K R M PUBLIC SCHOOL

Block No: 11, Shanthi Nagar, 2nd Lane, Sembium,(Perambur), Chennai, Tamil Nadu -600011

(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, No: 1930658)

Academic Session: 2023 -2024

AISSCE PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Topic: SELF INDUCTANCE

Submi ed by:

A.NITHYASREE
Class & Sec: XII – M1

Reg. No:

Submi ed to:
Mr.K.JAGAN
P.G.T Physics
KRM Public School, Perambur, Chennai-11
 K R M PUBLIC SCHOOL
Block No: 11, Shanthi Nagar, 2nd Lane, Sembium, (Perambur), Chennai, Tamil Nadu -600011

(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, No: 1930658)

CERTIFICATE

This is to cer fy that A.NITHYASREE of class XII-M1

has successfully completed this Physics inves gatory
project “SELF INDUCTANCE” under my guidance and
supervision in the academic year 2023 -2024 as per
the guidelines prescribed by the CBSE under the
AISSCE course in the laboratory of this school.

Signature of the Signature of the

Internal Examiner External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project

successfully, many people have best owned upon
me their blessings and the heart pledged
support,this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people whohave been concerned with this
project.
Primarily I would thank the almighty for
beingable to complete this project with
success.
Then I would like to thank Management,
Principal Mr. D.P Sivasakthi Balan and Physics
teacher Mr.K.Jagan, for their support to
complete this project.

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 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION - 5
2. AIM - 6
3. APPARATUS REQUIRED - 6
4. THEORY - 7
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - 12
6. PROCEDURE - 13
7. OBSERVATION - 14
8. RESULT - 15
9. PRECAUTIONS - 15
10.SOURCES OF ERROR - 15

11.BIBLIOGRAPHY - 16

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 INTRODUCTION

In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is

the property of an electrical conductor by which a
change in current through it induces an electromotive
force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby
conductors by mutual inductance.
These effects are derived from two fundamental
observations of physics:
*a steady current creates a steady magnetic field
described by Oersted’s law, and
*a time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive
force (EMF) in nearby conductors, which is described by
Faraday’s law of induction.
There are four basic factors of inductor construction
determining the amount of inductance created. These
factors all indictate inductance by affecting how much
magnetic field flux will develop for a given amount of
magnetic field force (current through the inductor’s wire
coil.)
The factors are number of wire wraps, or “turns” in
the coil,coil area,coil length,core material.

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AIM
To study the factor on which the Self Inductance
of a coil depends by observing the effect of this
coil, when put in series with a resistor (bulb) in a
circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable
frequency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

A coil of large turns, A.C. source of adjustable

frequency, an electric bulb, (6 V) A.C. ammeter of
suitable range, rheostat, a so iron rod, one way
key, connec ng wires etc.

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 THEORY

According to Lenz’s law a changing electric current

through a circuit that contains inductance induces a
proportional voltage, which opposes the change in
current (self-inductance). The varying field in this circuit
may also induce an EMF in neighboring circuits (mutual
inductance).
Lenz's law says:
The direction of current induced in a conductor by a
changing magnetic field due to Faraday’s law of
induction will be such that it will create a field that
opposes the change that produced it.

Lenz's law is shown by the negative sign in Faraday’s law

of induction:-
which indicates that the induced voltage and the change
in magnetic flux have opposite signs. It is a qualitative

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law that specifies the direction of induced current but
says nothing about its magnitude. Lenz's Law explains
the direction of many effects in electromagnetism, such
as the direction of voltage induced in an inductor or wire
loop by a changing current, or why eddy currents exert
a drag force on moving objects in a magnetic field.
Inductors do this by generating a self-induced emf
within itself as a result of their changing magnetic field.
In an electrical circuit, when the emf is induced in the
same circuit in which the current is changing this effect
is called Self-induction, ( L ) but it is sometimes
commonly called back-emf as its polarity is in the
opposite direction to the applied voltage.
The basic unit of measurement for inductance is called
the Henry, (H) after Joseph Henry, but it also has the
units of Webers per Ampere ( 1 H = 1 Wb/A ).
“A coil will have an inductance value of one Henry when
an emf of one volt is induced in the coil were the current
flowing through the said coil changes at a rate of one
ampere/second”.
In other words, a coil has an inductance, ( L ) of one
Henry, ( 1H ) when the current flowing through it
changes at a rate of one ampere/second, ( A/s ) inducing
a voltage of one volt, ( VL ) in it.

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This mathematical representation of the rate of change
in current through a coil per unit time is given as:
di/dt (A/s)

Where: di is the change in the current in Amperes and

dt is the time taken for this current change in seconds.
Then the voltage induced in a coil, ( VL ) with an
inductance of L Henries as a result of this change in
current is expressed as:
VL = -L di/dt (V)
Note that the negative sign indicates that voltage
induced opposes the change in current through the coil
per unit time (di/dt).
From the above equation, the inductance of a coil can
therefore be presented as:
Inductance of a Coil
L = VL/(di/dt) = 1volt/(1A/s) = 1Henry
Where: L is the inductance in Henries, VL is the voltage
across the coil and di/dt is the rate of change of current
in Amperes per second, A/s.
Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductors
“resistance” to the change of the current flowing
through the circuit and the larger is its value in Henries,
the lower will be the rate of current change.

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Inductors are devices that can store their energy in the
form of a magnetic field. Inductors are made from
individual loops of wire combined to produce a coil and
if the number of loops within the coil are increased, then
for the same amount of current flowing through the coil,
the magnetic flux will also increase.

So by increasing the number of loops or turns within a

coil, increases the coils inductance. Then the
relationship between self-inductance, ( L ) and the
number of turns, ( N ) and for a simple single layered coil
can be given as:
Self Inductance of a Coil
L = Nφ/I
Where:
L is in Henries
N is the Number of Turns
Φ is the Magnetic Flux Linkage
Ι is in Amperes
This expression can also be defined as the flux linkage
divided by the current flowing through each turn. This
equation only applies to linear magnetic materials.

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Self inductance is the property of a coil which opposes
the change in current through it. The self inductance of
a coil (long solenoid) is
L =( μ0 µr N2 A)/l
where µr = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic
material, µr =μ/ μ0
N =Total number of turns in solenoid
A = Area of cross-section of solenoid
l = Length of solenoid
Hence, the self inductance depends upon
No. of turns in solenoid
Geometry of coil, L ∝ A , L ∝1/l
Nature of core material, L ∝µ
When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor
(bulb) with a variable source of frequency , then current
flowing in the bulb is
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Irms = Erms/Z
where Z =√(R2 )+ ω2 L2 = Impedance of the a.c. circuit
Here R = Resistance of bulb
L = Self inductance of coil
ω = 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source.
The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in bulb is
H = I2rms Zt
P = H/t = I2rms Z
P = I2rms √R2 + ω2 L2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 PROCEDURE

Make all connections as shown in circuit diagram.

• Switch on the A.C. supply and adjust the constant
current in the circuit by using the variable resistor (R1)
(let frequency of source is 60 Hz and voltage is 6V).
• Record the current in A.C. ammeter and see the
brightness of bulb.
• Now, put the soft iron rod inside the inductor core and
record the current in A.C. ammeter and again check the
brightness of bulb. The current and brightness both
decreases.
• Now, switch off the supply and decrease the
frequency of A.C. source (say 50 Hz).
• Again switch on the supply and adjust the current in
circuit at same constant voltage 6V by using the
rheostat. Note the current in ammeter and brightness
of bulb. The current and brightness both will increases.
• Again insert the iron in the core of coil and note the
current and brightness. The current and brightness both
decreases.
• Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of
A.C. source(say 40 Hz,30 Hz and 20 Hz).

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 OBSERVATIONS

1. Least count of ammeter = 0A

2. Zero error of ammeter= 0A
3. Range of ammeter= 0-5 A

S No. Frequency of Current in Current in

applied ammeter ammeter
voltage(Hz) without iron with iron rod
rod in coil (A) in coil (A)
1. 60 2 1.8

2. 50 2.5 2.3

3. 40 2.9 2.6

4. 30 3.4 3.25

5. 20 4.1 4

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 RESULT

1. The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the

iron rod in the core of coil at constant frequent of
applied voltage and brightness of bulb decrease and
vice-versa.
2. The current in the circuit increase on decreasing the
frequency of applied voltage and vice-versa. Therefore,
the brightness of bulb increase.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The coil should have number of turn.

2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the
heating effect.
3. There should not be parallax in taking the reading of
ammeter.

SOURCE OF ERROR

1. The resistance of circuit mat increase slightly due to

heating effect of current.
2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/scien
ce-ii/magnetic-effects-electric-current/force-
current-carrying-conductor.php
2. http://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-10th-
Course/Magnetic-Effects-of/Force-on-a-Current-
/15035-2998-4742-study-wtw
3. http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/forwir2.html

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