> Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Combination Boiler

This system saves considerably in installation time

and space, as there is no need for cisterns in the roof
space, no hot water storage cylinder and associated
pipework.

The ‘combi’ gas boiler functions as an

instantaneous water heater only heating water as
required.

This ideal for shower installation.

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 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Boiler Room

The boiler produces hot water or, less commonly,

steam, to heat the building and to heat domestic
water.

Boiler room for a large building normally

contains minimum two boilers, one may be in
the service and other is being cleaned or repaired.

The boiler room may be placed in the basement, a

mechanical room on grade, a mechanical floor or
the roof. It should be on an outside because an
intake grille as well removable door for removal
and replacement of boilers.

The ceiling height is 3.66m- 4.88m.

For chimney size:
- Very small building is 610mm2;
- Very large building is 1.83m2.
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Electric Water Heater

1. Immersion heaters

It may be used within a conventional hot water

storage cylinder. Alternatively, individual or self-
contained open outlet heaters is located over basins,
baths or sinks.

Methods : either:
- A ` one-shot ' thermal cut-out or thermostat.
This is principally a fusible link which melts or
ruptures at a pre-determined temperature, or

- A manually re-settable cut-out or thermostat

which responds to critical temperature change to
break electrical contact.
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

2. Cistern-type heater

Should be located with the water level at least 1.5 m above the water
draw-off taps.

If there is insufficient space to accommodate this combination unit, a

smaller pressure-type water heater may be fitted.

These are small enough to locate under the sink or elsewhere in the
kitchen.
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Gas Water Heater

1. Instantaneous gas water heater

A gas circulator can be used to heat water in a

storage cylinder

They are usually fitted with an economy or three-

way valve.

This gives optional use of water circulation through

a high or low return pipe for variable hot water
storage volume.

Domestic installations may be in the kitchen,

with vertical flow and return pipes to a storage
cylinder in the airing cupboard.
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

2. The storage type of gas water heater

It is a self-contained unit and is therefore simpler

and quicker to install than a gas circulator.

Capacities range from 75 to 285 litres. The

smaller units are single-point heaters for supplying
hot water to an individual sink or basin. Larger,
higher rated storage heaters can be used to supply
hot water to a bath, basin, sink and shower. These
are called multi-point heaters.

They may also be installed in flats up to three

storeys, with cold water supplied from one cistern.

A vent pipe on the cold feed will prevent siphon age.

 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

3. Condensing water heater

It is a variation on the multipoint type heater.

Application : typical examples include small

hotels, schools, residential homes, student halls
of residence, camp sites and sports centres.

Function : a fanned gas burner discharges into a

stainless steel combustion chamber within a
cylindrical water storage vessel. From the
combustion chamber the burnt gases descend
into a stainless steel spiral to exit at low level
through a flue.

Controls : Automatic electric ignition in

response to a water temperature thermostat.
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Solar energy

1. Flat plat collector

Solar energy can contribute significantly

to hot water requirements and fuel
savings of about 40% are possible.

For domestic application, the collector

should be 4 to 6 m2 in area, secured at
an angle of 40ºC to the horizontal and
facing south.

The solar cylinder capacity of about 200

litres is heated to 60ºC.
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

The cylinder and associated pipework must be

very well insulated and the solar part of the
system should contain a blend of water and
non-toxic anti-freeze.

The pump is switched on when the temperature

of water at point X exceeds that at point Y by 2
to 3ºC.

The solar cylinder and the conventional

cylinder may be fitted on the same level, or to
save space a combined solar / conventional
cylinder can be obtained from specialist
suppliers.
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

2. Evacuated glass tube collector

The evacuated glass tube collector functions differently from a flat plate collector.

The panel is made up of a series of refrigerant charged copper tube elements as heat exchangers or heat
pipes contained concentrically within individual vacuum sealed glass tubes.

The advantage is that a refrigerant is more responsive than water, with better performance in low light
conditions.

The outer glass tubes provide for greater efficiency at high temperatures. The refrigerant within the inner
heat pipes evaporates in response to solar gain. This generates a convection cycle as the hot vapour gives
off its heat energy into water circulating through a header pipe compartment or manifold.

The cooling vapour condenses into a fluid, returning to the lower part of the heat pipe to continue the
cycle.
> Fresh Water (Hot Water)
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Fresh Water Installations Drawing-

Localized Hot Water System
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Fresh Water Installations Drawing-

Localized Hot Water System
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Fresh Water Installations Drawing-

Localized Hot Water System
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Fresh Water Installations Drawing-

Centralized Indirect Hot Water System
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Fresh Water Installations Drawing-

Centralized Indirect Hot Water System
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

Fresh Water Installations Drawing-

Centralized Indirect Hot Water System
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

LINKS SHOWING BOILER AND HEATER TYPES

Cast Iron sectional :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXwPjvjM5Hg
Water tube boiler :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myMFt5yFz2M
Fire tube boiler :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXpa9c2bmuc
Combi boiler :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxfLA4887l0
Immersion heater :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obWkCGFhuus
Electric water heater :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwapTUBP6jw
Instantaneous gas water heater:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PRHxJ1RNLw
Gas water heater :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0xjkPaUyMc
Condensing water heater
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-3l-duiLT8
Flat plate collector :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7h8R_-LNYgo
Evacuated tube collector:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FB8izjnTKQI
 > Fresh Water (Hot Water)

End of Topic
Fresh Water (Hot) System

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