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REVIEW SHEET
El=* "&:<i=E ffifu***€**

Name Rafcel G. Hernandez BIO 2311 OL26

LabTime/Date

he Skull
First, match the bone names in column B with the descriptions in column (the
A items in column B may be used more
than on"").

Column A
Column B
B
1. forehead bone a. ethmoid
O
2. cheekbone b. frontal
F
3. lower jaw c. hyoid
H
4. bridge of nose d. inferior nasal concha
J
5. posterior bones of the hard palate e. lacrimal
K
6. much of the lateral and superior cranium f. mandible
I
7. most posterior part of cranium S. maxilla
L
8. single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming paft h. nasal
of the cranial base
E i. occipital
9. tiny bones bearing tear ducts
J
j. palatine
10. anterior part of hard palate
A k. parietal
11. superior and middle nasal conchae form from
its projections l. sphenoid
M 12. site of mastoid process m. temporal
L 13, site of sella turcica n. vomer
A 14. site of cribriform plate o. zygomatic
F
15. site of mental foramen
M
16. site of styloid process

B, A, L, G 17. four bones containing paranasal sinuses

I 18. condyles here arliculate with the atlas
I 19. foramen magnum contained here
C 20. small U-shaped bone in neck, where many
tongue muscles attach
M 21. organ of hearing found here
N A 22. lwo bones that form the nasal septum
A 23. bears an upward protruslon, the ,,rooster,s
comb," or crista galli
F G 24. contain sockets bearing teeth
N
25. forms the most inferior turbinate
141
tr{
L.
 142 Review Sheet 9

(--------.), sutures (----+)' and bone markings

2 Using choices from the numbered key to the right, identify all bones
provided with various leader lines in the two diairams below. Some responses from the key will be used more tha no
29
2 Key: 1. carotid canal
9
23
2. coronal suture
8 34 3. ethmoid bone
4. external occipital protuberance
28 33 5. foramen lacerum
6. foramen magnum
30
7. foramen ovale

35 8. frontal bone

3
9. glabella
12
10, incisive fossa
15
22 11. inferior nasal concha

37 12. inferior orbital fissure

11

13
J 36

20
21

18 16

10
13
27

28 20

37

30
38

36 7
17

5
31 19

1
35 32

14
25
28

24 6
4
 Review Sheet 9 143

3. Define suture. A connection that in this case attaches one bone to another.

4. with one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception
The mandible, which is attached to the rest of the skull by a freely movable joint.

5. What bones are connected by the lambdoid suture?

Occipital and Parietal Bones

What bones are connected by the squamous suture?

Temporal and Parietal

6. Name the eight bones of the cranium. (Remember to include left and right.)

Frontal Left Parietal Right Parietal Left Temporal

Right temporal Occipital Sphenoid Ethnoid

7. Give two possible functions of the sinuses.

1. Lighten the Skull

2. Act as resonance chambers for speech

8. What is the orbit? A cavity for the eye

What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?

Frontal, sphenoid, ethnoid, lacrimal, maxilla, palatine, and zygomatic.

9. Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranium?

It articulates with all other cranial bones.

The Vertebral Column

10' The distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae composing the vertebral column are noted below. Correctly iden-
tify each described structure by choosing a response from the key.

Key: a. atlas d. coccyx f. sacrum

b. axis e. lumbar vertebra s. thoracic vertebra
c. cervical vertebra-typical

C. Cervical 1. vertebra type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which
the vertebral afteries ascend to reach the brain

A. Atlas 2. dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervica I ver.tebra (C1)

G. Thoracic 3. transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing
sharply downward
F. Sacrum
4. composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally
E. Lumbar
5. massivevertebra; weight-sustaining

I
144 Review Sheet 9

D Coccyx 6. "tail bone"; vestigial fused vertebrae

B. Axis 7. supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occiC
condyles

'i , Using the key, correctly identify the vertebral parts/areas described below. (More than one choice may apply in sc-e
cases.)Also use the key letters to correctly identify the vertebral areas in the diagram.

Key: a. body d. pedicle S. transverse Process

b. intervertebral foramina e. spinous process h. vertebral arch
c. lamina f. superior articular facet i. vertebral foramen

I 1. cavity enclosing the spinal cord E

H
G
E 2. weight-bearing portion of the vertebra C
D
E G 3. provide levers against which muscles pull

A G 4. provide an articulation point for the ribs

I 5. openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

F
E G 6. structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord I

C A D 7. structures that form the vertebral arch

A

12. Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column
Spinal nerves exit through the Intervertebral foramina

13. Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column
Intervertebral dics and S-shape construction of the vertebrae

i.i. What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs? Fibrocartilage

-Ii What is a herniated disc? A ruptured disc

if ruptured a herniated disc might cause adjacent nerves to be compressed and cause pain.
What problems might it cause?

16. Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth? Cervical and Lumbar

U nder what conditions do the secondary cu rvatu res develop?

It develops after the child learns to sit up and stand.

-
 Review Sheet 9 145
I
On this illustration of an articulated vertebral column, identify each curvature indicated, and Iabel it as a primary or
a secondary curvature. Also identify the structures provided with leader lines, using the letters of the terms listed in
the key below.

Key: a. atlas I
A
b. aXiS
B
interverlebral disc
I

d. sacrum Cervical
(curvature)
two thoracic veftebrae
G
f. two lumbar vertebrae
s. vertebra prominens I

Thoracic
(curvatu re)
C

F
_ _l
I

t- Lumbar
I

I
(curvatu re)
I

I
I
I

D I

I
Sacral
(cu rvatu re)

L
 146 Review Sheet 9

Thm Thoracic Cage

18. The major bony components of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the bony thorax

and the sternum, ribs, and costal cartilages.

19. Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib.

True ribs attach directly to the sternum, where false ribs attach indirectly to the sternum.

ls a floating rib a true or a false rib? False ribs

i
I! Cone shaped
20. What is the general shape of the thoracic cage?

21. Using the terms in the key, identify the regions and landmarks of the thoracic cage.

C Key: a. body
: F
: B b. clavicular notch
::
H c. costal cartilage
G
d. false ribs
- e. floating ribs
J 1 A jugular notch
f.
t I
s. manubrium
h. sternal angle

L i. sternum
j. true ribs
K
k. xiphisternal joint
t. xiphoid process

E
L1 vertebra
 Review Sheet 9 147

The Fetal Skull

22. Are the same skufl bones seen in the adurt
arso found in the fetar skuil? No. In fetal, the bones are incomplete
23. How does the size of the fetal face compare
to its cranium?
The face is much smaller and looks almost sqished, compare to the skull

How does this compare to the adult skull?

The infant skull is not fully developed, and some bone shave yet to ossify.

," i'ai are tne outward conical projections on some

of the fetal craniar bones? Ossification centers
What is a fontanelle? Fibrous memebranes that connect the incomplete skull bones

', -a: s :s fate? They will close up as the child develops and the bones suture

'. --: s :re function of the fontanelles in the fetal skull?

To connect the skull bones until they develop and suture together

- : -; :^' :erms listed, identify each of the fontanelles shown on the fetal skull
below,

anterior fontanelle A

.rastoid fontanelle D

:cs:erior fontanelle
Parietal
Frontal
;cr:-:idal fontanelle bone
bone

Occipital
bone

Temporal bone'