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SEMINAR PAPER ZAHIN Proposal Baru
SEMINAR PAPER ZAHIN Proposal Baru
0 (2021) 1-4
*Corresponding Author
Abstract:
Commercial buildings heavily rely on Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, constituting
about 40% of their total energy use. The varying energy needs of these spaces pose challenges in achieving
efficient energy use. This study centers around introducing a curved diffuser as a potential solution, building on
studies addressing issues with turning diffusers. Challenges such as flow separation causing uneven air
distribution and inefficient pressure recovery drive the goal of refining the curved diffuser for smooth integration
into HVAC systems. The main objectives involve designing a 2-D turning diffuser based on existing ductwork,
assessing its performance compared to a straight diffuser, and creating performance correlations for 2-D turning
diffusers. The study focuses on a 90° 2-D turning diffuser, evaluating its performance using key metrics like
pressure recovery coefficient (Cp) and outlet flow deviation (𝛔out). Using experimental and computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) methods, ANSYS 14.5 is used for project management, modelling, and flow analysis. Various
turbulence models and near-wall treatments are explored for accurate simulations. This research aims to enhance
our understanding of turning diffuser performance, particularly in applying a curved diffuser in HVAC systems
for commercial buildings. The expected outcomes include valuable insights to improve HVAC efficiency and
address challenges related to less-than-optimal ductwork conditions.
Keywords: Curved Diffuser, HVAC, Exhaust system, flow, enhancement design, Optimise, CFD
1. Introduction
. The energy dynamics of commercial buildings undergo significant influence from Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning (HVAC) systems, constituting a substantial 40% of the overall energy consumption. This
considerable impact is attributed to the energy-intensive functions of HVAC components, encompassing both
heating and cooling processes, alongside the reliance on multiple fans within the ventilation system. Additionally,
a noteworthy segment, up to 16%, is dedicated to circulating either hot or cold water for effective heat rejection.
Insights gleaned from recent studies suggest a variable energy consumption pattern within HVAC systems, with
specific commercial buildings consuming a considerable 50% to 60% of their total energy resources. This
variability underscores the diverse energy requisites of commercial spaces as they strive to maintain optimal
conditions for both heating and cooling, underscoring the pivotal role of HVAC systems in ensuring environmental
comfort. However, this pursuit of comfort coexists with challenges in achieving optimal energy efficiency. [1]
At the core of these HVAC systems is the diffuser, a mechanical device strategically designed as a gradual conical
expander to elevate the static pressure of the fluid it processes. When appropriately sized with a suitable area ratio,
the diffuser aims to achieve a uniform flow and significant static pressure at its outlet. These diffusers play an
integral role in various engineering and industrial scenarios, finding applications in commercial buildings such as
factories, shopping malls, and warehouses. In aviation, specifically in aircraft gas turbines, diffusers in the form of
diffusing intakes serve to decelerate high-velocity air from the wing or fuselage, thereby increasing pressure before
entering the engine compressor. [2]
1*Corresponding author: author@organization.edu.co
2021 UTHM Publisher. All rights reserved.
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Author 1 et al., J. of Adv. Mechanical Engineering Applications, Vol. 0, No. 0 (2021) p. 1-4
It's noteworthy that diffusers come in two primary types: straight diffusers and turning diffusers, the latter also
known as curved diffusers. The evaluation of a diffuser's performance is chiefly rooted in the analysis of the outlet
pressure recovery coefficient (Cp), a crucial parameter gauging the efficiency with which kinetic energy
transforms into pressure energy within the diffuser. The main challenge in achieving optimal pressure recovery lies
in the occurrence of flow separation, where the fluid fails to uniformly adhere to the diffuser surfaces. This
separation results in energy dissipation and the establishment of a non-uniform flow distribution, ultimately
impeding the diffuser's capacity to maximize pressure recovery. Challenges encountered in turning diffusers are
primarily associated with issues related to energy dissipation and non-uniform flow distribution, stemming from
the significant curvature inherent in these diffusers. This curvature accentuates the thickening of the boundary
layer along the inner wall, leading to increased potential flow loadings and, simultaneously, a reduction in
turbulent mixing along the inner wall. [3]
Consequently, the high-speed stream of fluid is redirected towards the outer wall of the diffuser, resulting in an
undesirable outcome: the outlet flow exhibits non-uniformity. The pronounced curvature, coupled with the
thickened boundary layer and altered flow patterns, collectively contribute to suboptimal performance concerning
achieving a uniformly distributed and efficiently directed outlet flow in turning diffusers. [4]
Recent laboratory-scale investigations have delved into enhancing the performance of turning diffusers to
comprehend the nuances associated with their operation. In the continuum of this exploration, the present study
shifts its focus toward the practical application of curved diffusers within an industrial context. This transition
represents a strategic move from theoretical enhancements to tangible, real-world applications, aiming to bridge
the gap between laboratory insights and industrial implementation.
\
1. To design the 2-D Turning Diffuser according to the current ductwork parameter
2. To examine the potential performance of a 2-D turning diffuser relative to the straight diffuser.
3. To develop performance correlations as a function of geometrical and operating parameters for 2-D turning
diffusers.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Application of Curved Diffuser
2.1.1 Exhaust system for kitchen Fumes
A kitchen fume extractor hood plays a vital role in eliminating airborne grease, combustion by-products, fumes, smoke,
heat, and steam from the air through evacuation and filtration. Its primary function is to enhance indoor air quality by
effectively addressing issues such as grease, smoke, and odors, often inadequately managed by other ventilation
systems. Consisting of an extractor hood or canopy coupled with a filtering system, this essential tool efficiently
removes cooking fumes right at the source, with the fan positioned either within the kitchen or in its ducts. Various
types of kitchen hoods are available, including ducted hoods that expel air outside and ductless hoods that filter and
recirculate air within the kitchen. Ducted hoods prove optimal for expelling contaminated air outdoors, while ductless
hoods rely on robust air filtration to recirculate purified air within the room. Ensuring proper ventilation is crucial for
establishing a comfortable and safe environment in the kitchen. A study from [5] Examined factors impacting the
functionality of the air curtain range hood including the exhaust rate, air curtain velocity, slot width, and angle.
Findings indicated that the exhaust rate stood out as the key factor influencing the performance of the air curtain range.
2
Author 1 et al., J. of Adv. Mechanical Engineering Applications, Vol. 0, No. 0 (2021) p. 1-4
Within the intricate realm of HVAC ductwork, pressure stands as a paramount factor influencing airflow efficiency.
This pressure dynamic comprises static pressure, representing the force exerted by motionless air, and dynamic
pressure, encapsulating the energy associated with moving air. Static pressure is indispensable for maintaining uniform
airflow distribution and averting complications like imbalances or undue strain on the system. Simultaneously, duct
velocity, defining the speed of air travel, emerges as a critical factor influencing noise levels, turbulence characteristics,
and susceptibility to pressure drops. Striking a delicate balance among these elements is pivotal for achieving
operational efficiency and acoustic tranquillity. The cross-sectional area of ducts, serving as a perpendicular plane to
the airflow direction, exerts a direct influence on velocity dynamics. An intelligently designed system meticulously
considers the optimal cross-sectional area to deliver requisite airflow without compromising efficiency or incurring
undue pressure differentials. This consideration becomes particularly vital in achieving the delicate equilibrium
between air velocity and pressure drop, ensuring that the system operates effectively while avoiding unnecessary
energy consumption. [9]
Moreover, the layout of ductwork, constituting the spatial arrangement of ducts, fittings, and components within a
building, assumes a central role in determining the overall efficacy of the HVAC system. A thoughtfully curated layout
becomes the blueprint for the even distribution of conditioned air, minimizing the occurrence of hot or cold spots and
fostering a harmonious indoor climate. Furthermore, a well-structured layout facilitates accessibility for maintenance
and service, mitigating downtime and contributing to the system's long-term reliability. In essence, the interconnected
nature of these parameters underscores the need for a comprehensive and integrative approach in the design and
management of HVAC ductwork systems. The delicate orchestration of pressure, velocity, cross-sectional area, and
layout is the key to realizing optimal performance, energy efficiency, and a comfortable, resilient indoor environment.
[10]
5. Expected Outcomes
6. Potential of Commercialization
The turning diffuser may solve the spatial height problem in HVAC systems on industries whilst contributing the
better efficiency solutions rather than spending a lot of money onto maintenance fees. The innovation and the
performance correlation do have the potential of commercialization in terms of better ductwork and provide better
efficiency and performance.
References
[1] “hvac-factsheet-energy-breakdown,” Guide to Best Practice Maintenance and Operation of HVAC Systems for Energy
Efficiency, pp. 36–37, Sep. 2013.
[2] S. Zhang, W. Xu, S. Yang, F. Lu, and H. Dou, “Performance Enhancement of a Centrifugal Compressor by Designing
a Tandem Cascade Diffuser,” Energies (Basel), vol. 15, no. 13, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15134570.
[3] N. Hazirah Binti Noh, “INVESTIGATION OF UNIFORMITY AND PRESSURE RECOVERY IN TURNING
DIFFUSER BY MEANS OF BAFFLES.”
[4] N. Nordin, Z. A. A. Karim, S. Othman, and V. R. Raghavan, “Design and development of low subsonic wind tunnel for
turning diffuser application,” in Advanced Materials Research, 2013, pp. 586–591. doi:
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.614-615.586.
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[5] A. Zhang, N. Deng, Z. Long, R. Hao, C. Shen, and G. Cao, “Simulation Study of the Capture and Purification
Performance of Exhaust Fume Systems in Chinese Commercial Kitchens—Case Study in Tianjin,” Applied Sciences
(Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 17, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12178896.
[6] C. Carpino, E. Loukou, M. Chen Austin, B. Andersen, D. Mora, and N. Arcuri, “Risk of Fungal Growth in Nearly
Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB),” Buildings, vol. 13, no. 7, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/buildings13071600.
[7] F. Jazizadeh, V. Joshi, and F. Battaglia, “Adaptive and distributed operation of HVAC systems: Energy and comfort
implications of active diffusers as new adaptation capacities,” Build Environ, vol. 186, Dec. 2020, doi:
10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107089.
[8] Sathyabama University, International Conference on Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering 2010.11.25-
27 Chennai, and FAME 2010.11.25-27 Chennai, 2010 frontiers in automobile and mechanical engineering (FAME)
25-27 Nov. 2010, Chennai, India.
[9] T. P. Chong, P. F. Joseph, and P. O. A. L. Davies, “A parametric study of passive flow control for a short, high area
ratio 90 deg curved diffuser,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, vol. 130, no. 11, pp. 1111041–
11110412, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.1115/1.2969447.
[10] P. K.Sinha, A. K. Biswas, A. N. Mullick, and B. Majumdar, “Flow Development through a Duct and a Diffuser Using
CFD,” Int J Eng Res Appl, vol. 7, no. 01, pp. 46–54, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.9790/9622-0701044654.