Professional Documents
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As Unit 1 Jan 2024
As Unit 1 Jan 2024
m Topic 1A
Topic 3C CVS
Chemistry
for biologist
18/11/2023
Part 1
Risk
Corellation and causation
Error bars
Modifiable and non modifibale risk factors
Cardiovascular health and risk Read to under stand
Actual risk
Perceived risk .
Probability of an event occurring at a certain time
Subjective judgment
Example : motorcycles and car death risks .
That people make about severity of a
risk = not always actual risk .
Explain why some people underestimate some risk factors : Like risk of death for airplanes.
1. Long time for symptoms to appear
2. Experience contradicts with research Affected by
3. Over and under estimation of risk factors with one another . A) approval
If people know that they are at risk, they can try to modify their life style .
Lack of exercise
A strong tendency for two sets
Smoking
Change in one variable directly results in a
of data to change together
Diet
change of another variable
( indirect )
Risk factors Proved by lab test
Correlation Cause
High blood pressure ………….atheroma Cause
……….narrowing
High fat intake ……………………..CVD
High blood cholesterol level
Split into
You start with two groups
A) group exposed to the risk factor
A) group with disease
B) group remain unexposed to the risk factor
B) group without disease
Study should be applied for long time , on same
Collect data through questionnaires
group of individuals
Age, HDL :LDL , life style , smoking habits ,
family history , gender , body mass
Meta data analysis
When data from all avilable studies in a Advantage : easy , fast , large sample size
particular area are analysed ..to give Disadvantages : some people don’t say the truth ,
more reliable evidence somepeople may forget
1.Valid : ……controlled variables + repeat ( measure the degree of reliability )
3. Precise ….measurements ( how close measurements of same item are to each other )
5. Biased when scientist is paid by someone with a vested interest in a specific result , so its important to know
who carried the research and who funded it and where it was published .
Represent data and measure reliability using error bars 1. Controlled variables …other risk factors are that
increase risk of CVD not included such as …
2. Sample size
3. Time / duration of testing
4. Mean value and SD ..statistical test
5. Under estimation …not saying the truth v
6. Repeat
7. Data correlation and not a causation
Unreliable No mean value
For edexcel
Add one extra point
Reliability :
Comment on both
A) sample size / repetition / average or mean value / error bars
B) controlled variables
1 . Measuring degree of Reliability using SD / error bars.
Stress
Smoking
Risk of CVD
Smoking Diet Low level of High fat Low vitamin C intake
exercise intake
SD / error bars overlap …no SD / error bars overlap …no SD / error bars dont overlap …so there
significant difference significant difference is a significant difference
2. Comment on size of error bar ………longer error bars ……more data are
spread / variable from the mean value ……….so less reliable results .
3. Lack of exercise 2. Age : as we get older , the blood vessels loose part of their elasticity and they become narrower …
1. Smoking
4. Diet
Diet affects several risk factors for CVD ( like blood pressure and blood cholesterol level )
A) vitamin C …….antioxidant ( prevent oxidation of other molecules = allow reduction of other
molecule )……..by losing electrons / donating electrons ….to reduce free radicals ……MORE vitamin C
B) salt …increase blood pressure ……less salt
C) alcohol and caffeine consumption ….less alcohol l LDL
D) saturated fat intake …less saturated fat
1) LDL ( saturated fat , cholesterol , protein )
2) HDL ( unsaturated fats , cholesterol , proteins )
LDL
Why do we need to take into consideration the total
HDL
cholesterol level and HDL level ?
1) antioxidants ..reduce free radicals which are toxic substances that damage the cells ..where they donate electrons to
free radicals
2. Antioxidants reduce plaque and atheroma formation …so reducing damage of blood vessels
Explain how increase in fat intake in diet and less physical activity lead to increase in risk of CVD ?
1. High energy intake which is higher than energy output ( less fat burnt)
2. So excess fat stored in body causing increase in body weight
3. Obesity increase risk of diabetes type 2 , increase blood pressure and increase LDL to HDL ratio, thus
increase blood cholesterol level .
4. Risk of high LDL to HDL ratio ..increase in total cholesterol level , Solution
A) damage the endothelium of arteries . Energy output >energy input
B) stimulating inflammatory response …formation of atheroma . Exercise , weight loss
C) narrowing lumen of arteries and lose of their wall elasticity programme .
D) increasing risk of CVDs .
Why result of a questionnaire for CHD is an underestimate?
1. People usually under estimate their mass / level of stress / how much they smoke .
2. Because total cholesterol level / blood pressure / LDL are estimates
3. Other risk factors are not included .
1. So follow weight loss programs aim to reduce fat intake and increase regular exercise
So that E output > E input
2. Solutions might include include taxes on food , town planning to make walking and cycling easier
3. Education people to prevent childhood obesity
Why some people with high BMI don’t believe that they are at risk of developing CVDS
1. BMI is not reliable indicator of obesity to those who have high muscle mass ( higher muscle to fat ratio)
Example : athlete’s , you won’t recognise difference between muscles and fats .
Obesity
Potential risk
1. Serious but rare side effects including muscle
inflammation , liver damage
2. Kidney damage
3. Nausea
4. Constipation / diarrhea
5. Muscle pain
6. Insomnia
C
Drugs preventing clotting
1. Anticoagulants
( warfarin)
Prevent formation of clot by interfere with formation of prothrombin ……..so no
thrombin …….no fibrin formed ……reduce effectiveness of platelets , reduce risk
of clot formation so less chance to block arteries..
risks :
1. Internal bleeding , nausea , stomach ulcer , dizzness , headache .
2. Platelets inhibitor
Prevent platelets coagulation like aspirin
Procedure :
1. Extraction of fruit juice ….crushing and add distilled water to extract vitamin C .
2. Independent : different extracts of fruit juice with different vitamin C content .
3. Controlled variables :
Fruits same age , same mass / volume of the extract , same storage conditions , same concentration of DCPIP .
4. Methodology
Titration of the fruit juices by adding DCPIP to juices drop by drop and mix gently upon DCPIP
adding each drop where the color of DCPIP will change from blue to colorless .
5. Dependent :
Measure the volume / number of drops of DCPIP, added for the blue color to
remain / colorless to change to blue . …
reduction of DCPIP with vitamin C)
-
1% X%
Vitamin C = Vitamin C
sample sample
5 cm3 DCPIP
-
10 cm3 DCPIP
End point : Add till blue color of DCPIP persist
=
Sample of known
Vitamin C concentration of (Blue) DCPIP is reduced
sample vitamin C
Measure the volume of DCPIP used for
Antioxidant the blue color to remain
1. Non infectious disease
2. Definition of risk
Check list
3. Understand that correlation is used with risk factors such as smoking , stress, alcohol, high fat intake , high salt
intake , obesity …..risk factors showing a correlation with increased risk of CVD .
4. Define perceived risk .
5. Explain why people underestimate some risk factors .
6. Studies carried to show the correlation between a risk factor and disease .
A) longitudinal study
B) case control study ( majority of questions) …questionnaire.
6. How to make results valid ( repeat using larger sample , controlled variables ( biotic and abiotic)
7. Reliable ..getting similar results
8. Accuracy…….. measurements .
9. Biased ( enhyaz)
10. Draw error bars . ….compare degree of reliability in respect to size of error bar
Figure if there is a significant difference between data or not. …overlapping
B) lack of exercise
Importance. Of exercise.
Effect of decrease in physical activity + increase in fat in take ( 5 marks)
C) diet
1. Vitamin C …antioxidant + keywords
2. Saturated fats …..why take into consideration total cholesterol level and HDL level ? …4 marks
Why questionnaire for CHD is under estimate ? .
3. Salt
4. Alcohol
E) stress …( adrenaline )
F) high blood pressure 14.treatment
15. Vitamin C ( write plan an investigation)
13. How to reduce risk of atherosclerosis.