Example 3

Petrol of specific gravity 0.8 flows in a pipe line as shown in Figure 1. Calculate the flow rate of
oil. Also calculate the reading ‘‘h’’ shown by the differential manometer fitted to the pipe line
which is filled with mercury of specific gravity 13.6. Applying Bernoulli equation (neglecting
losses) between points 1 and 2

Figure 1

Solution

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
P1 = 2 × 105 N/m2
P2 = 0.8 × 105 N/m2
𝑍1 = 0, 𝑍2 = 2 𝑚
Applying Bernoulli equation (neglecting losses) between points 1 and 2
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
𝐴1
𝑉2 = 𝑉1
𝐴2
𝜋 × 0.52 /4
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 ( )
𝜋 × 0.22 /4

𝑉2 = 6.25𝑉1

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

1
 2 × 105 𝑉1 2 0.8 × 105 (6.25)2
+ +0= + +2
9810 × 0.8 2 × 9.81 9810 × 0.8 2 × 9.81
∴ 𝑉1 2 = 2.62 𝑚/𝑠
To calculate for flow rate, Q
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1
𝜋 × 0.52
𝑄= × 2.62
4
𝑄 = 0.514 𝑚3 /𝑠 ≈ 514 𝑙/𝑠
0.5
𝐴2 𝑆2
𝑄= [2𝑔ℎ ( − 1)]
[1 − (𝐴2 /𝐴1 )2 ]0.5 𝑆1
0.5
0.031 13.6
0.514 = 0.5 [2 × 9.81 × ℎ × ( 0.8 − 1)]
0.031 2
[1 − (0.196) ]

∴ ℎ = 0.854 𝑚

2
Example 4

A venturimeter is fitted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter inclined at 40° to the horizontal to measure

the flow rate of petrol having a specific gravity of 0.8. The ratio of areas of main pipe and throat
is 5 and the throat is at 1 m from the inlet along its length. The difference in manometer head is 40
mm of mercury. Assuming the coefficient of discharge as 0.96. Calculate the discharge through
the venturimeter and the pressure difference between the throat and the entry point of the
venturimeter.

Solution

𝐴1 𝐴2 𝜌𝑚
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔ℎ𝑚 ( − 1)
𝜌
√𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2

𝜋
𝐴1 = × 0.32
4
𝐴1 = 0.0707 𝑚2
𝐴1
=5
𝐴2
0.0707
𝐴2 =
5
𝐴2 = 0.0141𝑚2

𝐴1 𝐴2 𝜌𝑚
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔ℎ𝑚 ( − 1)
𝜌
√𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2

3
 0.96 × 0.0141 × 0.0707 13.6
𝑄= √2 × 9.81 × 0.04 × ( − 1)
√0.07072 − 0.0142 0.8

𝑄 = 0.0486 𝑚2 /𝑠
Considering points A and B and level at A as datum
𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 + 𝜌𝑔(0.04) = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝜌𝑔𝑥 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 + 𝜌𝑚 𝑔(0.04)
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 + 0.04 × 𝑔 × (𝜌𝑚 − 𝜌)
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔(1 × sin 40) + 0.04 × 9.81 × (13600 − 800)
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 800 × 9.81(1 × sin 40) + 0.04 × 9.81 × (13600 − 800)
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 10067.32 𝑁/ 𝑚2