Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online Principles Related to Practical Chemistry Chapter - Chemistry JEE Main Concepts of Principles Related to Practical Chemistry for JEE Main Chemistry This chapter is dedicated to the investigation of various methods and approaches for determining the amount of any given element contained in @ compound. Analyses are separated into three groups in this chapter: inorganic, organic, and physical. We can use a variety of assays to discover which element is present in a compound There are a variety of real-life applications that we witness in our everyday lives. The following are a few of them: The nitrogen estimation is done using two separate methods: Duma’s approach and KjeldahI's method. The Carius method is used to estimate halogens quantitatively. The following is a visual illustration of the procedure JEE Main Chemistry Chapters 2024RTs ey Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry 15 | P- Block Elements 2 | States of Matter 16 | D-and F —- Block Elements 3. | Atomic Structure 17 | Co-ordination Compounds Chemical Bonding and Thermodynamics Solutions Ae | eee eae! 48 | Environmental Chemistry Bree Purification and 5 19 | Characterisation of Organic Compounds General Organic Chemistry Equilibrium Hydrocarbons Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry Organic Compounds Containing Halogens Chemical Kinetics Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen Surface Chemistry Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Classification Elements Periodicity Properties General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals 43. | Hydrogen Polymers Biomolecules 27 | Chemistry in Everyday Life 14 | S— Block Elements Principles Related to 28 | practical Chemistry Vedaniti, Lear NEOnlne Detection of Extra Elements and Functional Groups in Organic CompoundsVedaniti, Lear UNE Online Identifying the presence of specific elements and functional groups in organic compounds is crucial for both analytical and synthetic chemistry. JEE Main students should have a strong grasp of these detection methods to understand and manipulate organic molecules effectively. Detection of Extra Elements: Nitrogen (N): Nitrogen is typically detected through the Dumas method, which involves heating the organic compound in the presence of copper oxide. The liberated nitrogen forms ammonia gas, which is then collected and quantified Sulfur (8): Sulfur can be detected using the Carius method. The organic compound is combusted with fuming nitric acid, leading to the formation of sulfuric acid. The sulfur content is determined by precipitating it as barium sulfate Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I): Halogens are detected using methods like the Lassaigne’s test. The organic compound is heated with sodium, and the resulting sodium halides are then extracted with water. The presence of halogens Is confirmed through various chemical tests specific to each halogen. Detection of Functional Groups: Hydroxyl (Alcoholic and Phenolic) Groups: Alcoholic hydroxyl groups are detected using the Lucas test. Alcohols react with Lucas reagent (concentrated HCI and ZnCl2) to form alkyl chlorides. Phenolic hydroxyl groups are identified through tests like the ferric chloride test, which results in a colored complex with phenols Carbonyl (Aldehyde and Ketone) Groups: Tollens' test is employed to detect aldehyde groups. Aldehydes reduce Tollens' reagent (Ag(N-H3)°*) to forma silver mirror on the reaction vesse''s walls.Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online Ketone groups can be identified using the iodoform test, which results in the formation of yellow iodoform precipitate Carboxy! Group: The sodium bicarbonate test is used to detect carboxyl groups. Carboxylic acids react with sodium bicarbonate to produce effervescence (Cy gas is released). Amino Groups: Amino groups can be detected through the Hinsberg test, which involves reacting the amine with benzenesulfonyl chloride (Hinsberg's reagent). Primary amines yield insoluble precipitates secondary amines yield soluble compounds, and tertiary amines do not react Chemistry Involved in the Preparation of Various Inorganic and Organic Compounds Understanding the chemistry behind the preparation of different inorganic and organic compounds is fundamental for JEE Main students. This knowledge not only contributes to their understanding of chemical reactions but also provides a strong foundation for various applications in chemistry and related fields. Inorganic Compounds: 4. Mohr's Salt (Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate Hexahydrate): Chemical Formula: Fe(NH4) — 2($Ox)2 - 6H2O Preparation Mohr's salt is prepared through a double displacement reaction. Here's a step-by-step explanation of the process:Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online Step 1: Ferrous Sulfate Solution ~* solution of ferrous sulfate (FeS' _ ) is prepared. Step 2: Ammonium Sulfate Solution Aseparate solution of ammonium sulfate ((INH4)25O4) 's also prepared Step 3: Mixing and Precipitation The ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate solutions are mixed A double displacement reaction occurs, leading to the formation of ferrous ammonium sulfate (Mohr's sait) and ammonium ions (NH4+), The ferrous ammonium sulfate precipitates as a green crystalline solid due to its low solubility. The ammonium ions remain in the solution Step 4: Crystallization The green precipitate is collected and allowed to crystallize. The resulting crystals are Mohr's salt. 2. Potash Alum (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate Dodecahydrate): Chemical Formula: K Al(SO,)2 -12H2O Preparation Potash alum is prepared through a double displacement reaction, similar to Mohr's salt. l, O4)s Step 1: Aluminum Sulfate Solution (A (1g \Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online wow J Asolution of aluminum sulfate is prepared Step 2: Potassium Sulfate Solution Aseparate solution of potassium sulfate (K2S'O4) is also prepared. Step 3: Mixing and Precipitation The aluminum sulfate and potassium sulfate solutions are mixed A double displacement reaction occurs, leading to the formation of potash alum and aluminum tons (Al) Potash alum precipitates as colorless, octahedral crystals Aluminum ions remain in the solution. Step 4: Crystallization The precipitated potash alum is collected and allowed to crystallize, forming the final product. Organic Compounds: 1. Acetanilide: Chemical Formula: Cg Hy NO Preparation Acetanilide is synthesized by acetylation of aniline, which involves the reaction of aniline with acetic anhydride. The process can be outlined as follows: Step 4: Formation of Acetic AnhydrideVedaniti, Lear NEOnlne (GU CuUH) Acetic anhydride is prepared by mixing acetic acid and acetic anhydride (C4HgO3) in the presence of a catalyst. Step 2: Acetylation of Aniline Aniline is reacted with the acetic anhydride in the presence of a mild Lewis acid or base catalyst. This reaction leads to the replacement of the hydrogen atom in aniline with an acetyl group (CH3CO ) Step 3: Isolation The resulting acetanilide is isolated through suitable purification techniques like crystallization. 2. p-Nitroacetanilide: Chemical Formula: Cg Hg N2O3 Preparation p-Nitroacetanilide is synthesized by nitrating acetanilide. The process involves the following steps: Step 1: Nitration of Acetanilide Acetanilide is treated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNOs) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) This reaction leads to the nitration of the aniline ring in acetanilide, resulting in the introduction ofa nitro group (NOz) at the para position.Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online Step 2: Isolation The product, p-nitroacetanilide, is isolated through suitable purification techniques, such as recrystallization 3. Aniline Yellow (p-Sulfonated Aniline Dye): Chemical Formula: Cs H4N2Na207S2 Preparation Aniline Yellow is a synthetic dye derived from aniline. It is prepared through the sulfonation of aniline followed by diazotization and coupling reactions. The detailed procedure involves multiple steps and chemical transformations 4, lodoform (Triiodomethane): Chemical Formula: CHI; Preparation lodoform is synthesized through the halogenation of acetone in the presence of iodine and a base (e.g., sodium hydroxide). The reaction can be summarized as follows: Step 4: Halogenation Acetone is treated with iodine (J) and a basic solution (¢.g., NaOH). The reaction results in the formation of iodoform, which is a yellow solid Step 2: IsolationVedaniti, Lear UNE Online The iodoform is collected, typically through filtration, and may undergo further purification if required Chemistry Involved in Titrimetric Exercises: Acids, Bases, and the Use of Indicators Titration, a fundamental technique in analytical chemistry, plays a significant role in the determination of various chemical concentrations. For JEE Main students, understanding the chemistry behind titrimetric exercises, particularly in the context of acids, bases, and the use of indicators, is crucial. This knowledge equips them with practical skills and theoretical foundations to perform accurate and precise chemical analyses. 1. Acids and Bases Titration: a. Use of Indicators: In acid-base titrations, indicators are essential. Indicators are substances that undergo a color change at or near the equivalence point of the titration. Common indicators include phenolphthalein (pink to coloriess in the transition from basic to acidic), methyl orange (red to yellow in the transition from acidic to basic), and bromothymol blue (yellow to blue in the transition from acidic to basic). The choice of indicator depends on the type of titration and the expected pH at the endpoint. b. Oxalic Acid vs. KMnO4: Oxalic acid (H2C20x) is often used as a reducing agent in titrations. When oxalic acid reacts with potassium permanganate (KMnOs) in an acidic medium, it undergoes oxidation. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is’ 5HyC204 + 2K MnOq + 3H2SO4 — 10CO2 + 2MnSO, + 8H2,O + K2SO4Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online The oxidation state of carbon in oxalic acid changes from +3 to +4, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide and the reduction of manganese in permanganate from +7 to +2. 2. Mohr's Salt vs. KMnO4: Mohr's salt, also known as ferrous ammonium sulfate ((NH1)2Fe(SO.)o - 6H2O), is employed in redox titrations. In the presence of potassium permanganate (K MnQ,) and sulfuric acid (H2SOx), Mohr's salt undergoes oxidation. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: 5(N Ha)2Fe(SO4)o - 6HyO + 2K MnOy + 8H>SO, > 10FeSO, + 2MnSO4 + Ky + 5(NH4)9504 + 8120 In this reaction, iron in Mohr's salt is oxidized from +2 to +3, while manganese in KMnO4 is reduced from +7 to +2. The equivalence point is reached when all the iron ions are oxidized, and the purple color of KMnO4 disappears Chemical Principles in Qualitative Salt Analysis for JEE Main Students Qualitative salt analysis is a crucial aspect of analytical chemistry, enabling the identification of various cations and anions in a given salt mixture. This knowledge is invaluable for JEE Main students as it forms the basis for understanding complex chemical reactions and analytical techniques. Cations: Lead (Pb?*): Confirmatory Test: Lead ions form a yellow precipitate with potassium chromate (K2CrO4) wu solution (mYVedaniti, Lear NEOnlne wy 2+ Copper Confirmatory Test: Cu ions react with potassium ferrocyanide to produce a brown precipitate Silver (Ag*): Confirmatory Test: Ag* ions form a white precipitate with chloride ions (CI-) in the form of silver chloride (AgCI) Iron (Fe?* and Fe**): Confirmatory Test: Iron ions react with thiocyanate ions (SCN~) to produce a blood-red solution due to the formation of ferric thiocyanate (Fe(SCN)s) Zine (Zn?* Confirmatory Test: Zinc ions form a white precipitate with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution Nickel (Ni? Confirmatory Test: Nickel ions produce a green precipitate when reacted with dimethylglyoxime (OMG) Calcium (Ca?*), Barium (Ba?*), Magnesium (Mg**), and Ammonium (N'H,') These ions do not form distinctive precipitates with common reagents. Their presence is usually confirmed indirectly through other tests or the absence of characteristic reactions with other ions. Anions: Or Carbonate (CO}-) myVedaniti, Lear UNE Online wos Confirmatory Test: Carbonate ions evolve carbon dioxide gas when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (HC), resulting in effervescence. Sulfide (S?-) Confirmatory Test: Sulfide ions form black precipitates with lead(II) nitrate (Pb(NOs)2) Sulfate (SO}-) Confirmatory Test: Sulfate ions generate a white precipitate of barium sulfate (BaSOx) when reacted with barium chloride (BaCl2) solution Nitrate (VO3 ) and Nitrite (WO3 ) Confirmatory Test: Nitrate and nitrite ions do not form precipitates. Their presence is confirmed by the absence of reactions with typical tests Chloride (CI-), Bromide (Br~), and lodide (I~) Confirmatory Test: Chloride, bromide, and iodide ions form white, cream, and yellow precipitates, respectively, when reacted with silver nitrate (AgNOs) solution Chemical Principles Involved in Selected Experiments for JEE Main Students Understanding the chemical principles behind experiments is vital for JEE Main students. It not only enhances their grasp of fundamental chemistry but lso equips them with the knowledge to excel in various scientific endeavors. Let's explore the chemical principles behind four essential experiments. 1. Enthalpy of Solution of CuSO4: O4 (ud \Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online weer oy This experiment involves dissolving copper sulfate in water, and its chemical principles can be explained as follows: Enthalpy Change: The enthalpy change, often referred to as heat of solution (AHsolution), measures the heat absorbed or released when a solute (CuSO4) dissolves in a solvent (water). It is a thermodynamic parameter that quantifies the energy transfer during dissolution Lattice Energy: The lattice energy of the ionic compound CuSO, plays a crucial role in this oxporimont. When CuSO, dissolves, the ionic bonds between coppor ions (Cu?+) and sulfate ions (SO}-) are broken, and water molecules surround and solvate these ions. This process releases energy, leading to a temperature rise in the solution Hydration: CuSO4 dissolves in water through the process of hydration. Water molecules surround and stabilize the ions, and this interaction is exothermic, contributing to the overall enthalpy change 2. Enthalpy of Neutralization of Strong Acid and Strong Base: This experiment involves the reaction between a strong acid (e.g., HCl) and a strong base (e.9., NaOH) to form water and a salt (e.g., NaCl). The chemical principles include: Neutralization Reaction: The reaction between HCI and NaOH is a classic example of a neutralization reaction. It is an exothermic process in which hydrogen ions (H+) from the acid combine with hydroxide ions (OH-) from the base to form water. Heat of Reaction: The enthalpy change (AH) in this experiment represents the heat evolved during the neutralization reaction. This exothermic process results in a temperature increase in the reaction mixture. Hess's Law: The enthalpy change in this reaction is consistent with Hess's Law, which states that the enthalpy change of a reaction depends only on the initial and final states and is independent of the reaction pathway 3. Preparation of Lyophilic and Lyophobic Sols:Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online Preparation of colloidal solutions involves principles related to colloids: Lyophilic Sols: These are colloidal solutions where the dispersed phase (colloid) has a strong affinity for the dispersion medium (solvent). The preparation of lyophilic sols typically involves solvating the colloid with the solvent, leading to stable colloidal solutions Lyophobie Sols: In contrast, lyophobic sols are colloidal solutions where the dispersed phase has little affinity for the dispersion medium. Preparing lyophobic sols often involves vigorous dispersion methods, such as mechanical agitation or chemical treatments, to disperse the colloidal particles evenly in the medium. 4. Kinetic Study of the Reaction of lodide lon with Hydrogen Peroxide: This experiment explores the reaction kinetics of iodide ions (I-) with hydrogen peroxide (202). The chemical principles include: Rate of Reaction: The rate of this reaction is determined by the rate of collision between iodide ions and hydrogen peroxide molecules. This collision leads to the formation of iodine (Jz) and water (HO), and the reaction rate is governed by the concentration of reactants and the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Reaction Mechanism: Understanding the reaction mechanism, including any intermediate steps, is crucial. The kinetic study helps identify reaction orders and rate-determining steps Catalysis: In some cases, a catalyst (¢.g., iodide ion in this reaction) may be involved. The role of the catalyst in lowering the activation energy and increasing the reaction rate can be explored JEE Main Principles Related to Practical Chemistry Solved Examples Example 4: Explain how you'd go about calculating w and q throughout the time it takes for the piston velocity to drop to zero. Solution: * The relationship between V, and V, is discovered by equating the piston's effort on the gas. ARTIN(V,V,) = p_(V-V,}; p;(V,-V,) = external work performed on the piston;Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online Pea = 2P, = 2nRTIV, V, = (0.2032)V, w= (1.5936)nRT, w =(-1.5936)nRT. Key point to remember: The relationship between the number of moles of gas, pressure, and volume: nRT.In(V,/V,) = p,(V;-V,) ie. the external work done. Also, the values of R will be the given values for the constant and the values of n and T will be the ones provided in any question of this type. Example 2: Liquid nitrogen, with a boiling point of -195.79°C, is utilised as a coolant and a biological tissue preservation. Is nitrogen’s entropy higher or lower at -200°C than itis at -190°C? Give an explanation for your response. At -210.00°C, liquid nitrogen freezes to a white solid with a fusion enthalpy of 0.71 kJ/mol. What is fusion entropy? Is it possible to freeze living tissue in liquid nitrogen in a reversible or irreversible manner? Solution: As the temperature decreases, the entropy increases, as they are in inverse correlation to each other. Hence, when the temperature of liquid nitrogen decreases to -200°C, its entropy is higher than at -190°C. Key point to remember: Relation between entropy and temperature: AS=AHIT. Solved Questions from the Previous Year Question Papers Question 1: If an endothermic reaction is nonspontaneous at the freezing point of water and becomes feasible at its boiling point, then (a) 4H is -ve, AS is tve (b) AH and AS both are +ve (c) AH and AS both are -ve (d) AH is 4ve, AS is -ve Solution: For an endothermic reaction, AH = positive valueVedaniti, Lear UNE Online AG = AH-TAS + For a non-spontaneous reaction, AG should be positive + At low temperatures, AG is positive if AH is positive. + If Sis positive, AG is negative at high temperatures. + As a result, option (b) is the correct answer. Trick: Low Temperatures: AG is positive if AH is positive, High Temperatures: AG is negative if Sis positive Question 2: The standard enthalpy of formation of NH, is - 46 kJ mol". If the enthalpy of formation of H, from its atoms is - 436 kJ mol-' and that of N, is -712 kJ mol, the average bond enthalpy of N-H bond in NH, is (1) -964 kJ mol (2) + 352 kJ mol" (3) + 1086 kJ mol (4) - 1102 kJ mor Solution: * The equation of formation of ammonia using nitrogen and hydrogen is given below: YN, + 4H, > NH, +The standard enthalpy of formation of ammonia, given by AH, of NH., can thus be determined as follows: AH, of NH, = ((1/2)B.E of N, + (3/2) B.E of H, ~ (3) B.E of N-H) + Here, B.E stands for Bond energy and AH, stands for standard enthalpy of formation +In the above equation, the enthalpy of the formation of ammonia is obtained as a summation of the bond energies of the constituent elements and the subtraction of the bond energies of nitragen and hydrogen bonds ~ 46 = ((1/2)(712) + (3/2) 436 — (3) B.E of N-H)Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online - 46 = 356 + 654 — 3 B.E of N-H 3 B.E of N-H = 1056 » B.E of N-H = 1056/3 = 352 kJ mol Henee, option (2) is the answer. Trick: Enthalpy of formation can be calculated by subtracting the sum of bond energies of the bonds that are formed in the chemical reaction from the sum of bond energies of the bonds that are broken in the chemical reaction Question 3: During compression of a spring, the work done is 10 kJ and 2 kJ escapes to the surroundings as heat. The change in internal energy AU (in kJ) is (a)-8 (b) 12 (c)8 (d) - 12 Solution: The work done is given by, w = 10 kJ The heat that escapes into the surrounding is expressed as q = - 2 kJ The first law of thermodynamics states that AU = q + w =-2+10=8kJ As a result, option (c) is the correct answer. Trick: Work done on the system has a positive magnitude and work done by the system has a negative magnitude. Similarly, the heat released by the system has a negative magnitude and heat supplied by the surroundings to the system has a positive magnitude. Practice Questions Question 1: A leak in a Russian spacecraft resulted in a reduction in internal pressure from 1 atm to 0.85 atm. Is this a reversible expansion scenario? Has any work been completed? Answer: It is irreversibleVedaniti, Lear UNE Online Question 2: From the following thermochemical data, calculate the enthalpy of production of OH" ions: H,O — H*,,,, + OH',5; OH’ json = $57.32 kd ea) aay OH: H, + 1120, — H,O jj; AH* 94 = -285.83 kd Answer: - 228.51 kJ. JEE Main Chemistry Principles Related to Practical Chemistry Study Materials Here, you'll find a comprehensive collection of study resources for Principles Related to Practical Chemistry designed to help you excel in your JEE Main preparation. These materials cover various topics, providing you with a range of valuable content to support your studies. Simply click on the links below to access the study materials of Principles Related to Practical Chemistry and enhance your preparation for this challenging exam. Re eR Meee Ee eg Clay JEE Main Principles Related to Practical Chemistry Notes JEE Main Principles Related to Practical Chemistry Important Questions JEE Main Principles Related to Practical Chemistry Practice Paper JEE Main Chemistry Study and Practice Materials Explore an array of resources in the JEE Main Chemistry Study and Practice Materials section. Our practice materials offer a wide variety of questions, comprehensive solutions, and a realistic test experience to elevate your preparation for the JEE Main exam. These tools are indispensable for self-assessment, boosting confidence, and refining problem-solving abilities, guaranteeing your readiness for the test. Explore the links below to enrich your Chemistry preparationVedaniti, Lear NEOnlne BUS SECIS mel CEU ge Ca LCC JEE Main Chemistry Previous Year Question Papers JEE Main Chemistry Mock Test JEE Main Chemistry Formula JEE Main Sample Paper JEE Main Chemistry Difference Between Conclusion The JEE Main Chapter on "Principles Related to Practical Chemistry" provides students with essential insights into the fundamental chemical principles and their practical applications. Through a series of experiments and theoretical knowledge, students learn about thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, and the properties of various chemical compounds. This chapter equips students with the necessary skills to understand and conduct experiments, analyze data, and draw meaningful conclusions. It fosters an appreciation for the underlying principles governing chemical reactions, enabling students to apply this knowledge in real-world scenarios.Lear UNE Online Hi SKTV, Best courses for you Crash course One-to-one LIVE Books classes Starting from &8,000 ‘Starting trom 1,800/nr Starting from &3,330 Test series Starting from 23,880 Show more courses LIVE MasterclassLIVE 55) 1 EEEESa EERE E Chemisty Dropper Special: Markonioff's rule Graphs of Kinematics using Grade 9 fea Noreen eon em a RCs Ree eee TNA cue RRR ey Book a Free Session Now