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Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Chapter -
Chemistry JEE Main
Concepts of Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen for JEE Main
Chemistry
In the atmosphere, a wide range of nitrogenous compounds has been found. Some of the
organic compounds of nitrogen are Amines, amides, alkyl nitrates, nitrosamines, nitroarenes,
and peroxyacyl nitrates. Amphetamines, amides, and nitro compounds are among the most
crucial topics that must be covered in order to pass entrance exams.
In this article, we'll go over all of the main aspects of amine, amide, and nitro compounds.
JEE Main Chemistry Chapters 2024Vedaniti,
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ae A Tey
4 |Some Basic Concepts in 2 Blooe Elements
Chemistry
2 | States of Matter D—and F — Block Elements
3 Atomic Structure Co-ordination Compounds
Chemical Bonding and
4 iMeleciler Sinica Environmental Chemistry
5 Caan gnennadaaies Purification and Characterisation of
Organic Compounds
6 | Solutions Goneral Organic Chemistry
7 | Equilibrium Hydrocarbons
_ | Redox Reactions and Organic Compounds Containing
Electrochemistry Halogens
«| chemical kinetics Organic Compounds Containing
Oxygen
ra Organic Compounds Containing
Nitrogen
“4 Classification Elements Dohme
Periodicity Properties »
General Principles and
12 | Processes of Isolation of Biomolecules
Metals:
13 | Hydrogen Chemistry in Everyday Life
14 S* Block Elements 28 Principles Related to Practical
Chemistry
Important Topics of Organic Compound of Nitrogen ChapterVedaniti,
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* Aliphatic amine
* Carbylamine reaction
+ Coupling reaction
+ Amide
* Hoffman bromamide reaction
* Aromatic amine
+ Nitro camide compounds
* Nitration
+ Diazonium salt
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Important Concept for JEE MainVedaniti,
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An amine is a functional group that
Amine grou
oom has alone pair on a nitrogen atom
CO-NH is the typical chemical formula
for amide groups. They can be made
Amide group by a reaction between an amine (NH;)
and a carboxyl (CO,H) group.
Any of a group of chemical
fh
Nitro group compounds in which the nitro group
(ON=0) is incorporated into the
molecular structure
Diazonium compounds, also known as
diazonium salts, are_-—_ organic.
compounds with the functional group
RN*.X, where R can be any chemical
group, such as an alkyl or an aryl, and
Xis halogen
Diazonium salt
Ammonolysis is a type of chomical
reaction that uses ammonia as a
reactant. Ammonolysis processes can
be carried out with organic or
inorganic substances to create amines
or nitrides, respectively.
Ammonolysis.
What are Amines?
Amines are ammonia derivatives that are made by replacing one, two, or all three hydrogen
atoms with alkyl and/or aryl groups.
Structure of Amine
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Classification of Nitrogenous Compounds (Amine)
Number of hydrogen atoms in ammonia molecules that are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups
decide the class of amines. RNH, or ArNH,, a primary amine, is formed when one hydrogen
atom of ammonia is replaced by R or Ar (1°)
If two hydrogen atoms of ammonia or one hydrogen atom of primary amine (R-NH,) are
substituted by another alkyV/aryl(R’) group, secondary (2°) amines are formed.
Tertiary amines (R,N) are formed when another hydrogen atom is replaced by an alkyV/aryl
group
Nomenclature of Amines
An aliphatic amine is named in the common system by prefixing the alkyl group to amine.
resulting in alkylamine as @ single word (e.g., methylamine). When two or more groups in a
secondary or tertiary amine are the same, the prefix di or tri is added before the name of the
alkyl group. Alkanamines are the names given to amines in the IUPAC system
If more than one amino group is present at different places in the parent chain, their positions
are indicated by assigning numbers to the carbon atoms bearing -NH, groups and attaching a
suitable prefix to the amine such as di, tri, etc. The letter ‘e' from the hydrocarbon part's suffix is
kept
Properties of Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen (Amines)Vedaniti,
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+ Lower (amines with less carbon) aliphatic amines exist in gaseous state with a fishy
odour.
* Aniline and other arylamines are generally colourless, but due to air oxidation, they
become coloured with storage
* Because they can establish hydrogen bonds with water molecules, lower aliphatic
amines are soluble in water. However, when the molecular mass of amines (R-NH,)
increases, solubility declines due to the increased size of the hydrophobic alkyl
component
+ Because of hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen of one molecule and the hydrogen of
another, primary and secondary amines form intermolecular associations. Because
primary amines have two hydrogen atoms available for hydrogen bond formation, they
have higher intermolecular interaction than secondary amines. Because there is no
hydrogen atom available for hydrogen bond formation, tertiary amines do not exhibit
intermolecular interaction. As @ result, the boiling temperatures of isomeric amines are in
the following order:
Primary > Secondary > Tertiary.
+ Benzenediazonium chloride is a crystalline substance that is colourless. It is generally
water (H,0) soluble and generally stable at room temperature, but when warmed, it
reacts with water In the dry state, it decomposes quickly. Water insoluble,
benzenediazonium fluoroborate is stable at ambient temperature
+ Amines are reactive because of the difference in electronegativity between nitrogen and
hydrogen atoms, as well as the presence of an unshared pair of electrons above the
nitrogen atom
Preparation Reaction for Amines
4. Reduction of Nitro Compounds
By passing hydrogen gas through finely divided nickel, palladium, or platinum, nitro compounds
are reduced to amines, as well as by reduction with metals in an acidic media.
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2. Ammonolysis of Alkyl HalideVedaniti,
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A nucleophile can easily cleave carbon-halogen bands in alkyl or benzyl halides. As a result,
when an alkyl or benzyl halide reacts with an ethanolic solution of ammonia, the halogen atom
is replaced by an amino (-NH.) group in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
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‘Treatment with a strong base yields the free amine from the ammonium salt:
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3. Reduction of Nitriles
Primary amines are formed when nitriles are reduced with lithium aluminium hydride (LIAIH4) or
hydrogenated catalytically.
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4. Reduction of Amides
‘When amides are reduced with lithium aluminium hydride, amines are formed
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5. Gabriel Phthalimide Reaction
Primary amines are made via the Gabriel synthesis method. When phthalimide is treated with
ethanolic potassium hydroxide, it generates a potassium salt, which when heated with an alkyl
halide and then alkaline hydrolyzed yields the primary amine.Vedaniti,
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Because aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with the anion generated by
phthalimide, this approach cannot be used to make aromatic primary amines.
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6. Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction
By treating an amide with bromine in an aqueous or ethanolic solution of sodium hydroxide,
Hoffmann created a method for preparing primary amines
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Chemical Reactions of Amine
4. Carbylamine Reaction
When primary amines are heated with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide, they
generate isocyanides or carbylamines, which have a horrible odour. This reaction does not
occur in secondary or tertiary amines.
R-NH, + CHCI, + 3KOH — R-NC + 3KCI+3H,O (on heating)
2. Reaction with Nitrous Acid
When primary aliphatic amines react with nitrous acid, they produce aliphatic diazonium salts,
which are unstable and release nitrogen gas and alcohols in large quantities.
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At low temperatures (273-278 K), aromatic amines react with nitrous acid to create diazonium
ions.
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3. Reaction with Arylsulphony! Chloride
Hinsberg’s reagent, benzenesulphonyl chloride (C,H,SO,Cl), interacts with primary and
secondary amines to produce sulphonamides.
(@) N-ethylbenzenesulphonyl amide is formed by reacting benzenesulphonyl chloride with
primary amine.
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Due to the presence of a strong electron withdrawing sulfonyl group, the hydrogen linked to
nitrogen in sulphonamide is extremely acidic. As a result, itis alkali soluble
(b) N,N-diethylbenzenesulphonamide is produced in the reaction with secondary amino
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Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulfony| chloride.
4. Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
An ortho-para directing group is the Amine group. It is subjected to a number of electrophilic
substitution processes
a. Bromination:
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At room temperature, aniline reacts with bromine water to form a white precipitate of 2,4,6-
triromoaniline. In the presence of an acetyl group, controlled bromination can occur. It shields
the amine group and keeps uncontrolled halogenation under control (bromination),
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(b) Nitration
Aniline is protonated to create the meta directing anilinium ion in a very acidic solution. As a
result, in adcition to ortho and para derivatives, a considerable number of meta derivatives are
generated
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The nitration reaction can be regulated and the p-nitro derivative obtained as the primary
product by protecting the -NH, group via an acetylation reaction with acetic anhydride
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(C) Sulphonation
Aniline combines with concentrated sulphuric acid to make anilinium hydrogensulphate, which
produces p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid when heated with sulphuric acid at 453-473K.
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Why Aniline do not Undergo Friedel Crafts Reaction
Because the Lewis acid, aluminium chloride, is utilised as a catalyst, aniline does not undergo
Friedel-Crafts reaction (alkylation and acetylation). As a result, the nitrogen in aniline gains a
positive charge, acting as a powerful deactivate group for subsequent reactionsVedaniti,
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Resonance in Diazonium Salt
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Preparation Method of Diazonium Salt
The reaction of aniline with nitrous acid at 273-278K produces benzenediazonium chloride. The
reaction of sodium nitrite with hydrochloric acid produces nitrous acid in the reaction mixture.
Diazotization is the process of converting primary aromatic amines into diazonium ions.
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Reactions of Diazonium Salt
4. Sandmayer's Reaction
Replacement by halide or cyanide ion: In the presence of Cu(|) ions, the nucleophiles Cl-, Br-,
and CN- can easily be introduced into the benzene ring. The Sandmeyer reaction is the name
for this reaction
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2. Gatterman Reaction
By treating the diazonium salt solution with the appropriate halogen acid in the presence of
copper powder, chlorine or bromine can be introduced into the benzene ring. The Gatterman
reaction is the name for this
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3. Replacement by lodide lonVedaniti,
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(image will be updated soon)
4. Replacement by Fluoride lon
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5. Replacement by H
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6. Replacement by Hydroxyl Group
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7. Replacement by -NO, Group
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8. Coupling Reaction
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Diazonium Salts: Importance in Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Diazonium salts are a class of organic compounds that contain the diazonium functional group
(N2+). They are highly significant in synthetic organic chemistry for several reasons, making
them a crucial topic for JEE Main students to understand. Here, we delve into their importanceVedaniti,
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+ Azo Dye Synthesis: Diazonium salts are pivotal in the synthesis of azo dyes, which are
widely used in the textile industry for coloring fabrics. This process involves the reaction
of a diazonium salt with an aromatic amine, resulting in the formation of colorful azo
compounds.
+ Reagent in the Sandmeyer Reaction: Diazonium salts are used in the Sandmeyer
reaction to introduce various functional groups into arometic compounds. For example
they can be used to replace the -N2+* group with other groups like -Cl, -Br, -F, -OH, or -
CN, leading to the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds.
* Preparation of Aryl Halides: 8y reacting diazonium salts with cuprous salts, aryl halides
can be synthesized. These aryl halides are versatile intermediates for a multitude of
organic reactions
+ Phenol Synthesis: Diazonium salts can be used to synthesize phenols by treating them
with water or aqueous mineral acids. This reaction is significant for the preparation of
various phenolic compounds.
* Carboxylic Acid Synthesis: Diazonium salts can be converted into carboxylic acids.
The replacement of -N2+ with -COOH Is a valuable transformation in organic synthesis.
+ Energetic Materials: Certain diazonium salts are used in the production of energetic
materials, including explosives and propellants. This application highlights their
significance in various industries
+ Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals: Diazonium salts play a role in the synthesis of
many pharmaceutical and agrochemical compounds, contributing to the development of
essential products that improve health and agriculture
+ Flavor and Fragrance Industry: Azo compounds derived from diazonium salts are used
in the flavor and fragrance industry to create a wide array of aromatic compounds
JEE Main Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Solved Examples
4. Complete the given reactions following the acid-base combination and name the
products:
i. CH,CH,CH,NH, + HCI >
I. CH),N + HCI >
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a
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(i)
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Key point: It is a general acid base reaction in which an amine group of primary amine and
secondary amine accepts a proton by forming salt and behaves like a base.
2.Write down the chemical reaction between aniline and benzoyl chloride, as well as the
name of the resulting product.
Ans:
(image will be updated soon)
Key Point: This reaction is an acetylation reaction, which is used to protect the amine group
from uncontrolled substitution of the electrophile in the electrophilic substitution reaction
Solved Problems of Previous Year Question from the Chapter: Organic
Compounds Containing Nitrogen
1. The major product formed in the following reaction is:
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b)
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c)
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d)
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Ans: The correct answer is option 3. Only primary amines react with hinsberg reagents and
forms precipitate that dissolves in addition to alkali
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Trick: Acylation takes place in the presence of SOCI,. Acyl group in the presence of alcohol
produces esters.
2. The major product of the following reaction is:
(image will be updated soon)
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Ans: The correct answer is option c.Vedaniti,
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(image will be updated soon)
Trick: This reaction will follow hoffmann’s bromamide degradation reaction. The aliphatic
diazonium salt is not stable, it gets converted into an alcohol
3. In the following sequence of the reaction, the final product D i:
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Ans: The correct answer is option c
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Trick: Chromy| chloride is an oxidising agent and hydrogen in the presence of palladium is a
reducing agent. Secondary alcohol is oxidised to form ketone
Practice Questions
1. To discriminate between the following pairs of substances, perform one chemical test.
(i) Methylamine and dimethylamine (ii) Secondary and tertiary amines
Ans: (i) Carbylamine test. (ji) Libermann nitrosoamine testVedaniti,
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2. Describe a method for determining which amines are primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Also, write down the chemical equations for the reactions.
Ans: Hinsberg's test
JEE Main Chemistry Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Study
Materials
Here, you'll find 2 comprehensive collection of study resources for Organic Compounds
Containing Nitrogen designed to help you excel in your JEE Main preparation. These materials
cover various topics, providing you with a range of valuable content to support your studies
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JEE Main Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Notes
JEE Main Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Important Questions
JEE Main Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Practice Paper
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Explore an array of resources in the JEE Main Chemistry Study and Practice Materials section.
Our practice materials offer a wide variety of questions, comprehensive solutions, and a
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JEE Main Chemistry Previous Year Question Papers
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Conclusion
The JEE Main chapter on "Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen" is a foundational and
integral part of organic chemistry. This chapter equips students with a comprehensive
understanding of the diverse and vital compounds that contain nitrogen functionalities.
Knowledge of this chapter is essential for grasping the complex structures, nomenclature,
reactions, and applications of these compounds. It forms the basis for advanced studies in
organic chemistry, enabling students to explore the intricate world of organic synthesis and
mechanisms. Mestery of this chapter empowers JEE Main students to tackle challenging
organic reactions, synthesize valuable compounds, and contribute to the fields of
pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and materials science.Lear UNE Online
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