learn to socialise
yes in the second transcript. This and work together so the world could be a
is because he has to adopt a more very lonely unpleasant place.
formal tone when speaking to his
teacher and the class. 3 Learners’ answers will vary.
• The ideas are ordered quite randomly 4 Analyses should consider:

in the first transcript, as he is
• use of contractions, question marks,
thinking, but in the second transcript,
exclamation marks, ellipsis
his ideas are organised logically.
• the personal nature of the article, its
• In the first transcript, he gives
chatty/informal tone
personal thoughts but in the second,
he makes them more general rather • use of questions, exclamations, statements
than personal. as sentences, short sentences, one-word
sentence
b In the first transcript, he expresses
preferences so it is more personal. In the
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• repetition of you and you’ve, starting each 4 Writers can create mystery through a strong
numbered section with No more . . . setting – possibly in a remote place. They can
also leave things unexplained so a character
5 Learners’ answers will vary. may not be fully drawn. Leaving questions
unanswered is a good way of creating mystery
Check your progress but also giving enough information to spark
the reader’s interest.
1 Check the glossary so you understand all the
words fully. Make sure you pronounce them 5 This means that the reader should not always
correctly. understand things fully in order to create
intrigue and mystery. Things may be hinted at
2 Carpe diem poetry is about seizing the day and
or left half explained so the reader has to keep
making the most of the present as the future
reading to get the full picture.
is uncertain, because time moves quickly and
everything can change in an instant. Some 6 The factors that influence the way people
people find this kind of poetry depressing speak are the audience they are addressing as
because it focuses on death and decay, but well as the purpose of the speaking. With a
others find it uplifting and motivating because friend, a person is likely to be less formal than
it reminds you to live life to its fullest. when they are addressing someone or a crowd
in a formal situation.
3 Tips could include establishing a relationship
with the audience through using pronouns,
using rhetorical questions to draw listeners in
and exclamations for effect.
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5 That’s entertainment
5.1 Leaving Jamaica England and has very high expectations.
She has the ambition to be a teacher and
1 Learners read the play extract. Listen for be respected.
confident and accurate readings.
• Gilbert thinks that Hortense looks down
2 Learners may note the following genre on him and does not like him or his jokes
features: very much. It is quite amusing, as she
has just asked him to marry her and his
• people say or do something odd – raw honesty is funny. The way he says
Hortense offering him the loan and telling Man, this woman don’t even like me . . . is
him to marry her comical as it is unexpected.
• the journey from unhappiness to • The effects of the asides are different
happiness – they both think they will be because with Gilbert it confirms his
better off and happier in England personality so far, but with Hortense it
• characters become successful – they both adds a lot of information about how she
think they can be more successful in perceives herself and how she wants to be
England treated by others. Their high expectations
make you feel as though they are bound
• they are not kings and queens – they are to be disappointed, but particularly
both ordinary people who have faced Hortense as she is very sensitive in terms
hardship of how she is treated by others.
• characters are likeable – both characters • Placing them later allows the audience
here come across as likeable, perhaps to have preconceived ideas about the
Gilbert more so than Hortense in this characters and their relationship before
extract challenging them and changing them as
• difficult situations – it is likely that life in the asides reveal more information.
England will not be as easy or as good as
they think it will 5.2 Arriving in England
• the audience is on their side – they 1 Learners perform the scene to bring out their
both come across as characters who the characters’ personality and emotions.
audience would support
2 Example answer:
• they are creative – both have big dreams
Gilbert is fully dressed but has been asleep
and a plan to achieve them.
on the bed, so is probably a bit dishevelled.
3 Learners’ answers will vary. His shoelaces are also undone. In contrast
Hortense is wearing a pristine white coat, hat
4 Learners’ analyses should include: and gloves and therefore looking remarkably
• Gilbert’s aside shows that he is concerned smart and composed for someone who has
that Hortense does not really like him or just disembarked from a long voyage. She
understand him. He is worried that she is is clearly unimpressed by the room as she
a snob. But England is still very tempting was expecting better living accommodation
for him so he may forget his concerns. with more than one room. The fact that she
He thinks he has nothing in Jamaica swallows before asking him to show me the rest
and a much better chance of becoming suggests that she had very low expectations
educated in England. Hortense’s aside but when he tells her that is it she is visibly
shows that she worries about her future in appalled: I beg your pardon? and has to sit
Jamaica. She thinks that speaking good down. Gilbert in contrast seems to think living
English and having pale skin will mean in one room is acceptable. Their dialogue
she will be accepted easily in England. She shows that Hortense is the stronger character
thinks that her life will be much better in and is dominant as she constantly has Gilbert
on the back foot. He has overslept and didn’t
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turn up to meet her so she is firmly in control. 2 Summaries should include the following:
Gilbert just repeats this is it as though he
hasn’t got the strength to argue but also • An ordinary setting: The setting is
knows that Hortense needs to accept how they William’s village, which sounds like an
will live in England. In contrast, Hortense is ordinary and humble place in a valley. It is
clearly horrified and disappointed, which is a rural setting where presumably modern
shown as she says so little: Just this? machinery and facilities are limited.
3 Discussions may consider: • A heroic character who succeeds by

using his own abilities: William is clearly
• Gilbert oversleeping and therefore not nervous about whether his invention
meeting Hortense from the ship; his will work, which makes him sound full
unbuttoned shirt and undone shoelaces; of humility. However, he is also very
the panicked way that he runs down the determined and has put a great deal of
stairs off-stage. thought and effort into his wind machine.
He has confidence that it will work. The
• Hortense wearing a pristine white coat
fact that he has been laughed at for his
despite having been on a long voyage; her
efforts but has not given up shows that
wearing a hat and white gloves from her
he is resilient. The fact that he has used
wedding outfit; the way she stands in the
all sorts of discarded rubbish such as
doorway of the room.
bottle-cap washers, rusted tractor parts,
• The way that she stands in the doorway to and the old bicycle frame makes his
take it in; her nervousness; her complete machine even more impressive, as it has
shock which means she has to sit down been created with things other people have
when she realises that this is their only thrown away.
living space.
• The admiration of the hero by the
• The scene has amusing moments such as community at the end: The crowd
Gilbert oversleeping then running down gasping and describing William as the
flights of stairs with his shoelaces undone boy who made electric wind shows that
– this is all quite slapstick. The contrast his achievements have been recognised
between his dishevelled appearance as something remarkable. This is more
and Hortense being so overdressed is effective because earlier in the story, we
quite amusing. However, her shock and were told that he had been teased and
disappointment is more sombre so brings laughed at by the local traders when he
the scene to a more serious point. was building it.
4 Learners’ answers will vary. 3 Learners should discuss the following effects
of the structural features:
5.3 The Boy Who Harnessed • The fact that this prologue is a
the Wind flashforward means we know how the
story ends from the start. It becomes a
1 Learners should consider the following in tale not about if William succeeds, but
their discussions: how he does – what journey does he go on
• the word boy stresses his youth so makes to get to that point?
his achievement more impressive • The presence of the crowd adds tension as
• the word harnessed has connotations of they clearly think William has tried to do
controlling something to make it work something impossible and is crazy. They
for you have all come to watch and seem to be
impressed with the machine he has built,
• the title makes William sound heroic looking in wonder, but as they have teased
and innovative him throughout the process, they seem to
be there to watch him fail (shown by the
• the reader is led to expect a story about
crowd cackled like hens). This contrasts
a boy who does something remarkable
with William’s pride in his machine, which
through his own ingenuity.
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he describes as an invention. His quiet something and the spinning wheel started
confidence is evident when he says, It was turning and it seemed to take forever but then,
time, but he is also nervous about whether suddenly I saw it! The light bulb was glowing
it will work when he starts it up. bright like a beacon. He’d done it! The crazy
kid had done it!
• The gathering crowd builds a sense of
tension and expectation. The climb up
the tower also builds tension, as well
5.4 K-pop
as William’s knees turned to jelly. This 1 Learners’ notes may include:
continues due to the pause between the
wind turning the wheel and the light bulb • The personal qualities of the two young
finally glowing. It is released on The crowd men: Both young men have a dream and
gasped, as their admiration is obvious. show they are willing to work hard to
achieve it, but their dreams are radically
4 a The idea of rebirth and new life indicates different. William wants to invent a
that each part of this machine had been machine to harness the power of the wind
discarded and was useless on its own. to provide electricity to his local area,
However, when put together to form a whereas Jeon wants to be a K-pop star
whole, each piece will start a new life and achieve fame. William is alone in his
of usefulness. It also reflects how the aspirations so has to be very self-sufficient
machine will dramatically change the lives whereas Jeon is one of more than a
of the people. million young people in South Korea who
b Using the word miracle shows how want the same thing. William pursues his
inexplicable the electricity seems to dream despite having no support from
everyone. That a machine made of others who just mock him whereas Jeon
discarded rubbish can produce electricity has the support of his parents and their
is completely unbelievable. It shows how financial backing. Jeon’s dream costs a
great William’s achievement was. lot of money for classes, whereas William
relies on using discarded items to build his
5 Example answer: machine. Jeon says he will pay his parents
back so he does not take it for granted,
So finally the crazy kid told us his machine
but that depends on him being successful
was ready! This was too good to miss so I shut
which is unlikely. So, William is more
up my shop for the day and walked across the
resolute, determined and individual than
valley to the village where he lived. Every time
Jeon who is following a well-trodden path
I saw this kid putting his bits of ol’ rubbish in
with little hope of success and may be
a heap, I laughed and asked him if he’d like
more shallow as a result.
my vegetable peelings too. I give him a couple
of ol’ rusty hooks I didn’t need; as though • The attitude of others towards their
they’d be any use to anyone! That kid was work: both young men face obstacles
sure deluded if he thought he could do the from others. William is mocked for being
stuff that the city folks do with their fancy ambitious, but when he succeeds people
educations and buckets of money. are full of admiration and celebrate his
success. Jeon’s parents do not want him
When I got there, there was a big crowd, all
to pursue his dreams, but they help him
jostling to get a look at the pile of rubbish.
financially when he persuades them to. So,
I have to say it look pretty impressive with
Jeon has more support than William.
its chain and steps and blade. It was mighty
fine lookin’ but that didn’t mean nothing if it • The differences in their success: William
didn’t work! We all watched as the kid climbed is successful and proves everyone wrong
up the steps which didn’t look too strong to when his machine is shown to work.
me. It shook as he moved and I thought the Jeon has not found success yet, despite
whole lot was gonna come crashing down practising for 50 hours a week and
like a pile o’ cards. Then this mighty gust of spending a great deal of his parents’
wind come out of nowhere and pushed the money on training classes. It is highly
kid further in. At that point I reckoned he’d unlikely that he will be successful.
failed. The tower was swaying as he grabbed
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2 Learners may note the following: is no evidence in the article to suggest that
he is particularly talented, yet he is spending
• The headline and bullets help by 50 hours a week practising for a career as a pop
summarising the story and orienting the star with little hope of ever being successful
reader in the way that the first paragraphs in auditions. He seems quite indulged, as
of newspapers do. his parents were persuaded to support him
• The pull quote aids the visual appeal – it financially despite not wanting to. Although
sets up the second part of the story in a he says he wants to pay my parents back when
quick way and breaks the text up to make he is a successful singer, he also knows that it is
it more manageable for the reader. extremely unlikely to happen so that isn’t really
very convincing. I think he knows what he is
• The quotation from Jeon Sung-won doing but has been seduced by the industry
makes the article more plausible as it adds without really thinking carefully about it. The
an example of a young person desperate industry has been accused of treating young
for success. It illustrates the naive hope of people like products that are churned out yet
such young people in this business. Jeon seems to accept this as a potential career.
• The introduction of Noh at the half-way He does seem a bit shallow and silly.
point acts as pivot, introducing another 5 Learners’ answers will vary.
view posited against the initial optimism.
It helps the reader see another perspective 5.5 Animals and entertainment
and therefore invites them to judge/evaluate
Jeon’s chances. A good structural link 1 Learners’ reactions will vary, but their discussion
between Noh and Jeon’s parents is implied. may include consideration of the following.
3 Learners may discuss the following: a The views presented align with the feelings
of many animal rights’ campaigners who
a The article does not explicitly state that
object to any animals in captivity, or
Jeon is foolish, but does make it clear
animals kept simply to entertain humans.
that his dreams are highly unlikely to
Many people will agree with this in terms
succeed and that he is probably wasting
of animal cruelty, as well as many animals
his parents’ money. The article uses him
being kept in cages or pens that are
as an example of a hopeful who is setting
unsuitable for their needs. Some people
themself up for failure. He could come
would disagree, arguing that they enjoy
across as rather shallow and silly.
visiting zoos and seeing animals that they
b Noh is presented as someone who is otherwise would not experience. People
honest about the low chance of success. who keep pets may feel that as long as the
He seems fair as he offers advice about animal is happy and cared for, if it is not
what will help but still says it is difficult. in its wild habitat is not important.
He does, however, work in the industry so
b Counter-arguments might include the
could be considered a part of an industry
importance of breeding programmes
that exploits young people and takes
in zoos to help save endangered species
money from them knowing their chances
(China’s panda breeding programme is a
of success are very slim.
good example). Many zoos and wildlife
c The article is not directly critical, but it parks only keep animals born in captivity
does suggest that over a million young so they have never experienced a different
people are wasting their time and money. way of life. Strict regulations about
It definitely does not recommend K-pop animal enclosures are applied and there is
as a viable career path. strong action when they are not adhered
to. There is a big difference between
4 Example answer: keeping animals in captivity and using
I feel a bit sorry for Jeon, as he seems to have animals for entertainment. Circuses rarely
been sucked into an unattainable dream built use animals now due to public pressure
around the phenomenon of K-pop. There and many sea-life parks are coming
under pressure to stop using animals for
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entertainment. It could be argued that 3 Example answer:

keeping domestic pets is exactly the same
but many people conveniently forget that. ‘Isolation is terrible’
2 Features in the text include: How would you like to be separated from other
humans? If you’ve ever spent a long time on
• Emotive language: weilding their power, your own, you will know how lonely it is. So
mistreat, restrain, steal, spirit is crushed, why take animals away from their own species?
cruel form of imprisonment, isolation is Separating family groups is unnatural. Think
terrible . . . how lonely it is. about being taken away from your family by
force and locked in a tiny cage with hostile
• Presenting contrasting things as strongly
captors. That’s exactly how an animal feels
positive or negative: cage . . . natural
when it’s captured and put in a zoo or a
habitat, sea park . . . ocean, isolation . . .
wildlife park. It’s terrifying for them. If you
family groups, film set . . . natural place.
wouldn’t like it, why would they?
• Assertion: Humans enjoy wielding power
over animals, animals are mistreated, 4 Learners may consider the following points:
animals cannot play in zoos, animals cannot • The article was intended to be read by
interact in zoos, zoos are a cruel form of people interested in vegetarianism, so
punishment, zoos are interested in money they are likely to have strong views about
not conservation, cages are designed for animal cruelty already.
entertainment rather than animal welfare,
animals are harmed or killed on film sets, • The article has no writer’s name attached
animals are not cared for on film sets. to it so they cannot be challenged in terms
of the lack of evidence offered to support
• Presenting a biased rather than a balanced some of the assertions. This also gives
view: The whole article presents a biased the sense that the opinions expressed are
point of view because it does not offer everyone’s not just those of one individual.
an alternative viewpoint. It makes many
assumptions about what makes animals • If the article has been shared on social
happy and assumes that all zoos or media, many people will have read it.
conservation programmes are bad.
• It was written when zoos were popular
Example summary: and very few people were vegetarians so
it was designed to persuade people to
This article uses political language to persuade support animal rights campaigns.
the reader that all forms of animal captivity
are negative and only concerned with profit or 5 Discussions may consider the following:
power. It uses emotive language deliberately
a Jen is likely to agree wholeheartedly with
to make the reader feel guilty about whether
the article and not challenge any of the
they have ever visited a zoo or watched
assertions or notice the lack of evidence
a film featuring animals. Phrases such as
offered. This is because it reinforces
wielding their power or mistreat, cage, restrain
her views.
are powerful in making anyone involved in
animal conservation sound evil and cruel. The b Indra may find the article less convincing
article presents all zoos or animal captivity because the fact that he is a vegetarian
as negative without acknowledging the may not be linked solely to animal
breeding programmes that have keep whole welfare. If he has visited zoos and not
species from becoming extinct; it is therefore seen evidence of cruelty himself, he may
biased and only offers a narrow perspective. not be fully convinced. He may be open
It also makes a number of unsupported to some of its points about the balance of
assertions such as in captivity their spirit is power between humans and animals.
crushed and animals are harmed physically and
mentally. The writer claims that zoos exist for c Helmut may find the article unconvincing
entertainment only and ignores the educational because he thinks zoos are a valuable
aspect. It appeals to the reader by asking them resource for teaching children about
to consider their own experiences of isolation, animals and allowing them to view
which is not entirely relevant or convincing. wild animals.
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6 Learners’ answers will vary. language other than that used in the argument
to support zoos (habitat destruction and global
5.6 The benefits of zoos threats). The final line is powerful, as the writer
claims the world would be a poorer place
1 Learners may consider the following: without zoos. The writer uses the pronouns I
and we to build a relationship with the reader
• The fact that this article is published in an
as a shared vision. Phrases such as Quite simply
established newspaper means that it will
. . . are useful for reinforcing the logic of the
have been fact-checked and should offer
argument and make the writer’s voice more
robust evidence for any assertions. It also
persuasive. In the final paragraph the writing
means that the article is believed to be of
gets much more personal as the writer confirms
interest to a wide range of readers.
his support for zoos and the work that they do.
• The writer has made his support for zoos
A few serious objections to good zoos is an
clear so it is likely to be a biased article.
example of an adverb of degree.
However, he also has wide experience of
working in zoos as a volunteer so does have 4 Learners’ answers will vary.
relevant experience and knowledge. This
makes him trustworthy and the fact that he 5 Learners’ answers will vary.
volunteered means that he does not have
any personal financial interest in zoos. Check your progress
2 Comparisons may include the following: 1 Comedy genre features include: stereotypical
characters, dialogue to show characters
• The first article is less convincing interacting, asides to show what a character
because there is a lack of evidence cited is thinking, dramatic irony, funny events, a
to support the assertions. For example, happy ending.
cruelty towards animals is asserted with
no examples given. Whereas the second 2 Contrast is used in comedy to show different
article backs up its claims, for example, characters interacting. The contrast can be
citing the fact that there are a number between their physical appearance such as
of species which only exist in captivity height, size, neatness, etc., or it can be in their
to support the argument that zoos are attitudes, mannerisms and opinions.
essential for conservation.
3 Autobiographies are about real people and
• Both articles are biased but the second events but they are still shaped carefully to
article is more evidenced. In the first maintain the interest of the reader. They will
article, there is no evidence of any use similar techniques to narrative writing
experience of working in zoos or wildlife such as flashbacks or flashforwards, as well as
centres so much of the article is just building and releasing tension.
opinions which aren’t very informed.
4 Newspaper articles use headlines and bullets
In the second article, the writer has
to organise material helpfully. They often use
volunteered in zoos so it is based on more
a pull quote and direct quotes from an expert
informed opinions.
to support the argument.
3 Example answer:
5 Political language is about power – either
The use of parentheses in the first paragraph challenging it or trying to maintain it. It is
allows the writer to pre-empt the opposing persuasive language that could be emotive or
arguments and address them. For example, For assertive.
many species (but no, not all) puts the emphasis
6 A discursive response gives an objective
on the word many while acknowledging that
account of several views on a topic. It usually
for some animals zoos will not be suitable. This
follows the structure of opening with an
makes the writer sound reasonable and fully
overview of the topic and summarising the
aware that there are some limitations to zoos.
different viewpoints. It then considers the
The writer also uses positive language when
benefits and disadvantages of all the differing
discussing zoos such as greater appreciation,
views. The conclusion usually sums up the
real changes, real difference which stresses the
writers own views of the topic.
good that zoos do. There is very little negative
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6 A sense of place
6.1 The city sings 5 Learners’ answers will vary.
1 Learners read the extract and perform the 6.2 A love letter to the Grand
sound effects.
Canyon
2 Effects include:
1 First visit: I tried to comprehend the scenery,
• the long sentences make the writing flow there was only one thing I could compare it to,
like a song; it gives a musical rhythm Grand Canyon seemed frozen in time, snapped a
reflecting the theme of the text few shots, and headed to Las Vegas.
• it bombards the reader with olfactory, Second visit: I spent months exploring . . .
aural and visual images seeking out stunning viewpoints . . . observing
how the light changed hour-to-hour, day-to-day,
• the shorter sentences focus on the season-to-season, I watched the sun rise after a
importance of listening and command the winter snowstorm, Grand Canyon, I realised, is
reader. not a static place.
3 Example answer: 2 Learners should note that by contrasting his
The simile loose drains clack-clacking like earlier visit to his later one, the writer shows
castanets continues the musical theme by that he has matured and can appreciate the
comparing the drain lids tapping to the extraordinary qualities and power of the
instrument castanets. This gives the impression Grand Canyon. When he was 19, he could not
of a sharp rhythmic tap as the loose drain lids see beyond the obvious and thought it was
are lifted and lowered by the wind. The simile, frozen in time, but when he returns years later
And all the alarms . . . crying their needs to the he is far more observant and concludes that
night like babies waawaa-ing is more comic, the Grand Canyon is not a static place. In the
as the comparison makes the unpleasant and first visit, he is in a hurry to get to Las Vegas
shrill sound of electronic alarms as persistent so just snapped a few shots but the later visit
and annoying as a baby’s consistent crying. stretches for months and he watches the way
The use of waawaa-ing adds a sing-song tone the Grand Canyon changed hour-to-hour, day-
to the writing. to-day, season-to-season. This shows that he
appreciates the beauty of the place much more
4 Learners’ answers will vary, but may consider when he is older and the place has a much
the following: more profound impact on him.
• The city is described at night as a busy, 3 Discussions may cover the following points:
vibrant place that never stops.
• learning lessons from travelling – the
• The city has its own distinct smell: fanning importance of observation and taking
out the heat and the smells of shops and time to absorb things
cafes and offices . . . long breaths layered
upon each other. • the beauty and power of the natural world
and the relative insignificance of humans
• The city is noisy: the rush of traffic . . .
a constant crush of sound, rupturing the • the way we learn to appreciate things as
cold night air with drills . . . fizzing hiss we get older and less egotistic.
of floodlights . . . rock bands calling out 4 a Lines from the text that show the writer’s
rhythms, alarms, calling for help . . . crying feelings about nature:
their needs to the night, sung sirens.
• All that space, all those natural
• The writer uses the extended metaphor of patterns.
the city as a song. There are also similes,
• Some things—the best things—require
onomatopoeia, alliteration, lists and
more than an afternoon to fully
contrasts used to heighten the effects and
appreciate.
create sounds.
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• Viewed over millions of years, towering that he is concerned about upsetting

rock formations melt away like ice Janice, his daughter, and is thinking
sculptures. Cliffs crumble like dice. carefully about how he can please her.
• The more I learned, the more I wanted When he still says the wrong thing, it
to explore the depths of Grand Canyon. makes us feel as though he can’t please her
whatever he does.
• Humbling—a rare glimpse into our
planet’s distant past. • Because we do not know what Janice is
thinking, it is harder to understand her
b The writer ‘learns’ from nature that it reactions to the chasm and to her father.
cannot be captured in a few snapshots She is quite difficult to read so the reader is
taken on a quick visit on the way to Las more distanced from her.
Vegas. He realises that to truly appreciate
such a magnificent and incredible • The characters seem to have lots of issues
place, he needs to observe it over a long in the past which the reader doesn’t know
period of time. He learns that humans about. Janice seems spiritual (but also
are insignificant when compared to the impatient and judgemental) whereas
vastness and durability of this place and Adrian seems out of touch with his
that nature is a force to be reckoned with. feelings. Neither of them is very direct,
which the reader could find irritating.
4 Learners’ analyses may include the following:
6.3 Chasm • Their feelings and attitudes to the chasm:
1 Learners may speculate that the story • The chasm doesn’t have much of
will be about two people who have fallen an effect on Howard as he seems
out or grown apart a lot. It could suggest more concerned about the tension
that they have grown apart so far that it between him and his daughter. He
will be impossible for them to mend their is underwhelmed by it and thinks it
relationship, or that they will find a way to wasn’t worth the long drive.
bridge the chasm and start to mend things • Janice reacts more profoundly to
between them. the chasm. It seems to have a more
2 a The dialogue suggests that Janice is easily positive effect on her, but she also
irritated by her father and that he knows uses it as an excuse not to have to talk
that so is nervous about what he says to to her father. It seems to remind her
her. Despite this, he still says the wrong of their emotional distance so makes
thing. The dialogue also suggests that her feel sad.
Janice thinks more deeply about things • Adrian can’t really see the point of it.
than Adrian, so they are not always on
• Janice thinks it is ‘peaceful’ and
the same wave-length. Adrian is spoiling
‘profound’.
the visit for her because he doesn’t
appreciate the power of nature like she • The spatial metaphor and what it implies
does. Adrian seems eager to please Janice about their relationship:
but she doesn’t seem to consider his • The chasm symbolises the emotional
feelings at all and clearly blames him for gap between the two characters. They
their poor relationship in the past. Janice are so estranged they may never heal
seems unforgiving whereas Adrian seems their father/daughter relationship.
to want to make amends.
• It also symbolises their inability to
b Learners perform the dialogue to bring communicate. Adrian says the wrong
out the emotion. thing but Janice is defensive and
judgemental so doesn’t help
3 Discussions may include consideration of the
mend things.
following:
• Adrian does come across as a more
sympathetic character because we know
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6.4 In the desert • One stanza containing 14 lines – yes.
1 Learners may consider the following: • Lines written in iambic pentameter – yes.
• The statue has been affected by the • A regular rhyme scheme – no, the rhyme
passing of time. The legs have no body scheme is not completely regular. There
attached, and the head lies half sunk into is some half rhyme and some lines which
the sand with a broken face. This shows do not rhyme at all. This creates a slightly
that with the passing of time the statue jarring effect which fits well with the irony
has decayed or been destroyed, and has of the poem.
only partially survived. • The inclusion of a volta – yes, the volta
• The sculptor carved the ruler’s face to starts with the inscription And on the
appear cruel and mocking. It says that pedestal, which shows how arrogant and
he is frowning with a wrinkled lip, i.e. powerful he was after describing the rather
sneering. pathetic sight of the destroyed statue.
• The words show he is very conceited and • A couplet in the final lines – no, there is
thinks he is the most powerful king: King no rhyming couplet in the final lines. This
of Kings. He thinks he is above everyone seems to be because the final three lines
else and that nothing can stop him. Look describing the barren and deserted setting
on my works, ye mighty, and despair! need to follow together.
2 Example answer: 5 Example answer:
The statue of Ozymandias lies in pieces in a I agree with B. The ironic tone of the poem is
barren desert, the head half sunken in sand and mirrored in its unconventional structure. The
the legs standing on the pedestal with no body. description of the setting over the last three
It therefore looks sad and decayed. This is ironic lines is really important to hammer home the
because the inscription says he was a cruel and message that no human can be that powerful
powerful ruler, the King of Kings who wanted because we are mortal. The endlessness of the
people to despair, and the statue was clearly desert shows us that nature and the elements
meant to reflect that. However, because it has will always win.
been destroyed and is a colossal wreck and the 6 Example answer:
grand surroundings have disappeared into the
lone and level sands, his power has now gone ‘Ozymandias’ shows the limitations of human
and it looks meaningless and rather pathetic. power despite huge arrogance. The ancient
statue of the great Ozymandias lies in pieces
3 Discussions will vary, but may consider the with trunkless legs of stone and half sunk, a
following: shattered visage in a vast desert where the lone
• Quotes to support interpretation A and level sands stretch away. It is a strongly
are: trunkless legs of stone, half sunk, drawn setting that creates the notion that he
a shattered visage lies, sneer of cold has made very little imprint on time.
command, the hand that mocked them, On the head of the statue the marks of a cruel
Nothing beside remains, the decay of that leader are still apparent in the frown and sneer
colossal wreck, boundless and bare. of cold command. These have been captured
• Quotes to support interpretation B are: by the sculpture and immortalised. The
sneer of cold command, the hand that rather pathetic sight of the destroyed statue is
mocked them, King of Kings, Look on my deliberately contrasted with the inscription on
works, ye mighty, and despair!, Round the the pedestal that reads: My name is Ozymandias,
decay / Of that colossal wreck, boundless King of Kings: / Look on my works, ye mighty,
and bare, / The lone and level sands stretch and despair!. These words indicate huge
far away. arrogance and a belief that he was invincible.
Any grand structures surrounding the statue
4 Learners may identify/comment on the have long since disappeared, destroyed by the
features as follows: natural world, so the inscription is completely
incongruent with the state of the statue and
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ironically reminds us that human power is 3 Example answer:

limited and can never compete with nature
and the lone and level sands which stretch far The first leaf stirs, loosens its grip as it
away. The tiny grains of sand have over the Falls. Autumn’s arrived and summer is gone.
years destroyed the memorial of a man who A red fiery ball slides down towards the
considered himself greater than any other ruler. Horizon. It says goodbye and is gone.
The poem is a sonnet and is written in iambic
pentameter but the rhyme scheme is deliberately 4 Example answer:
less formally structured than a traditional These poems are very different in both
sonnet. This allows the poet to explore the irony tone and subject matter, so their endings
of a civilisation that is gone and turned to dust. are very different. The couplet at the end
of ‘Ozymandias’ stresses the vastness and
6.5 Pastoral poetry barrenness of the desert and powerfully
reminds us that nature is stronger than man
1 Learners’ notes should include:
when the statue is described as a colossal
a The poem is a sonnet with 14 lines, wreck. It reflects the theme of the poem well
written in iambic pentameter (ten syllables as it contrasts the wrecked statue with the
per line). It has an ABAB CDCD EFEF powerful landscape. It doesn’t rhyme because
GG rhyme scheme. The last two lines are the poem is not a fully conventional sonnet in
a rhyming couplet. subject matter. The timelessness of the theme
is reflected in the openness of the final two
b The poem describes Vermont in the lines. A rhyming couplet would have been too
autumn, giving the impression that it is neat for this poem. ‘Vermont’, in contrast, is
very beautiful. The colours are stressed a much more conventional sonnet celebrating
as red and flame and the poet explores the something positive and straightforward.
stonewall pattern of the landscape. The Here the last two lines are a rhyming couplet
chill of autumn is contrasted positively to because they reflect the reliability and
the heavy summer as it brings freshness. predictability of the changing season. Autumn
The red colours are reflected in the is inevitable and the landscape looks the
windows, which have fire inside as well. same for another year. This is comforting and
A single white wooden house on a slope positive. The white wood house is simple and
is described where people keep another good and protects the people as does the slope.
autumn, still which reminds us that the In this poem everything is as it should be.
seasons are a cycle.
2 Evidence of pastoral features in the sonnet 6.6 Returning home
include:
1 Learners’ notes may include the following:
A white wood house: sounds clean and pretty
• Martika has very sad memories of leaving
the slope: sounds like an idyllic rural setting the farm and losing touch with her twin
sister
trees have gone to red and flame: sounds
beautiful • something bad happened when she was
young in Germany
stonewall pattern: sounds intricate and
deliberate • she needed courage to return to Germany
and she was clearly fearful
free beneath Octobers sun: the joy of late
summer sun is emphasised • she felt emotional when seeing her old
school
farmhouse windows have their fire: sounds
dramatic • she was shocked by how the farm had
changed
glaze themselves with dreams: sounds romantic
• she was upset when she found out her
sister had died a long time ago.
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2 Example answer: • The reference to the leaves on the silver

birch tree show that this line of the
The quotation The leaves on the silver birch trees letter had great significance for him and
are beginning to turn yellow indicates that it is represents a turning point. It may signify
autumn, but could also represent his fear that the passing of time and that his father is
his father is growing older, as the leaves turn getting older thus initiating his desire to
yellow before they die and fall. This could reflect return to his home.
his guilt about not seeing his father as he grows
older and has limited time left. The quotation 5 Learners’ answers will vary.
there were green leaves on the silver birches
means that it is spring but could also represent Check your progress
his return from his travels ready for a new start.
They reflect his hope for new beginnings and 1 When describing settings, use figurative
positive feelings about coming home. language that contains lots of aural and visual
images. Draw contrasts and comparisons to
3 Learners’ analyses should include some of the make it interesting. Experiment with sentence
following ideas: lengths using both short sentences and much
• The natural light of the sky called me longer ones with lists to bombard the reader
home: the light reflects his risen spirits with imagery. Choosing effective adjectives is
and happiness as he feels welcomed by his essential.
home. His nerves and feelings of unease 2 The sublime is a piece of writing in which the
have gone. descriptions of nature cause the reader to feel
• The green valley below spread its arms in a sense of awe and wonderment or even fear.
open welcome: the valley seems to greet 3 A focal character is one where the events of a
him like an old relative (personification) novel are viewed from their perspective. The
and shows how right it feels to him to be reader shares their thoughts rather than those
there. of other characters.
• Walking up the narrow path to my father’s 4 A sonnet has 14 lines written in iambic
cottage: the narrow path may symbolise pentameter, with ten syllables per line. It
the simplicity of life there compared to usually has a regular rhyme scheme and ends
the breadth of his travels overseas. with a rhyming couplet.
• The swallows . . . their nest building: 5 Pastoral literature paints an idyllic portrait of
the swallows are content to make this a rural setting which romanticises it as a place
their home and are excited about its of beauty and peace. It is sentimental in tone.
possibilities reflected in their darting and
swooping. This mirrors his excitement 6 Pathetic fallacy is a literary technique
about being home. where nature or inanimate objects are
credited with human feelings. It is often
• There were green leaves on the silver used when describing weather to show a
birches: symbol of new beginnings and character’s mood.
hope.
4 Answers may consider the following:
• The reference to a harrowing journey
through Sudan shows that there were times
during his travelling when he did not feel
safe and secure. The letter from his father
helped him.
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7 ‘The Journey Within’

7.1 The Tree and intrigue as it is clear that she will have
to be brave and overcome difficulties in
1 Learners’ notes and paragraphs may include her quest. It adds a dramatic element as
the following: it is clear deliberate challenges will be put
before her. It makes the reader wonder if
• Aveleen’s journey is to find out who the she is being tested to be the next leader.
Chosen One (their next leader) is by going
to the top of the Brown Mountain. 3 Learners may consider the following in their
discussions:
• Aveleen is full of anguish as she is worried
about her father and that she may not find • The Tree is powerful and in control. It
the answer in time – before all the leaves has a capital letter to show that it is not
on the Tree turn silver. She is also tired, as just any tree. The Tree has indicated that
the journey is long. Celegorn will soon die and it has the
power to reject those who put themselves
• Celegorn is Aveleen’s father and the up to be the new leader. The Tree is timing
current leader. He is 150 and had been the events as it is turning silver. The Tree
given the sign that he will die soon and go is never wrong.
to the Other Worlds.
• The Tree is turning silver to mirror
• The setting is similar to our world in that Celegorn’s ageing and dying, so they seem
there are features such as trees, rocks inextricably linked.
and mountains. However, there are also
elements of fantasy, such as the leaves on • Trees are usually associated with life
the tree turning silver, the two suns in the cycles and wisdom. They have deep roots
sky and the plants swaying despite there and live for many years longer than
being no breeze. The landscape is rocky humans.
and barren. It sounds quite hostile and
desolate. It seems to be a foreign setting
to Aveleen as she describes it as a very
strange place. 7.2 The farmers
2 Learners may consider the following in their 1 Learners read the extract aloud.
discussions: 2 Learners should consider the following in
• Magical elements: the devious, false trails, their analyses:
the Other Worlds, living to 150, a speaking • The dialogue between Celegorn and
tree that has warned Celegorn that he will Aveleen is quite formal due to the serious
die soon, the Tree rejecting new leaders, nature of their conversation. There is a
the Tree turning silver, two suns, plants sense of urgency as he commands her. She
swaying with no breeze. realises how urgent it is, so although she
• ‘Real’ elements: Aveleen is tired and initially questions him, she then stops. She
thirsty – real human frailties/needs, clearly has great respect for him and is a
she is anguished and loves her father dutiful daughter.
– real human emotions, men putting • The dialogue between Aveleen and the
themselves forward to be leader – gender two farmers is very different as they are
stereotyping, normal clothing/accessories quite uneducated and are impressed
– boots, bag etc., elements of landscape by her intelligence. Their argument is
such as rocks, trees, mountains. quite comic because of their bickering
• The effect of combining magical and real relationship, and her suggestion is clever,
elements – the reader can identify with so they are impressed. Their dialogue is
Aveleen and her urgency to get back to informal, with contractions, as it is quite a
her father before he dies. It adds mystery casual conversation and also shows their
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lack of education. The fact that they talk water which will reveal her as the new
in harmony at the end makes them seem a leader. She will probably be shocked. She
bit odd, but their warning is very helpful. will get back just in time to say goodbye
to her father before taking on his role
3 Learners should include the following in their endorsed by the Tree.
paragraphs:
• The argument the farmers are having is 7.3 The bronze door
about whether they should use the wheat
to feed themselves or to make money 1 Learners may note the following in their
by selling produce. It shows that they discussions:
think in quite a limited way and do not • The brief flashback is effective because
plan carefully. Using it for either of these it reminds Aveleen of her duty to her
things will only help them in the short father and her people. She feels guilty
term. for forgetting them and the emotion is
• Avaleen’s suggestion that they use it to powerful enough to stir her.
grow more wheat so they can have both • The new city inside the mountain is like
food and money shows foresight and paradise. It is beguiling, but although it
the ability to think of a strategy to make seems perfect, perhaps it is trying to stop
the future more secure rather than living her quest by making her lose track of
day to day. It shows that Aveleen has time. The fact that it is full of pleasure
leadership qualities because she is able to means that she is being tempted. She
solve the problem in the long term and seems to be falling for the temptation, but
improve their lives by giving them security. the memory of her father is so powerful
4 Discussions will vary, but may consider the that it pulls her out of her dreamlike state
following: and makes her determined to move on
and do her duty.
• The story seems to suggest that power is
dangerous if it is put in the wrong hands, 2 Ideas of time are explored in the following
so the Tree rejects those who seek power ways:
without proving themselves. Aveleen does • There are significant changes in both
not have any real power, but through her Celegorn’s and Aveleen’s lives. Celegorn is
quest she faces challenges that will prove told that he will soon die despite feeling
whether or not she has the ability to use no signs of his age of 150. This means
power wisely. She is unaware that she is that life must also change for his daughter,
being tested, so it makes it more credible. especially as her father sends her on a
At the moment, the Tree has the power quest to find the identity of his successor
but has to make the right decision about as leader. For Celegorn, the change is
who will take over the leadership from negative, as he has come to the end of his
Celegorn. life and will enter the Other Worlds, but
• The fantasy elements in the story make for Aveleen, the change is both negative
it more exciting as it is less predictable in (because she will lose her father) and also
terms of what will happen next. Anything positive (because she will learn and grow
could present a danger to Avaleen so it through her quest).
keeps the reader in suspense. It also allows • The text explores the passing of time and
things to be revealed carefully and slowly also how things can happen suddenly to
so the reader is sometimes kept in the disrupt us. Celegorn is very old but has
dark. For example, we do not know what had no signs of his impending death.
she will find at the Brown Mountain. Aveleen is young and does not see herself
• Aveleen will probably have to overcome as a leader despite having obvious
many challenges on her journey to leadership qualities. The implication is
show her bravery and her intelligence. that time passes quickly and easily when
Then when she gets to the lake, she will life is easy (as it is inside the mountain)
probably see a reflection of herself in the but can seem arduous when we face
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hardship (as on Aveleen’s journey along suggests a hardening which could be

the path to the summit). Time is a major threatening.
theme because Aveleen must discover the
new leader before the Tree turns silver. • Aveleen is tempted to stay inside the
This means we are conscious of the mountain because it is a paradise where
dangers of any delays such as the time she life is perfect and no one suffers. Aveleen
wastes inside the mountain. knows that she cannot stay there when she
remembers her responsibility to her father
• Aveleen seems to forget the past and knows she must continue her quest to
temporarily when she is inside the find a new leader. She puts her duty above
mountain but something in the woman’s her pleasure and security.
face reminds her of her father and
the past comes back with a jolt. In the 4 Learners’ answers will vary.
mountain, people seem to live for the
present in a dreamlike state. As soon as 7.4 The crow
she is reminded of the past, she knows she
1 Learners’ notes may include the following:
must return to her quest.
• The external challenges she faces are
3 Learners should note:
mostly due to the physical suffering she
• Emotions: she marvelled, she found it hard has to endure. She has had to climb
to breathe, she had been struck, the feeling mountains and cross deserts, which has
overwhelmed her all show the intensity left her with no boots and has also left
of her reaction to the city inside the her thirsty and exhausted. She has faced
mountain. Garments whose colours did internal challenges as she is alone and has
not exist in her land, desserts that were no idea whether she will discover anything
somehow both piping-hot and icy-cold, valuable or gain anything from her quest.
texture and flavour shifted with every bite It takes a toll on her psychologically.
show the unpredictability of her new life
• Her knowledge helps her as she recognises
and the way she is being exposed to new
plants that will provide water. She is
things that amaze her. Time seemed to
mentally strong, so remains resolute
stand still shows how easy it is for her to
despite all the challenges she faces. She
pause and forget about what has gone
keeps focused on the leaves on the Tree to
before as though she is being hypnotised.
keep herself going.
• Visual imagery: slender woman with
• The crow seems to mock her, suggesting
shimmering eyes, she marvelled at
that her journey has been wasted. She
the space, the light, the sky, exquisite
immediately dislikes the crow and is
perfection around her, garments whose
suspicious of it. It again seems to be
colours did not exist in her land, the woman
something that is trying to tempt her
with the crystalline eyes. Tactile language:
away from her quest and is probably
piping-hot and icy-cold, texture and flavour
another trap. The mood changes as she is
shifted with every bite, dense as a storm
distracted from her problems.
cloud, the next as light as sea foam. Aural
imagery: cradled by the woman’s words, the 2 In this extract, Aveleen comes across as a
tone of her voice was so enchanting. The strong character who is brave but also very
images and language make it sound as human in terms of her emotional responses.
though the place is enchanted and magic She can be tempted, as she was in the city
is at work to bombard Aveleen’s senses inside the mountain, but tends to remember
and hypnotise her. her priorities and has a strong sense of duty.
This extract reveals that she is becoming
• Figurative language: shimmering eyes,
increasingly frustrated, especially as she is so
as dense as a storm cloud, the next as
close to finding the lake. However, when the
light as sea foam, time seemed to stand
crow appears and mocks her, it makes us think
still, the woman with the crystalline eyes,
that she will respond defiantly rather than
cradled by the woman’s words. The shift
giving up, as she is a determined character.
from shimmering eyes to crystalline eyes
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3 The crater opening up symbolises that what going to find at the end of her quest. They
she is looking for may be physically near may like that she is female as all the people
but it is just as far away as ever because it is who put themselves forward for leader
impossible to reach. It makes her goal seem were male. They may like that temptations
unattainable and suggests that she may have and distractions are put in her way and she
to be incredibly creative to continue her has to overcome them to achieve her goal,
journey. Like the chasm in the earlier extract, and the fact that she is not perfect and does
it represents a divide or obstacle between the have moments of weakness and doubt as it
character and their goals. makes her more real.
4 Discussions will vary, but may consider: c Learners’ answers will vary.
• The characters she meets all have different 6 Learners’ answers will vary.
attitudes. The farmers are quarrelling
and cannot make a decision, but are 7.5 Nothing
grateful to her when she helps them; the
woman in the mountain looks after her 1 incredulous: amazed
and tempts her to take the easy life with
precipice: cliff edge
no sorrow or worries; but the crow mocks
her suggesting that her journey has been zigzagging: moving from side to side
wasted and she will return a failure.
void: empty space
• Their interactions with Aveleen bring out
her strengths. With the farmers, she uses oblivious: totally unaware
a long-term strategy to help them make engulf: completely cover
the most of their wheat. With the woman,
she realises that her duty to her father and 2 Learners’ analyses should note the following:
people is more important than her own • The reader is willing Aveleen to go on
happiness and comfort. With the crow, it because although this is an anti-climax
is likely to make her more determined to and she is disappointed, it is clear that she
continue and succeed. has missed something.
• The characters and interactions all • The character is disappointed and
form part of the challenges put in front exhausted so falls into a deep sleep which
of Aveleen during her quest. They are will hopefully give her the energy she
important because they allow us to see needs to complete her quest.
how she learns and develops as the story
progresses. It makes her a stronger and • It leads the reader to think that Aveleen
more admirable heroine. will discover that she is the chosen leader
and travel back to her people. She will get
5 a Talking animals are a feature of fantasy there just in time to see her father again
stories, so the crow is probably only before he dies.
annoying to readers who do not like the
genre. Aveleen is a good central character 3 Discussions will vary, but may consider:
because she is strong and makes good
• Guided by chance: Aveleen’s journey
decisions but she has human weaknesses,
seems laid out and planned for her, but
which makes her more endearing. The
her reactions to the challenges she faces
other characters add to the mystery,
are based on her own free will. So, it is
as they all seem to be there to help her
more than good or bad luck. She has to
despite being the ones who put challenges
use judgement and have courage to make
in her way. Perhaps they are all her father
the decisions she does. It all seems to be a
guiding her and pushing her to overcome
test of her character.
adversity, as she says there is something
familiar about them all. • Guided by an unseen power: She does
seem to be guided by an unseen power,
b Learners may like the mystery of the story
but she also has to work things out for
– that we are not really sure what Aveleen is
herself.
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4 Groups may discuss the following: story, she has proved herself and realised
that she is a natural leader so the book
• Aspects of nature may include: the does fit into the Bildungsroman category.
Tree, the wheat, the mountain and the
land within it, the crow, the chasm, the • The title shows that it is Aveleen herself
ladybird, the grass, the lake. who needed to recognise her abilities to
become a leader. It is a journey of
• Nature both hinders and helps Aveleen: self-discovery.
the Tree sets a challenge but is a positive
force, the mountain city is perfect but 3 a The minor characters represent Aveleen’s
is used as a temptation to take the easy weaknesses. She must overcome these
path, the chasm is an obstacle but she has weaknesses to prove herself. They are
to show determination, the crow hinders there to test her and an important part of
but the ladybird helps. the quest.
• It is a positive depiction of the b The power is shifting from old to young
relationship between animals and humans and from male to female, which makes
because even when a creature appears to the story modern. The older man is
hinder Aveleen, they seem to be playing helping instigate this change so there is no
their role in a greater decision: who conflict – it is part of a natural process to
should be the leader. In order to prove recognise equality.
herself, she needs to pass these challenges,
c The relationship between man and nature
so the creatures could all be a force for
is presented as a strong one. Nature is
good really.
presented as mysterious and powerful
5 Learners’ answers will vary. and something that humans must respect.
Nature helps Aveleen on her quest.
7.6 Chosen One d Celegorn may be a minor character but he
1 Discussions will vary, but may include the is integral as he is controlling the whole
following: quest to help his daughter find herself.
That shows how caring and responsible
• It was unexpected when she just appeared he is as he wants his kingdom left in good
at home and was not sure whether it had hands.
all really happened; it was unexpected
when her father revealed that he had 4 Learners’ answers will vary.
planned it all to give her the courage to go 5 Learners’ answers will vary.
to the Tree; it was expected that she would
learn that she was the leader.
Check your progress
• The ending suggests that the Tree can
1 A motif is a repeated idea or image in a text.
only choose the new leader when they
It can be a phrase, an action or a symbol that
put themselves forward. So Aveleen had
reappears throughout the story.
to realise that she had the right qualities
herself. 2 Formal English is the language that we use in
formal situations where we need to impress
• This is a happy ending because Aveleen
or follow social guidelines. It means not using
becomes the leader and everyone accepts
slang or contractions, and using full sentences.
her. As she is the first female leader, that
Informal English is the language that we use
is good. However, it is also tinged with
when in relaxed situations – when we are with
sadness because her father will die soon.
people we know well. It includes slang words,
2 Learners may note: contractions and abbreviated sentences.
• Aveleen learns a great deal about herself 3 Time can be used as a structural device
during her journey. She has to be brave through the use of flashbacks where a
and resolute and has no one she can rely character remembers something important
on to help her make the right decisions. from the past and it influences the present.
She does not give up. By the end of the This can also happen as flashforwards where
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the future is imagined. Writers also explore the 5 A climax is the high point of a narrative where
passing of time and the importance of past a satisfactory conclusion is reached, which
events. makes the reader feel fulfilled. An anti-climax
is where a resolution was expected but does
4 The statement means that in fantasy stories,
not materialise at that point.
real-life situations and concerns can be
explored, such as losing loved ones or facing 6 A Bildungsroman is a text in which the
challenges, but they will be presented with protagonist goes through a process of growing
elements of magic that are not possible in the up by accepting adult challenges and maturing
real world. through completing them.
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8 Different lives
8.1 The aeroplane 4 Analyses might include an exploration of the
following:
1 a Learners read the extract aloud.
• Lifestyles implied by the set design: In
b The set design splits the stage into two, ‘the poor area’ the materials described are
showing poor housing and wealthy basic such as a reed mat and a torn blanket
housing. This reflects the divide between implying that there are no luxuries in their
people due to poverty and wealth where lives. The huts are made of mud and we
the amount of money you have changes are told the poor rural folks build their
everything about your life. They are homes themselves. In contrast the wealthy
different worlds but exist alongside one homes have furniture and are described as
another. modern indicating that they are built using
proper materials.
2 Learners act out the scene.
• Yinka’s ambitions and the world she
3 a Yinka is young and naïve, so she is full lives in: Yinka lives in poverty which her
of hope which is reflected in her open mother describes as a trap that is already
movements such as flying like a bird. laid. This shows that her mother believes
She has a dream and still believes that that you cannot escape from poverty
dreams can come true. She looks over whatever you do. She says she is destined
at the wealthy setting believing that it is to remain in this village as though any
attainable for her too. She is stubborn and other life is completely unattainable for
refuses to accept her mother’s negativity. Yinka. Yinka is ambitious and believes
She fiercely protects her dream when that she can ‘fly’ both literally and
her mother throws her aeroplane away metaphorically. She wants to escape
and she rushes to get it. Her mother, poverty and achieve her dreams. She
Mankwinji, is more cynical. She walks believes that passion is necessary to do
with a limp as though the hardships of this.
her life have literally broken her. She
shakes her head because she is negative • Yinka and Mankwinji: The daughter and
and doesn’t believe that dreams can mother are in conflict because the mother
ever come true. Her pacing shows her is trying to force her daughter to accept
frustration and anxiety because she the limitations of her life: her trap and to
cannot get her daughter to understand plough back your fruits to this village and
that she cannot have dreams without not to any other. This means she believes
being disappointed. Their relationship is that Yinka should physically work all her
very strained because of their different life to support the community she lives
attitudes to life. in and forego any personal ambitions for
a better life. Yinka wants to ‘fly’, which
b The writer suggests that life in Zimbabwe is in direct contrast to ‘plough’. She
is unfair. The divide between rich and doesn’t want to be rooted to one area and
poor is very great as symbolised in the poverty: she wants to explore and see the
stage settings. It also implies that they live world.
side by side yet separately.
c Flight is symbolising escaping from 8.2 Mrs Manzi
poverty and the limitations it places on
those born into it. Yinka wants to fly 1 Learners read the extract aloud. Readings will
literally but also metaphorically, as she vary.
wants to escape from the world that she 2 a The dialogue is very formal. Yinka
has been born into and achieve great addresses her teacher as Ma’am, which
things. The I want to . . . is representative is a formal mode of address for a
of her determination. professional woman. She clearly has a
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great deal of respect for her. Mrs Manzi that he is not very helpful to Yinka and
addresses Yinka as My dear, which is less her mother as clearly he has not helped
formal as she is the superior one in the them in their poverty. This may suggest
relationship. It is a form of address that that all wealthy people are like this but
shows warmth as she cares about Yinka that is not completely clear.
and values her as a good student who
does well academically. Both speak in full • It is suggested that Aunt Sihle has better
sentences and use formal vocabulary. values than Shumba because she is kind
hearted and tries to help Yinka’s father.
b Mrs Manzi can be seen as a good The fact that she has to do it in secret
role model because she is an educated makes Shimba seem worse as she may be
woman who knows that hard work scared of his reaction.
and intelligence will be rewarded. She
understands the value of education in • Storylines such as Aunt Sihle being
opening doorways, such as suggesting the caught helping their poor relatives and
STEM bursary. It is clear that she wants getting admonished by Shumba are
to help Yinka fulfil her potential and possible. Also, Aunt Sihle may decide to
escape poverty. help Yinka realise her dreams and get into
trouble with her mother too because she
3 Discussions will vary but may consider: doesn’t want them encouraged.
a Both Mrs Manzi and Mankwinji want 5 Learners’ answers will vary.
the best for Yinka but have different
ideas about her future based on their 8.3 A different voice
own life experiences. Mrs Manzi knows
that education can lift her out of poverty, 1 a Alisha says her main challenges are having
but her mother does not believe that it to accept her limitations such as not being
is possible to achieve anything because able to do some physical activities with
life will hold you back. She does not her friends and the emotional impact of
want Yinka to waste her time on useless that. She also finds moving around her
dreams, whereas Mrs Manzi knows that school building challenging as she cannot
they can come true with the correct access the top floors.
guidance. Mrs Manzi is more educated
b Larry thinks the media present disabled
than Mrs Mankwinji so is more open
people as extremes – helpless victims or
to the idea of change and things being
admirable heroes with no middle ground –
possible. Mrs Mankwinji has had a much
which misrepresents most of them.
harder life so is cynical and negative.
c Hamid’s account of his life is shocking as
b These characters show how unfair life is
he talks about being mistreated by people
because being born into poverty makes it
all his life, including by adults. The fact
harder to find opportunities. It is a trap
that he isn’t bitter makes us admire him.
that makes people lack ambition for their
children because they are so worn down 2 Notes should include the following:
that they no longer believe that things
can ever get better. Mrs Manzi shows the • Challenges: Due to her physical
audience that Yinka’s mother is wrong, disabilities as her legs are deformed and
but we can understand why she thinks she has no arms. She has been like that
as she does because she is a victim of an since birth so has adapted to overcome
unfair society. her disabilities and leads a normal family
and working life. As a child, she faced her
c Learners’ answers will vary. challenges with the support of her mother
and was always taken everywhere with
4 Learners may consider the following:
her rather than hidden away. She went to
• The description of Shumba seems to a school for disabled children and had a
imply that he is greedy and materialistic. good education. As an adult, she faces
It also says directly that he is a hypocrite challenges head on rather than avoiding
but does not say why. It may be inferred them. A good example of this is her going
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in to speak to her son’s school friends so d The article is very uplifting and shows
they could ask her questions rather than disability in a positive light. It shows that
not understand and tease him. there is no reason for disabilities to hold
you back and that disabled people have
• Emotions: These are mostly happy ones.
the right to expect the same things from
She describes herself as totally content
life as anyone else.
and only focuses on positive things. As a
child, she talks about her bond with her 4 Discussions will vary, but may include the
mother. She is proud of her achievements following observations:
in education and work and clearly has a
very happy family life. When discussing • Changing the perspective would allow the
her lack of children, she immediately reader to see things from another person’s
moves on to the moment where she found viewpoint.
out she was pregnant and how ecstatic she • If this article had been written by
and her husband were. Even when her son Rosaleen’s husband or son, they may
was being questioned about his mother’s have stressed her difficulties more so that
disabilities at school, she stresses what a they could show how amazing she is to
wonderful occasion it was when she went overcome them.
in to talk to the children for an afternoon.
• They may also have experiences of being
• Impressions: Learners’ own ideas, but they related to someone disabled that she does
may note that she comes across as a very not have (except for her husband) so
determined and positive person. She has could focus on describing some of those
not let her disabilities hold her back or deny experiences.
her the right to a happy and fulfilling life.
She is also very practical and always looks • Her husband is also ‘Thalidomide
for solutions to problems rather than giving impaired’ so they they might have some
in to them. She is a very loving and caring shared experiences if written by her
person who likes to be part of a family unit, husband.
where they look after one another. • They would not know much about her
3 a The writer’s voice is powerful. She is childhood so the article would probably
positive and proud of her achievements. focus on her life as a wife and mother
She comes across as someone who wants more.
to tell her own story in her own words. She • Either one of them would probably be full
tends to pass over the negatives and stress of pride at how successful she is despite
the positives so the article is optimistic and all the challenges of being disabled.
uplifting. It is a very personal account.
b The first-person narrative makes it a
raw and honest account of disability,
which makes it more powerful. It allows
8.4 He for she
a disabled person to tell the reader about 1 a Boys and men need to campaign for
their experiences on their own terms. gender equality, not just girls and women;
c The opening sentence sets a positive tone males are also victims of inequality
because it stresses how great her life is related to parenting and emotional
and how happy and fulfilled she is by health; both genders should be free to be
both her work and home life. There is no who they want; unless we do something,
mention of disability at all in the opening gender inequality will be around for a
paragraph, so the reader forms an image long time to come.
of her as someone who is able-bodied b Learners’ answers will vary.
before she tells you about her legs and
arms. The chronological account works c Learners’ answers will vary. They may feel
well, as you can see how her whole life has that men might react to this by denying
been influenced by the determination to they have a role to play as they think it
do everything as normally as possible. is a women’s issue. Some men may not
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admit that they have emotional problems 3 Learners’ analyses should include the
that they cannot face up to. Older people following ideas:
are likely to be less responsive as they
are more set in their ways and may think • The use of the personal pronoun ‘I’ makes
society has gone too far. the speech very personal, as it is clearly a
subject she feels passionately about.
2 Discussions will vary, but may include the
following: • It also allows her to include personal
experiences such as her father’s role
• Using an actress from the Harry Potter as a parent being less valued than her
movies is likely to appeal to a younger mother’s.
audience.
• She also uses the pronoun ‘we’ to set
• She denigrates herself and makes it clear a tone of togetherness and unity with
that people are powerful. That is a good the audience. Initially the ‘we’ seems to
persuasive technique as it makes people refer to women and is suggesting that the
feel that they can make a real difference. invitation being extended to men is from
women as a collective powerful group: we
• She is polite so will not alienate the
want to try and galvanise as many men and
audience or make them angry. She does
boys as possible.
not try to blame men, as she says that they
are victims too. • The we in if we do nothing stands for
everyone – men and women together and
• She gives examples of unfairness that
suggests positive unity through action.
affect both men and women. The women’s
issues are more serious ones though. • The use of ‘you’ is a call to action where
she directly appeals to each audience
• She does not say much in detail about the
member individually.
benefits of change – mostly that if things
change for men they will also change 4 Learners’ answers will vary.
for women. I find this less convincing
as it the speech seems to focus more on 5 Learners’ speeches will vary.
the benefits of gender equality for men
saying that when they change, things will 8.5 The transporter
automatically get better for women. It
1 a Unusual aspects: A young person owning
seems to imply that they need to lead (once
a ‘transporter’ – it is not entirely clear
again) when women face the worst issues.
what it is but it seems to carry luggage;
• She does not use metaphorical language the fact that she is leaving her planet; the
in this speech. It is written in quite plain thin metal rings around her ankles.
language. She is not trying to be a great
Normal aspects: A young person being
orator, just a normal person making a
secretive and defying their parents by
simple appeal.
being the first sibling to do something
• There is some use of emotive language, they disapprove of; gossiping family
such as prejudice, vulnerable, imprisoned. members.
She deliberately talks about the
b The situation seems quite familiar but the
importance of her father in order to raise
setting seems very unusual and sparks
men’s status in parenting.
our interest. Why is she doing this despite
• She applauds those who believe in equality their disapproval, and why are they so
already and is appealing to them to disapproving that they would banish her
change things. from the family? It makes us wonder
about the future world being depicted.
• The last paragraph invites the audience
to make a change and seeks to empower 2 Notes may include:
them. She also challenges them so they
• Yinka and Binti are similar in that they
have to face up to it now.
both want to escape from their present
lives: Yinka wants to fly literally and Binti
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is planning to fly across the galaxy to a teacher and possibly her wealthy aunt so may
different planet; both of them want to be able to get to her flying training without
educate themselves (though with Binti we her mother’s approval. In ‘I Want to Fly’ we
only know this from the introduction); see the friction and tension between Yinka
Yinka lives in poverty in an unfair society and her mother, but in ‘Binti’ we never see
where there is a big divide between the her interact with her parents. Yinka’s mother
poor and the wealthy – it is not clear limps and has clearly had a hard life. She
whether this is the case for Binti although seems too worn down to accept that things
her transporter is cheap so she may come could be different for her daughter. She seems
from a poor background. to have given up but Yinka hasn’t.
• In both stories, the family disapproves of 4 This person likes the fact that despite being set
their dreams. Yinka’s mother tells her to in the future, Binti involves a normal teenager
accept her fate and work on the land to with the same issues as teenagers today. They
support her village. Binti’s family clearly like the futuristic settings and gadgets. They
disapprove of her leaving as she is running are probably a teenager who likes technology.
away secretly in the middle of the night. Learners will express their own ideas in
In both stories, their extended family seem response to the second bullet point.
destined to get involved but Yinka’s aunt
may help her whereas Binti’s aunts will 5 Learners’ answers will vary.
just stir up the situation by gossiping.
8.6 A strange ship
• At the moment Yinka comes across as a
more sympathetic character than Binti. 1 Learners may consider the following:
Binti seems close to realising her dream
• Binti’s interaction with the security guard
of leaving but Yinka still has battles to
is quite mysterious as it is not clear to
face. Binti has a transporter and a ticket
the reader whether she is allowed on to
for the shuttle whereas at the moment
the ship or not. The edan is an object
Yinka has nothing but a supportive
of mystery too as we do not know what
teacher and a sympathetic aunt. However,
it is or why the guard is interested in it.
Binti seems to have to go very far away,
It seems as though Binti is lying about
to a different planet, to realise her dream
something here but it is not clear what or
whereas Yinka may be able to do so
why. We are told that Binit is a harmoniser
closer to home.
who builds astrolabes so it seems strange
3 Example answer: that she is poor and needs to go to
university as she sounds very educated
In both stories, young people are presented already.
as having dreams and ambitions that their
parents disapprove of. In ‘Binti’, the main • The technology sounds very advanced
character is a girl who is going to leave her and is quite challenging for the reader to
planet to attend a university across the galaxy. understand. The edan is mysterious as it
Her family disapprove as she is the first one is not clear what it is or what it does. The
of ten children to leave, but she is determined ship is living but we do not know what this
to leave anyway in the middle of the night. means.
In ‘I Want to Fly’ Yinka is desperate to get a
• There is a lot of language linked to made-
good education and become a pilot but her
up, futuristic technology, which creates
mother thinks that it is impossible to escape
mystery. Binti seems afraid of the guard
the poverty they live in and doesn’t want her
and we learn that she is a poor Himba
to waste her time on impossible dreams.
girl so presumably there is some sort of
Both children seem set to defy their parents. hierarchy of planets in this future world.
Binti is running away in the middle of the
2 Binti seems more science fiction than fantasy
night and knows that the outcome will
because it is heavily focused on technology as
probably be her parents disowning her for
opposed to magic. Although things happen
shaming the family line. She clearly thinks
that are impossible in real life, the writer
it is worth it. Yinka has the support of her
attempts to explain them through technology
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and science. The fact that it is set in space and 3 Retelling an account from a different
is about a strange journey also suggests it is perspective allows the reader to see an
science fiction. alternative viewpoint where the person
giving the account may have more or less
3 Learners’ paragraphs should mention the
information than the previous person. This
following:
widens the reader’s perspective and creates
• We learn that Binti is poor and part of a more drama.
people who are considered inferior. She
4 Pronouns can be used to signify a strong
is also very clever and accomplished and
personal opinion or passion for a topic with
capable of lying to get what she wants.
the use of ‘I’. Using ‘we’ and ‘us’ allows the
• The guard is presented as quite speaker/writer to form a common bond with
threatening. This suggests that people the audience and gives the impression that
are not very free in this world and that he they are united.
could get Binti into trouble if he discovers
5 There are various ways to make notes – for
things about her. This increases sympathy
example a spider diagram, a table or a bullet-
for her as she is clearly desperate to get on
point list. ‘Choose the best form . . . to suit
to the ship so needs to get past him.
the purpose’ means that different types of
4 Learners’ answers will vary. note taking are suitable depending on what
you are doing. For example, a table might be
Check your progress more useful than a spider diagram if you are
making notes under various headings.
1 Physical actions and symbols are effective
6 Science-fiction plots are usually set in the
ways of revealing an aspect of a character or
future on strange planets with advanced
to develop a theme in drama.
and new technology. They often include a
2 Contrasting characters are likely to cause journey and conflict between different people,
conflict so can be used to create dramatic including aliens.
moments of tension or comedy as they are
likely to clash.
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9 Strange and unusual

9.1 Stranger in a strange land • The figurative language is very effective.
There is an extended metaphor of
1 a Learners’ answers will vary. England being his secret lover and he
describes himself sitting by the pond and
b being a stranger, only the earth permits an thinking about India. The pond seems
attachment I see but do not touch, England to represent his deepest thoughts which
for me / Is an exhibit within a glass case, run to India and fuse the two cultures
the country . . . has a rope across it, I may within him.
not sit, only pace its frontiers.
• The poet idealises the rural nature of
c I swam along the silver beaches . . . pulled England with the pond and the willow
coconuts from the sky . . . tramped red and flowers. This is then contrasted with
horizons with the swagger, the impudence the oceans between London and Bombay.
of a native tongue, Born to this continent, It seems to signify that he is content and
all was mine, stones were there to kick. can live in his two worlds at the same time.
d It sounds as though he left India due to 4 Effects of the structural features:
violence and problems with civil liberties:
Bound by the rope and consumed by their • In the first stanza he feels disconnected
own fire. He didn’t feel as though he as he is stepping over twigs and stones and
belonged there as he didn’t agree with says I see but do not touch whereas in the
how things were: Born here, among these final stanza he is by the pond and stir[s]
people, I was a stranger. the water with a finger and connects
Putney Hill to Bombay. This signifies that
2 Learners’ analyses should mention the he is more at peace and content with his
following: situation.
• The simile of England being like an • In the middle of the poem the poet
antique chair with a rope across it shows remembers his life in India through using
that he feels shut out from the traditions rich imagery to conjure up an exotic
and culture of the country that he lives atmosphere that completely contrasts with
in and as though he is not permitted full England. The fruits such as pomegranates
entry. Possibly because England has very sound exotic and the colour purple is rich
long-standing traditions and ways of and opulent. The chillies to burn my mouth
doing things, it takes a long time before makes India sound full of fire and more
someone from another continent feels at interesting than England.
home, if ever.
• The rhyming couplets end each stanza
• The fruits such as pomegranates sound neatly but at times they are half rhyme so
exotic and the colour purple is rich and jar slightly. They signify that much of his
opulent. The chillies to burn my mouth inner conflict is being resolved.
makes India sound full of fire and more
interesting than England. • The final couplet shows that he has found
contentment by accepting that whether he
3 Learners’ analyses should mention the feels like a stranger sometimes does not
following: change the fact that England is now his
• The poet has lived in England for eight home. He can accept his feeling because
years but clearly does not feel completely he cannot change who he is and would
at home there. He feels as though his not want to. India still runs deep in him
relationship with England is secretive but he can fuse the two worlds through
and furtive. England is now his home his thoughts. Come and home do not quite
but he still does not feel as though he rhyme which shows that these things can
truly belongs. He seems to accept that he be different and do not have to be the
will always feel like a stranger but that same to be harmonised.
England is still his home.
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9.2 A strange meeting them really. The tale metaphor implies that
life is not really real or tangible. It is just like
1 a The men are presented as more powerful a story which is pointless and just ends. All
when approaching with horses and of them show that he thinks life is a pointless
wearing armour. The weird sisters look waste of time.
unusual as their skin is green and they are
adorned with bones and skulls. One has 5 a Notes should include:
red eyes which make her look eerie. They • tragedy has its roots in Ancient Greek
are also wrinkled. theatre over 2000 years ago
b Learners read the text aloud. • it is about important people of high
c Example translation: status and power
Macbeth What creatures are you. • tragedies chart the fall of great men
Are you able to speak? • the men usually have bad luck or
First witch Greetings to the Thane make bad errors
of Glamis! • evil deeds often cause their downfall
Second witch Greetings to the Thane • usually they are good people deep
of Cawdor! down but they make the wrong
Third witch Greetings to Macbeth choices or trust the wrong people
who is our future King! • there are terrible outcomes such as
2 A = ii; B = v; C = iv; D = i; E = iii madness
3 Learners should include the following • the central character usually dies to
information in their summaries: put the wrongs right.
• Macbeth has met three witches who tell b So far in Macbeth, we have seen a
him that he will become the king. He generally good character led astray
immediately thinks that to make this come by some witches who have unlocked
true he should murder the present king, Macbeth’s ambition by telling him he will
Duncan. He admits that Duncan has become king. He is a thane so someone
been a gentle and virtuous king so knows of high status. He seems to be about to
that he should not do it due to loyalty make an error by killing the king, which is
as a subject. However, his ambition is also an evil deed. He is wrong to trust the
overwhelming him. witches as they are evil.
• He uses metaphors to explore how bad 6 Discussions will vary, but may include the
deeds may come back to torment those following:
who commit them – karma. He also sees • The narrative structures are different,
his ambition as a spur that urges him on, as someone comes to Holmes for help
as though he has less control. in ‘The Red-Headed League’ to solve a
• Macbeth is a mixed character. He is mystery, whereas we see everything from
having evil thoughts about killing the king the beginning in Macbeth. The audience
for his selfish ambition. However, he has knows what is happening as it happens in
been seduced by witchcraft and he also the play, whereas the reader follows the
knows that his thoughts are wrong and is clues at the same time as Holmes does in
wrestling with his conscience. So he has ‘The Red-headed League’.
evil tendencies but is not completely evil. • In both stories the moral seems to be
4 The candle metaphor shows how easily life about greed and hurting others to get
can be snuffed out and that we will all run out what you want. Both seem to imply that
of time eventually. The actor metaphor shows it does not pay and that bad deeds will be
that our lives are just like a play where we play punished in the end.
a part, as though we do not have control over
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9.3 Fun with Macbeth a modern commentary on the events. It is

unlikely to offer a strong moral but seems
1 Notes should include: to be more about entertainment.
• The new setting is in India in a beautiful • Sample answer: I prefer the second story
coastal village. because its use of Macbeth is very clever
and it’s funny.
• Madhava’s and Sugandi’s motivations
seem to be ambition and greed due to a 4 Answers will vary.
desire to get out of poverty.
• The fish could symbolise helplessness and
9.4 An unusual job
an inability to change your situation. It 1 Learners’ notes should include:
could also symbolise not having the basic
needs to stay alive due to poverty. • Experiences: studying engineering and
physics, chosen to train as an astronaut,
2 a Underlined phrases: spacewalk training, aircraft commander
It was the kind of day when you can do of a T-6.
your washing without taking your clothes • Views: heroic behaviour is admirable,
off: It was a rainy day. challenges are good for you, grit and
It looked as if whoever drew it had been dedication are important personal
trying to rub it out ever since: The heath qualities, being adaptable is important,
looked blurred and windblown. spreading a love of science is important.
The youngest of them, and she wouldn’t see • Feelings: inspired by heroic stories,
ninety-five again: Even the youngest was excited by being challenged, proud of her
really old. determination in training, excited about
going into space, gratitude to her parents,
Who’d passed her sell-by date a couple of love for her husband, love for her job.
centuries ago: The second witch looked
more than 200 years old. 2 Example answer:
The third, who made the other two look like Christina Koch, a trainee astronaut with
winners in a beautiful baby contest: The NASA, was inspired by heroic stories of
third witch was even older and uglier than leadership into applying to be an astronaut. She
the other two. studied degrees in engineering and physics and
is determined to spread her love of sciences to
No one gets to be king unless he’s got royal
others. She has completed gruelling training
blood in his veins. Or unless he drains a
including spacewalking and being the aircraft
bucketful of the stuff out of its rightful
commander of a high-performance military
owners: No one gets to be a king unless
plane, the T-6. She thrives on the physical and
they are born royal or they murder the
mental challenges of the training and is looking
rightful king.
forward to being in orbit. Christine gives credit
b The narrator’s tone makes the story comic to her parents for making this possible, and to
and quite absurd because serious events her husband for his love and friendship.
are very exaggerated in a mocking way.
3 Discussions will vary, but may include the
3 Comparisons should include the following following:
ideas:
• The question-and-answer format is very
• The first story is serious and likely to have easy for readers to dip in and out of, as
a strong moral. You can tell it is likely if a question does not interest them they
to end in tragedy. The characters seem can move on to the next one. This means
essentially good but able to be corrupted a reader can focus just on the astronaut
due to their poverty and being tempted training, or on her personal views and
to make their lives better. The second aspirations.
story just takes the story of Macbeth and
• An interview also ensures that there is
makes it seem totally absurd by offering
no bias and no authorial viewpoints in
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the article. It allows an honest and frank As a child, Christina always loved science –
account of a person’s experiences, views especially physics. ‘I love building and fixing
and feelings. things’, she told us. And that led to a long
stint at university where she studied for two
4 Learners should note the following in their degrees in engineering and . . . yes, you’ve
discussions: guessed it . . . physics! She was one of a
a Christina comes across as very handful of women on her courses but hopes
professional but also very proud and that she can prove an inspiring role model and
excited about her NASA training. She encourage more girls to consider degrees in
clearly does not take her achievement for STEM subjects.
granted and is very grateful to her family But what led Christina to NASA? ‘Really,
who have supported her. She comes across it was my mum and dad’, says Christina.
as someone who likes to challenge and ‘They gave me everything I needed to chase
push herself forward in many ways. Her my dreams. They never told me things were
love of science is very apparent. She is impossible, they always told me to aim high.
courageous and hard-working but also Even they didn’t realise how high that would
very pleasant and down-to-earth. turn out to be!’ she laughs. ‘I remember my
b The questions range from serious dad reading me stories about famous explorers
questions about her training to trivial and thinking how much fun it sounded to
questions about food in space. This allows travel to new places and discover things that
the reader to see a more light-hearted side have never been seen before. I guess it all went
of her. It also gives her the opportunity to from there.’
talk about the people who mean a lot to Easier for girls?
her, which makes her seem very warm.
In 2015 Christina applied for a place on
c The magazine is for female readers rather NASA’s training programme for astronauts.
than people just interested in science or Out of 6000 hopefuls, she was one of
space programmes. This means that she the chosen ones. But . . . does she think
is being interviewed as an interesting being female may have given her an unfair
and inspirational female role model so advantage? Christina vehemently denies
depicting her as a rounded person is very this, pointing out that in space only the best
important. It is designed to show that engineers and scientists can cope with the
even women who break boundaries in startling array of tasks and challenges that
traditionally male fields are just normal astronauts face. ‘They want the best and your
people too. If it was too focused on gender is irrelevant’, she argues. ‘Besides,
science, the target reader wouldn’t be as many of our assessments were completed and
interested. marked anonymously, so favouritism wasn’t
5 Example answer: even possible. I truly believe I earned my place
on the training programme through my hard
Reaching for the stars! work and thirst for challenges.’
Christina Koch is going to go far – in more ways What’s ahead . . .
than one!
And there are definitely challenges ahead
Have you ever wondered how astronauts really . . . Christina has already trained to do a
feel when they’re up on that space station, far spacewalk which meant hours and hours
away from the planet where all their family in the gym to ensure she was at her peak of
and friends are? Well, now is your chance physical condition. She has also commanded
to find out. Christina Koch is one of only a a high-grade military aircraft and says ‘it took
handful of women to be selected for NASA’s every bit of grit and dedication’ she had to get
astronaut training programme and we went to through the experience.
meet her to find out what it takes to become a
female astronaut. So, is she scared? Just a little bit . . .? Christina
laughs when asked this. ‘No, I’m not scared.
Childhood dreams coming true . . . I’m excited! I can’t wait to put all my training
lOMoARcPSD|28772875
into practice. I can’t wait to see what eating • None of these endings has a very strong
in zero gravity is like either! More seriously moral message. In Summary A, the bad
though, I will miss my husband enormously. people are defeated.
He’s my rock, and I know it will be harder for
him waiting for me to come home than it will 3 Learners’ answers will vary.
for me doing the job I love.’ 4 Learners may note the following:
Follow in her footsteps . . . • The ending is satisfying because it tells
Christina has a message to all those young us that her mother answers. She thought
women out there who think science is a her family would disown her so that is a
subject for boys: it’s not! Women have made hopeful sign.
important contributions to the fields of • The implication is that Binti has matured
science and technology for centuries and will and listens to Okwu when he tells her that
continue to do so in the future. She hopes that family is important. She has learnt about
her success will inspire many young women to the importance of living in harmony and
follow her footsteps into outer space. is practising what she preached to the
Meduse.
9.5 Unusual endings
• The conventional ending is more
1 Learners may note the following: satisfying because Binti continues to
be a heroine and use her education and
• Adiola’s brother may get his revenge and intelligence for good rather than bad.
come back to remove Abiola. A civil
war may start and Abiola loses. In The
Night Raids Jack Keys solves the crime
9.6 A twist in the tail
by finding corruption at the highest 1 The story has elements of science fiction as it
levels of the police force. In Darkparis, involves alien creatures visiting Earth, however
Louis discovers that he has been tested to it is funny because it focuses on their hideous
become the rightful ruler of Darkparis. appearance. They do not seem threatening so
• Each ending would show that crime does there is very little of the thriller genre at the
not pay and that in the end, good will moment.
overcome. Also, that to succeed, you have 2 The title implies that the Kanamit want to
to face and overcome challenges. serve the human race and improve the lives
2 Discussions will vary, but may include the of humans. Their actions support this as
following: they invest heavily in the Earth and make
unemployment and wars things of the past.
• Summary A, turns Binti into a victim Life on Earth seems much better and they plan
rather than a heroine and makes her to make humans physically fitter and stronger.
brother the hero. This brings in a twist
but makes the story less powerful for The surprise ending may be their plans to use
women. In Summary B, Binti becomes humans as food – to literally serve them up as
less admirable so may have to face defeat a dish.
at the end. Summary C, becomes more of 3 Learners’ analyses should cover the following:
a personal story of lost opportunities so
would be a bit disappointing. • The pun on ‘serve’ means that they could be
serving man in terms of being subjugated
• Summary A seems rather gender and doing things for humans, or they could
stereotyped as her brother becomes the be serving humans up for dinner.
stronger character rescuing his sister.
Summary B is a bit dubious because Binti • It is a funny ending as there was a hint
doesn’t use her knowledge and education in the description of the Kanamit as fat
for good but turns into a remorseless creatures and they were planning to make
leader. Summary C shows Binti giving up humans physically bigger – like fattening
and turning bitter so doesn’t make her a up a bird for a special dinner. Saying it’s
very strong role model. a cookbook is a good way of revealing
lOMoARcPSD|28772875
it as the reader pauses for a moment to fish for money and become greedy, forgetting
work it out. It’s funny because humans are their roots. Modernising it can change the
safely at the top of the foodchain so it is settings and the characters.
unexpected. It is repulsive but in a comic
way. 4 When writing an article, a writer can use a
direct interview transcript, or they can write
4 Answers will vary. an article which includes their own opinion
and bias.
Check your progress 5 Conventional endings mean that the outcome
1 This means that sometimes endings are is as the reader expects, such as the villain
powerful when a question is left unanswered getting caught and good triumphing. This
or it is ambiguous. For example, at the end of happens in ‘The Red-Headed League’.
Binti, we know her mother replies but we don’t Unconventional endings mean that things are
know what she says. not as easily resolved and the reader may not
know exactly how things conclude. This can
2 Tragedy usually explores a powerful person be called a cliffhanger. There are also twists
falling from a high status position. Usually where the ending is unexpected.
this is due to their own weakness and poor
decisions but also the influence or meddling 6 Writing a story with a surprise ending means
of others. There is usually a conflict and the that there needs to be a twist that the reader
central character dies at the end. was not expecting. Using a pun on words
can be helpful such as in ‘To Serve Man’.
3 One modern version of Macbeth is a story Including clues is helpful and makes the text
about two fishermen in India. Both decide to more interesting.

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LS English 9 learner book answers

english rules (Cambridge Group of Institutions)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

1.2 The Doorkeeper

Structural choice Effect

2 Discussions should include: b The Doorkeeper almost comes across

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

2 Law and order

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

2.5 Making deductions 5 Example answer:

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

3 ‘The Red-Headed League’

• he notices his shiny right cuff so deduces 3.2 The assistant

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

2 Example answer: 2 Discussions will vary but may include:

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

3 Answers will vary. See example in Check your progress

• whether Holmes seeks out cases or • introduction of the detective/s and

4 Discussions will vary. • details of the crime committed

5 Example answer: • the introduction of the criminal/s

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

5 Learners should consider the following in • there is an awareness of money and

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

• playing with time • everything vanishes – sudden anti-

• the slowing down of time – adds • There is further emphasis on punctuality

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

• There is someone in the house but we do 5 Learners’ discussions should consider

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

• The ideas are ordered quite randomly 4 Analyses should consider:

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

3 Discussions may consider: • A heroic character who succeeds by

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

entertainment. It could be argued that 3 Example answer:

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

• Viewed over millions of years, towering that he is concerned about upsetting

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

6.4 In the desert • One stanza containing 14 lines – yes.

2 Example answer: 5 Example answer:

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 9: TEACHER’S RESOURCE