Superlattices and Microstructures 141 (2020) 106480

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Superlattices and Microstructures

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/superlattices

Ultra-wideband antenna using graphite disk resonator for

THz applications
Gaurav Varshney
ECE Department, National Institute of Technology Patna, 800005, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Index terms: A graphite disk resonator antenna is numerically analyzed and ultra-wideband response is ob­
Disk tained by exciting the higher order transverse magnetic modes. The physical parameters of an­
Graphite tenna can be set to obtain either ultra-wideband or wide dual-band response. The antenna
Resonator
provides the 100% impedance bandwidth which can further be extended by changing the physical
Ultra-wideband
parameters of the graphite disk resonator.

1. Introduction

THz frequency spectrum is becoming the choice of next wireless communication systems. The overcrowding of microwave fre­
quency channels is enforcing the investigation towards higher frequency ranges [1,2]. The main advantage of shifting towards higher
frequency ranges is abundance of bandwidth and hence the higher data transfer rate. An antenna is a key element of any wireless
communication system. Always, an antenna with its special features is required for different applications in the wireless systems. A
number of antennas have been developed utilizing the microstrip and dielectric resonator based radiator at the microwave frequencies
[3–6]. The antenna with radiator of conducting material is not suitable for high frequency operation due to high losses associated with
it and reduced conductivity of the metals [7]. On another side, utilizing the dielectric resonator at high frequency causes complexity
due to its non-planar structure [8]. Thus, it becomes necessary to investigate their replacement and a suitable way to implement the
antenna at THz frequency. The sp2 family of carbon material including graphite and graphene is becoming popular in the imple­
mentation of different devices at THz and optical frequency [9]. The main advantage of carbon materials is their non-degradable
electrical properties at the high frequency ranges [10]. Recently, graphene has been investigated for implementation of different
devices like modulators, filter, sensors, absorbers and antennas for THz applications [11–16]. The resonant behavior of graphene based
devices is dependent on its scattering rate. The intensity of the radiated field at resonance varies with the scattering rate of graphene
[17,18]. In fact, maintaining the uniformity of scattering rate representing the quality of graphene becomes a tedious task [19,20].
Thus, the fabrication of micro/nano devices is complex due to the requirement of high quality material. In the list, graphite can be the
next choice for the implementation of devices for THz applications [21,22]. The use of graphite material can provide the robustness
and prevent the complexity in fabrication because the requirement of maintaining the uniformity of its layered architecture can be
mitigated. Earlier, the graphite has been used for electromagnetic interference shielding and sensing [10,23,24]. Some graphite based
antennas have also been implemented for microwave and millimeter wave frequency operation [25,26].
In the way to improve the data transfer rate, obtaining the ultra-wideband (UWB) response in antennas is another objective. The
UWB response has ability of covering both the long and short wave communication applications [27]. At microwave frequencies, a
number of antennas have been developed providing the wideband and UWB response [28]. Apart from the utilization of UWB antennas

E-mail address: gauravnitd@outlook.com.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2020.106480
Received 7 November 2019; Received in revised form 8 March 2020; Accepted 9 March 2020
Available online 11 March 2020
0749-6036/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
G. Varshney Superlattices and Microstructures 141 (2020) 106480

Fig. 1. (a) The geometry of UWB graphite disk resonator based antenna and (b) the permittivity of graphite material in lower THz fre­
quency spectrum.

in high data transfer and short pulse applications, these can be used to enhance the responsivity in detection and emission of the THz
signals [29–31]. The UWB antenna will be the basic need of such sensing systems [29,30,32–34].
In brief, there are several issues which have been addressed in this manuscript till now. (1) implementation of THz antenna, (2) use
of a robust material like graphite in the implementation of THz devices, (3) obtaining the ultra-wideband response.
Considering the above issues, a single port graphite disk based antenna is numerically analyzed and implemented. The higher order
transverse magneticðTMÞ modes resonating at nearby frequencies are excited in the antenna structure for obtaining the UWB response.
Moreover, the antenna response can also be set to obtain the wide dual-band response with sufficient guard-band by appropriate
selection of its physical parameters. Earlier, the higher order TM modes were excited in a graphene antenna for obtaining the wideband
response [13]. The utilization of graphene material in the implementation of narrow and wideband THz antennas and devices is
justifiable due to the requirement of tunable frequency response. The utilization of graphene in the implementation of UWB devices
seems less effective because the main advantage of using graphene material is its electrical tunability by applying an external elec­
trostatic voltage. In the case of devices with UWB response, tunability in frequency response is not required. Therefore, the use of
graphite material is justifiable in the implementation of UWB devices for THz applications. The antenna can be utilized in THz
biomedical applications like cancer detection [35] and high speed gigabit internet. Also, the UWB characteristics of the antenna make
it suitable for all-frequency THz signal detection.

2. Antenna design and modelling of graphite resonator

Fig. 1 shows the geometry of the proposed graphite disk resonator based UWB antenna. A substrate of silicon dioxide (εs � 3:9)
having dimension lg � wg and height hs is placed above ground plane. An annular graphite disk resonator having inner and outer radius
ri and ro , respectively and height hd is placed at the top.
of the substrate and fed using a 50Ω nanostrip line having dimensions lf � wf engraved in the substrate. The naturally available
graphite can be purified by different methods which are specifically used for growing the graphite in the form of layered structure like
liquid phase exfoliation and micromechanical cleavage. These are generally top-down approach for obtaining the different forms of
graphite material like graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide etc. Other than these, the epitaxial methods are also available for
growing the 2D carbon material. Chemical vapor deposition is one the epitaxial method for growing the carbon material in form of
sheets. In the proposed antenna structure based on the graphite disk resonator, the thickness of the graphite is in several micrometers
which can be grown utilizing the top-down approaches of fabrication [36]. Moreover, the microfabrication technique based on the
optical lithography can be utilized for the fabrication of antenna using the graphite disk resonator [36,37].
First, the properties of graphite material have been studied and then dimensions of resonator are selected for covering the fre­
quency band of interest. The dispersive profile of graphite for lower THz frequency range is shown in Fig. 1(b). It is drawn using the
Drude’s conductivity model [9,10]. The complex conductivity of any conductive material can be written as in equation (1).

εo ω2p τ
σðωÞ ¼ (1)
1 þ jωτ
Here, εo is free space dielectric constant, ωp is plasma frequency and τ is relaxation time which is equal to 1=Γ, where Γ is scattering
rate. The absorption rate of graphite is greater than emission rate below the energy near to the Fermi level, which shows that graphite
can emit the electromagnetic wave efficiently in the lower THz and far-infrared region [38]. In the low energy region, the relaxation
time of graphene can be in the range from 0:1 � 10 13 to 4 � 10 13 s [9,38]. Here, in the calculations the value of relaxation time is
selected as τ ¼ 0:25 � 10 13 s. For ωτ ≪ 1, the conductivity becomes real and constant in the lower frequency region. For ωτ ≫ 1, the
displacement of electrons from their actual positions under the influence of electric field is much smaller than average distance be­
tween the scattering points in the material. In this case, electron plasma is created with an imaginary conductivity with its decaying
envelop as a function of frequency. Assuming the absence of resonant polarization effects in the operating frequency region (1 15
THz), the effective relative permittivity representing the dispersive profile of graphite material can be written following the
Ampere-Maxwell’s law as given in equation (2).

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G. Varshney Superlattices and Microstructures 141 (2020) 106480

Table-1
Dimensions of the antenna structure.
Parameter ri ro hd hs lf wf lg wg

Dimension (μmÞ 8 20 0.06 1.6 23 3.8 60 60

Fig. 2. Frequency response of (a) S11-parameter and (b) input impedance.

Fig. 3. E field distribution at frequency 6.74 THz in plane (a), (b) constant z, (c) y ¼ ro , (d) y ¼ ro , (e) x ¼ 0 and (f) x ¼ � ro .

3
G. Varshney Superlattices and Microstructures 141 (2020) 106480

Fig. 4. E field distribution at frequency 10.52 THz in plane (a), (b) constant z, (c) y ¼ ro , (d) y ¼ ro , (e) x ¼ 0 and (f) x ¼ � ro .

jσðωÞ
εr ðωÞ ¼ εr;∞ (2)
ωεo
Here, εr;∞ is the constant offset relative permittivity. Considering the graphite as a non-magnetic medium, the complex propagation
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
constant can be written as γðωÞ ¼ αð2ωÞ þ jβnðωÞ ¼ jω μo εðωÞ. Substituting equation (2) in this expression brings the solution to
equations (3) and (4). Here, α and β represents the attenuation and phase constants, respectively and nðωÞ is refractive index profile of
the material.
αðωÞnðωÞ ¼ ηo σr ðωÞ (3)

�αðωÞ�2 jσ i ðωÞ
nðωÞ2 ¼ þ εr;∞ (4)
2β ωεo
Here, σ r þ jσi ¼ σ and ηo is free space impedance. The expression for propagation constant shows its frequency dependent profile
based on the complex permittivity. This shows the propagation of wave above a lowest cutoff frequency. Also, equation (4) is second
order equation showing the generation of higher order harmonics. Taking the dispersive properties of graphite material in account, it
can be concluded that higher order modes can be excited in the graphite disk resonator depending upon its dimensions. The dimensions

4
G. Varshney Superlattices and Microstructures 141 (2020) 106480

Fig. 5. field distribution at frequency 13.43 THz in plane (a), (b) constant z, (c) y ¼ ro , (d) y ¼ ro , (e) x ¼ 0 and (f) x ¼ � ro .

Fig. 6. Frequency response of antenna with variable (a) hd , (b) ri and (c) ro .

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G. Varshney Superlattices and Microstructures 141 (2020) 106480

Fig. 7. Radiation pattern of antenna at frequency (a) 6.74, (b) 10.52 and (c) 13.43 THz (first row in ϕ ¼ 0� and second in ϕ ¼ 90� plane).

Table-2
Performance of the antenna.
Operating modes Resonant frequency Impedance bandwidth, %

TM22δ 6.74 5 15 THz, 100%

TM23δ 10.52
TM24δ 13.43

of resonator made of graphite are selected using the cavity model [39–43]. The dimensions of annular disk resonator are selected for
the resonant frequency of a mode as given in equations (5) and (6) [43–45].
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c
fvpm ¼ pffiffiffiffi k2r þ k2z (5)
2π εr
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi�ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi�ffiffiffiffi
2
c π ro
fvpm ¼ X 2vp þ
pffiffiffiffi ð2m þ 1Þ (6)
2π ro εr 2hd
Xvp
kr ¼ ro
, kz ¼ 2hπ d ð2m þ1Þ and Xvp is the root satisfying the characteristic equation [43,44] and v; pand m are integers representing
harmonic variations of field along azimuth, radius and height of the annular resonator. The value of Xvp can be selected based on the
operating mode in the resonator, respectively [43].
The dimensions of graphite disk resonator are selected in the manner so that a number of resonant modes could be excited at nearby
frequencies to provide the UWB response. The antenna structure is numerically analyzed using full wave simulator CST microwave
studio. A Gaussian pulse is applied at the port of antenna for analyzing its response. Table. 1 shows the optimized dimensions of
antenna.

3. Results and discussion

Fig. 2 shows the frequency response of S11-parameter and impedance plot of the proposed UWB antenna. The antenna provides
UWB response with 100%ð5 15 THzÞ 10-dB impedance bandwidth (S11 � 10 dBÞ. Fig. 2(b) shows the impedance plot. The real part
of impedance contains three peaks overshooting 50Ω and its imaginary part contains three 0Ω forward crossover frequencies. This
confirms the antenna operation with three resonant modes at frequencies 6.74, 10.52 and 13.43 THz. Figs. 3–5 shows the field dis­
tribution on the antenna at these frequencies in different planes. The field is observed at certain height from the radiator in the near-
field region. Figs. 3(a), 4(a) and 5(a) shows the absolute E-field on antenna. Observing the field distribution in y ¼ ro and x ¼ 0
planes, it can be concluded that the TM22δ mode is excited in the antenna at frequency 6.74 THz. The field distribution at frequency
10.52 shown in Fig. 4 is showing two half-wave variations along in y ¼ ro and three half-wave variation in x ¼ 0 plane. This confirms

6
 G. Varshney
Table-3
Comparison with antennas.
Ref. Antenna type Operating range (THz) Remarks

[13] Graphene antenna with proximity coupled feed 0.8–3.34 Complex fabrication
7

[46] Antenna excited by photomixer 0.6–2 Complex fabrication and narrow bandwidth (BW) with significant height
[47] Elliptical patch metallic antenna 0.46–5.46 Metallic radiator maybe lossy and narrow BW
[48] Fractal elliptical ring metallic antenna 0.3–9.3 Metallic radiator maybe lossy and narrow BW
This antenna Graphite disk radiator 5–15 The BW can be further improved by setting the dimension of radiator as reported in section 4

Superlattices and Microstructures 141 (2020) 106480

G. Varshney Superlattices and Microstructures 141 (2020) 106480

the generation of TM23δ mode at frequency 10.52 THz. In the similar manner, the field can be analyzed at frequency 13.43 THz as
shown in Fig. 5. There are two half-wave variations in y ¼ r0 plane and four half-wave variations in x ¼ 0 plane. This confirms the
excitation of TM24δ mode at this frequency. Here, δ shows the partial variation along the height of graphite disk resonator and can have
the maximum value as unity.

4. Antenna performance analysis

The performance of antenna is analyzed by changing one physical parameter at a time and keeping others intact. The main physical
parameters of antenna are height (hd ), inner (ri ) and outer radius (ro ) of graphite disk resonator. By varying these parameters, the
frequency response of graphite resonator can be tuned with desired impedance matching and cut-off frequency. Fig. 6(a) shows the
response of antenna for variable hd . It can be noticed that increment in hd improves the impedance matching. However, antenna has
same number of operating resonant modes in the observed frequency region. The optimized value of hd is 60 nm for which reflection
coefficient of antenna remains less than 10 dB with an optimum impedance matching throughout the passband. The impedance
matching can further be improved by increasing hd if required for any application. The effect of increasing hd can also be observed on
lower 10-dB cut-off frequency. Improvement in the impedance matching shifts the lower 10-dB cut-off frequency in the backward
direction and increases the operating bandwidth. Fig. 6(b) shows the frequency response of antenna with variable ri . The decrement in
ri shifts the lower 10-dB cut-off frequency and resonant frequency of modes in backward direction. Also, the impedance matching of
antenna is improved. The decrease in lower cut-off frequency is due to increase in the volume of graphite disk resonator which shifts
the frequency response in the backward direction. Fig. 6(c) shows the variation of frequency response of antenna with variable ro . The
increment in ro shifts the frequency response in the backward direction and impedance matching is also improved. Thus, the
impedance bandwidth provided by antenna can be increased beyond 100% starting from 1 THz by increasing the volume of graphite
disk resonator. Moreover, it can be noticed in Fig. 6 that a wide dual-band response with the sufficient guard band can also be obtained
by selecting the different set of physical parameters of graphite disk resonator.
Fig. 7 shows the radiation pattern of the antenna at the resonant frequencies covering the operating passband. The antenna pro­
vides the low value of radiated cross-polarized field component. The cross polarization separation between the radiated field com­
ponents is more than 70 dB in the boresight direction. The consistency of the radiation pattern and low value of cross-polarization
allows to use the proposed antenna as all-frequency THz detector.
The parametric study shows that the antenna can be implemented for obtaining the different characteristics including single
wideband or multi-band response depending upon the dimensions of graphite disk resonator. Furthermore, the antenna parameters are
represented in Table. 2 according to the dimensions which can provide the wideband response. Table. 3 shows the comparison of the
proposed antenna with other already reported UWB antenna for THz frequency applications. It can be observed in the comparison table
that the fabrication of the graphene antenna is somehow possible but much complex [13]. The antenna with metallic radiators will be
difficult to serve due to high metallic and surface wave losses at the higher frequency ranges [47,48]. Moreover, all the antennas
reported in the literature operate within narrow frequency band while the impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna can further
be improved by varying the physical parameters as discussed earlier.

5. Conclusion

An UWB antenna is implemented utilizing the graphite disk resonator. The higher order transverse magnetic modes having the
resonant frequency nearby to each other have been excited in the antenna by opting the dimensions of the graphite disk resonator
accordingly. Moreover, the antenna response has also been set with the dual/multi-band response by appropriate selection of the
physical parameters. For the selected set of the dimensions, the antenna provide the impedance bandwidth of 100% covering the lower
THz band. The impedance bandwidth of antenna can further be extended by changing the different physical parameters of the graphite
disk resonator.

Author statement

The manuscript represents the original research work and not published or submitted for consideration in any other journal.Gaurav
Varshney

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgement

Author is thankful to Dr. Vinay Shankar Pandey, NIT Delhi and Prof. R. S. Yaduvanshi AIACTR, Delhi for their support in the
research work.

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G. Varshney Superlattices and Microstructures 141 (2020) 106480

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