Filipino

Maikling Kwento
Panitikan
- ayon kay Egar Allan Poe ang maikling kwento
- “Literature” mula sa latin word na “litera” ay isang akdanhg pampanitikan na likha mula sa
nangangahulugang titik guni-guni at sumasalamin sa buhay na
nagaganap o magaganap
- Ayon kay Dr. Jose Villa Panganiban ang
panitikan ay mula sa salitang ugat na titik na Deogracias A. Rosario
may panlaping “pang” at “an”.
- ama ng maikling kwento
Anyo ng Panitikan
Bahagi ng Maikling Kwento
1.) Posas o tuluyan
1. Simula
- gumagamit ng payak at direktang paglahad
- pagpapakilala sa tauhan
Uri - saglit na pagharap o pagtakas sa problema
1. Nobela 2. Gitna
- mahaba at nahahati sa kabanata - dito ang nakapanabi nabik na pangyayari sa
2. Maikling Kwento kwento

- natatapos sa isang upuan at nag iiwan ng 3. Wakas

kakintalan sa mambabasa - pinapakita kung paano hinarap at binigyan ng
3. Dula solusyon ang problema na hinarap

- sinasadula at tinatanghal Elements/Sangkop ng Maikling Kwento

4. Alamat 1. Tauhan

- pinagmulan ng bagay - ang bumubuhay o nagpapagalaw sa kwento

5. Parabula 2. Tagpuan

- hango sa bibliya - pinangyarihan ng kwento

6. Pabula 3. Banghay

- pangunahing tauhan ay hayop - daloy ng kwento

4. Suliranin

2.) Patula - problemang haharapin ng tauhan

- ang pagkakalahad ng kwento ay patula 5. Tunggalian

- gumagamit ng talinghaga, sukat at tugma - labanan ng tauhan

Uri a. tao laban sa sarili

1. Awit b. tao laban sa tao

- mabagal at ang himig ay tinatawag na adante c. tao labansa Lipunan

- tungkol sa pag-ibig d. tao laban sa kalikasan

2. Korido Ferdinand Pasigan

- matalis at ang himig ay tinatawag na allego - sumulat ng Anim na Sabado

- tungkol sa panrelihiyon, pamilya, at

paniniwala
Dr. Romulo N Peralta d.) Panapos
- sumulat ng Nang Minsang Naligaw si Adrian - ginagamit kung malapit na ang katapusan sa
pananalita
Taong lapad
- “gaya ng, upang, sa lahat ng ito, sa wakas, sa
- hindi nagbabago
bagay na ito”
Taong Bilog
e.) Panulad
- nagbabago sa huli
- tumutulob ng mga pangyayari o gawa
Pang-ugnay - “kung sino… siyang, kung ano… siya rin, kung
- salitang nagpapakita ng relasyon ng dalawang gaano… siya rin”
salita, parirala at sugnay
Salita
2. Pang- angkop (literature)
- yunit ng wika na siyang nagdadala ng payak ng
- mga katagang nag uugnay sa panuring at
kahulugan
salitang tinuturingan
Parirala
 “na”
- lipon ng mga salita na walang simuno,  Nag uugnay sa dalawang salita ma
panaguri at ginagamit lamang sa bahagi ng natatapos sa katinig maliban sa “n”
pangungusap  “g”
 Dinudugtong sa salitang nagtatapos
Sugnay
sa “n”
- lipon ng mga salita na mag paksa at panaguri  Salitang naglalarawan o inilalarawan
at maaring bou o hindi  “ng”
 Dinudurogtong sa mga salitang
nagtatapos sa patinig
1.) Pangatnig (conjunction)
- mga salitanf nag- uugnay ng dalawang salita,
3. Pang- ukol (preposition)
parirala o sugnay
- mga salitang nag uugnay sa isang pangalan,
Uri ng Pangatnig panghalip, pandiwa at pang abay sa ibang pang
a.) Paninsay abay

- ginagamit kung nagsasaad ng pasalungat  Ginagamit sa pangangalang pamalana

(contradiction)  Ukol sa, laban sa, hinggil sa, ayon sa,
tungkol sa, para sa
- “subalit, datapwat, bagama’t, ngunit”  Ginagamit sa ngalan ng tanging tao
b.) Pananhi  Ayon kay, ukol kay

- tumutugon sa tanong na bakut, nagsasaad ng Nobela

kadahilan
- mahabang kwento at may kabanata
- “sapagkat, dahil sa, palibhasa”
- 60,000 – 200,000 na salita at 300 – 1300 na
c.) Pamukod pahina
- ginagamit upang itangi sa iba sa iba/ - noong ika 18 na siglo bahagi ito sa lumang pag
comparing ibig at sa pangunahing literary genre
- “o, ni, maging, man” - ngayon ay kadalasng artistiko at isang tiyak na
artistiko o maraming artistiko
Uri ng Nobela Bahagi
1. Nobelang Romansa
1. pananaw
- ukol sa pag ibig
- panauhang ginagamit ng mga akda
2. Kasaysayan
a. una – kapag kasali ang mga akda sa
- binibigyang diin ang kasasayan o ang kwento
pangyayari na nakalipas na
b. pangalawa – ang mga akda ay
3. Nobelang Banghay nakikipag usap
- ang pagbabalangkas ng mga pangyayari ang c. pangatlo – batay sa nakikita o
ikawiwili ng mambabasa obserbasyon ng akda
4. Nobelang Masining 2. tema
- paglalarawan sa tauhan at pagka sunsunod na - paksang diwan a binibigyang diin sa nobela
pangyayari ang ikawiwili ng mambabasa
3. damdamin
5. Layunin
- nagbibigay kulay sa pangyayari
- mga layunin at mga simulan, lubhang
4. pamamaraan
mahalaga sa buhay ng tao
- istilo o manunulat
6. Nobelang Tauhan
5. pananalita
- katauhan ng pangunahing tauhan, mga
hangain, kalagayan at pangangailangan - diayalogo na ginagamit
7. Nobelang Pagbabago 6. simbolismo
- nalapagbabago sa ating buhay o istema - nagbibigay ng mas malalim na kahulugan sa
tao, bagay at pangyayarihan
Layunin ng Nobela
1. Gumising ang diwa at damdamin
2. nananawagan sa talino ng guniguni
3. maipukaw ang damdamin ng mambabasa
4. magbigay aral tungkol sa pag unlad ng buhay
at lipanan
5. nagsisilbing daan tungo sa pagbabago ng
sarili at Lipunan

Katangian ng Nobela
1. maliwanag at maayos na pagsulat ng tagpuan
at kaisipan
2. pumupuna sa lahat ng larangan ng buhay
3. dapat malikhain at maguniguni ang
paglalahad
4. pumupukaw sa damdamin kaya ito kawiliwili
5. binubou g 20,000 to 40,000 na salita
6. kailangan isaalang alang ang ukol sa kasalan
7. maraming ligaw na tagapo at kaganapan
8. ang bangkas ng mga pangayayari ay
tumutukoy sa kaisahang pag ibig mangyari
 Vernacular Literature
English
Vernacular – in the vulgar tongue
Anglo – American Literature
- written in the language of common people
Anglo
Geoffrey Chaucer
- derived from the word “Anglo-Saxon”
- author of canterbury tales
- referred to Germanic tribes that settled in
- father of English literature
England in early Middle Ages
- greatest English poet in middle ages
American
Canterbury tales
- refers to the people and culture of the US
- collection of moral and humorous stories told
- located in North America
by a diverse group of people
Anglo-American
Renaissance Period
- describes as shared cultural, political or
1300s-1500s
historical connection between US and UK
William Shakespeare
- refers to common values, institutions and
historical ties that link the two - writes lyric poem that expresses personal
sentiments
Ancient Times
- collected 154 sonnets
Epic
- The greatest dramatist of all time
- a long poem that recounts adventures and
triumph of a hero - 37 plays

- laden with biblical and religious themes - wrote Romeo and Juliet

Beowulf Pastoral Poems

- oldest, longest and most important recorded - shepherding and simplicity of life in the
epics in anglo-saxon country

Caedmon and Cynewulf Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh

- wrote poems with biblical and religious - famous pastoral poets during renaissance
themes Literary Texts
Middle Ages/medieval times - religious
Just like the essays of Francis
5th to 15th century - practical Bacon
- Literary works that were already written in - historical
modern English
Age of Enlightenment/ Age of Reason
Genres
1685-1815
 Heroic tales
 Romances Literary Texts
- recounted the chivalry and - reason
adventures of knights
- wit
Thomas Maloy
- philosophy
- wrote heroic tales and romances
- refinement
Comedy of Manners Realistic Writers focused on Portraying
- popular genre societal problems

- satirizes a specific group of people, usually the Charles Dickens

upper class - wrote oliver twist
John Milton Charlotte Bronte
- wrote Paradise lost - wrote jane eyre
Paradise Lost Samuel Clements
- greatest epic poems - pen name Mark Twain
- story of the fallen man - wrote the adventures of tom sawyer
Satire Modern to Contemporary
- question and criticize the social norm 1990-present

- uses humor to attack a social issue - commentaries on the social injustice and
Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope selfishness of the upper class

- famous satrists - Literary texts based on the realistic views og

life
John Dryden
Francis Scott Fitgerald
- dominant literary figure
- wrote the great Gatsby
- Satirist an England’s first poet laureate in 1668
Thomas Sterns Eliot
-Wrote Absolom and Ahithophel
- wrote the Wasteland
- story of King David’s son Absolom and
his false friend Robert Frost

Poet Laureate - wrote the poem the Road not Taken

- special position given by a king or queen Ancient Anglo – Saxon Period

448AD-1066AD
Romantic to Realistic Period
- some stories reached different kingdoms
1770-1890
because of travelling storytellers
“Focused on the expansion of imagination that
gave way to free forms of expression” Three Categories of Poetry
Gothic Fiction Heroic Poetry

- gloomy and mysterious - recounts the achievements of warriors

- combines fiction and horror themes Lyric Poetry

Gothic Fiction writer(s) - expresses thoughts and feelings

Mary Shelley Elegiac Poetry

- wrote Frankenstein - death of loved ones

Ann Radcliffe - has mournful tone

- wrote the mysteries of Udolpho Exeter book

Egar Allan Poe - example of elegiac

- wrote the Case of Amontillado - loss, separation and impermanence of earthly

things
Poetry - Ex. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled
peppers
- is a type of literature based on the interplay of
words and rhythm B. Assonance

Types of Poem - repetition of vowel sounds at the beginning,

middle or end
1.) Lyric Poem
C. Consonance
- expresses personal emotion or thoughts
- repetition of consonant sounds at the middle
- comes from ancient Greek word “lyre” which and end
refers to the instrumental in that era
D. Onomatopoeia
2.) Epic Poem
- use of words whose sound suggest their
- long, narrative poem meaning
- usually about heroic deeds and events that - Ex. Bang, boom, splash, buzz
significant to the culture of the poet
5. Figurative Languages
Features of Poetry
A. Simile
1. Rhyme
- is not clear and direct comparison between
- repetitions of sounds in a poem two things

 End Rhyme - uses “like” or “as”

- rhyming words do not appear only at
B. Metaphor
the end
 Internal Rhyme - comparison made between two things
- they may appear within the line
- does not use “like” or “as”
 Blank/ free verse
- no rhymes C. Personification

2. Rhythm - attribution of human qualities, nature to

characters to something nonhuman or
- derived from the word “rhythmos” which
inanimate objects
means measured motion
D. Irony
- succession and alternation of rhymes
- is the expressions of one’s meaning by using
3. Meter
languages that normally signifies the opposite,
- unit of rhythm in poetry or measurement of typically for humorous or emphatic effect
poem
E. Hyperbole
4. Imagery
- is an extreme exaggeration to make a point
- refers to the vivid images, clear sounds and
Types of Irony
exact feelings that are conveyed through words
of a poet Verbal Irony

Sound Devices - someone says something but means the

opposite
- literary techniques or elements used by
writers or poets Situational irony

- creates auditory effects, patterns, rhythms - there is a discrepancy between what is

with their works expected to happen and what actually
happened
A. Alliteration
- Ex. A firefighter house caught on fire
- repetition of the initial sound of works
Dramatic Irony 6. Ah
- when the audience or reader knows - expressing understanding, relief, or
something but the characters do not satisfaction

Informative Writing 7. Ew

- non- fiction writing that conveys information - expressing disgust or aversion

about something 8. Aha
- serves to inform or reveal information and is - indicating sudden realization or discovery
organized
9. Oops
- to raise awareness and to educate
- acknowledging a mistake or accident
Journalistic Writing
10. Hurray
- writing or reporting about the news
- expressing celebration or happiness
- found in newspaper, periodicals or on news-
related websites 11. Shh

- To quickly inform - signaling for silence or secrecy

- T entertain and persuade 12. Phew

Literary Writing - expressing relief or exhaustion

- not entirely factual or timely 13. Gosh

- cover imaginary events or ideas and range of - expressing surprise or disbelief

innovative and creative writing 14. Boo
- To communicate or appeal to emotions - used to scare or surprise someone
Interjections 15. Duh
- words that expresses excitement or emotion - expressing the obvious or stating the obvious
- followed by a comma (,), ellipsis (…) or an 16. Well
exclamation point (!)
- introducing a statement or adding emphasis
Types of Interjections 17. Nope
1. Wow - indicating refusal or disagreement
- expressing surprise or admiration 18. Gee
2. Oh! - expressing wonder or surprise
- indicating realization, surprise, or sympathy 19. Ugh
3. Yay - expressing frustration or annoyance
- conveying excitement or joy 20. Yikes
4. Ouch - expressing shock or alar
- expressing pain or discomfort 21. Ahem
5. Hmm - the sound of someone clearing their throat to
- indicating thought, uncertainty kor get your attention
contemplation 22. Ahh
- used to call for help or when someone is
scared
23. Boo Conjunctions
- used to bash someone or voice of disapproval And
24. Eh - also, in addition, additionally, moreover,
furthermore
- used when you didn’t hear or understand
what someone said But
25. Jeez - however, even so, though, nevertheless,
nonetheless, still
- could indicate you can’t believe something or
you’re imitated So, because (cause – effect)
26. Ooh-la-la - therefore, thus, consequently, hence, for this
reason, as a result, that is why
- a slightly comical way to refer something as
fancy or special So (similarity)
27. Whoa - similarly, likewise
- shows surprise or amazement Before
28. Yahoo - beforehand, before this, first, then, next,
afterwards
- expresses joy or happiness
Or
29. Yeah
- alternatively, otherwise
- demonstrates a very strong affirmation or
approval While (same time)
30. Yoo-hoo - meanwhile, at the same time/moment
- an expression used to get someone’s attention Sequencing Steps
31. Zing 1. Beginning of your story
- usually used to comically emphasize a clever - create the beginning of your story with this
statement or comeback expression.
32. Dang - Use a comma after introducing the phrase
- informal interjection used to express a variety  First of all
of emotions  To start off with
33. Goodness  Initially
 To begin with
- used to express surprise, admiration, or
sometimes disbelief in a polite or somewhat 2. Continuing the Story
old-fashioned manner - continue the story with the ff. expressions or
use a time clause beginning with “as soon as”
Sequence Signals or Connectors
or “after”
Connectors
 Then
- used to link two or more ideas  After that
 Next,
Sentence Connectors
 As soon as/ when full clause
- words or phrases that introduce a clause or  …but then
sentence and serve as a transition between  Immediately
them
3. Interruptions and adding new elements to Transition words that show transition of time
the story
- first, second, soon, then, now, immediately,
- use the ff. expressions to add suspense to your until, while, meanwhile, when, during, before,
story after, next, last, finally
 Suddenly, Modals
 Unexpectedly,
- auxiliary or helping verbs to help us
4. Ending the story understand the function of the main verb
- mark the end of your story with these A. Prohibition
introductory phrases
- can’t, mustn’t
 Finally,
 In the end, Can’t
 Eventually, - can not
Type of Relationship - usually give the idea of something that is
against the rules
Addition
Mustn’t
- again, also, and, besides, finally, further, last,
moreover, equally important - must not
Clarification - usually means that it is the speaker who is
setting the rule
- as a matter of fact, clearly, evidently, in fact,
obviously, in other words, of course, too B. Obligation
Comparison - have to, must
- also, likewise, in like manner, similarly, Have to
both/and
- shows the obligation comes from someone
Contrast else not the speaker
- after all, although, conversely, at the same Must
time, but, for that, still, in spite of
- obligation comes from the speaker
Exemplification or Example
Don’t have to
- for example, for instance, that is, thus,
- there is no obligation
including
C. Permission
Location or Spatial order
- can, may could
- above, adjacent to, below, beyond, close by,
elsewhere, inside, nearby, next to, opposite Can
Cause/Effect or Condition/Conclusion - most used to ask permission
- accordingly, as a result, because, then, hence, Could
in short, consequently, thus
- possible to use but not often used
Summary
- in brief, in conclusion, in short to sum up, on
the whole, to summarize
Time
- after, after a short time, afterward, before,
during, of late, at last, at that time

Esp
1. Kabutihang Panlahat
- kabutihan para sa bawat isang indibidwal na
nasa Lipunan
- ang kabutihan ng komunidad na nararapat na
bumalik sa lahat ng indibidwal na kasapi nito
- “Ang tungihin ng Lipunan ay ang kailangan
pareho sa tunguhin ng bawa indibidwal” –
Santo Tomas de Aquino
- “Ang kabutihang panlahat ay ang
pangkalahatang kondisyong pantay na
ibinabahagi para sa kapakinabangan ng lahat ng
kasapi ng isang lipunan” – John Rawls
2. Komunidad
- isang hanay o pangkat ng mga indibidwal
3. Pagsangguni
- kasunduan na dapat sundin ng lahat
4. Indibidwalismo
- nagnanai na mapag-isa at walang paki sa
paligid
5. Diyalogo
- pagbabahagi ng saloobin, damdamin at
pananaw.
- sanhi ng hindi pagkaunawaan dahil sa
kakulangan ng pag-uusap
Modyul 1: Layunin ng Lipunan:
Kabutihang Panlahat
2 dahilan kung bakit hinahanp ng tao na
namumuhay sa Lipunan: Jacques Martain
1. Hindi nilikhang perpekto
- pagbabahagi sa kapwa ng kaalaman at
pagmamahal
- “Hindi gawa ng dalawang tao ang wika; galing
ito sa Lipunan” – Dr. Manuel Dy
2. Sa kaniyang pangangailangan at kakulangan
- makipag-ugnayan sa kapuwa
- “Sa pamamagitan lamang ng Lipunan makamit
ng tao ang layunin sa kaniyang paglikha” –
Santo Tomas Aquino
3 Elemento
1. Ang panggalang sa indibidwal na tao
2. Ang tawag ng katarungan o kapakananang
panlipunan ng pangkat
3. Ang kapayapaan
“Huwag mong itanong kung ano ang
maggagawa ng iyong bansa para sa iyo, kundi
itanong mo kung ano ang magagawa mo para sa
iyong bansa.” – John F. Kennedy
Mga Hadlang
1. Nakikinabang lamang sa benepisyo
2. Ang indibidwalismo o paggawa ng tao ay
kanyang personal na naisin
3. Pakiramdam na siya ay nalamangan o mas
Malaki ang kanyang ambag
Mga Kondisyon: Joseph de Torre
1.Ang lahat ng tao ay malayang makakilos na
ginagabayan ng diyalogo, pagmamahal at
katarungan
2. Ang karapatang pantao ay dapat pangalagaan
3. Ang bawat indibidwal ay nararapat na
mapaunlad patungo sa kaniyang kaganapan
Modyul 2: Lipunang Politikal, Prinsipyo
ng Subsidarity at Prinsipyo ng
Pagkakaisa
“Ang tanging kailangan upang magtagumpay
ang kasamahan ay ang hindi pagkilos ng
mga mabubuting tao”
Pamayanan
- isang malakibg barkada
Kultura
- mga naboung gawi ng pamayanan
- tradisyon, nakasanayn, pamaraan ng
pagpasiya at mga hangarin na ibinabahagi sa
paglipas ng panahon
Tradisyon
- gabay sa hamon ng kinabukasan
Lipunang Politikal
- nagbibigay prayoridad at pagpaphalaga
- ang pinuno ay pinapangalagaan ang naboung
kasaysayan ng pamayanan
- iginawad ang tiawala na pangunahan ng
pangkat
- proseso ng paghahanap sa kabutihang
panlahat
- pagsasayo ng sarili at Lipunan para makamit
ang hangarin
- ang “boss” ay ang kabutihang panlahat
Pampolitikal
- paraan ng pagsasaayo ng Lipunan upang
makamit ang Malaya at maayo na pamumuhay
para sa kabutihang panlahat
Pamahalaan
- mag-ipon, mag-iingat at magbabahagi ng
yaman sa pagitan ng pagbubuwis at bigay
serbisyo
- mukha ng estado sa internasonal na larangan
- nagpapatupad ng batas
Prinsipyo ng Subsidarity
- tinutulangan ng pamhalaan ang mamamayan
na magawa ang magpapaunlad sa kanila
Prinsipyo ng Pagkakaisa
- pagtutulungan ng mamamayan at pamahalaan
“May kailangan kang gawin na hindi mo kayang
gawin mag-isa, tungkulin ko ngayong tulungan
ka sa abot ng makakaya mo”
Pananagutan ng Pinuno
- sa harap ng kurapsyon, kailangan maging mas
maingat ang atumbayan sa pagbigay ng tiwala