TPAD REVIEWER
CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN
TOURISM
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
Planning - A dynamic process of
determining goals, systematically
selecting alternative courses of actions
to achieve those goals, implementing
the chosen alternatives, and evaluating
the choice to determine if it is
successful.
Tourism Policy - A set of rules,
regulations, guidelines, directives, and
development or promotion objectives
and strategies that provide framework
within which the collective, as well as
individual decisions directly affecting
long-term tourism development and the
daily activities withing a destination are
taken (Goeldner & Ritchie 2003, p.413
in Scott 2011).
TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS
Background-analysis phase -
◦Tourism policy goals are usually
classified into four, namely: economic,
consumer / social, resource /
environmental, and government
operations.
Detailed research and analysis phase
- a valid tourism plan cannot be
formulated without research. Research
should be concentrated in four distinct
areas namely: resources, markets,
activities, and competition.
Synthesis phase - tourism plans
provide the “bridge” between the present
situation in a destination area. They
provide the means to an end.
Goal setting, strategy selection and
objective setting.
the fourth step in the tourism planning
process is to define the planning goals,
strategies, and objectives. They must be
complementary to policy and goals.
Plan development - ◦the last step of the
tourism planning process is the
development of the plan. The plan
includes the actions needed to achieve
the objectives, implement the strategy,
and satisfy the planning goals.\
TOURISM PLANNING DIMENSIONS
1. Levels – The Geographic Setting
International
National
Regional
Provincial
Municipality/City
Site Level
2. Time Frame – amount of time for
implementation
Short-term (2 years or less)
Medium-term (2-5 years)
Long-term (more than 5 years)
3. Scope – functional areas
MASTER PLAN
Physical plan (structure plan and the
transportation infrastructure plan)
Environment management plan
Conservation management plan
Entrepreneurship development plan
Institutional framework plan
Human resource development plan
Marketing plan
Investment promotion plan
4. Spatial Units – space covered
Tourist site - An area that contains one
or more tourist attractions
Tourist Development Areas (TDAs) – an
area designated for possessing an
important site or groups of tourist sites.
Any town or city that has one or more
tourist sites
Examples: single town or city with
several important tourist sites:
Baguio City
TDA with more than one town or city:
Vigan - Laoag
Tourism Cluster – composed of two or
more TDAs
Examples: Cluster with TDAs in several
provinces: Central Visayas Tourism
Cluster:
Northern Cebu-Bantayan-Malapascua
Metro Cebu-Mactan-Olango Island
Southern Cebu
Tourism Circuit – a route involving at
least three major
tourist destinations which are located in
different towns. Village, or cities
Destinations with common
characteristics or themes
Examples: gastronomic tourism circuit:
Pampanga, Bicol, Iloilo
Surfing tourism circuit: La union, Baler
and Calicoan in Eastern Samar
Tourism Corridor – a route defined by
a theme (e.g. Silk Road Heritage
Corridor, a civilization) spanning
several countries or events continents
Examples: Silk road: several countries in
Asia, Europe and Africa
Inco Corridor: Chile, Bolivia, Peru and
Ecuador,Argentina and Colombia
Tourist Attraction
A physical or cultural feature of a
particular place that individual travellers
or tourists perceive as capable of
meeting one or more of their specific
leisure- related needs, or positive or
favourable attributes of an area for a
given activity or set of activities as
desired by a given customer or market
including climate, scenery, activities, and
culture (Tourism Western Australia
2006)
Any object person, place, or concept
that draws people either geographically
or through remote electronic means so
that they might have an experience; the
experience can be recreational, spiritual,
or otherwise. (Stange et al. n.d.)
Tourism Destination
◦A tourism development unit regardless
of the area, number, and levels of
political units involved
Categories of Attraction
Geophysical-landscape-aesthetic
Ecological-biological
Cultural-historical
Recreational
Tourism Planning and Characteristics
and Planning Implications
A composite product – consisting of
several components (Burkart and
Medlik, 1981:195). It is also labelled as
as “package” (Jeffries, 1971:4), an
“amalgam” (Medlik and Middleton,
1973:132) or a “bundle” (Middleton,
1988:79) of intangible comments.
Intangible
With long gestation periods
Capital intensive
Culture and nature as its main assets
Subject to external forces
Exerts impacts
Dynamic and competitive
Involves stakeholders
Benefits of Tourism Planning
Tourism planning forces to focus on the
task at hand
It enhances critical thinking
It is efficient, prevents waste of time,
money, and avoids mistakes.
Tourism Development
consists of many elements including, but
not limited to: developing and managing
private-public partnerships, assessing
the competitors to gain competitive
advantage, ensuring responsible and
sustainable development, viewing
tourism as an interconnected system
and a demand-driven sector, assessing
private sector investment and
international cooperation, tourism
clustering and involvement by the
Government
Factors for Effective Tourism
Planning and Development
◦Availability of Tourism-Relevant Data –
affect the level of accuracy of estimating
supply capacity, forecasting, demand,
and monitoring outcomes.
◦ Availability of Tourism Planning
Expertise – determines the quality of
planning, outputs. Expertise can only be
built over long years of education of
professional experience.
◦ Type and Variety of Tourism Resources
– limit options for tourism product
development. Destinations can
capitalize on unique cultural or natural
assets by developing tourism products
around them.
How destinations may compete ( De
Leon Jr., n. d.):
Originality
Indigenousness
Authenticity
Uniqueness
Historicity
Magnitude
Excellence
Culture of The Destination Residents
– impacts the kind of tourists attracted to
it.
◦ Geographic Location and Spatial
Distribution of Tourism
Development Units – location has
direct impacts on climate, security,
vulnerability to natural disasters and
infrastructure requirements.
o Climate affects the seasonality of
tourism, the range of activities that can
be offered to the tourists, the kinds of
foods available, and the types of
buildings that can be constructed.
1. Exploration- The area remains
unspool and tourist facilities are minimal.
The area attracts few visitors.
2. Involvement- Additional facilities are
provided by locals and small
businesses. A tourist season will start to
be recognized.
3. Development- The area is now
acknowledged as a tourist destination.
The host country may start to actively
advertise and develop the area.
4. Consolidation- The area retains its
visitor numbers, although increase in
tourists may not be as rapid as before.
Tensions may develop between the
locals and the tourists.
5. Stagnation- The resort may show a
decline in facilities, and therefore a
decline in tourist numbers. This is often
down to facilities becoming outdated
and run-down, and receiving little
maintenance.
6. Rejuvenation- The area may receive
funding or invest in itself in order to
rejuvenate and gain back its image.
Visitor numbers may start to increase
again.
OR
7. Decline- The area will continue to
decline. The tourism industry will
decrease, resulting in job losses. The
overall image of the destination will be
negatively impacted.
Tourism development paradigm –
defines the choice of issues, goals, and
strategies of tourism development.
Example: pro-poor tourism paradigm,
poverty alleviation is the focal mission of
tourism development.
National tourism policy and
legislation – set parameters to what
can and cannot be done
and priority areas for tourism
development.
Features of Philippine Tourism Policy
(RA 9593)
Nationalist orientation
Sustainable tourism
Ecologically sustainable, responsible,
participative, culturally viable and
ethically and socially equitable for local
communities
Internet target markets
Tourism product diversification
Tourism product diversification
Private sector participation and focus on
agri-tourism
Perceptions and attitudes of
stakeholders – affect the degree of
support the stakeholders give to tourism
development
Awareness of external forces – affects
the viability of planned tourism projects
Covers socio-cultural, technological,
environmental, economic, and political
dimension
Financial capital requirement – major
consideration in whether or not to
proceed with tourism development.
CHAPTER 2: THE TOURISM
PLANNING PROCESS
TOURISM PLANNING MODEL
Step by step destination development
approach though it varies in its objective
setting phase which arises out of the
study rather than determining its
process
1. Background analysis
2. Detailed research and analysis
3. Synthesis
4. Goal setting, strategy selection and
objective setting
5. Planned development
✣ Each phase in the planning process
involves a different type of activity
involving different participants, output
and results.
Systematic planning Process (Brian
McLoughlin 1969 in Hall 1975)
1. Decide to Plan
2. Set Goals and Objectives
3. Study Courses of Action
4.Evaluate courses of Action
5. Choose course of Action
6. Monitor Results
Rational Planning Model (Hudson
1979 in Lew 2007)
1. Identify the problem
2. Identify a goal or goals
3. Collect background data
4. Identify guidelines for assessing
alternative plan scenarios
5. Identify alternative plan scenarios,
including policies and guidelines to
achieve the goal
6. Assess alternative plan scenarios
using pre-defined assessment
guidelines
7. Select the preferred alternative
8. Implement the plan
9.Monitor, evaluate and revise the
implementation
10.Identify new problems and begin the
process again
Components of Strategic Planning
✣ Vision – the future state and
achievements required for tourism
✣ Goals – broad-based targets for
tourism (qualitatively stated)
✣ Objectives – specific measures of
achievements (quantitatively stated)
✣ Strategies – the methods by which
objectives will be Achieved
National Tourism Development Plan
(NTDP) Model
1. Situation Analysis
2. Goals, Visions, Strategies
3. Action Plan
4. Budget Estimates
5. Implementation Mechanism
UN World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO) Model
1. Study Preparation
2.Background research
3.Objectives
4.Strategies
5. Report writing and Presentation
6. Implementation and Monitoring
Ecotourism Planning Model
1. Site Assessment
Preliminary Site Evaluation
Full Site Assessment
2. Ecotourism Plan
Site Profile
Tourism Situation
Issues and Concerns
Ecotourism Planning for the Site
Vision, goals and Objectives
Component Strategies
Tools and Data Requirements for
Tourism Planning
Situation Analysis
1. Socio-economic situation – population
at base and projected year: economic
indicators at base and Projected year
(GDP, GRDP): employment in tourism at
base and projected year
2. Land use (LGU’s Comprehensive
Land Use Plan) - Land use
classification: Area in hectares and
percent of total area.
3. Infrastructure - airport (e.g. name,
runway, length, terminal capacity,
problems and constraints): seaport:
Roads: Water supply: Sewerage; Power
Supply: telecommunication
4. Tourist Attractions – Policies (e.g.
conservation, land use: Historical
Background: Access from ports and
terminals: * distance *Travel time
*frequency *schedule *fare *seating
capacity: GENERAL TYPES OF
ATTRACTIONS: *Natural *Historical
*Cultural *Industrial *Sports and
Recreation *Shopping *Customs and
traditions *Special Events *Health and
wellness
5. Visitor and Supply data – Visitor
Arrivals at major entry points
(airports/seaports): Visitor Profile:
VISITOR (DEMAND) DATA THAT NEED
TO BE ORGANIZED: a.) total overnight
visitors(V) = total number of
respondents- (residents + same day
visitors + domestic VFR tourist) b.) total
guest nights (GN)= Xx Average length of
stay in nights (LOS)
6. Existing Plans and Programs –
Comprehensive land use plan
(CLUP)
✣ Comprehensive development plan
✣ Provincial physical Framework plan
✣ Regional tourism Development Plan
✣ National tourism Development Plan
✣ Philippine Medium-term Development
Plan
Tourism Development Panning Digest
✣ A summary of the tourism
development plans of cities and
municipalities
✣ Serves as a communication tool
among stakeholders, decision makers
and potential investors
✣ Consists of 8 pages
✣ With cover page title: “Tourism
Development Planning Digest”; the
name of the province/city/town; the
name of the governor/mayor, city/town
planning and development officer; and
the tourism officer.
Components of a Tourism Master
Plan
✣ Gender and development
✣ Product development
✣ Infrastructure development plan
✣ Site plan (facilities)
✣ Marketing plan
✣ Human resource development plan
✣ Investment plan
✣ (each section must contain its own
situation analysis, statement of
objectives, strategies, action plan, and
budget.)
CHAPTER 3: APPROACHES TO
TOURISM PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
TOURISM PLATFORMS
JAFARI’S TOURISM PLATFORMS
Advocacy Platform
Cautionary Platform
Adaptancy Platform
Knowledge-based platform
Social justice platform (cited by
Todes2011)
Sees tourism as good
Celebrates tourism’s positive impacts
Sees “tourism as an instrument for
achieving national development”
Fosters mass tourism
Theories:
Modernization theory
Trickle-down theory
Mass Tourism – has negative impacts
but can be minimized or avoided with
“alternative tourism” (Jafari 1999)
Two sets of alternative tourism:
Oriented to the environment
Oriented to the society
Cautionary Platform
• Views tourism as bad
• Decries the negative impacts of
mass tourism
• Creates dependency and
economic leakages based on
critics
Theories:
-Dependency theory
-Irritation index
-Sees tourism as neither innately
bad nor good
-Supports critical analysis of
tourism
-Holistic Perspective- impacts,
forms, underlying structures and
functions of tourism
Adaptancy Platform
Acknowledge that mass tourism has
negative impacts but this can be
minimized or avoided with “alternative
tourism” (Jafari 1999), which refers to
low-volume, low impact forms of
tourism.
Knowledge – Based Platform Views
tourism from a holistic perspective; not
just from the impacts and forms but in
terms of the underlying structures and
functions.
Social Justice Platform
Embraces “participatory processes
involving open dialogue; inclusivity,
resource distribution, equity, equality,
pro-poor planning; gender sensitivity”
(Todes 2011)
Tourism planners with conscious roles
as “agents of social change” (Lew 2007)
Tourism Development Theories
Advocacy Theories
Laissez Faire Theory – assumes that
an industry will function best when it is
left solely to market forces a.k.a liberal
economic theory
Modernization Theory – assumes that
tourism contributes to the economic
progress and transformation of
“traditional” societies into modern ones
Assumes that tourism improves the
standard of living through technology
transfer improvement of knowledge and
skills, and the adoption of “Western
Trickle-down Theory – assumes that
any form of economic growth will lead to
the improvement of the living conditions
of all. Related to the concept of
multiplier effect.
Neoliberal Theory – posits that the Holistic approach
economy functions best when there is The tourist
minimal government intervention. People who plan and prepare a visit to
Accepts government regulation but another place
rejects government competing with Geographical regions
private sector by being a business Traveler-generating region
operator itself. Transit route
Tourist destination region

Cautionary Theories
Approaches to TPD
Dependency Theory – states that
tourism can worsen the plight of third 1. No Planning - Sees planning
World countries because First World unnecessary
countries exploit and siphon off the
2.Ad-hoc Planning
resources of the former.
Planning as the need arises
Irridex Model (Doxey 1975) – states Related to issue-based-planning
that residents’ attitudes toward tourism
3.Integrated Tourism Planning
will deteriorate over the destination life
cycle as follows: When tourism is developed and planned
as an integrated system within itself and
Introduction:euphoria;
as part of an overall tourism plan and
Growth: apathy total development patterns in an area
(Chaisawat n.d)
Maturity: annoyance
4.Boosterism
Decline: antagonism
Sees tourism as a positive force for
A System Approach
economic development
Ludwig von Bertalanffy:
Maximizes tourism revenues through
General system theory - Defined a mass tourism
system as a “set of elements standing in
Maybe:
interrelation among themselves and with
Product-led
environments.”
Market-let
Clare Gunn - Functioning tourism State-led
system. Industry-led;or
Public or private sector led
Consists of supply side of attractions,
services, promotion, information, and 5. Middle Path Path Approach (Model
transportation. Bhutan Model)

Neil Leiper: Strict controls are imposed on the types

and volume of tourism to maximize
revenue but minimize the adverse
effects of tourism on religion, culture,
and the environment.
6. Environmental Approaches
Work best when the place is being
considered for tourism development is
endowed with natural attractions of
outstanding beauty, remote, beyond the
reach of commercial electric and water
services; or protected by laws, such as
protected areas and ancestral domains
of indigenous peoples.
Carrying capacity
Physical carrying capacity
7. Ecotourism Approach
DOT (2002): “ecotourism is a form of
sustainable tourism within a natural and
cultural heritage area where community
participation, protection and
management of natural resources,
culture and indigenous knowledge and
practices, environmental education and
ethics, as well as economic benefits are
fostered and pursued for the enrichment
of host communities and satisfaction of
visitors. Ecotourism emphasizes the
environmental and cultural dimensions
of sustainability”.
8. Social Approaches
Emphasizes the role of stakeholders in
the tourism process
Participatory/Stakeholder Approach
Community – based Tourism (CBT)
Pro-poor Approach
Fair Trade Tourism (FTT)
CHAPTER 4: LAWS RELEVANT TO
TOURISM PLANNING
Republc Act 9593: Tourism Act of
2009
Tourism Act of 2009 DECLARED
POLICY:
Tourism is an indispensable element of
the national economy and an industry of
national interest and importance;
harnessed as an engine of socio-
economic growth/cultural affirmation, to
generate investment, foreign exchange,
employment and to mold national pride.
Strengthens the Department of Tourism
(DOT) and its attached agencies to
effectively and efficiently implement that
policy, and appropriates funds
therefore.”
Other key provisions of RA 9593
New Attached Agencies to The National
Tourism Organization
TIEZA – formerly Philippine Tourism
Authority.
TPB – absorbed the Bureau for
Domestic and International Tourism
Promotion and the Office of Tourism
Information which used to be directly
under the DOT
PRA and the PCSSD – new additions to
the DOT family of agencies
Republic Act 7586: National
Integrated Protected Areas System
Act of 1992
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy –
Cognizant of the profound impact of
man’s activities on all components of the
natural environment particularly the
effect of increasing population, resource
exploitation and industrial advancement
and recognizing the critical importance
of protecting and maintaining the natural
biological and physical diversities of the
environment notably on areas with
biologically unique features to sustain
human life and development, as well as
plant and animal life, it is hereby
declared the policy of the State to
secure for the Filipino people of present
and future generations the perpetual
existence of all native plants and
animals through the establishment of a
comprehensive system of integrated
protected areas within the classification
of national park as provided for in the
Constitution.
Presidential Decree 1151 of 1977: The
Philippine Environment Policy
Section 1. Policy. It is hereby declared a
continuing policy of the State (a) to
create, develop, maintain and improve
conditions under which man and nature
can thrive in productive and enjoyable
harmony with each other, (b) to fulfill the
social, economic and other requirements
of present and future generations of
Filipinos, and (c) to ensure the
attainment of an environmental quality
that is conducive to a life of dignity and
well-being.
Presidential Decree 1586:
Environmental Impact
Assessment System of 1978
Section 1. Policy. - It is hereby declared
the policy of the State to attain and
maintain a rational and orderly balance
between socio-economic growth and
environmental protection.
Section 2. Environmental Impact
Statement System. - There is hereby
established an Environmental Impact
Statement System founded and based
on the environmental impact statement
required, under Section 4 of Presidential
Decree No. 1151, of all agencies and
instrumentalities of the national
government, including government
owned or controlled corporations, as
well as private corporations, firms and
entities for every proposed project and
undertaking which significantly affect the
quality of the environment.
Republic Act 9729: Climate Change
Act of 2009
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. —It is
the policy of the State to afford full
protection and the advancement of the
right of the people to a healthful ecology
in accord with the rhythm and harmony
of nature. In this light, the State has
adopted the Philippine Agenda 21
framework which espouses sustainable
development, to fulfill human needs
while maintaining the quality of the
natural environment for current and
future generations.
Republic Act 7611: Strategic
Environmental Plan (SEP) For
Palawan Act 1992
Republic Act 7611 otherwise known as
the “Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP)
for Palawan Act” is a landmark
legislation which had brought together
multisectoral efforts in effecting a Some provisions of RA 7277 have
serious and sustained agenda that will implications for tourism planning and
provide for the continued existence of a development.
unique ecological system not found in
Specifically, they refer to tax incentives
any part of the world.
provided to private entities that employ
Republic Act 9710: The Magna Carta Persons with Disability (PWDs), and to
of Women private entities that improve or modify
their physical facilities provide
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. -
reasonable accommodation for disabled
Recognizing that the economic, political,
persons, the requirement for public and
and sociocultural realities affect
private structures to have specifically
women’s current condition, the State
designed ramps, toilets, parking space,
affirms the role of women in nation
and other facilities for PWDs, and
building and ensures the substantive
prohibition of discrimination of PWDs in
equality of women and men. It shall
sea, land, air transportation facilities, in
promote empowerment of women and
the form of higher fares or refusal to
pursue equal opportunities for women
convey the passenger, and personal
and men and ensure equal access to
effects and merchandise by reason of
resources and to development results
his disability.
and outcome. Further, the State realizes
that equality of men and women entail
the abolition of the unequal structures
Republic of the Philippines Congress of
the Philippines Metro Manila 2 and GOOD LUCK!!
practices that perpetuate discrimination
and inequality. To realize this, the State
shall endeavor to develop plans,
policies, programs, measures, and
mechanisms to address discrimination
and inequality in the economic, political,
social, and cultural life of women and
men.
Republic Act 8371: The Indigenous
Peoples’ Rights Act 1997
SECTION 2. Declaration of State
Policies. — The State shall recognize
and promote all the rights of Indigenous
Cultural Communities/Indigenous
Peoples (ICCs/IPs)
Republic Act No. 7277: Magna Carta
for Disabled Persons