WATCH AND LISTEN PREPARING TO WATCH 1 You are going to watch a video about the natural environment. Before TRON OP you watch, work with a partner and discuss the questions KNOWLEDGE 1 Can you name any of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World? 2 What are some important geographical features, ke mountains or rivers, in your country? 3 What street or place names in your city or country refer to geography? (eg, Pacific Coast Highway, Lake Street) 2 Work with a partner, Look at the photos fram the video and discuss the questions, PREDICTING CONTENT USING VISUALS 1 Where do you think these places are located ~ Europe, the USA or Rees | pet 2 How old do you think these places are? 3. What do you think formed these landscapes over time? ‘anyone 2 deep valley with very steep sides form i) to creat; to make something begin to exist or take a particular shape cexvern(n alarge cave spectacular acl xcremely good, excing or beaut lacier ra lage river of ce which moves very slowly usualy down aslope orallyWHILE WATCHING 3. Watch the video. Number the sentences (af) in order (6) ‘a The weather in the Grand Canyon can change very quickly. b Water is still changing the inside of Carisbad Caverns. — _ ‘© Half Dome in Yosemite National Park was made by glaciers, — d. The Colorado River formed the Grand. — “e The rocks in the Grand. Caryon are very od. f Yosemite Falls is the tallest waterfall in North ‘America. 4. Q Watch again. Circe the corect answer. 1 The Grand Canyon was formed in a amillon b afew milion « abilion 1 Some ofthe rocks inthe Grand Canyon are the Earth a asold as b halfas old as « almost as old as 3 The weather in the Grand Canyon can suddenly change from a hottodry b dry towet € hot to cold 4 The Carlsbad Cavers is the cave system in North America, a oldest b largest «widest 5 ‘The water in Yosemite National Park comes from —__ a snow b alaciers years. DISCUSSION '5 Work in small groups. Discuss the questions. Then, compare your answers ‘vith another group. || How might water change the Earths geography in the next 100 years? 2 Do you think that glaciers will ever return to where you live? 3. Who should protect special natural areas in the world?READING 1 UNDERSTANDING. KEY VOCABULARY PREDICTING. ‘CONTENT USING VISUALS PREPARING TO READ 1 You are going to read an article about climate change. Before you read, look at the sentences (1-8) below and write the correct form of the words in bold next to the definitions (a-h) 11 The Amazon rainforest is one of the largest ecosystems in the world. It | home to more than 10% of all the known plants and animals on Earth, 2 Adelaide, Australia, has a very pleasant elimate. The winters are not too cold and the summers are not too hot. 3 Pesticides ~ chemicals generally used to kill insects which damage plants — also threaten helpful insects, such as bees, 4 In order to fight pollution, scientists are developing car engines which Use electric or solar energy instead of fossil fuels ike gasoline, 5 Methane (CH) isa greenhouse gas which is found naturally inside the Earth and under the sea, Its used for cooking and heating homes and buildings. 6 The Earth's atmosphere is 480 km thick and contains a mixture of about 10 different gases, which we cal air. 7 Because of global warming, polar ice is melting, sea levels are rising and some islands might soon be under water. 8 Habitat losis the most important cause of species extinction a (0) agas which makes the air around the Earth warmer b {0} someone or something that makes something happen « (othe layer of gases around the Earth 4 (othe general weather conditions usualy found ina particular place © —____{r)an increase inthe Earths temperature because ofpalition _____(} tobe likely to damage or harm something {8 —_[nVallthe living things in an area and the effet they have ‘on each other and the environment h —__n) source of energy like coal, gas and petroleum, that was formed inside the Earth millions of years ago 2 Work with a partner. Look at the photo of the Upsala Glacier in Argentina ‘on page 41 and discuss the questions. 1 What has happened to the glacier? 2 What do you think caused this change? 3 What are some other places where a similar change is happening today? 4 How do you predict this kind of change wil affect the world?CHANGING PLANET. Inthe ast 100 years, the global temperature has (gone up by around 0.75 °C This may not sound eo ‘ruc, but such a smal horease i causing sea ves to ise and threatening the habitat of mary specks of plants and animals, An nezeace of 2°C in global temperatures could resutnextnetion for 303% ofthe wae and species. The Northwest Passage is sea route which runs ong the noche coast of Canada between the Aanfic and Pactic Oceens. nthe past, was ‘oe ficult 1 use because tha water wes raze; hhawover, increasing temperatures ard the subsequent glaciation’ have made teaser for ships to travel through this out The trou that he melting of the opis lading to loss of habitat forthe pot bears anc coffer species which he inthis are. [Experts predict hat gjobal sa levels could ise by {305-122 cm by the end ofthe cant. Conse ‘some areas that wero af hundred years 90 are now under water, ane mary lueying islands may bbe under water inthe future, % Asa result ofthe changing climate, the words ecosystems ao aso changing faster then ever belere. More than one-third of the word's mangrove sand around 20% ofthe werk coal eat have been destroyedin the ast few decades. Forests are beng cut down to provide and for food because human populations crowing at such a rap ate ‘Aporosimately a quater ofthe lane on Earth now se for groning food, Asa real the Fighor temperatures and higher kvelsof carton cece in the atmosphere, plants ar producing mor pole, which could isa to mare casas of asthma, a medical Condon which make thar to breathe, global warming Whats causing clmate change? The main ‘causo isthe huge amount of greenhouse gases, such as methane and carton dioxide (CO). inthe atmosphere, bt the reason for this the wore population ~ you and me. ‘As the populaton noreases, more lane is ded to provide food and energy. Burning {ossil fuels forheatng,ightng, anspor, ‘lectty or manufacturing produces CO, Furtrarmore, humans breathe out CO, while trees ‘breathe in’ CO, and praduce oxygen, 0 by cuting down ees, we ae increasing the amount of CO, nthe atmoschere and reducing the amount of oxygen, Asa result of human aces, CO, levels re row a thal highest in 800,000 “The biggest chalnge we al aoe to prevent furthor envronmental disaster, We must do something befor itis oo late. We need to luce the amount of CO, inthe atmosphere, We need to stop buming fost fuels and start Using renewable energy. We can get enough energy fom renewable fas, such a solar energy, hytkodlectic energy or wind power, t be abe to stop using fosi sks completely, ‘edition (the ning ofa ger rmangove frst age aes of tes andoter slants which go net to cerars nfl cord re coat underatereconatems butREADING FOR MAIN IDEAS ‘SCANNING TO FIND INFORMATION. WHILE READING 33 Read the article and number the main ideas in the order which they appear. solution to the problem changing ecosystems melting glaciers causes of climate change — 4 Read the article again, Then, complete the sentences using the words and phrases in the box. CO, levels coral reefs extinction farming global temperatures mangrove forests sea levels. 1 Over the last century, _________have gone up by 075°C. 2. Global increases in temperature could cause the of 30% of land species. 3 could rise by about 30.5 cm by the end of the century. 4 Recently, over athird of the worlds _______have been destroyed, 5 Twenty percent of the Earths ________have been lost in the last few decades. {6 Twenty-five percent of the land on Earth s used for 7 are at their highest for 800,000 years for detail Ina paragraph, the sentences which come after the topic sentence contain supporting details ~ information to help the reader understand the main idea more fully. Types of supporting details include facts, statistics, examples, reasons, explanations, comparisons and descriptions. (Often, the topic sentence includes words which tell you what type of supporting sentences to expect in the body of the paragraph, For example: Topic sentence; What is causing climate change? The words is causing tell you that the paragraph will use causes, or reasons, fo explain the main idea5 Read the article again and complete the table with supporting deta. READING FOR DETAIL 1 country where the Upsala Glacier is located 2 name of sea route through the Arctic ice 3 why forests are being cut down all over the world ‘4 medical problem caused by pollen 5 main chemicals responsible for climate change 6 human activites that reduce the amount of ‘oxygen in the atmosphere 7 what we should do to reduce the amount of CO, in the atmosphere READING BETWEEN THE LINES Identifying purpose and audience Its useful to think about an authors purpose — what the author was trying ‘to do when writing a text — as well as the audience, or intended reader(s) of a text. This information can give you an idea about the organization ofa text ands funetion ‘6 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions IDENTIFYING || What was the author's main purpose in writing this article? PURPOSE AND. a to inform the reader about the causes and effects of global warming. ‘AUDIENCE b to describe changes in mangrove forests and coral reefs € to persuade people to help reduce CO, levels by using renewable ‘energy 2 Who is the intended audience for this article? a advanced science students b general adult readers university professors 17 What information in the article helped you choose your answer? DISCUSSION 8 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. 1 Are there any advantages to the melting of the glaciers in the Northwest Passage? Give reasons for your answer. 2 What are some possible disadvantages of using renewable energy like solar energy or wind power?READING 2 PREPARING TO READ 1 You are going to read an essay about deforestation, Before you read, look at the photo and the title of the essay on page 45. Then, answer the ‘questions PREVIEWING 1 Why are trees important for the environment? 2 Why do people cut down trees? 3 What will happen if we destroy too many trees? 2 Read the definitions and complete the sentences with the correct form cai ‘of the words in bol. KEY VOCABULARY absorb (y) to take in a liquid or gas through a surface and hold it construction (n) the process of building something, usually large structures such as houses, roads or bridges destruction (n) the act of causing so much damage to something that it stops existing because it cannot be repaired effect (o) result; a change which happens because of a cause farming (r) the job of working on a farm or organizing work on a farm, logging (n) the activity or business of cutting down trees for wood rainforest (a forest ina tropical area witha rainfall of 250.cm or more per year Clothes made rom plants tk cotton or bamboo, water more esl than man-made mater the peste 2 _______has been my familys occupation since my grandfather Dough fst cow 5 yeas ago seer Thr ate people because estoy the ores that Provides them with food ster and medicne 4 The Aron South Americ recevs 200 0600 mof ram every yer 5 Because heey snow. the ofthe new oad stoped for more than two months. 6 Sunburn sist one ofthe harmful of too much sun on sete an (US 77 rarer aed tin Texas and kiled more than 80 people. eee in the US state ofForests, which cover almost one-third ofthe surface ‘ofthe art, produce oxygen and provide homes to ants animals and humans. These days, many ‘ofthe worlds great forests ae threatened by dlerestain = the proces of moving tees from large areas of lnd. The destruction offrests ocurs for several reasons; tres are used asuelorfor ‘onstruction and eared land isused as pasture! for animals fils for planting food. The main harmful effects of deforestation are climate change and damage to animal habitats. ‘emai causes of deforestation are commercial {arming by big business and faring by loca people Huge commercial farms have taken over lage areas ‘offretin many counts. Indones, for example, indus logging i cated out to clear huge areas for ‘heproduction of palm ol whl in Bra large areas af tie Amazon rainforest are cleared to grow soy and ‘vegetable on contrast local farmers may cut down, ancbum testo clear an area just big enough to raze Cate or gow cops. However after two or thee years, theland can no longerbe used othe farmer moves to another piece of land. Normally it takes around tenyears for eared land to reaver butin populated aexs the land iver allowed to recov This constant ‘reuse of land leads a heavy erosion’ - the ssf the {op ayer of soll which protects the ground. Erosion in tur, can cause flooding in beary ran ‘One serious efecto deforestation i climate change Normaly topical rainforests help controthe Earths ‘temperature by absorbing carbon dioxide. Asan ‘example the vast rainforest ofthe Amazon coversan area around 25 imes the ze of the UK and absorbs an estimated 136billon tonnes of carbon daxde annually Howeve n areas where deforestation has taken place, the carbon desde goes into the atmosphere an traps heat ina process called the greenhouse eect The result Is lobal warming, ceasing global temperatures result Ines ain, This causes the rainforest to dry out and leads to fies ~ which cause more emissions of carbon ‘lide. ln this wy, the rainforests actualy contribute to Effect I: people live inthe suburbs Cause 2*people live in the suburbs > Effect 2: they must drive to get to work 1 otk in sma pups Lokback at Reading and complete the rate of “roasran @ a2 Read paragraph 3 of Reading 2 again. Complete the cause-and-effect cchain with the numbers of the items (1-6) fram the box. 1 less rain 2. more CO, emissions 3 fires 4 global warming 5 forests dry out {6 CO, enters atmosphere and traps heat (greenhouse effect) v v Ore 3 Using information from Reading 1 and Reading 2 as well as your own ideas, brainstorm the human causes and effects of climate change. Ow 4 Use your answers from Exercise 3 to create a cause-and-effect chain diagram. Then compare diagrams with a partner. ‘CLIMATE CHANGE >GRAMMAR FOR WRITING VERBS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT Writers use certain phrases to show the relationship between the causes of a problem and its effects. Look atthe sentences below. Deforestation habitat destruction Habitat destruction is | caused. by due to the result of oe 1 Complete the table by adding linking cause-and-effect verbs or phrases. ‘more than one answer is possible. The frst one has been done for you as an example. [ cto warring Meltng gers are Pleads 82 higher fon her temperatures and temperatures which are we alaciers | lob warming. | 2 Complete the sentences using one linking word or phrase 1 Deforestation in animal extinction and loss of biodiversity. 2 Demand for food and energy are expected to rise tothe increase in the world’s population. 3 Burning fossil fuels _____ an increase in CO, in the atmosphere, 4 Flooding, heat waves and other extreme weather are all___ by climate change. 5. Reducing the amount of meat we eat may ____in lower greenhouse gas emissions, 6 Submerged islands could be the __ of rising sea levels.BECAUSE AND BECAUSE OF Because is a conjunction which introduces a reason It is flowed by a subject, verb and sometimes an object. The emvionment is changing becouse: humans are. burring fossil fuels Because ofs a two-word preposition mearing ‘as a result of Its followed by a noun, a pronoun or a noun phrase. The climate is changing because of human activity 3 Complete the sentences using because or because of. 1 Sea levels may rise _____mettng glaciers. 2 Ina warmer world, there are more fies ___therei eran, 3 The atmosphere is becoming warmer deforestation and During fossil fuels 4 Low-ying islands may be submerged sea levels are rising ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS PARAGRAPH UNITY ‘A well-written paragraph has just one main idea, and all the supporting sentences in the paragraph should explain or give information about it. They should not introduce any new topies. ‘When a paragraph has these characteristis, it has unity. Unity isa basic requirement of good academic writ 1 Inthe paragraph, circle the main idea. Then, cross out one sentence which does not support that idea. Bottled water Do you drink water from plastic botes? If you do, you might wan to think about changing your habit, because plastic water botles hurt both people and the environment, rst of al, plastic bottles contain two harmful chemicals: BPA and phthalates, Both types of chemicals ‘an cause serious health problems in both adults and children. Second, plastic botls hurt the environment The botes are made from peeroleum, and transporting ther requires an ‘enormous amount of polluting fossil fuels. In the 1970s, che United States was the world’s biggest exporter of fossil fuels. Also, most plastic botles are not recycled They end up in our lanai, where they can take many decades to break down, Because of these harmful effects ‘of plastic water bottles on people and the envionment, Ihave stopped buying them. I now drink water from the tap, and guess what: i tastes good!SUPPORTING SENTENCES AND DETAILS. ‘Good writers use supporting sentences to develop and explain the main idea of a paragraph. The supporting sentences state important points about the main idea. Nocmaly, writers provide details — facts, examples, reasons or ‘explanations —for each supporting point in a paragraph Look at the outline ofa paragraph from Reading 2, Notice the kinds of details itincludes. Topic sentence: The main causes of deforestation are commercial farting by big business and. farming by local people Ist supporting sentence: Huge. conmerciak farms have taken over large areas of forest in mary countries. Details (examples): In Indonesia, for example, industrial logging is carried. ub to clear huge areas for the production of palin cil, while in Brazil, large areas of the Amazon rainforest are cleared. to grow soy and, vegetable di 2nd supporting sentence: In contrast, local farmers may cut down and. bum trees to clear an area just big enough to graze cattle or grow crops. Details facts/explanation}: However, after tio or Unree years, the land can ro longer be used, 50 the farmer moves to another piece of land. Wormally, ib takes around ten years for cleared. land. to recover, but in populated. areas, the land. is never allowed. to recover. Details (reasons): This constant reuse of land leads to heavy erosion ~ the loss of the top layer of soil which protects the ground, Erosion, in turn, can cause flooding in heavy rain. 2 Read the paragraph Bortied water on the opposite page again and answer the questions Find two supporting sentences and underline ther, 2 What detallis given to explain the first supporting sentence? Is this a fact, example or reason? 3 How do plastic bottles harm the environment, according to the paragraph? What deals does the paragraph include to explain each effect ~ facts, examples or reasons?Giving examples Examples are a common type of supporting detail. Look again at this extract from Reading 2 Huge commerciak farms have taken over large areas of forest in mary countries. In Indonesia, for example, industrial logging is carried. out to lear huge areas for the production of palm ol. “The first sentence makes it clear that there are ‘many countries'in which commercial farms have taken over large areas of forest. In the second sentence, the writer states indonesia as an example of this. The example provides specific detail to make the point more effectively. Good writers use a range of expressions to introduce examples. especially tke suchas including for example One (Another) example is particularly for instance (One (Another) suggestion / method idea is. 3 Complete the sentences below using the words and phrases in the box. Africa, Asia and the Middle East climate change lakes northern Lebanon peas and beans placing stones trees the Gobi Desert Desertification is a process in which land becomes drie, losing bodies of water such as »___as well as wildlife and vegetation, particularly Desertification has a numberof causes, including ® —_, deforestation and damaging firming methods. Desertification isa very serious problem in many regions of the Earth, especially poor parts of ___. For instance, ®___ in China is the fastest- ‘growing desert in the world. Photos from space have shown sand dunes forming less than 45 km from Beijing! Another example is ®_, where forests were destroyed in order to build cities. Desertification isa serious global problem, but now local people are trying solutions to reduce or prevent it where they live. Farmers in some dry areas plant leguminous plants ike ®__ | which pull nitrogen from the air and make the soil richer. ‘Another method is ®___ around the base of wees. The rocks provide shade forthe roots and help trees and insects survive. But the best solution of all is planting tres, or just not cuting them down in the first place.WRITING TASK WF Describe the human causes of climate change and the effects that climate change will have on the planet. PLAN 1 Look at the cause-and-effect chain you created in Exercise 4 in the Critical thinking section. 2 Lookat the structure ofthe essay on page 45 as you plan your own essay. 3 Refer to the Task checklist on page 56 as you prepare your paragraphs, WRITE A FIRST DRAFT 4 Read the introduction and conclusion of the cause-and-effect essay below. Complete the introduction paragraph by writing two or three causes of climate change that you will discuss in your body paragraphs. 5 Then, complete the essay by writing two body paragraphs: one about the human causes of climate change and anather about the effects. Remember “0 list the two or three causes you mentioned in the introduction. Causes and. effects of climate change Introduction: The Earth's climate has changed. several times throughout history. According to the National Aeronautics and, ‘Space Admiristration (NASA), there have been seven cycles of warming and. cooling in the last 650,000 years. These earlier cycles occurred naturally as a result of changes in the atmosphere. In contrast, nearly all climate scientists agree that the climate charges we are seeing today are caused. by human activities, especially and. these activities are having serious negative effects on our planet, Conclusion: To conclude, human activity is clearly causing the imate to change and, as a. result, Une planet is experiencing a number of negative effects. Ik is important that we reduce. cour negative impact on the planet as much as possible ~ for example, by using renewable energy instead of fossil fuels ~ before it is too late,