Sustainability 14 03313 v2

sustainability
Article
Musawah: A Data-Driven AI Approach and Tool to Co-Create
Healthcare Services with a Case Study on Cancer Disease in
Saudi Arabia
Nala Alahmari 1 , Sarah Alswedani 1 , Ahmed Alzahrani 1 , Iyad Katib 1 , Aiiad Albeshri 1
and Rashid Mehmood 2, *
1 Department of Computer Science, FCIT, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
nsaadalahmari0001@stu.kau.edu.sa (N.A.); sabdullahalswedani@stu.kau.edu.sa (S.A.);
asalzahrani@kau.edu.sa (A.A.); iakatib@kau.edu.sa (I.K.); AAAlbeshri@kau.edu.sa (A.A.)
2 High-Performance Computing Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
* Correspondence: RMehmood@kau.edu.sa; Tel.: +966-537069318
Abstract: The sustainability of human existence is in dire danger and this threat applies to our
environment, societies, and economies. Smartization of cities and societies has the potential to unite
individuals and nations towards sustainability as it requires engaging with our environments, ana-
lyzing them, and making sustainable decisions regulated by triple bottom line (TBL). Poor healthcare
systems affect individuals, societies, the planet, and economies. This paper proposes a data-driven ar-
tificial intelligence (AI) based approach called Musawah to automatically discover healthcare services
that can be developed or co-created by various stakeholders using social media analysis. The case
study focuses on cancer disease in Saudi Arabia using Twitter data in the Arabic language. Specifi-
cally, we discover 17 services using machine learning from Twitter data using the Latent Dirichlet

Allocation algorithm (LDA) and group them into five macro-services, namely, Prevention, Treatment,
Citation: Alahmari, N.; Alswedani,
Psychological Support, Socioeconomic Sustainability, and Information Availability. Subsequently, we
S.; Alzahrani, A.; Katib, I.; Albeshri,
show the possibility of finding additional services by employing a topical search over the dataset and
A.; Mehmood, R. Musawah: A
Data-Driven AI Approach and Tool
have discovered 42 additional services. We developed a software tool from scratch for this work that
to Co-Create Healthcare Services implements a complete machine learning pipeline using a dataset containing over 1.35 million tweets
with a Case Study on Cancer Disease we curated during September–November 2021. Open service and value healthcare systems based
in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2022, on freely available information can revolutionize healthcare in manners similar to the open-source
14, 3313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ revolution by using information made available by the public, the government, third and fourth
su14063313 sectors, or others, allowing new forms of preventions, cures, treatments, and support structures.
Academic Editor: Petra Poulová
Keywords: machine learning; big data analytics; social media; Twitter; smart healthcare; cancer;
Received: 22 February 2022 Arabic language; Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA); topic modeling; Natural Language Processing
Accepted: 5 March 2022 (NLP); smart cities
Published: 11 March 2022
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral

with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil- 1. Introduction
iations. The sustainability of human existence—our existence—is in dire danger and this threat
applies to our environment, societies, and economies. The threats to the environment are
evident in the deteriorating planet’s conditions. The threats to our societies are apparent in
the deteriorating physical and psychological health of individuals and groups; increasing
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
frequency and magnitudes of conflicts, riots, and wars, the rise of materialism, and the
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
deteriorating love, harmony, and sincerity between people. The risks to our economies are
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
manifested in the changing foci from the net benefits that the wealth brings to society, to
conditions of the Creative Commons
mere numbers counting products, earnings, spending, sales, exports, and GDPs. Nation-
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// alisms, racisms, gender, and other wars are on the rise and seen as important in the name of
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ equality, freedom, and missions, and little thought is given that any group is comprised of
4.0/).
Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063313 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313 2 of 41
individuals, and each individual is a fellow human who is juggling with many difficulties
like anyone else.
If done right, an umbrella term that has the potential to unite individuals towards
sustainability is smartization of cities, and societies that involve the transformation of our
traditional environments into smarter ones [1,2]. Smartness is defined by its core objective
of the triple bottom line (TBL)—i.e., social, environmental, and economic sustainability [3]
and can be achieved by engaging with our environments, analyzing them, and making
sustainable decisions regulated by triple bottom line [4,5]. Note that the terms quadruple
bottom line and quintuple bottom line have also been used in the literature with additional
emphasis on ethics, equity, and purpose (soul, spirituality, or culture). For simplicity, we
take the view that equity, efficiencies, ethics, purpose, innovation, etc. are included in TBL,
the three dimensions of sustainability, however, we understand that placing in various
statements an emphasis on specific aspects such as equity and ethics can be beneficial. The
requirements for and the definitions of smartness have evolved over time with a focus
in the early days on the digital aspects of the systems, shifting gradually to incorporate
efficiency, equity, and triple bottom line in it [6].
Human health and healthcare are the cornerstones of all three facets of sustainability,
the TBL [7]. Poor health and healthcare systems affect individuals, societies, the planet, and
economies [8,9]. Healthcare systems are under increasing pressure to reduce their social,
economic, and environmental costs [7,8,10]. An increasingly substantial share of GDPs is
being spent on healthcare by countries around the world [4]. The US spends around 20%
of its economy on healthcare [11]. Comparing different industries, the healthcare sector is
notoriously inefficient and wasteful of resources and budgets [11]. Both the mental and
physical health of people around the world is declining with the surge in lifelong illnesses
with ageing populations. The cost of healthcare is rising while the quality is declining. The
COVID-19 pandemic has hindered many patients with chronic and terminal illnesses from
getting proper treatment due to pandemic regulations [12]. Disparities and inequities in
healthcare around the world are rising [13]. Most important of all, healthcare systems are a
major contributor to the deterioration of our planet’s environment due to high energy usage,
disposable supplies, etc. This environmental damage causes health problems that need to
be medically treated, while these treatments in turn further damage the environment, and
thus a chain reaction [14].
There is a growing demand for the prevention of diseases and reducing the need for
disease monitoring, screening, and treatment to a minimum [7–10]. This in turn requires an
open space for innovations and dynamic interactions between healthcare stakeholders to
understand and provide solutions, services, information and resource supply chains, and
community support structures for timely interventions and disease prevention and pro-
gression. Fortunately, social media, which hosts around 60% of the world’s population [15],
is one such platform that provides an open space for stakeholder interactions.
Motivated by the urgency and gravity of the challenges facing healthcare, and the
technological opportunities, this paper proposes a data-driven artificial intelligence (AI)
based approach called Musawah (Musawah is an Arabic word meaning Equity. We call
our approach equity as we believe that sustainability and sustainable healthcare can be
achieved by people believing in and practicing equity. We believe that our approach
of open service and value healthcare systems based on freely available information can
enable equity and sustainability) to automatically detect and identify healthcare services
that can be developed or co-created by various stakeholders using social media analysis.
Essentially, the aim herein is to investigate the role of big data analytics over social media
to automatically detect needs and value propositions that could be nurtured and turned
into service co-creation processes through engaged participation over social and digital
media, eventually co-creating services. The co-created services are based on values that are
not necessarily materialistic, but are driven by equity, altruism, community strengthening,
innovation, and social cohesion. The case study focuses on cancer disease in Saudi Arabia
using Twitter data analytics in the Arabic language; however, the proposed approach
broadly can be used for any disease or purpose and in any language.
Specifically, we detect 17 services (e.g., screening, hope and optimism, financial
support, and awareness campaigns) using unsupervised machine learning from Twit-
ter data using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm (LDA) and group them into five
macro-services namely, Prevention, Treatment, Psychological Support, Socioeconomic
Sustainability, and Information Availability. The Prevention macro-service includes five
services—Early Diagnosis, Prevention and Control, Causes, Screening, and Symptoms—
and involves measures that may avoid cancer (e.g., maintaining a healthy lifestyle and
avoiding cancer-causing substances) or help recovery from cancer or slow down its
progression (e.g., symptoms and early detection).
The second macro-service is Treatment and relates to various treatment options avail-
able for cancer. It includes two detected services: Chemo and Radiation Therapy and
Surgical Therapy. It does not mean that only two treatment options or services are available.
It simply shows that these two services were detected by our tool, which may indicate
the two treatment services that are more common based on the dataset or its temporal
dimensions, or it may indicate the need for new treatment services. The third macro-service
is Psychological Support, which captures the services to support patients and their families
to help them cope with their psychological needs, such as emotions and spirituality. It
includes three services, Spiritual Support, Suffering, and Hope and Optimism. The fourth
macro-service, Socioeconomic Sustainability, includes four services, namely, Government
Support, Socioeconomic and Operational Challenges, Charity Organizations, and Financial
Support. It relates to the financial, healthcare, and other services from government or char-
ity organizations to address social and economic sustainability aspects of cancer prevention
and treatment. The fifth macro-service is Information Availability, which emphasizes the
need for the availability of information related to cancer prevention and treatment and in-
cludes three services, Breast Cancer Awareness, Awareness Campaigns, and Questionnaire
and Competitions.
Subsequently, we show the possibility of finding additional services by topical search-
ing over the dataset, where the topics could be macro-services, services, or other aspects
of the services domain (cancer, in this case). We use four topical searches (Causes, Symp-
toms, Prevention, and Stakeholders) and detect 42 additional services that include Sports,
Stress Avoidance and Control, and others. We call them extended services since these are
discovered by using the knowledge gained from the initial service discovery process.
The methodology of discovering these services involves exploring the healthcare space
related to cancer in Saudi Arabia using LDA-based topic modelling of Twitter data. The
data shows the problems, solutions, strategies, activities, comments, and requirements of
various stakeholders clustered into 20 themes that are used to develop 17 services and five
macro-services by merging some clusters. The idea of developing cancer-related services
from social media analysis is motivated by the well-known science that social media
facilitates value co-creation through stakeholder interactions, allowing value creation or
the creation of new services (see e.g., [16]).
We have developed a software tool from scratch for this work. The tool implements a
complete machine learning pipeline including data collection, pre-processing, clustering,
validation, and visualization components. The dataset we used contains over a million
tweets (1,352,814 tweets to be precise) collected during the period 22 September–1 Novem-
ber 2021. We have tried to make the translation of the keywords and other Arabic content
(sample tweets, etc.) contextual to allow English readers to understand the contextual use
of the keywords. However, in other cases, we have used literal translation. Note also that
we did not always quote a complete tweet for reasons of privacy, and in other cases as a
part of the tweet was not relevant to the discussion. This work builds on our extensive
research in social media analysis in English and other languages on topics in different
sectors, see e.g., [17].
Novelty, Contribution, and Utilization

The literature review presented in Section 2 shows that while there are many works
on the use of social media in healthcare, our work is novel in several respects. Firstly, none
of the existing works on social media analytics in any language have focused on cancer
as extensively as we do in this paper, discovering over fifty topics in several dimensions
including cancer causes, symptoms, prevention, treatment, socioeconomic sustainability,
and stakeholders. Therefore, this paper provides insight and evidence from social media
public and stakeholder conversations about various aspects of the cancer disease in Saudi
Arabia such as public concerns, patient requirements, solutions for problems related di-
rectly and broadly to cancer such as cancer treatment, financial difficulties, psychological
ordeals and traumas, operational challenges for the families of cancer patients and other
information. The fact that there are limited works in social media analytics in healthcare,
particularly cancer, and considering that studies on social media analytics in the Arabic
language within Saudi Arabia are even more limited, and that we have used a dataset that
we carefully curated for this study differentiates our work from others.
Secondly, none of the existing works have proposed a similar approach of using
social media and AI to extract healthcare or cancer services. We believe systemizing this
approach could lead to a revolution in sustainable healthcare, driven by communities
co-creating social values with the exchange of services for services that are not necessarily
materialistic, but driven by equity, altruism, community strengthening, innovation, and
social cohesion. Open service and value healthcare systems based on freely available
information can revolutionize healthcare in manners similar to the open-source revolution
by using information made available by the public, the government, third and fourth
sectors, or others, allowing new forms of preventions, cures, treatments, and support
structures.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the related work.
Section 3 details the methodology and design of the Musawah tool. Section 4 introduces
and explains the 17 discovered services and five macro-services. Section 5 discusses the
42 extended services that we discover by using knowledge gained from and extending
the initial discovery process. Section 6 provides discussion. Section 7 concludes and gives
directions for future work.
2. Literature Review
In this section, we provide a review on the topics related to this research paper.
Section 2.1 reviews the works related to healthcare that have utilized social media. In
Section 2.2, we review the literature related to the use of social media that focuses on
cancer-related studies; Section 2.3 presents the same however limiting to works in the
Arabic language alone. Section 2.4 reviews some works on automatic naming of topics and
clusters. Section 2.5 discusses the research gap.
2.1. Social Media and Healthcare

Researchers have extensively used social media analytics in different application
domains such as analysis of perception people have about AI and other technologies
for city planning [18], city logistics [19,20], disaster detection [21], sentiment analyses of
public opinions of government services [22], detection of various events related to road
traffic [17,23,24], detection of symptoms and diseases nationally and across different urban
areas [4], and urban governance during the COVID-19 pandemic [12].
Specifically, in healthcare, many researchers have used social media as a powerful
tool for addressing healthcare system challenges and evaluating the conversations about
various health-related topics. The COVID-19 pandemic has produced many challenges
for public healthcare systems around the world. The main challenge is providing effective
health care to patients while maintaining the safety of service providers on the frontline.
Telemedicine appeared as a prominent service to achieve this end. This service integrates
the use of technology into medical practices to reduce face-to-face meetings. Leite and
Hodgkinson [25] built a framework to examine how patients and doctors can co-create
service value for the telemedicine ecosystem with/for any kind of crisis. They collected
a sample about telemedicine and included 146 tweets from patients and 734 tweets from
doctors. They applied inclusion and exclusion criteria on tweets to get the final sample.
Thematic analysis was implemented to reveal seven themes in the data including equitable
healthcare delivery and others. The result showed that the value co-creation framework is
a platform for inclusive, sustainable, and equitable telemedicine services.
Some studies have used machine learning and deep learning methods for healthcare-
related analytics using digital media data in healthcare. Jahanbin et al. [26] proposed an
approach for extracting storing, monitoring, and visualizing data related to infectious
diseases by using news and tweets mining techniques. The approach is called “Fuzzy
Algorithm for Extraction, Monitoring, and Classification of Infectious Diseases (FAEMC-
ID)”. The proposed system collected 10,000 news items and tweets. Classification with
the evolving fuzzy model is performed on the dataset. The classified data were visualized
on the world map to identify the high-risk areas. The proposed system helped to monitor
infectious diseases and control the spread of epidemics in a timely manner. The results of
the proposed analysis showed a high accuracy of 88.41%, compared to other algorithms.
Alotaibi et al. [4] constructed the Sehaa system, which is a big data analytics tool for
improving healthcare in KSA using Arabic Twitter data. Sehaa tool consisted of four main
modules. The data collection module captured 18.9 million tweets about health symptoms
and diseases in KSA. The pre-processing module is used to clean tweets and manually
label them by using two levels of labeling: ‘related’ and ‘unrelated’ tweets, and then
labeling related tweets to ‘awareness’ or ‘inflicted by’ a disease. The third module was
classification. This phase used six classifiers, including Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression,
and four methods of feature extraction to detect different diseases in Saudi Arabia. The
validation module was used to evaluate the performance of the classifiers by using F1-Score
and accuracy. The results of the study were visualized and validated using external sources,
including national statistics, news media, and research reports. The results revealed
that (1) the top five diseases in KSA are dermal diseases, hypertension, diabetes, heart
diseases, and cancer. (2) Riyadh and Jeddah needed more awareness about the diseases,
while Taif was the healthiest city.
2.2. Social Media and Cancer

We review here the studies related to cancer where social media is used as the data
source. First, we review works without regard to any language or a modelling method,
and subsequently, in Section 2.2.1, we will discuss studies on cancer that have used topic
modelling. Table 1 summarizes some of the studies that we have discussed in this section,
including some other relevant works that, despite not having been discussed, we have
summarized for the readers’ interest.
The literature review has looked at various issues related to cancer disease. For
example, some works have focused on studying emotions among cancer patients. Wang
and Wei [27] constructed an approach to study the emotions shared by patients’ cancer
communities on Twitter. The study collected 53,026 tweets, posted by 39,504 Twitter users,
which included 29,979 retweets and 23,047 original tweets. The deep learning (Recurrent
Neural Network RNN) models were used to extract emotions from English tweets and
classified them into anger, joy, sadness, fear, hope, and bittersweet. The results of the study
showed that joy was the most used emotion in tweets, then sadness and fear, whereas anger,
hope, and bittersweet were less shared. Also, influencers were among the account that
posted the most content with positive emotions. Crannell et al. [28] built an approach that
aims to analyze the content of tweets written by cancer patients in the US and compute the
average happiness for patients based on the cancer type. The study collected 186,406 tweets
from March 2014 to December 2014. The pre-processing step was implemented to clean the
dataset. The tweets were filtered based on cancer diagnosis and using regular expression
software pattern matching. They used different filters such as “Breast cancer”, “Lung
cancer”, and others. The authors utilized the patients’ Twitter identification numbers
to collect all tweets for each patient and calculate the average happiness value by the
quantitative hedonometric analysis and the Mechanical Turk (LabMT). The results of
the study showed that the most common cancers were ‘breast’, ‘lung’, ‘prostate’, and
‘colorectal’. The calculated happiness values for every type of cancer showed that the
happiness values were higher for breast, thyroid, and lymphoma cancers, and lower for
kidney, pancreatic, and lung cancers. The study proved that the patients express their
illness on social media.
Several studies have focused on studying cancer types. A number of works have
looked into breast cancer. Modave et al. [29] constructed an approach to understand the
perceptions and attitudes of people related to breast cancer on Twitter. The study collected
1,672,178 tweets related to breast cancer. The pre-processing was implemented to clean
and prepare tweets for classification models. The text was classified into three groups
including irrelevant, promotional, and laypeople’s discussions by using CNN and LSTM
models in Keras library that run on top of the Tensorflow framework. Then, the sentiment
analysis was performed by using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) tool to
analyze emotions/attitudes into five statuses: sadness, anger, anxiety, positive emotion,
and negative emotion. Finally, topic modeling used the Biterm algorithm to identify the
main topics from relevant tweets. The detected topics include awareness month events,
treatment, risk, family, diagnosis, news, friend, screening, pink goods, and study. The NLP
with machine learning is a useful tool to evaluate people’s attitudes from their health tweets
and detect their perceptions about specific health topics. Meena et al. [30] built a system
based on social media and Twitter to extract the sentiments for breast cancer disease and
chemotherapy treatment. The study collected 10,000 tweets by using the keywords ‘breast
cancer’ and ‘chemotherapy’. The sentiment analysis was implemented using the Naive
Bayes algorithm to classify the sentiment of tweets into neutral, strongly positive, weakly
positive, strongly negative, negative, or weakly negative. Bigram analysis was used to find
the most frequent word in the tweets for ‘breast cancer’ and ‘chemotherapy’. The results
of the proposed system showed that the sentiments for breast cancer and chemotherapy
were weakly positive or neutral. Thus, sentiment analysis for tweets has a great impact on
health care.
Rasool et al. [31] have developed a framework that aimed to predict breast cancer risk
in real-time using ML and spark as big data analysis platforms. The study used ‘Wisconsin
Breast Cancer Data-Set (WBCD)’, which was imported from UCI repository and included
699 records with 11 attributes. The preprocessing steps were used to remove unnecessary
attributes and complete the absent values of the attribute. Five classifiers were used, to
detect cancer to be benign or malignant, including Logistic Regression, Gradient Boosted
Trees, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Decision Tree. The performance of
the five classifiers was evaluated by computing the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity
for algorithms. The results reveal that the highest performance obtained for predicting
the risk of disease in real-time was by RF classifier. Diddi and Lundy [32] constructed a
methodology that aimed to examine how the health organizations including “Susan G.
Komen”, “U.S. News Health”, “Breast Cancer Social Media”, and “Woman’s Hospital”,
used their Twitter accounts to talk and support aspects of breast cancer in October, which
is dedicated to breast cancer awareness. The study collected 2961 tweets, 136 of the tweets
belong to Woman’s Hospital, 180 tweets for US Health News, 280 tweets for Komen,
and 2365 tweets for BCSM. After using qualitative coding, content analysis was used
to analyze, and categorize the tweets. The result of the proposed system showed that
the highest number of tweets was written by BCSM, then Susan G Komen, US Health
News, and Woman’s Hospital. Qualitative content analysis showed that the most prevalent
construct of the Health Belief Model (HBM) was “perceived barriers”, then “cues to action”,
“perceived benefits”, “self-efficacy”, and “perceived threat”.
Some works have explored skin cancer. Silva et al. [33] aimed to analyze Twitter
posts in Australia about skin cancer. The study collected 12,927 tweets. Data filtering
was implemented by using inclusion and exclusion criteria, removing non-English, unre-
lated, or unclear content. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were implemented on
datasets to calculate the number of tweets, finding the relationship between the number
of tweets and temperature by using linear regression analysis. The content analysis iden-
tified three themes: health-related expressiveness, health information, and health advice.
Nguyen et al. [34] developed a methodology that aimed to evaluate the influence of the
campaign (Don’t Fry Day) by the National Council on Skin Cancer Prevention (NCSCP)’s
2018 on Twitter, categorize types of accounts participating in the campaign, and deter-
mine the themes of the tweets. The dataset was collected from 1881 Twitter accounts.
The study categorized the types of contributors in the campaign, based on username,
into ‘government-affiliated account (federal)’, ‘nongovernmental organization (NCSCP
and health)’, ‘government-affiliated account (state/local)’, ‘health/cancer/medical center’,
‘individual’, ‘news/media’, ‘businesses’, and ‘other/unknown’. After manual coding of
tweets, content analysis was used to identify themes of the tweets which are ‘informative’,
‘minimally informative’, and self-interest campaign promotion themes. The results of the
study showed the large effective use of social media to promote public health campaigns
and understand the types of messages and accounts involved in social media campaigns.
Table 1. Studies on the Types of Cancer Using Social Media.
Tweets
Author Type of Cancer Description
(×1000)
Understand the perceptions and attitudes of people related to
Modave et al. [29] Breast 1672
breast cancer on Twitter.
Extracted the sentiments for breast cancer disease and
Meena et al. [30] Breast 10
chemotherapy treatment.
Examined how the four health organizations used their Twitter
Diddi et al. [32] Breast 3
accounts to talk and support aspects of breast cancer in October.
Silva et al. [33] Skin 13 Analyzed Twitter posts in Australia about skin cancer.
Analyzed content related to lung cancer and examined the
Sedrak et al. [35] Lung 26
dialogues of lung cancer clinical trials.
Examined the user type and the content of tweets of lung cancer
Sutton et al. [36] Lung 24 to identify the nature of messages within the cancer
control continuum.
Implement an exploratory analysis for the content of Twitter
Sedrak et al. [37] Kidney 2
related to kidney cancer and the participants in this content.
Examine how Twitter was used during childhood cancer
Nejad et al. [38] Childhood 286
awareness month (CCAM).
Some works have investigated lung cancer. Sedrak et al. [35] built a Twitter-based
approach to analyze content related to lung cancer and examined the dialogues of lung
cancer clinical trials. The study used Nvivo (qualitative data analysis software) to collect
26,059 tweets and prepare them for the analysis stage by removing duplicates and non-
English tweets. The content analysis was used on the final sample to categorize tweeters
as individuals, media, or organizations. The tweets were categorized into support, clini-
cal trials, prevention, treatment, general information, diagnosis, screening, or symptoms.
Most of the tweets were posted by individuals and were focused on support and preven-
tion. The results of the study demonstrated that social media is a promising and useful
source to explore how patients conceptualize and communicate about any health issues.
Sutton et al. [36] constructed a methodology that aimed to examine the user type and the
content of tweets related to lung cancer to identify the nature of messages within the cancer
control continuum. The study collected 1.3 million tweets, including 23,926 messages
related to lung cancer. The 3000 tweets were manually coded by three coders. Descriptive
and inferential statistics were performed to study the content of tweets and types of users.
The content of tweets was categorized into treatment, awareness, prevention and risk
information, survivorship, end of life, diagnosis, active cancer–unknown phase, and early
detection. The types of users were categorized into individual, organizational, media, and
unknown. The SPSS was used to analyze data and chi-square was used to assess and
identify the relationships between user types, and cancer content. The experimental result
showed that most of the tweets focused on treatment, awareness, risk, and prevention
topics. The majority of messages were tweeted by individual users. Twitter is a useful
source in raising awareness about cancer by timely dissemination of information about the
treatment and prevention methods.
Among the studies that have explored kidney cancer includes another study by
Sedrak et al. [37], which have built an approach to implement an exploratory analysis
for the content of Twitter related to kidney cancer and the participants in this content.
The study collected 2568 tweets. The NCapture tool was used to collect tweets and save
them into an Excel file. Non-English tweets and those not related to kidney cancer were
excluded from the dataset. Finally, the content analysis methods were used to analyze the
final dataset of 2097 tweets. The content of tweets was classified into different domains
including support, general information, treatment, clinical trials, donation, diagnosis, and
prevention. Also, the user was classified into individual, media, or organization. The results
showed that 858 tweets were written by individuals, 865 tweets authored by organizations
and 364 tweets written by media sites. Most discussed content included support by 29.3%
and treatment by 26.5%.
Some studies have looked into the types of children’s cancer. Nejad et al. [38] built a
descriptive-analytical methodology to examine how Twitter was used during childhood
cancer awareness month (CCAM). The study collected 285,859 tweets related to childhood
cancer, which coincided with CCAM. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was used as a
method of content analysis to discover the topics using MALLET from tweets. The detected
topics included awareness, loved ones, walks and runs, wearing gold, and fundraising.
Twitter user was categorized into four groups including news agencies, individuals, orga-
nizations, and celebrities. They observed that the most frequent topics are awareness and
fundraising. The experimental results for the proposed system showed that Twitter has
proven to be an effective channel for communication and raising awareness about child-
hood cancer. Thus, Twitter can play an important role in the dissemination of awareness
among patients.
Some studies have focused on cancer treatment using social media data to utilize pa-
tients’ experiences with cancer treatment methods, including chemotherapy and radiation.
Meeking [39] built an approach to understanding the role of social media platforms like
Twitter, as a novel digital data source, in understanding people’s experiences of radiother-
apy. The study collected 442 unique tweets about radiotherapy written by patients and
their families. The quantitative content analysis was used to classify the data based on the
content of the tweets or the user Identity into different types of accounts such as patient,
healthcare organization, and healthcare professional. Thematic analysis was used to detect
six themes. Three main themes related to the pathway of radiotherapy: pre-, during-, and
post-treatment. The other three themes included ‘emotional and informational support’,
‘impact on loved ones’, and ‘giving thanks’. The paper highlighted the psychological
and physical effects of treatment and how patients seek to get emotional and information
support from social media. The informational support can be improved by increasing
online support. The experimental results show that Twitter is a useful platform to share
and discuss people’s experiences with radiotherapy. Other studies on utilizing social media
applications such as Twitter for cancer treatment include [40].
2.2.1. Topic Modeling and Cancer

We review in this section the works about cancer analysis using social media that have
utilized topic modelling algorithms such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Zhang et al. [40]
aimed to examine and compare patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perceptions of
chemotherapy by analyzing chemo-related tweets. The study gathered tweets by using
the keywords “chemotherapy“or “chemo“ from the cancer-related accounts. They collected
13,273 individual tweets and 14,051 organization tweets. Topic modeling, sentiment analysis,
and a word co-occurrence network were used to analyze the content of tweets. LDA was
used to detect the most important topics related to chemotherapy, which are hormone therapy,
radiation therapy, and surgery. A word co-occurrence network was shown to have a strong
relationship between chemo-surgery tweets. Sentiment analysis was used to determine how
patients felt about chemotherapy outcomes and their attitudes toward chemotherapy across
disease types. The study shows that Twitter is a helpful healthcare data source for oncologists
(organizations) to better understand patients’ experiences during chemotherapy, generate
personalized treatment plans, and enhance clinical electronic medical records (EMRs). Ne-
jad et al. [38] examined how Twitter was used during childhood cancer awareness month
(CCAM). They applied LDA and extracted six topics from 285,859 tweets including awareness,
clothing, loved ones, walks, fundraising, and art. Modave et al. [29] constructed an approach
to understand the perceptions and attitudes of people related to breast cancer on Twitter.
They applied Biterm topic modeling on 1,672,178 collected tweets related to breast cancer.
The detected topics include awareness month events, treatment, risk, family, diagnosis, news,
friend, screening, pink goods, and study.
2.3. Social Media and Cancer (Arabic Language)

There are some studies related to cancer analysis using Twitter in the English language,
however, the research studies about cancer using social media in the Arabic language are
limited. We have found only one such work on social media analytics in cancer research,
which is relevant to this paper. The work is by Alghamdi et al. [41] and is focused on
studying chemotherapy misconceptions among Twitter users. They built an approach to
evaluate Twitter conversations and find misconceptions about chemotherapy among Arabic
populations. They collected 402,157 tweets by using the Twitter Archiver tool. Retweets
and irrelevant tweets have been removed. A manual content analysis was implemented to
classify the users, themes, and common misconceptions for chemotherapy. The categories
of the user included cancer patients, general users, relatives/friends of patients, accounts
for health, accounts for Media, and cancer specialists. Tweets’ themes categories included
advice and information, misconception, experience, prayers and wishes, seeking or offering
medical/financial help, seeking medical information/advice, and analogy. Statistical
analysis was implemented by using the SPSS software and reported that the most of tweets
were written by general users, then followed by the friends and relatives of cancer patients.
For themes, prayers and wishes were the most popular topics. Descriptive statistical
analysis was performed to find the frequencies between every theme and the user category.
The chi-square test was used and the result revealed that a high association exists between
the themes of the tweets and the category of the users.
2.4. Automatic Naming of Topics

The automatic naming of topics is desired and has been researched in the literature. We
discuss a few works here to introduce this topic to the reader. The probabilistic topic models
aim to reveal latent topics from the corpora of text. Probabilistic topic models represent
each document as a set of topics and every topic has a set of words. Humans can label every
topic based on the top words of the topic, however, difficulties arise when they do not have
good knowledge in the field of the documents. To address the problem, automatic topic
labeling techniques can be used to assign interpretable labels for topics. Allahyari et al. [42]
built a knowledge-based topic model, namely, KB-LDA that combines topic models with
ontological concepts. The study aimed to use the semantic knowledge graph of concepts
in ontology and their diverse relationships, as DBpedia, with unsupervised topic models
(LDA) to automatically generate meaningful topic labels. The proposed approach helped
to describe topics in a more extensive way and improve the quality of topic labeling by
making use of the topic-concept relations, which can automatically generate meaningful
labels. Lau et al. [43] constructed an approach for automatically labeling topics produced
from the LDA topic model. The study generated a label candidate set from top-ranking
topic terms, Wikipedia titles containing the top topic terms, and sub phrases extracted from
Wikipedia articles. Then, it used the ranking method to find the best label for each topic by
using a mixture of association measures and lexical features, fed into a supervised ranking
model using the support vector regression (SVR) model.
Wan and Wang [44] proposed a method that aimed to use text summaries for automatic
labeling of topics produced by topic models. The study extracted several sentences from
the most related documents to form the summary for each topic. The system proposed a
summarization algorithm based on submodular optimization to create summaries with
high coverage, relevance, and discrimination for all of the topics. The results of the
proposed method showed that the use of summaries as labels had apparent advantages
compared with the use of words and phrases. He et al. [45] built a graph-based ranking
model, namely TLRank, that aimed to automatically label every topic produced from
topic models. The proposed model used the strategy of enhancing matrix transition
probability based on the textual similarity between vertices and the characteristics of
vertices (sentences). The strategy seeks to restrain the topic label redundancy and enhance
its diversity. The experiment results showed that the TLRank model has the ability to
generate topic labels with high coverage, relevance, and discrimination. Suadaa and
Purwarianti [46] introduced a methodology to cluster and label the Indonesian text by
using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and Term Frequency-Inverse Cluster Frequency
(TFxICF). The methodology performed text preprocessing processes by abbreviations
extraction, tokenization, stemming, and stop-words removing. For topic modeling, Latent
Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is implemented to cluster documents and detect hidden topics.
The clustering quality was evaluated by using precision, recall, and F-measure. For the
labeling phase, the study has used Term Frequency-Inverse Cluster Frequency (TFxICF) to
label each cluster based on the phrase or word tokens that have the highest TFxICF.
2.5. Research Gap

The literature review presented in this section establishes that while there are many
works on the use of social media in healthcare, our work is novel as none of the existing
works in any language have focused on cancer as extensively as we do in this paper and,
secondly, none of the existing works have proposed a similar approach of using social
media and AI to extract healthcare or cancer services.
3. Methodology and Design

This section explains the methodology and design of the Musawah tool. The proposed
system architecture is described in Figure 1. It contains five components: data collection,
pre-processing, service discovery, visualization, and evaluation; these components will
be discussed in Section 3.3 to Section 3.7, respectively. Before we describe the system
architecture, we discuss the conceptual development of the Musawah tool and system in
Section 3.1 and give an overview of the tool in Section 3.2.
3.1. Musawah Service Co-Creation System: Developing the Concept

This paper proposes a data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) based approach called
Musawah to automatically detect and identify healthcare services that can be developed or
co-created by various stakeholders using social media analysis. We called our approach and
system Musawah (equity in Arabic) as we believe that the current healthcare trends and
doctrines are not sustainable—socially, environmentally, and economically—and that, with
a belief and practice in equity by people, our approach of open service and value healthcare
systems based on freely available information can enable equity and sustainability. The
case study focuses on cancer disease in Saudi Arabia using Twitter data analytics in the
Arabic language; however, the proposed approach can be used broadly for any disease or
purpose and in any language. We discuss first the conceptual development of the Musawah
tool and system in the following discussion where topics include the need for data sharing
and participatory governance, developing services, value and service co-creation, and the
motivations behind it.
This section explains the methodology and design of the Musawah tool. The pro-
posed system architecture is described in Figure 1. It contains five components: data col-
lection, pre-processing, service discovery, visualization, and evaluation; these compo-
nents will be discussed in Sections 3.3 to 3.7, respectively. Before we describe the system
architecture, we discuss the conceptual development of the Musawah tool and system in
Section 3.1 and give an overview of the tool in Section 3.2.
Figure
Figure 1. 1.
TheTheProposed
ProposedSystem
System Architecture.
Architecture.
Making cities smarter needs a holistic approach to manage, improve, and adapt the ser-
3.1. Musawah Service Co-Creation System: Developing the Concept
vices provided by the city to its citizens. A smart city can be seen as a system of services [47].
This
With thispaper
vision,proposes
services are a data-driven
the basic conceptartificial intelligence
of smart cities. Service (AI)science
basedstudies
approach valuecalled
co-creation as an interaction mechanism between technology, people, shared information,
Musawah to automatically detect and identify healthcare services that can be developed
or and organizations
co-created to improve
by various operational
stakeholders usingefficiency, enhance
social media citizen welfare
analysis. We calledand ourthe qual-
approach
and system Musawah (equity in Arabic) as we believe that the current healthcareoftrends
ity of government services. The focal point for this vision is based on the co-creation
andvalue throughare
doctrines the direct citizens’ participation inenvironmentally,
not sustainable—socially, the service development and evaluation
and economically—and
process. In a smart city, value co-creation is achieved by data sharing and the exchange of
that, with a belief and practice in equity by people, our approach of open service and value
knowledge between citizens and the city [48]. It is necessary to understand smart service
healthcare systems based on freely available information can enable equity and sustaina-
systems to foster innovations and the development of these systems in different fields. This
bility. The to
will help case studyunderstanding
enhance focuses on cancer amongdisease
people,in Saudi collaborative
facilitate Arabia using Twittercreate
analysis, data ana-
lytics in the Arabic language; however, the proposed approach
synergy between applications, and support systems development for smart cities. can be used broadly for
Governments
any disease or purposecan utilize
and inopenanydata as a new
language. We method
discussfor first
developing services that
the conceptual allow
development
external
of the Musawahstakeholders
tool andto increase
system in their
therole in the innovation
following discussion ofwhere
governmenttopicsservices
include[49].the need
This is in contrast to previous methods of e-government service
for data sharing and participatory governance, developing services, value and service co- innovation, the govern-
ments create
creation, and the andmotivations
develop servicesbehindby it.
the agencies themselves. Currently, organizations
can achieve open service innovation by including the external stakeholders in enhancing
Making cities smarter needs a holistic approach to manage, improve, and adapt the
existing services and developing new services based on comments or ideas generated by
services provided by the city to its citizens. A smart city can be seen as a system of services
their stakeholders and from the problems their encounter. The open innovation in services
[47]. With
refers thistransition
to the vision, services are theinnovation
from the closed basic conceptmodelof smart
based oncities.
internal Service
knowledgescience studies
to the
value
innovation paradigm that resides both externally and internally to an organization [49]. Forinfor-
co-creation as an interaction mechanism between technology, people, shared
example,
mation, andthe Service Systems
organizations toDevelopment Process (SSDP)
improve operational [50,51] enhance
efficiency, contains acitizen
set of iterative
welfare and
thephases
quality thatofrequire inputs and
government expected
services. Theoutputs
focal for every
point forphase to understand
this vision is based theon activities
the co-crea-
and needs required for realizing service systems. These processes
tion of value through the direct citizens’ participation in the service development are implemented as an and
iterative approach
evaluation process. with
In a the alignment
smart of service
city, value system entities
co-creation is achievedto understand the impact
by data sharing and the
on enterprise capabilities and processes, technology, information
exchange of knowledge between citizens and the city [48]. It is necessary to understand systems, and customer
expectations. Firstly, in the service strategy stage, newly developed services are determined
smart service systems to foster innovations and the development of these systems in dif-
by examining and knowing end-user needs, organization strategies, trends of mass collabo-
ferent fields.
ration, This will
and trends help to enhance
of technology. understanding
The organization decidesamong
to develop people, facilitate
the selected collabora-
service
tive analysis,
systems basedcreate
on thesynergy
high-levelbetween applications, and
socio-techno-economic support
feasibility systems
study. During development
the service for
smart cities.
design and development stage, the requirements are analyzed. The service system entities’
functions and linkages are identified. Also, it ensures the achievement of the activities
of service integration, verification and validation, which include information exchange
between the entities of the service system to provide the service continuously. In the service
transition and deployment stage, the service is tested to ensure readiness insertion and
operation. When the service is deployed, it enters into the operations stage [50,51].
Governments are making increased efforts to innovate public service delivery, such as
under the e-government umbrella [52]. The success of e-government depends on the need
to better understand the requirements of citizens and include them in the development of
e-government services. This can be achieved through using the service systems perspective
as “a guiding framework” to analyze the development initiatives for participatory e-
government services. Specifically, these initiatives can be analyzed as a service system based
on the four key resources of people, shared information, organizations, and technologies,
which will help to derive possible developments and enhancements for services [52].
Similar concepts have been discussed by many researchers in the past. For example,
Salminen [53] has proposed the new service development process (NSD) that contains five
main stages. The most important component of the model is the continuous interaction
with the customer. This interaction is dependent on the common value model, which helps
companies to discuss with the customer the potential value of the new services such as
cost-effectiveness, process improvements, or new product features. There are three phases
for the value management process; “Value Evaluation/ Assessment”, “Value Creation”,
and “Value Maximization/Delivery” [53].
Health care affects economies dramatically worldwide, while affecting directly the
quality of life of individuals. Traditionally, in healthcare systems, customers have been seen
as passive recipients of services instead of being active elements. With rising healthcare
expenditures and a growing desire for more personalized and better care, healthcare
systems have recognized the importance of patients in co-creating the healthcare service
experience during the last decade [54]. The Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) concept captures
and represents this new paradigm of co-creating [55–57]. Note that SDL is a general concept
and paradigm and is not limited to healthcare. SDL could be used to incorporate patients in
creating value and producing services in this environment. Value co-creation is defined in
this approach as a process, in which several actors exchange resources and collaboratively
create and produce value. As a result, the information sharing between the actors of services
is critical to SDL and value co-creation [16]. The new technologies represent an important
role in facilitating the process of value co-creation in service science. We can build a more
connected and smarter healthcare system that can provide greater help, predict and prevent
illness, enable patients to make more responsible decisions. The emergence of social media,
in particular, has resulted in significant changes in the processes of creating, promoting,
and sharing content. The use of social media by people and public health organizations is
being used to communicate in new ways for various mutually beneficial activities [54].
Note that while these and other works have investigated the use of social media for
value, co-creation by various actors communicating to each other, and sharing information,
none of the works in the literature have proposed the discovery of healthcare services
automatically from social media. This work, therefore, contributes a novel approach of
using social media and AI to discover, develop, and exchange healthcare or cancer services.
We demonstrate the potential of our approach by discovering over fifty services in several
dimensions of cancer disease including cancer causes, symptoms, prevention, treatment,
socioeconomic sustainability, and stakeholders. We plan to systemize this approach by
creating open service and value healthcare systems based on freely available information
made available by the public, the government, third and fourth sectors, or others, allowing
new forms of preventions, cures, treatments, and support structures to be discovered
and exchanged between various parties—an exchange of values for values or services for
services that are not necessarily materialistic but driven by equity, altruism, community
strengthening, innovation, and social cohesion. Service co-creation is enabled through
engaged participation of need and value propositions. In co-creation terminology, both
parties, a customer and company, create value for each other and this value could be money,
product, service, or anything of value for the parties involved. Therefore, the value could
be anything materialistic or otherwise, such as a desire for equity, the altruistic nature
of a person or party, and the desire to strengthen communities, bringing innovation, or
social cohesion. Moreover, our approach also allows the gaining of insight and gathering of
evidence from social media public and stakeholder conversations about various aspects of
the cancer disease in Saudi Arabia such as public concerns, patient requirements, solutions
for problems related directly and broadly to cancer such as cancer treatment, financial
difficulties, psychological ordeals and traumas, operational challenges for the families of
cancer patients and other information.
As regards the discovery and naming of services, in this paper, we used a process of
discovering clusters or topics (we call them services) using topic modelling of Twitter data
using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm. We experimented with discovering
a different number of clusters using LDA—10, 15, 20, and other numbers—and found that
20 topics gave the best results for discovering important services from Twitter data. The
number of clusters to be detected is dependent on the size, nature, and other properties
of data, and this is an active area of research. Following the extraction of topics, we
merged some of these topics, while others were kept individually. We call these merged or
individual topics ‘services’, and group these services further into groups of services called
‘macro-services’. This whole process created a set of 17 services and five macro-services.
The services were named manually using topic keywords and domain knowledge. We have
provided a review of the automatic naming of topics (services in this case) in Section 2.5.
This is an area that we plan to work on in the future to automate the service discovery,
definition, transition, and deployment process.
More details on the methodology will follow in the rest of this section and the paper.
The paper has contributed to certain areas, while other topics such as automatic naming of
services, will be investigated in the future.
3.2. System Overview

We built the Musawah system in order to discover healthcare services that can be
developed or co-created by various stakeholders using social media analysis. The proposed
approach can be used for any disease or purpose and in any language. However, this
work focuses on cancer disease in Saudi Arabia using Twitter data analytics in the Arabic
language. The proposed system architecture contains five components: data collection;
pre-processing; service discovery; visualization; and evaluation. First, we collected and
downloaded tweets using Twitter REST API and the Tweepy library with the set of prede-
fined parameters as Keywords and the language. The tweets collected were tweet objects
in the JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) format. After collecting JSON files, we converted
and saved them into CSV format. It is well known that the contents of social media contain
noise and unstructured data, and many errors. Therefore, in the Pre-Processing component,
the acquired data are cleaned and preprocessed to ensure its readiness for the analysis stage.
For removing stop-words, we used the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) library with add
a new list of stop-words to remove from the text. Also, we used the simple_preprocess()
in Python to tokenize each tweet into a list of words and used a regular expression in
python to remove the unnecessary characters from the tweets. Subsequently, we used
the Gensim Python library to build a service discovery module using Latent Dirichlet
Allocation (LDA). We have adjusted the settings of the parameters of the LDA model: the
number of topics was 20, passes were 10, and iteration was 100. The number of topics is
considered an important parameter for building a model. The passes refer to how many
times the algorithm is supposed to pass over the whole corpus. The iterations are the
maximum number to iterate every document in the corpus for calculating the probability
of each topic. Then, we visualized the topics by using the LDAVis tool that provides a
web-based interactive visualization of topics generated from LDA. Finally, the results are
validated by the detected services using two techniques, which included external and
internal validation.
corpus.
was 100. The
Theiterations
number of aretopics
the maximum
is considered number to iterateparameter
an important every document in theacorpus
for building model.
for
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passes refer thetoprobability
how manyoftimes each topic. Then, weisvisualized
the algorithm supposed the topics
to pass overby using the
the whole
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iterations are athe
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number tovisualization
iterate everyofdocument
topics generated from
in the corpus
LDA. Finally, the
for calculating theresults are validated
probability of each topic.by the detected
Then, services using
we visualized the topicstwo by techniques,
using the
which
Sustainability 2022, LDAVis
included external and internal validation.
14, 3313 tool that provides a web-based interactive visualization of topics generated from 14 of 41
LDA. Finally, the results are validated by the detected services using two techniques,
3.3. The included
which Dataset external and internal validation.
The data was collected using Twitter REST API. Tweets were collected using various
3.3. The Dataset
termsThe
3.3. Dataset its types, as well as its examination and treatment methods. For example,
of cancer,
The data (Cancer),
was collected using Twitter
“‫خبيث‬REST‫ورم‬ API. Tweets“‫لرئة‬ were collected using var-
we used Thethe keyterms
data “‫”سرطان‬
was collected using Twitter “‫”ورم‬
REST(Tumor),
API. Tweets were collected using ‫سرطان‬
” (Malignant), various”
ious terms of cancer, its types, as well as its examination and treatment methods. For
(Lung
terms Cancer),
of cancer,“‫”الخزعة‬ (Biopsy),
its types, as well andas itsothers. Furthermore,
examination we used
and treatment several hashtags
methods. J.kre-ÐPð” (Malignant),
For example,
example, we used the keyterms “ àA£Qå ” (Cancer), “ ÐPð” (Tumor), “ I
lated to the types
we used the keyterms of cancer, its treatment, and awareness such as "
“‫( ”سرطان‬Cancer), “‫( ”ورم‬Tumor), “‫( ”ورم خبيث‬Malignant), “‫سرطان لرئة‬‫الرئة‬ ‫سرطان‬ #” (# Lung”
Cancer), " ‫الثدي‬ “
KQË #”
é
‫سرطان‬ àA£Qå ” (Lung
(#Breast Cancer),
Cancer), " “ é«Q
‫البروستات‬m Ì '@ ” (Biopsy),
‫سرطان‬ #” and
(#Prostateothers. Furthermore,
Cancer), and others. we used several
(Lung Cancer), “‫( ”الخزعة‬Biopsy), and others. Furthermore, we used several hashtags re-
In Table
lated to2the
wetypes
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related
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thekeyterms
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data.
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A total of ‫سرطان‬
1,352,814
(# Lung
tweets were retrieved
#” (#Breast
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" ø YJË@ àA£Qå
during
#” (#Breast ‫سرطان‬the#” period from
(#Prostate
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22QSeptember
Jð
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others.
(#Prostate Cancer),
November 2021. The tweets collected were tweet objects in
In Table 2 we provide a sample of the keyterms and hashtags that were used for collectingthe JSON (JavaScript Object
Notation) format. and others.
After In Table
collecting 2 wefile,
JSON provide
we during a sample and
converted of the keyterms
saved them and hashtags
into CSV for- that were used
data. A total of 1,352,814 tweets were retrieved the period from 22 September to 1
mat. Then, we for
cleanedcollecting data.
the dataset A total
by removing of 1,352,814
duplicates. tweets were retrieved during the period from
November 2021. The tweets collected were tweet objects in the JSON (JavaScript Object
22 September to 1 November 2021. The tweets collected were tweet objects in the JSON
Notation) format. After collecting JSON file, we converted and saved them into CSV for-
Table (JavaScript
2. The Keywords and Object Notation)
Hashtags format. After collecting JSON file, we converted and saved
mat. Then, we cleaned the datasetused to collect
by removing Dataset.
duplicates.
them into CSV format. Then, we cleaned the dataset by removing duplicates.
Keywords
Table 2. The Keywords
Table 2.and
TheHashtags
Keywordsused
andto collect Dataset.
Hashtags used to collect Dataset.
‫ المسرطنة‬،‫ الكيماوي‬،‫ لوكيميا‬،‫ الكشف المبكر‬،Keywords
‫ طفرة جينية‬،‫ خزعة‬،‫ سرطان الرئة‬،‫ خبيث‬،‫ ورم‬،‫السرطان‬
Cancer, Tumor, Malignant Lung Cancer, Keywords
Biopsy, Genetic Mutation, Early Screening,
‫ المسرطنة‬،‫ الكيماوي‬،‫ لوكيميا‬،‫ الكشف المبكر‬،‫طفرة جينية‬Carcinogenic
Leukemia, Chemo, ،‫ خزعة‬،‫ سرطان الرئة‬،‫ خبيث‬،‫ ورم‬،‫السرطان‬
Cancer,
Cancer, Tumor, Tumor,
Malignant Malignant
Lung Lung Cancer,
Cancer, Biopsy, Biopsy, Genetic
Genetic Mutation, Mutation,
Early Screening, Early Screening,
Leukemia, Chemo, Carcinogenic
Leukemia,Hashtags
Chemo, Carcinogenic
Hashtags
،‫عالج_السرطان‬# ،‫مرضى_السرطان‬# ،‫افحصي_االن‬# ،‫سرطان_البروستات‬# ،‫سرطان_الثدي‬# ،‫سرطان_الرئة‬#

Hashtags
‫ مرض_السرطان‬# ،‫مكافحة_سرطان_الثدي‬# ،‫الكشف_المبكر‬# ،‫العالج_الكيماوي‬#
،‫السرطان‬
Lung Cancer, Breast _‫عالج‬
Cancer, # ،‫السرطان‬
Prostate _‫مرضى‬
Cancer, # ،‫_االن‬Now,
Check-up ‫افحصي‬# ،‫البروستات‬
Cancer _‫سرطان‬
Patients, # ،‫الثدي‬
Cancer _‫سرطان‬#Chemotherapy,
Treatment, ،‫سرطان_الرئة‬# Early Detection,
Lung Cancer, ‫السرطان‬
Breast_Cancer, Prostate
‫ مرض‬#Fighting
،‫الثدي‬ _‫سرطان‬Cancer,
Breast_‫مكافحة‬
Cancer,#Check-up
،‫المبكر‬
Cancer Now,
_‫الكشف‬ Cancer
# ،‫الكيماوي‬
Disease Patients,
_‫العالج‬# Cancer
Treatment, Chemotherapy, Early Detection, Fighting Breast Cancer, Cancer Disease
Lung Cancer,3.4.
Breast
DataCancer, Prostate Cancer, Check-up Now, Cancer Patients, Cancer
Pre-Processing
3.4. Treatment,
Data Pre-Processing
Chemotherapy, Early Detection, Fighting Breast Cancer, Cancer Disease
Data preparation or preprocessing is a necessary step to complete the steps of the data
analytics process. Social media generates unstructured and informal data. This involves
3.4. Data Pre-Processing
implementing different techniques to clean the acquired data. To ensure data readiness,
data preprocessing should be performed to prepare the acquired data for subsequent steps
of the analysis. This will increase the accuracy and quality of data analytics. The main steps
of data preprocessing include: removing irrelevant characters; tokenization; normalization;
and removing stop-words.
3.4.1. Removing Irrelevant Characters

The collected tweets may contain duplicates. To prevent having the same tweets,
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single quotes, repeating characters, English alphabets, and all traces of emoji from a text file.
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3.4.2. 3.4.2.
3.4.2.3.4.2.
3.4.2. Tokenization
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Tokenization and and
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Weused
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).
▪ Three diacritical marks that are used to refer to the short vowels: Fatha ( َ), Kasra (ِ ),
mation more valuable. We also removed eight diacritics marks:
Damma (َ);
▪ Three diacritical marks that are used to refer to the short vowels: Fatha ( َ), Kasra (ِ ),
▪ Three double diacritic marks: Tanwin Fath (َ), Tanwin Kasr (ٍ ), Tanwin Damm (َ);
Damma (َ);
▪ Single ▪diacritical mark to refer the absence of a vowel: Sukun (َ);
Three double diacritic marks: Tanwin Fath (َ), Tanwin Kasr (ٍ ), Tanwin Damm (َ);
Sustainability 2022, 14,▪ 3313 One diacritical
▪ mark
Single to refer
diacritical the to
mark duplicate
refer the occurrence
absence of a of a consonant:
vowel: Tashdid (15َof
Sukun (َ); ). 41
▪ One diacritical mark to refer the duplicate occurrence of a consonant: Tashdid ( َ).
3.4.2. Tokenization and Normalization
We used3.4.2.
theTokenization
3.4.2. Tokenization and
andNormalization
simple_preprocess()Normalization
method in Python to tokenize each tweet into a list
We
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tweet
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replaced with (‫)ا‬, Yaa
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of Alef, Yaa, Hamza, and Taa Marboutah, in which Alef (‫ )أ آ إ ا‬was
of
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3.4.3. Stop-Words Removal
3.4.3.
3.4.3. Stop-Words
Stop-WordsRemoval
Removal
Stop-wordsStop-words
are distributed
Stop-wordsare are
between
distributed
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the texts,
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tively removed.
tively The
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portant in extracting
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canstop-words
contain like: like:
stop-words “ úÍ@”,“‫”الى‬, “‫”عن‬,
“ á«”,“‫”الى‬,
like: “ áÓ”.“‫”عن‬,
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“‫”لدي‬,“‫”كان‬,
“‫”اي‬, “‫”انها‬,
“‫”كان‬, “‫”او‬,
“‫”انها‬, “‫”وهللا‬, “‫”تم‬,, “‫”تم‬,
“‫”ان‬, “‫”ان‬,
“‫”او‬, “‫”وهللا‬,
“‫”يتم‬, “‫”قبل‬,
“‫”يتم‬, “‫”قبل‬, “‫”شي‬, “‫”حتى‬,“‫”شي‬,
“‫”الن‬,“‫”حتى‬, “‫”الن‬,
“‫”اني‬, “‫”وين‬,“‫”اني‬,
“‫”اذا‬, “‫ممكن‬
“‫”وين‬, “‫”اذا‬, “‫”ممكن‬, “‫”بشيء‬,
”, “‫”بشيء‬, “‫”بيني‬, “‫”بيني‬,
“‫”بينما‬,“‫”بينما‬,
“‫)”الى‬.“‫)”الى‬. ).
3.5.
3.5. Topic
3.5. Topic Modeling Modeling
TopicUsing
Modeling Using
UsingUnsupervised
Unsupervised
Unsupervised Machine Machine
MachineLearning
Learning Learning
Academic studies and research rely on the use of computerized analytics to understand
Academic studies and rely
research relyuseon the use of computerized analytics to under-
Academic studies and research on the of computerized analytics to under-
large volumes of unstructured text that cannot be analyzed manually
stand large volumes of unstructured text that cannot be analyzed manually due to the due to the limitations
stand largeofvolumes
human data of unstructured
processing. textarea,
thattopic
cannot be analyzed manually dueused to the
limitations of human data In this
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area, topic is amodeling
common technique
is a common for
technique
limitations of
datahuman data processing. In thisThe area, topic modeling is a common technique
used for data analysis and topics discovery. The topic model can be defined as “a of
analysis and topics discovery. topic model can be defined as “a collection collec-
algorithmic
used for data analysis approaches
and topics that seek to find
discovery. The structural
topic modelpatterns
can within
be a collection
defined as “a of text
collec-
tion of algorithmic approaches that seek to find structural patterns within a collection of
documents,
tion of algorithmic producing that
approaches groupings to of words that represent the core themesa present across
text documents, producingseek groupings findofstructural
words that patterns
represent within
the core collection
themes presentof
a corpus” [58]. In this paper, we used Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) as one of the
text documents,
acrossproducing
a corpus” [58]. groupings of words
In this paper, we usedthatLatent
represent
Dirichletthe Allocation
core themes (LDA) present
as one of
types of topic modeling. LDA is a statistical model used to determine the important topics
across a corpus”
the types
discussed
[58].ofIn
in
this documents
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paper, weLDA
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It creates
means no need for label training data. Every document is characterized by the
modelsimportant
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pervised
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topics discussed amode,
set of which
in probability means(tweets
distribution
documents no needin
among forour
label
different training
topics.
study). ItThedata.
topics
creates Every document
are formed
models in an basedis charac-
unsu- on
the co-occurrence
terized by differentof keywords
probability with a certain
distribution probability
among in the
different
pervised mode, which means no need for label training data. Every document is charac- same document.
topics. The topics TheareLDA
formed
model
based takes
terized by different thethe collection
onprobability
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of keywords
distribution as input
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a certain
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in the as
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output.
document.
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as well.
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of the collection of documents as input and generates a set of topics
as the output. Every
We used topic
Genismhasfora LDA
set of keywords
analysis in the in different
Python proportions
environment. as well.
The tweets The
represent
the documents in this work. We have adjusted the set of the parameters of LDA model:
the number of topics was 20, passes were 10, and iteration was 100. The number of topics
is considered an important parameter for building a model, the large number of topics
requires a lot of overfittings, while the small number of topics makes the model underfitting.
The passes refer to how many times the algorithm is supposed to pass over the whole
corpus. The iterations are the maximum number needed to iterate every document in the
corpus for calculating the probability of each topic.
3.6. Visualizations
In this paper, we used LDAVis to visualize and label the topics. LDAVis is a web-based
interactive visualization of topics generated from LDA. It provides an overview of the
topics by displaying them in the circles’ form. It also displays the words closely related to
each topic, and the degree of relevance of each word to topics. The visualization contains
two basic pieces. In the left panel, the topics are visualized as circles. In the right panel, it
has a horizontal bar chart that represents the most useful individual terms for interpreting
the currently selected topic on the left.
3.7. Evaluation and Validation

The proposed system followed two techniques to validate the detected services: ex-
ternal and internal validation. We used different online sources and news media as an
external technique for validation. The internal technique for validation is based on the
collected Twitter data, which gives detailed information such as the account that was used
to post the information, the time, and date of posting the tweet.
4. Results and Analysis

This section introduces and explains the discovered services and macro-services.
Section 4.1 provides an overview of the macro-services and services detected from the
Twitter data using the LDA algorithm. This is followed by five subsections, Section 4.2 to
Section 4.6, with an explanation for each service with examples from Twitter posts.
4.1. Services and Macro-Services: An Overview

We discuss in this section the results of the system we propose. We describe the
approach of discovering 17 services from Twitter data using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation
algorithm (LDA). The approach involved extracting 20 topics by utilizing the LDA algo-
rithm on Twitter data, and then combining a few of these topics into topic clusters which
we call services. Throughout this research paper, the terms such as topic cluster, cluster,
and service will be used interchangeably. In addition, we have grouped these seventeen
services into five macro-services. In the previous section, we described the method for
detecting these topics using the LDA algorithm. Python is used to develop the software.
Table 3 provides a list of services along with their corresponding data. Column 1 of the
table lists the five macro-services. They are Prevention, Treatment, Psychological Support,
Socioeconomic Sustainability, and Information Availability. In Column 2, we list seventeen
services such as Early Diagnosis, Prevention and Control, Causes, and so on. Every macro-
service contains one or more services. For instance, the second macro-service (Treatment)
contains two services, which are Chemo and Radiation Therapy, and Surgical Therapy. In
Column 3, the services numbers are listed. We have already discussed that we extracted
20 topics from Twitter data using LDA, and some of those topics that are related to one
another are merged to form services. As an example of the merging of topics is the service
(Breast Cancer Awareness), which is the result of merging Topic 9 and Topic 20. Column 4
shows the keyword percentage of the services in the table. Among the keywords in total,
Topic 1 contains 9.7% out of the total keywords. Topic 2 contains 7% of the total keywords.
Column 5 presents 10 keyterms (in total for all cluster topics) for each of the services. We
initially collected 30 keywords per topic. From the initial 30 keywords, 10 keywords were
manually chosen (using domain expertise) based on their importance to the relevant topics.
Each keyword is listed in Arabic, along with its translation into English. These keywords
and other content in Arabic language (example tweets, etc.) were translated contextually
so that English readers can better understand the context of the keywords.
We extracted a taxonomy for the 17 services that were detected by our tool (See
Figure 2). The taxonomy was created from Table 3, and it shows the services, their macro-
services, and some keyterms associated with the services. The first level represents the
macro services e.g., Prevention, Information Availability, and Treatment. Every macro-
service contains one or more services. The second level branches represent these services
e.g., Symptoms, Early Diagnosis, Causes, and Screening. Each service is characterized by
various keywords. These keywords are provided in the third level branches. For instance,
the keyterms Malignant, Examination, and Transform represent the Symptoms service.
Early Diagnosis 1 )d (
Causes 7% oy 4 Cancer,
Early, Malignant,
Detection, Life,
Examination, Good,Injury,
‫ تابعه‬،‫ معرض‬،‫مرض‬
Preventative,
،‫ بسبب‬،‫اثناء‬ Symptoms, Things, Tumor,
Prevention,
Macro-Ser- 15 9 s% ‫ مرض‬،‫ اسالكم‬،‫ تأخذ‬،‫ ورم‬،‫ اشياء‬،‫ للوقايه‬،‫ خير‬،‫ الحياة‬،‫ خبيث‬،‫سرطان‬
Services Topics % 7rw % Detection, Take,
‫ بادري‬،‫ الشفاء‬،‫نسبه‬Ratio/Percent, Request,
،‫ للكشف‬،‫الوقاية‬
Keywords Disease
،‫ اعراض‬Healing,
،‫ اإلصابة‬،‫ الفحص‬Go ،‫الكشف‬Early
vices Prevention and Control 2 .() During, Because, Disease, Exposed, Related
EarlyCauses
Diagnosis 1 %
Macro-Ser-
Prevention 47do% 9Cancer, Malignant, Life, Good,
‫ تابعه‬،‫معرض‬
‫ مرض‬،‫ اسالكم‬،‫ تأخذ‬،‫ ورم‬،‫ اشياء‬،‫للوقايه‬
،‫مرض‬ Preventative,
،‫ بسبب‬،‫اثناء‬
،‫ خير‬،‫الحياة‬
Things, Tumor,
،‫ خبيث‬،‫ سرطان‬Prevention,
Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313
Services 15
Topics s7% r)3Early, Detection,
‫ بادري‬،‫الشفاء‬Examination,
،‫ نسبه‬،‫ للكشف‬Keywords ،‫ الوقاية‬،‫اعراض‬
Take, Request, Disease
Injury, ،‫اإلصابة‬Symptoms,
،‫ الفحص‬،‫ الكشف‬،‫المبكر‬
17 of 41
vices Prevention and Control
Early Diagnosis 21 %
(d .. Detection,
During, Ratio/Percent,
Because,
‫ األشعة‬،‫ ورم‬،‫ طفره‬،‫جينيه‬
Disease, Healing,
Exposed,Go
،‫مزمن‬ Early
Related
16 % 97 Cancer, Malignant,
Chronic, Genetic,Life, Good,
Mutation, Preventative,
Tumor, Things,
Radiation Tumor,
Prevention Causes
15
43% s6Early, Detection,
‫ بادري‬،‫ الشفاء‬Examination,
،‫ نسبه‬،‫للكشف‬
‫ مرض‬،‫اسالكم‬Take,
،‫الوقاية‬،‫مرض‬
،‫ تأخذ‬،‫ورم‬Request,
Injury,
،‫اعراض‬
،‫ اشياء‬،‫ للوقايه‬،‫خير‬
،‫بسبب‬،‫اإلصابة‬ Symptoms,
،‫اثناء‬ ،‫ الفحص‬،‫ الكشف‬،‫المبكر‬
،‫ الحياة‬،‫ خبيث‬،‫سرطان‬
Prevention,
.%% Detection, Ratio/Percent, Disease
Healing, Go Early
Early Diagnosis 1 %.7)( ‫ األشعة‬،‫ ورم‬،‫ طفره‬،‫ جينيه‬،‫مزمن‬
Table 3. Macro-Services and Services Discovered
Prevention andfrom Twitter Data. 16
Control 2 7Early, Detection,
During, Because,
Examination, Disease, Injury, Exposed, Symptoms, Related Prevention,
Causes 46% 9 3Cancer,Chronic,
Malignant,‫مرض‬
Genetic,
،‫اسالكم‬ Life,
،‫تأخذ‬ ،‫ورم‬
Mutation,
Good,
،‫اشياء‬
،‫مرض‬
،‫للوقايه‬
،‫بسبب‬Tumor,
Preventative,
،‫خير‬
،‫اثناء‬
،‫ الحياة‬،‫خبيث‬
Radiation
Things,
،‫سرطان‬ Tumor,
Prevention 15 3.7 % ‫جيت‬
Detection, ،‫عيادة‬ ،‫صحة‬ ،‫ورم‬
‫ بادري‬،‫ الشفاء‬،‫نسبه‬Ratio/Percent,
،‫ينقذ‬ ،‫دقايق‬ ،‫بجهاز‬
،‫ للكشف‬،‫ الوقاية‬،‫ اعراض‬،‫اإلصابة‬
،‫الماموجرام‬
Healing, ،‫الذاتي‬
،‫ الفحص‬Go
،‫الفحص‬
،‫الكشف‬Early
Keywords )
Macro-Services Services Topics % Take, Request,
Keywords Disease
Prevention
Early
and Control
Screening
Diagnosis (%) 17
1
2 ..3% During, Because, ‫ األشعة‬،‫ ورم‬،‫ طفره‬،‫ جينيه‬،‫مزمن‬
Disease, Exposed, Related
16 Cancer, Malignant,
Examination,
379Early, Detection,
Chronic, Self,
‫ مرض‬،‫اسالكم‬
Genetic, Life,
Mammogram, Good,
،‫ تأخذ‬،‫ورم‬Mutation,
،‫ اشياء‬،‫للوقايه‬ Preventative,
Device,
،‫خير‬ ،‫الحياة‬
Tumor, Minutes,
،‫خبيث‬ Things,
،‫سرطان‬
Radiation Tumor,
Save, Tu-
Prevention Causes 3647% ‫بادري‬ ،‫عيادة‬Examination,
‫جيت‬،‫الشفاء‬ ،‫صحة‬،‫للكشف‬
،‫نسبه‬ ،‫ورم‬
‫ تابعه‬،‫ينقذ‬ ،‫دقايق‬
،‫الوقاية‬
،‫معرض‬ Injury,
،‫بجهاز‬
،‫اعراض‬
،‫مرض‬ ،‫اإلصابة‬
،‫بسبب‬ Symptoms,
،‫الماموجرام‬
،‫اثناء‬ ،‫الذاتي‬
،‫الفحص‬ ،‫الفحص‬
،‫الكشف‬ Prevention,
Early Diagnosis Prevention
1 and Control
9.7% 152 .% mor, Take, Request,
Health, Clinic, Disease CameGo Early
Screening
Early Diagnosis 17 .%
1 Early, Detection, Detection,
%Cancer,Examination, Ratio/Percent,
Injury, Symptoms,
‫األشعة‬ ،‫ ورم‬،‫طفره‬Prevention, Healing,
،‫جينيه‬ ،‫ مزمن‬Detection, Ratio/Percent, Healing,
16 37Early, Malignant, Life, Good, Go Early Preventative, Things, Tumor,
Causes 634 Examination,
Detection,
During,
Chronic, Self,
‫ اسائلكم‬،‫للثدي‬ Mammogram,
Examination,
Because,
Genetic,
،‫تابعهمريضه‬ ،‫خبيث‬ Disease,
Mutation,
،‫معرض‬
،‫يجعلها‬،‫مرض‬ Injury, Device,
Exposed,
،‫بسبب‬Tumor,
،‫ احد‬،‫وتتحول‬ Symptoms,
،‫اثناء‬ Minutes,
،‫ بالفحص‬،‫بمراكز‬ Related
Radiation
،‫سرطان‬ Save, Tu-
Prevention,
Prevention 15 % 3 ‫جيت‬‫مرض‬ ،‫اسالكم‬
،‫عيادة‬ ،‫صحة‬Take,
،‫تأخذ‬
،‫ورم‬ ،‫ورم‬ Request,
،‫اشياء‬
،‫ينقذ‬ ،‫دقايق‬ ،‫للوقايه‬
،‫بجهاز‬ Disease
،‫خير‬ ،‫ الحياة‬،‫خبيث‬
،‫الماموجرام‬ ،‫الذاتي‬،‫سرطان‬
،‫الفحص‬
Prevention and Control 2 7% Detection, mor, Health, Clinic,
Ratio/Percent, Healing, CameGo Early
Symptoms 19 % .37%
Cancer, Malignant, Life, Good, Preventative, Things, Tumor, Take, Request, Disease
Prevention and Control
Screening 2
17 . % Cancer, During,
Centers, Because,
Examination,‫األشعة‬ Disease,
،‫ورم‬ ،‫طفره‬ ،‫جينيه‬
Transform, Exposed,
،‫مزمن‬ One, Related
Make,Tumor,Malig-
Causes
Prevention 15
Causes 4% 16
15 33% 4Cancer, Malignant,
Examination, ‫اسائلكم‬
Chronic, ‫مرض‬Self,
،‫للثدي‬ ،‫مريضه‬
،‫اسالكم‬
Genetic,
Life,‫ تابعه‬،‫معرض‬
Mammogram, ،‫ورم‬Good,
،‫تأخذ‬،‫خبيث‬ ،‫يجعلها‬
،‫مرض‬
،‫ اشياء‬،‫للوقايه‬
Mutation,
،‫احد‬Preventative,
Device,
،‫وتتحول‬
،‫خير‬Tumor,،‫بالفحص‬
،‫الحياة‬ ،‫خبيث‬ Things,
Minutes,
،‫بمراكز‬
،‫سرطان‬،‫ سرطان‬Save,
Radiation Tu-
Prevention
%3673 ‫جيت‬
nant, ،‫عيادة‬Sick,
During, ،‫صحة‬Because,
Take,
،‫ورم‬
For ،‫ينقذ‬the،‫دقايق‬
Disease,
Request,
،‫بجهاز‬Exposed,
Breast, ،‫الماموجرام‬
Disease Appeal ،‫الذاتي‬
Related ،‫الفحص‬
You
PreventionSymptoms
and Control 19
2 . mor, Health, Clinic, Came
16 Screening 3.6% 17 %% 6.Cancer, During, Because, ‫ األشعة‬،‫ورم‬ Disease, ،‫ طفره‬،‫جينيه‬ Exposed,
،‫مزمن‬ Related
16 3 Cancer, Centers,
Malignant,
Examination, ‫استخدام‬
Self, Examination,
،‫الحالة‬ Life,
،‫ تلقي‬،‫لمده‬Good,
Mammogram, ،‫ الم‬،‫الكيماوي‬ Transform,
Preventative,
،‫المجاني‬
Device, One,
،‫ عالج‬Minutes,
،‫االورام‬ Make,
Things,
،‫يحتاج‬ Malig-
Tumor,
Save, Tu-
Prevention Chemo Causesand Radiation Chronic,
43.6Need, Tumors, Chronic, Genetic,
‫ اسائلكم‬،‫ للثدي‬،‫تابعهمريضه‬
Genetic,
،‫خبيث‬
Mutation,
،‫معرض‬ Mutation,
،‫يجعلها‬،‫مرض‬
Tumor,
Tumor,
،‫ احد‬،‫وتتحول‬
RadiationRadiation
،‫ بالفحص‬،‫ بمراكز‬،‫سرطان‬
153 % 3 nant, Treatment,
Sick,Take, For the
Request,Free, Breast, Chemotherapy,
Disease Appeal You Pain, Dura-
Screening 17Symptoms 3.3%
3 .% ‫ جيت‬،‫عيادة‬mor, ،‫ صحة‬،‫ورم‬ ،‫ينقذ‬
Health,
‫األشعة‬
،‫دقايق‬
،‫ ورم‬،‫طفره‬
،‫بجهاز‬
Clinic, ،‫الماموجرام‬
،‫ جينيه‬،‫مزمن‬ Came ،‫الذاتي‬ ،‫الفحص‬
Therapy 19 6.6 tion, Device, Receive, Case,Save, UseTumor, Health, Clinic, Came
Screening 16
17 Examination,
% Self,‫استخدام‬
During,
Chronic, Mammogram, Because,
Genetic, Disease,
Mutation, Minutes, Exposed,
Tumor, Related
Radiation
Causes 3 46% Cancer, Centers, Examination,
،‫الحالة‬ ،‫تلقي‬ ،‫لمده‬ ،‫الم‬
‫ تابعه‬،‫ معرض‬،‫مرض‬ Transform,
،‫الكيماوي‬ ،‫المجاني‬
،‫ بسبب‬،‫اثناء‬ One,
،‫ عالج‬،‫االورام‬ Make, Malig-
،‫يحتاج‬
Prevention Chemo and Radiation 15 . Examination, ‫اسائلكم‬ ،‫للثدي‬
Self, ،‫مريضه‬ ،‫خبيث‬
Mammogram, ،‫يجعلها‬ ،‫احد‬ ،‫وتتحول‬
Device, ،‫بالفحص‬ ،‫ بمراكز‬،‫ سرطان‬Save, Tu-
Minutes,
SymptomsTreatment 19 3% 3%Need, Tumors, ‫جيت‬ ،‫عيادة‬ ،‫صحة‬
Treatment, ،‫ورم‬ ،‫ينقذ‬ ،‫دقايق‬
Free, ،‫بجهاز‬ ،‫الماموجرام‬
Chemotherapy, ،‫الذاتي‬ ،‫الفحص‬ Pain, Dura-
3 Cancer,3% nant, Sick, For the Breast, Appeal You
Therapy
Symptoms
Screening 19
17 6.6. Centers, Examination,
‫وجراحه‬
During,
Transform,
mor,
،‫سرطاني‬ tion,
Because, ،‫جانب‬
Health,
‫األشعة‬ ،‫نوع‬
One, Make,
Receive,
،‫ورم‬،
Disease,،‫طفره‬
‫عمليه‬
Clinic,
Case,
،‫جينيه‬
،‫يجب‬
Malignant,
،‫ورم‬،‫مزمن‬
Came
Use
،‫المقطع‬
Exposed,
Sick, For the Breast, Appeal You
،‫استئصال‬ ،‫خبيث‬
Related
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 % 63.Cancer, Centers, Examination, Transform, One, Make, Malig- 20 of 42
Prevention % Examination,
Chronic, ‫ جيت‬Self,
‫استخدام‬ ،‫الحالة‬
،‫عيادة‬Genetic,Mammogram,
،‫صحة‬ ،‫ ورم‬،‫ ينقذ‬،‫ دقايق‬،‫بجهاز‬Device,
،‫ تلقي‬،‫لمده‬Mutation,
،‫ الم‬،‫ الكيماوي‬،‫المجاني‬ Tumor,
،‫الماموجرام‬ Minutes,
،‫ عالج‬،‫االورام‬
،‫الذاتي‬ ،‫ الفحص‬Save, Tu-
،‫يحتاج‬
Radiation
Chemo and Radiation Therapy 3 andTherapy
Surgical
Chemo 6.6%
Radiation 4 . 63 ‫اسائلكم‬ ،‫للثدي‬ ،‫مريضه‬ ،‫خبيث‬ ،‫يجعلها‬ ،‫ احد‬،‫وتتحول‬ ،‫بالفحص‬ ،‫بمراكز‬ ،‫سرطان‬
Treatment 3 .3Need,
%Need, Tumors,
Tumors,
Malignant, nant,
Treatment,
Resection, Sick,
Treatment,
mor, Free, For theFree,
Chemotherapy,
Health,
Part, Breast,Chemotherapy,
Clinic, Pain,Appeal
Came Duration, You Pain, Type,
Receive, Dura-
Case, Use
Treatment Screening
Therapy 17 663%. ‫األشعة‬ ،‫ ورم‬Tumor,
،‫ طفره‬،‫ جينيه‬،‫مزمن‬ Must, Operation,
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR
Surgical Therapy 4
Symptoms
PEER REVIEW
6.3%
19
16 6 3% Examination, ‫وجراحه‬ ،‫سرطاني‬
Self, tion, ،‫جانب‬
Mammogram,
Side,
،‫نوع‬
Receive,
Cancerous,
، ‫عمليه‬ ،‫يجب‬Case,،‫ورم‬
Device, ،‫المقطع‬
Surgery Use ،‫استئصال‬
Minutes, ،‫خبيث‬ 20 of 42
Save, Tu-
Surgical
Chemo andTherapy
Radiation 4 .%
.%36%
Malignant, Cancer,Chronic, ‫استخدام‬
Centers,
Resection,
Genetic,
،‫الحالة‬
Part,
‫ اسائلكم‬،‫للثدي‬
،‫ تلقي‬،‫لمده‬
Examination,
Tumor,
،‫مريضه‬
Mutation,
،‫ الم‬،‫الكيماوي‬
،‫خبيث‬Must,،‫ يجعلها‬Operation,
،‫احد‬
Tumor,
Transform,
،‫ وتتحول‬،‫بالفحص‬
،‫ عالج‬،‫االورام‬
Type,One,
Radiation
،‫يحتاج‬
Make, Malig-
Side,،‫سرطان‬
،‫بمراكز‬ Cancerous, Surgery
4Need, Tumors, ‫جيت‬ ،‫عيادة‬ mor,
Treatment,
،‫صحة‬ ،‫ورم‬Health,
،‫ينقذ‬ Free,
،‫دقايق‬ Clinic,
Chemotherapy,
،‫بجهاز‬ Came
،‫الماموجرام‬ ،‫الذاتي‬ ،‫الفحص‬ Pain, Dura-
Treatment 3 3.% 63 Malignant,nant, ‫صراع‬ Sick,
،‫القاتل‬
Resection, ،‫معاناه‬For ،‫ حاله‬the
Part, ،‫ اثر‬Tumor,Breast,
،‫دعواتكم‬ ،‫انسانيه‬ Appeal
Must,،‫ الخير‬،‫رحمه‬ You
،‫مرض‬
Operation, Type,
Psychological Symptoms
Therapy
Suffering 19 6. ‫ الشافي‬،‫ سقما‬،‫ مرضى المسلمين‬،‫ اجسادهم‬،‫ الم‬،‫ اشف‬،‫ مرض‬،‫ يارب‬،‫ مرضي‬،‫اللهم‬
Spiritual Support 5 Screening 6.2% 17 % .% Disease,Centers,
Mercy,
‫ وجراحه‬،‫سرطاني‬ tion,
Goodness, ،‫جانب‬Receive,
،‫ نوع‬،‫عمليه‬Humanity,،‫يجب‬Case,،‫ ورم‬،‫المقطع‬ Use
Your،‫استئصال‬Prayers,
Make,Impact,
،‫خبيث‬
Support Spiritual Support
14
5 Oh% .6341Cancer,
God, Patients,‫اسائلكم‬
Examination, Lord,
‫جيت‬
،‫للثدي‬
Self,
‫استخدام‬
Examination,
Side,
Disease,
،‫مريضه‬
،‫عيادة‬ Mammogram,
،‫صحة‬ ،‫تلقي‬،‫ورم‬
Cancerous,
Heal,
،‫خبيث‬
،‫لمده‬ ،‫الم‬Pain,
،‫ يجعلها‬،‫احد‬
،‫ينقذ‬
Transform,
،‫الكيماوي‬
،‫دقايق‬
Their
،‫وتتحول‬
،‫بجهاز‬
Surgery
Bodies,
Device,
One,
،‫بالفحص‬Muslim
Minutes,
،‫عالج‬،‫الذاتي‬
،‫الماموجرام‬ ،‫االورام‬ Patients,
،‫ بمراكز‬،‫سرطان‬
،‫يحتاج‬
،‫الفحص‬
Malig-
Save,Sick,
Tu-Healer
Treatment Surgical
Chemo andTherapy
Radiation 4 . 32 Oh God, Condition/Case,
nant,
‫صراع‬
Patients, Sick,
،‫القاتل‬ ،‫معاناه‬
Lord, For
،‫حاله‬ Suffering,
the
،‫اثر‬
Disease, Breast,
،‫دعواتكم‬ ،‫انسانيه‬
Heal,Killer,
Appeal
،‫الخير‬ Struggle
،‫رحمه‬
Pain, You
،‫مرض‬
Their Bodies,
Symptoms 19 6 %
Psychological Support Suffering
Psychological Suffering
14 Screening 4.1% 3
17 63.%
Disease,
Need,
%Disease,Tumors,
Malignant,
Mercy, ‫الشافي‬
Goodness,
Treatment,
Resection, mor, ‫مرضى‬
،‫ سقما‬Goodness,
،‫المسلمين‬
Humanity,
Health,
Part, Free,
Tumor,
،‫اجسادهم‬
Your
Chemotherapy,
Clinic,
،‫ الم‬،‫اشف‬Must,
Came
،‫مرض‬ ،‫يارب‬ Operation,
،‫مرضي‬
Pain, Type,
Dura-
،‫ اللهم‬Impact,
Mercy, ‫ عمليه‬Prayers,
،Humanity, Impact,
Your Condition/Case,
Prayers, Suffering,
Therapy 14 ..631Cancer,
%
Centers,
Examination,
‫ وجراحه‬،‫سرطاني‬
Self,
Examination,
Muslim
‫ استخدام‬،‫الحالة‬ tion,
،‫ جانب‬،‫نوع‬
Mammogram,
Side,
Patients,
Receive,
،‫ تلقي‬،‫لمده‬ Killer,
Cancerous,
Transform,
،‫يجب‬Sick,
Struggle
،‫ الم‬،‫الكيماوي‬
،‫ ورم‬،‫المقطع‬
Case,
Device,
Surgery
Healer
Use
One,
،‫استئصال‬
Minutes,
،‫ عالج‬،‫ االورام‬،‫يحتاج‬
Make,
،‫خبيث‬ Malig-
Save, Tu-
Support Spiritual
Chemo
Surgical Support
andTherapy
Radiation 45 2% .3Need, Tumors,
Condition/Case,
nant,
‫اسائلكم‬ ،‫للثدي‬
‫جعلت‬ Sick,
،‫رب‬،‫مريضه‬
‫يا‬
Treatment,
mor, ،‫يعيد‬ For
،‫خبيث‬
،‫اليكم‬
Health,
Suffering,
the
،‫يجعلها‬
،‫محمل‬
Free, Breast,
،‫احد‬ ،‫وتتحول‬
،‫امنياته‬ ،‫بجميع‬
Killer,
Chemotherapy,
Clinic,
Appeal
،‫بالفحص‬
،‫ياتي‬
Came
Struggle
،‫بمراكز‬
،‫اللهم‬ You
،‫يدعي‬،‫سرطان‬
Pain, Dura-
Hope and Optimism 18 3.1% 3 36% Oh God, Patients, Lord, Disease, Heal, Pain, Their Bodies,
Treatment
Psychological HopeSymptoms Therapy
and Optimism 19
18 %6 6.Pray,
Malignant,
God, Come,
‫الشافي‬
Resection,
With،‫المسلمين‬
،‫سقما‬ All, Wishes,
tion,
Part,
‫مرضى‬
Tumor,
Loaded,
،‫اجسادهم‬
Receive, ،‫الم‬ To You,
،‫اشف‬
Case,
Must,
،‫مرض‬ Return
Use،‫يارب‬
Operation,
(Health),
،‫مرضي‬ ،‫اللهم‬
Type,
Lord, Made
% . 3 1Cancer, ‫وجراحه‬
Centers, Muslim
‫استخدام‬،‫سرطاني‬
،‫ الحالة‬،‫تلقي‬
Side, ،‫جانب‬
Examination, Patients,
،‫لمده‬
،‫نوع‬،‫الم‬،‫عمليه‬
Cancerous, ،‫يجب‬Sick,
،‫الكيماوي‬ ،‫المجاني‬
،‫ورم‬
Transform, Healer
،‫عالج‬
،‫المقطع‬
Surgery ،‫ االورام‬،‫يحتاج‬
One, ،‫خبيث‬
Make, Malig-
Support Chemo
SpiritualandSupport
Radiation 53 Pray, God,
..%Need, Tumors, Come,
‫جعلتاسائلكم‬
،‫للثدي‬ With
،‫رب‬،‫مريضه‬
‫ يا‬،‫يعيد‬،‫خبيث‬ All,
،‫ اليكم‬،‫يجعلها‬
،‫محمل‬ Wishes,
،‫ احد‬،‫وتتحول‬
،‫امنياته‬ Loaded,
،‫بجميع‬،‫بالفحص‬ ،‫بمراكز‬
،‫ ياتي‬،‫اللهم‬ To
،‫يدعي‬ You,
،‫سرطان‬ Return
Treatment, Free, Chemotherapy, Pain, Dura-
Treatment Surgical Therapy
Therapy
Symptoms 4
19 6 23.% Oh God, Patients, nant, Sick, For Disease,
(Health),
Lord, theLord, Breast, Made
Heal, Appeal Pain, You
Their Bodies,
Hope and Optimism 18 3 6 Malignant, Resection, tion, Receive,
Part, Tumor, Case, Use
Psychological % 6%
1 Cancer,
‫الشافي‬
Centers,
،‫سقما‬،‫سرطاني‬
‫وجراحه‬ ،‫المسلمين‬
Examination,
‫مرضى‬
،‫جانب‬ ،‫نوع‬ ،‫اجسادهم‬
،‫عمليه‬ ،‫يجب‬
Transform,،‫ورم‬Must,
،‫ الم‬،‫اشف‬ ،‫مرض‬
،‫المقطع‬،‫يارب‬ Operation,
،‫مرضي‬
One,
،‫اللهم‬
،‫خبيث‬
Make, Type,
Malig-
.% % .5Pray, God, Come,
‫ استخدام‬Muslim
With
،‫ تلقي‬،‫لمده‬
All,
Patients, Wishes,
،‫ الم‬،‫ الكيماوي‬Sick, ،‫المجاني‬
Loaded,
Healer
،‫عالج‬
To
،‫ االورام‬،‫يحتاج‬
You, Return
Support
Treatment Spiritual
Surgical Support
Therapy
Chemo and Radiation 5 4 % ‫اآلالت‬
nant, ،‫مرضى‬ Side,
Sick, ،‫ادويه‬ ForCancerous,
،‫وزاره‬ ،‫المنطقة‬
the ،‫خدمه‬
Breast, Surgery
،‫م‬ ‫تقي‬ ،‫بأهمية‬
Appeal ،‫عاجله‬ ،‫الصحة‬
You
36 2.63. Need, Oh God,Tumors,Patients, Treatment, (Health),
Lord, Free,
Disease, Lord, MadePain, Their
Chemotherapy,
Heal, Pain, Dura-
Bodies,
Government Support 6 Malignant, Resection,
‫وجراحه‬ ،‫ سرطاني‬،‫جانب‬Part, ،‫ نوع‬،‫عمليه‬ Tumor, ،‫ يجب‬،‫ورم‬Must, Operation,
،‫ المقطع‬،‫استئصال‬ ،‫خبيث‬ Type,
Therapy % 5.% 7Health, Urgent,
‫الشافي‬ ،‫سقما‬ tion,
،‫المسلمين‬ ‫مرضى‬Receive,
،‫اجسادهم‬ Case,
،‫الم‬ ،‫اشف‬ ،‫مرض‬ Use ،‫يارب‬ ،‫مرضي‬ ،‫اللهم‬
Psychological Muslim
‫ استخدام‬،‫الحالة‬
‫ اآلالت‬،‫مرضى‬Important,،‫ تلقي‬،‫لمده‬
Side,
،‫ ادويه‬،‫وزاره‬
Patients,
،‫الم‬Evaluation,
Cancerous, Sick,
،‫ الكيماوي‬،‫ المجاني‬،‫عالج‬
،‫ المنطقة‬،‫ خدمه‬،‫م‬Surgery
Healer ،‫ االورام‬،‫يحتاج‬
Service,
‫ تقي‬،‫بأهمية‬ ،‫ عاجله‬،‫الصحة‬ Region, Min-
Surgical
Chemo andTherapy
Radiation 4 .%
Support Spiritual Support 5
3 .3 %Need, Tumors, Treatment,
istry, Medicine, Free, Patients, Chemotherapy, Machines Pain, Type,
Dura-
Treatment Government Therapy Support 6 2666 Malignant,
Oh God,‫الشافي‬
Resection,
Patients, Lord,
Part, Tumor,
Disease, Heal,
Must,
Pain,
Operation,
Their
Psychological 7%Health, tion,
،‫ سقما‬،‫المسلمين‬ Receive,
‫مرضى‬ ،‫ اجسادهم‬،‫الم‬Case, ،‫اشف‬ ،‫مرض‬Use ،‫ يارب‬،‫مرضي‬ ،‫ اللهم‬Bodies,
% .5 Urgent, Important,
‫ وجراحه‬،‫سرطاني‬ Side, ،‫ نوع‬،Evaluation,
،‫جانب‬Cancerous, ‫ عمليه‬،‫ يجب‬،‫ورم‬ Surgery
،‫المقطع‬Service,
،‫ استئصال‬،‫خبيث‬ Region, Min-
Support Spiritual Support 5 .% ‫ الرجاء‬،‫رقم‬ Muslim Patients,
،‫ تعاني‬،‫ حاله‬،‫فاتوره‬ ،‫ الف‬،‫جراحه‬ Sick,،‫ اسال‬Healer
،‫ بحاجه‬،‫ العالج‬،‫مريض‬
Surgical Therapy
Treatment Socioeconomic and Op- 4 . Oh God, Patients, istry, Medicine, Patients, Machines
Psychological 8 3662 Malignant, ‫الشافي‬Resection,
،‫ سقما‬،‫المسلمين‬ Lord, ‫ مرضى‬Disease,
،‫اجسادهم‬ ،‫ الم‬،‫اشف‬Heal, ،‫ مرض‬Pain,،‫يارب‬ ،‫مرضي‬Their،‫ اللهم‬Bodies,
erational Challenges 5.% ‫وجراحه‬
4 Patient, Treatment, ،‫ سرطاني‬،‫جانب‬Part, ،‫ نوع‬،‫عمليه‬ Tumor, ،‫ يجب‬،‫ورم‬Must, Operation,
،‫ المقطع‬،‫استئصال‬ ،‫خبيث‬ Type,
%. ‫ الرجاء‬،‫رقم‬ Muslim
،‫ تعاني‬،‫حاله‬Needs, Patients,
،‫فاتوره‬ Ask,
،‫الف‬ ،‫جراحه‬ Surgery,
Sick, Healer
،‫ اسال‬،‫بحاجه‬ Thousands,
،‫العالج‬ ،‫مريض‬ Bill,
Support
Socioeco- Spiritual Support
Surgical Therapy 45 Side, Cancerous, Surgery
Socioeconomic and Op- .2% Oh God, Patients, Case, Suffering,
Lord, Disease, Number, Heal, Please
Pain, Their Bodies,
8 3
nomic Sus- erational Challenges 64%Malignant, Resection, Part, Tumor, Must, Operation, Type,
Psychological 4 Patient, ‫الشافي‬
Treatment, ،‫المسلمين‬Needs,
،‫سقما‬Muslim ‫مرضى‬ Patients,
،‫اجسادهم‬Ask, Surgery,
،‫ الم‬Sick,
،‫اشف‬ ،‫مرض‬ Healer
،‫يارب‬ Thousands,
،‫ مرضي‬،‫اللهم‬ Bill,
tainability
14
8 41. Pray, God, Come, ‫اآلالت‬
‫جعلت‬،‫مرضى‬ With
،‫يا رب‬،‫ادويه‬
All,،‫المنطقة‬
،‫ يعيد‬،‫وزاره‬
،‫ اليكم‬،‫محمل‬
Wishes, ،‫خدمه‬،‫بجميع‬
،‫امنياته‬ ،‫تقيم‬Loaded,
،‫بأهمية‬ ،‫عاجله‬
،‫ ياتي‬،‫اللهم‬
To
،‫الصحة‬
،‫يدعي‬
You, Return
erational Challenges % 4.5 Patient,Condition/Case,‫ انساني‬،‫(قررت‬Health),
Treatment, ،‫حاله‬
Needs, ،‫زهره‬ ،‫نداء‬
Suffering, ،‫مريضه‬Surgery,
Ask,
Lord, ،‫عاجل‬ ،‫ توقع‬،‫سند‬
Killer,
Made ،‫سنه‬
Struggle
Thousands, Bill,
Socioeco- Government Support
Hope and Optimism 6
18 .% 4 ‫ الرجاء‬،‫ رقم‬،‫ تعاني‬،‫ حاله‬،‫ فاتوره‬،‫ الف‬،‫ جراحه‬،‫ اسال‬،‫ بحاجه‬،‫ العالج‬،‫مريض‬
Charity Organizations
Socioeconomic and Op- 11 .57Health,
% 1 Urgent, ‫صراع‬ ،‫القاتل‬
Case, ،‫معاناه‬
Important, ،‫ حاله‬،‫اثر‬Evaluation,
Suffering,
Pray, God, Come, With All, Wishes, Loaded, To You, Return
،‫دعواتكم‬
Number,،‫ انسانيه‬،‫الخير‬ ،‫ رحمه‬،‫مرض‬
Service,
Please Region, Min-
nomic Sus- Suffering 8 . Disease,
6Year, Sanad Mercy,Association,
‫اآلالت‬ ،‫مرضى‬Goodness,
،‫ ادويه‬،‫وزاره‬ To Sign,
Humanity,
،‫المنطقة‬ ،‫خدمه‬ Urgent, Your
،‫ تقيم‬،‫بأهمية‬ Patient,
،‫عاجله‬ ،‫الصحة‬Call,
Prayers, Zahra
Impact,
14 3% % istry,
erational Challenges
%.414 Patient,Association,
Treatment,
‫جعلت‬ ،‫يا رب‬Medicine,
Needs,
(Health),
،‫يعيد‬ ،‫ اليكم‬،‫محمل‬Ask, Patients,
Lord, Surgery,
،‫ امنياته‬،‫بجميع‬Made Machines
،‫ياتي‬ ،‫اللهم‬Thousands,
،‫يدعي‬ Bill,
tainability
Socioeco- Government Support 6 .% ‫ انساني‬،‫ قررت‬،‫حاله‬
Condition/Case, Case, ،‫زهره‬ Decided,
،‫ نداء‬،‫ مريضه‬،‫عاجل‬
Suffering, Humanitarian
Killer,،‫ توقع‬،‫سند‬ ،‫سنه‬
Struggle
Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313 Hope and Optimism 18 .7% 5 5 Case, Suffering, Number, Please Region, Min- 18 of 41
nomic Sus- Charity Organizations
Socioeconomic and Op-
11 41.Health,
Pray, God,
Urgent,‫الرجاء‬
‫اآلالت‬
Come,
،‫رقم‬Important,
،‫مرضى‬ ،‫تعاني‬ ،‫حاله‬
،‫ادويه‬
With
،‫فاتوره‬
،‫وزاره‬
All,
Evaluation,
،‫ الف‬،‫جراحه‬
،‫المنطقة‬
Wishes, ،‫ خدمه‬،‫م‬،‫اسال‬
‫تقي‬Loaded,
Service,
،‫بحاجه‬
،‫بأهمية‬ ،‫العالج‬،‫الصحة‬
،‫عاجله‬ To
،‫مريض‬
You, Return
% 6.4Year, Sanad ‫خزعه‬ ،‫ اناشدكم‬،‫العملية‬
Association,
istry, Medicine, ،‫نقدر‬ ‫ ما‬،‫معسر‬
To Sign, ،‫حاولنا‬Urgent,
Patients, ،‫الفاتورة‬ ،‫عالج‬Patient,
Machines ،‫ولدى‬ ،‫سرطان‬ Call, Zahra
tainability Government Support 68 .% 3 ‫انساني‬ ،‫قررت‬ ،‫حاله‬ ،‫زهره‬ ،‫نداء‬ ،‫مريضه‬ ،‫عاجل‬ ،‫توقع‬ ،‫سند‬ ،‫سنه‬
erational ‫ جعلت‬،‫( يا رب‬Health),
،‫ يعيد‬،‫ اليكم‬،‫محمل‬Lord, ،‫ امنياته‬،‫بجميع‬Made ،‫ ياتي‬،‫ اللهم‬،‫يدعي‬
FinancialChallenges
Support 12 % 4 Patient,
7. Health, Treatment,
Association, Needs,
Case, Evaluation, Ask, Surgery,
Decided, Humanitarian Thousands, Region,Bill,
Socioeco- Charity
Hope and Organizations
Optimism 11
18 55.% Urgent,
Cancer, I Have,
Important,
‫ الرجاء‬،‫ رقم‬Treatment,
،‫ تعاني‬،‫ حاله‬،‫ فاتوره‬،‫الف‬ Bill, ،‫جراحه‬We ،‫اسال‬ Tried,
Service,
Poor,
،‫ بحاجه‬،‫العالج‬ ،‫مريض‬ We Can’t,
Min-
Table 3. Cont. 54% 6 Case, Suffering, Number, Please
nomic Sus- Socioeconomic and Op- .% 1Year, Sanad
Pray, God,‫خزعه‬ Association,
istry,
‫اآلالت‬
Come, ،‫مرضى‬ Medicine,
،‫ادويه‬
With ،‫وزاره‬
All,To Sign,
،‫المنطقة‬Patients,
Wishes, ،‫خدمه‬ Urgent,
،‫م‬ ‫تقي‬ Machines
،‫بأهمية‬
Loaded, Patient,
،‫عاجله‬ ،‫الصحة‬
To،‫سرطان‬ Call, Zahra
You, Return
8 .% Operation,
،‫ اناشدكم‬،‫العملية‬ Exposure,
،‫نقدر‬ ‫ ما‬،‫معسر‬ Begging,
،‫حاولنا‬ ،‫الفاتورة‬ ،‫عالج‬Biopsy
،‫ولدى‬
Macro-Services tainability
Services
erational
Government
Topics
Keywords
Challenges
Support 6 4.% 5 Patient, Association,
Treatment, Case,
(Health),
Needs, Decided,
KeywordsLord,
Ask, Made
Surgery, Humanitarian Thousands, Bill,
Socioeco- Financial Support (%) 12 575.Health, Urgent, ‫انسانيالرجاء‬ ،‫قررت‬،‫حاله‬
،‫رقم‬Important,
،‫تعاني‬ ،‫حاله‬ ،‫زهره‬
،‫فاتوره‬ ،‫نداء‬
،‫ الف‬،‫مريضه‬
،‫ جراحه‬،‫اسال‬
Evaluation,
،‫عاجل‬،‫بحاجه‬
،‫ توقع‬،‫سند‬
،‫العالج‬
Service,
،‫سنه‬
،‫مريض‬
Region, Min-
Socioeconomic and Op- % .54 Cancer, I‫خزعه‬ ‫افحصي‬
Have, Case, ،‫محاضره‬
Treatment, ،‫ للتوعية‬،‫مركز‬
Suffering, Bill,،‫جمعيه‬
Number, We،‫حمله‬Tried,
،‫بالتعاون‬
Please ،‫الصحية‬
Poor, We Can’t,
nomic Sus- Charity Organizations 11
8 .% ،‫ اناشدكم‬،‫العملية‬
istry, Medicine, ،‫ ما نقدر‬،‫معسر‬ ،‫ حاولنا‬،‫الفاتورة‬
Patients, ،‫ عالج‬،‫ ولدى‬،‫سرطان‬
Machines
‫اآلالت‬ ،‫مرضى‬ ،‫ادويه‬ ،‫وزاره‬ ،‫المنطقة‬ ،‫خدمه‬ ،‫م‬ ‫تقي‬ ،‫بأهمية‬ ،‫عاجله‬ ،‫الصحة‬
Government Support Breast 6Cancer
erational Awareness
Challenges5.7% 9 % 4.6Year, Sanad
Patient, Association,
Operation,
Treatment, To Sign,
Exposure,
Needs, Ask, Urgent,
Begging,
Surgery, Patient,
Biopsy
Thousands, Call, Bill,
Zahra
tainability
Socioeco- Financial Support
Government Support 12
6 34.%Urgent,
Health, Important,
Healthy, Evaluation,
Cooperation,
‫انساني‬ ،‫ قررت‬،‫ حاله‬،‫زهره‬ Service,
Campaign, Region,
،‫ نداء‬،‫مريضه‬ ،‫عاجل‬ Ministry,
،‫ توقع‬،‫سند‬Medicine,
Association, ،‫ سنه‬Center, Patients, Machines
5% Association, Case, ،‫الف‬ Decided, Humanitarian
Socioeconomic and %.575Health,
Cancer,Urgent,
I ‫الرجاء‬
Have, Case,
،‫رقم‬ Treatment,
،‫تعاني‬
Important,
Awareness,
Suffering,
،‫ حاله‬،‫فاتوره‬Evaluation,
Lecture,
Bill,Number,
،‫جراحه‬ We ،‫اسال‬Tried,
،‫ مركز‬،‫جمعيه‬Examination
Please
،‫بحاجه‬ Poor,
،‫العالج‬
Service, ،‫مريض‬We Can’t,
،‫ الصحية‬Region, Min-
nomic Sus- 8
Charity 5.4%
Organizations
Socioeconomic and Op- 11 . ‫افحصي‬ ،‫ محاضره‬،‫للتوعية‬ ،‫ حمله‬،‫بالتعاون‬
Operational Challenges
8 Patient,
.6% %4 Treatment, Needs,
Operation, Ask, Surgery, Exposure, Thousands, Begging, Bill, Case, Suffering, Number, Please
Biopsy
Socioeconomic Sustainability tainability Breast Cancer
erational Awareness
Challenges 9 244Year, Sanad ‫خزعه‬ istry,
Association,
،‫اناشدكم‬
‫ انساني‬،‫قررت‬
Medicine,
،‫العملية‬،‫حاله‬،‫نقدر‬ To
،‫زهره‬‫ ما‬،‫معسر‬
،‫نداء‬
Patients,
Sign, ،‫مريضه‬
Urgent,
،‫حاولنا‬ ،‫الفاتورة‬Machines
،‫ عاجل‬،‫توقع‬
Patient,
،‫عالج‬ ،‫سند‬،‫ولدى‬
،‫سنه‬،‫سرطان‬
Call, Zahra
% 3.5. Patient, Treatment, Needs, Ask, Surgery, Thousands, Bill,
Socioeco-
Charity Organizations 11
Financial Support
Charity Organizations 4.6% 12
11 .% 5Year,Healthy, Cooperation,
SanadAssociation,
Association,
‫افحصي‬
Case,
To Sign,
،‫محاضره‬ ،‫للتوعية‬
Campaign,
‫ بنشر‬،‫باللون‬ Decided,
Urgent,
،‫مركز‬
،‫المراه‬ Patient,
،‫جمعيه‬ ،‫حمله‬
Association,
،‫الوردي‬Humanitarian
Call, Zahra
،‫بالتعاون‬ ،‫الصحية‬
Center,Case,
Association,
20 % 5 Cancer, I ‫الرجاء‬ Case,
،‫ رقم‬،‫تعاني‬Suffering,
،‫ حاله‬،‫ فاتوره‬،‫ الف‬Number, ،‫ جراحه‬،‫ اسال‬،‫بحاجه‬ Please
،‫ العالج‬،‫مريض‬
nomic Sus- Socioeconomic
Breast and Op-
Cancer Awareness 94.6.Year, SanadHave, Association, Treatment,
Awareness, Decided, Lecture,
To Bill,
Humanitarian
Sign, We Tried,
Examination
Urgent, Poor, We
Patient, Call,Can’t,
Zahra
Financial Support 12 4.5%
89 42% %
3 Healthy, ‫خزعه‬ ،‫اناشدكم‬
Pink,
Operation, ،‫العملية‬
Woman, ،‫نقدر‬ ‫ما‬
Exposure, ،‫معسر‬Color, ،‫حاولنا‬ ،‫الفاتورة‬
Spreading
Begging, ،‫عالج‬ ،‫ ولدى‬،‫سرطان‬
Biopsy
tainability
Information erational Challenges %. 4 Patient, Cooperation,
Association,
‫انساني‬
Treatment, ،‫قررت‬ Case,
،‫حاله‬
Needs, ،‫زهره‬ Campaign,
Decided,
،‫نداء‬
Ask, ،‫مريضه‬ ،‫عاجل‬
Surgery, Association,
Humanitarian
،‫توقع‬ ،‫سند‬ ،‫سنه‬
Thousands, Center,
Bill, Biopsy
Financial Support 12 Cancer, I Have, Treatment, Bill, We Tried, Poor, We Can’t, Operation, Exposure, Begging,
Socioeco- ..% ‫ بنشر‬Lecture,
،‫ باللون‬،‫ المراه‬،‫الوردي‬
Availability Charity Organizations 11
20 5 % 4
4 Cancer, I‫خزعه‬ Have, Awareness,
Case, Suffering,
Treatment, Bill, Number,WeExamination
Tried, Please Poor, We Can’t,
69.Year, Sanad ‫ الحمله‬،‫شعار‬ ‫افحصي‬
،‫الصحي‬،‫محاضره‬
،‫العملية‬
،‫التغريده‬،‫للتوعية‬
،‫نقدر‬
،‫بهشتاق‬ ،‫مركز‬
‫ ما‬،‫معسر‬ ،‫الرد‬،‫جمعيه‬
،‫حاولنا‬
،‫رتويت‬ ،‫حمله‬
،‫الفاتورة‬
،‫الوردي‬،‫بالتعاون‬
،‫عالج‬
‫اكتوبر‬ ،‫الصحية‬
،‫ولدى‬
،‫السؤال‬ ،‫سرطان‬
،‫حساب‬
nomic Sus-
Breast Cancer Awareness 9 5.3% Association, To Sign, Urgent, Patient, Call, Zahra
Breast Cancer Awareness 9 .% .42
Healthy, Cooperation, Campaign,Exposure,
Operation,
Pink, Woman, Association, Center,
Color, Begging, Awareness,
Spreading Biopsy Lecture, Examination
tainability Financial
Awareness Support
Campaigns 12
10 %% Association,
‫انساني‬ ،‫قررت‬ Case,
،‫حاله‬ ،‫زهره‬ Decided,
،‫نداء‬ ،‫مريضه‬ ،‫عاجل‬Humanitarian
،‫توقع‬ ،‫سند‬ ،‫سنه‬
Information 20 2.9% 20 85.5.3Account,
Healthy,
Cancer, Cooperation,
IQuestion,
Have, Treatment,
Pink
‫ بنشر‬،‫ باللون‬،‫ المراه‬،‫الوردي‬
Campaign,
October, Bill, We Retweet, Association,
Tried, Poor, We
Reply, Center,
Can’t,
Hashtag,
Charity Organizations 11 4 9% ‫ افحصي‬،‫محاضره‬Pink,،‫للتوعية‬Woman, ،‫مركز‬Color,
،‫ جمعيه‬Spreading
،‫ حمله‬،‫ بالتعاون‬،‫الصحية‬
Information Availability Availability % % Awareness,
Operation, Exposure,Lecture, Examination
Begging, Biopsy
Awareness Campaigns 10Cancer Awareness
4.8%
.6Year, Sanad ‫خزعه‬
‫الحمله‬ Tweet,
،‫شعار‬ ،‫الصحي‬
Association,
Pink, Healthy,
،‫العملية‬
Woman,،‫نقدر‬
،‫التغريده‬ ‫ ما‬،‫معسر‬
،‫بهشتاق‬
To Logo,
،‫الرد‬
Sign, ،‫حاولنا‬
Color, ،‫رتويت‬ Campaign
،‫الفاتورة‬
Urgent,،‫الوردي‬
Spreading ،‫عالج‬
‫اكتوبر‬ ،‫ولدى‬
Patient, ،‫سرطان‬
،‫السؤال‬ ،‫حساب‬
Call, Zahra
Information Breast FinancialCampaigns
Support
9
12
.%
Account,% 2 Question, Pink October, Retweet, Reply, Hashtag, Tweet, Healthy, Logo, Campaign
Awareness 10 435 Healthy, Association,
Cooperation, Case, Decided, Humanitarian
Campaign, Association, Center,
Availability 584. Account,
Cancer, I ‫افحصياالف‬
Have, ،‫ عام‬،‫اإلجابة‬
Question, ،‫محاضره‬
Treatment,،‫عضو‬
Pink ،‫فعالية‬
،‫للتوعية‬
‫بنشر‬ ،‫شارك‬
،‫مركز‬
،‫باللون‬
October, ،‫انتشرت‬
،‫جمعيه‬
،‫المراه‬
Bill, ،‫حمله‬
،‫الوردي‬
We ،‫األمان‬
Tried,
Retweet, ،‫المشاركه‬
،‫بالتعاون‬ ،‫الصحية‬
Poor, ،‫متابعه‬We
Reply, Can’t,
Hashtag,
Questionnaires and Competitions 13 and4.4% .%
Questionnaires
Breast Cancer Awareness
20
13
9 Follow,
% 4. Participation,
‫ الحمله‬،‫شعار‬ ،‫ الصحي‬،‫ التغريده‬،‫بهشتاق‬
Awareness,
Safety, Spread, Share, Lecture, ،‫ الرد‬،‫رتويت‬
Event,Examination ،‫ اكتوبر الوردي‬،‫ السؤال‬،‫حساب‬
Member, Answer, General, Thousands
.9 Operation,
‫خزعه‬ Tweet,
،‫اناشدكم‬ ،‫العملية‬ Exposure,
Healthy,
،‫ ما نقدر‬،‫معسر‬Logo, Begging,
،‫حاولنا‬ Campaign
،‫الفاتورة‬ ،‫عالج‬Biopsy
،‫ ولدى‬،‫سرطان‬
Competitions
Awareness Campaigns 10 42.3Follow, Participation,
Healthy, Cooperation,
Pink, Woman, Safety, Campaign,Spread,
Color, Spreading Share,
Association, Event,Center, Member,
Information Financial Support 12 8%
%.545%Account, Question, Pink
‫االف‬ Awareness,
‫افحصي‬ Answer,
،‫عام‬ ،‫اإلجابة‬
،‫محاضره‬ ،‫عضو‬ ‫بنشر‬ October,
،‫باللون‬
Lecture,
General,
،‫فعالية‬
،‫للتوعية‬
Cancer, I Have, Treatment, Bill, We Tried, Poor, We Can’t,
،‫المراه‬
،‫شارك‬
،‫مركز‬ ،‫جمعيه‬
Retweet, Reply, Hashtag,
،‫الوردي‬
Examination
Thousands
،‫انتشرت‬
،‫حمله‬ ،‫األمان‬ ،‫المشاركه‬
،‫بالتعاون‬ ،‫الصحية‬ ،‫متابعه‬
Availability Questionnaires and 20 %4 Tweet, Healthy, Logo, Campaign
Breast Cancer Awareness 13
9 9.% 2 ‫الحمله‬Operation,
،‫ شعار‬،‫ الصحي‬،‫التغريده‬ ،‫ بهشتاق‬،‫ الرد‬،‫رتويت‬
Exposure, Begging, ،‫اكتوبر الوردي‬ Biopsy،‫ السؤال‬،‫حساب‬
Competitions 344. Follow, Participation,Pink, Woman, Safety, Color,
Spread, Spreading
Share, Event,Center, Member,
Information Awareness Campaigns 10 % . Healthy, Cooperation, ‫بنشر‬ Campaign,
،‫باللون‬ ،‫المراه‬ ،‫الوردي‬ Association,
‫ االف‬،‫ عام‬،‫ اإلجابة‬،‫ عضو‬،‫ فعالية‬،‫ شارك‬،‫ انتشرت‬،‫ األمان‬،‫ المشاركه‬،‫متابعه‬
Questionnaires and 20 % 5.8 Account, Question, Pink October, Retweet, Reply, Hashtag,
Availability 4.9 ‫افحصي‬ Answer,
Awareness,
،‫محاضره‬ General,
،‫للتوعية‬ Lecture,
،‫مركز‬ ،‫جمعيه‬ Thousands
Examination
،‫حمله‬ ،‫بالتعاون‬ ،‫الصحية‬
13
Competitions .23% 4%Follow, ‫الحمله‬ ،‫شعار‬Pink,
،‫ الصحي‬،‫التغريده‬
Tweet, Woman, ،‫ بهشتاق‬،‫ الرد‬،‫ رتويت‬Spreading
Safety, Color,
Healthy, Logo, ،‫الوردي‬ Campaign ‫ اكتوبر‬،‫ السؤال‬،‫حساب‬
Information Breast Cancer Awareness 9 Participation, Spread, Share, Event, Member,
Awareness Campaigns 10 % Healthy, Cooperation, Campaign,
‫بنشر‬General,
،‫باللون‬ ،‫ المراه‬،‫الوردي‬ Association, Center,
Availability 20 8.% 44 Account, Question, ‫االف‬ ،‫عام‬
Answer,
،‫اإلجابة‬ Pink
،‫ عضو‬،‫بهشتاق‬October,
،‫فعالية‬ ،‫شارك‬
Thousands
Retweet,
،‫انتشرت‬ ،‫اكتوبر األمان‬ Reply,
،‫المشاركه‬ ،‫متابعه‬ Hashtag,
Questionnaires and 9. ‫الحمله‬ ،‫شعار‬Awareness,
،‫الصحي‬ ،‫التغريده‬ Lecture, ،‫الرد‬ Examination
،‫رتويت‬ ،‫الوردي‬ ،‫السؤال‬ ،‫حساب‬
13 % . Tweet, Healthy,Color, Logo, Spreading Campaign
Awareness Campaigns 10 % 24 Pink, Woman,
Information Competitions 8 Follow, Participation, Safety, Spread, Share,Reply, Event, Hashtag,Member,
4. Account, Question, Pink ‫ بنشر‬October,
،‫ باللون‬،‫ المراه‬،‫الوردي‬ Retweet,
Availability 20 4% % ‫ االف‬،‫ عام‬،‫ اإلجابة‬،‫ عضو‬،‫ فعالية‬،‫ شارك‬،‫ انتشرت‬،‫ األمان‬،‫ المشاركه‬،‫متابعه‬
Questionnaires and .9 ‫ الحمله‬،‫شعار‬ Tweet,Answer, Healthy,
،‫ الصحي‬،‫التغريده‬
General,
،‫ بهشتاق‬،‫الرد‬ Logo, Thousands
Campaign
،‫ رتويت‬،‫الوردي‬ ‫ اكتوبر‬،‫ السؤال‬،‫حساب‬
13 . Pink, Woman, Color, Spreading
Information Awareness Competitions
Campaigns 10 4%Follow, Participation, Safety, Spread, Share, Event, Member,
8 Account, Question, ‫ االف‬،‫ عام‬،‫اإلجابة‬Pink ،‫ عضو‬،‫فعالية‬October, ،‫ شارك‬،‫انتشرت‬ ،‫ األمان‬،‫المشاركه‬
Retweet, Reply, ،‫ متابعه‬Hashtag,
Availability Questionnaires and % 4. Answer, General, Thousands
13 % ‫ الحمله‬،‫شعار‬ Tweet, Healthy,
،‫ الصحي‬،‫التغريده‬ ،‫ بهشتاق‬،‫الرد‬ Logo, ،‫ رتويت‬Campaign
،‫ اكتوبر الوردي‬،‫ السؤال‬،‫حساب‬
Competitions .4Follow, Participation, Safety, Spread, Share, Event, Member,
Awareness Campaigns 10 4%
8 Account, Question, ‫ االف‬،‫عام‬Answer,
،‫اإلجابة‬Pink General,
،‫ عضو‬،‫فعالية‬ October,،‫ شارك‬،‫انتشرت‬ Thousands
،‫ األمان‬،‫المشاركه‬
Retweet, Reply,،‫ متابعه‬Hashtag,
Questionnaires and .
13 % Tweet, Healthy, Logo, Campaign
Competitions 4Follow, Participation, Safety, Spread, Share, Event, Member,
% 4
‫ االف‬،‫عام‬ Answer,
،‫ اإلجابة‬،‫ عضو‬General, ،‫ فعالية‬،‫ شارك‬،‫انتشرت‬ Thousands،‫ األمان‬،‫ المشاركه‬،‫متابعه‬
Questionnaires and .
13
services, and some keyterms associated with the services. The first level represents the
macro services e.g., Prevention, Information Availability, and Treatment. Every macro-
service contains one or more services. The second level branches represent these services
e.g., Symptoms, Early Diagnosis, Causes, and Screening. Each service is characterized by
14, 3313 keywords. These keywords are provided in the third level branches. For instance,
Sustainability 2022, various 19 of 41
the keyterms Malignant, Examination, and Transform represent the Symptoms service.
Figure 2. A Taxonomy of Discovered Cancer Services.

Figure 2. A Taxonomy of Discovered Cancer Services.
After explaining Table

After 3, we now
explaining move
Table onnow
3, we to the explanation
move on to theof topics using
explanation graph-using graphical
of topics
ical information. Figure 3 shows the inter-topic distances among the extracted 20
information. Figure 3 shows the inter-topic distances among the extractedtopics20 topics based
on the multidimensional scale. This figure shows the topic sizes in the bottom-left corner.
Topic 1 is depicted by the largest circle, reflecting that Topic 1 is the largest topic based
on its number of keywords (9.7% see Table 3). Figure 4 shows the top 30 most relevant
terms (or keywords) for Topic 1. These terms are in Arabic language. Table 3 provides the
English translation of the keyterms. The keywords are arranged in a decreasing order of
their frequency within Topic 1 (represented by maroon bars). Each keyword has a blue bar,
which represents the overall term frequency. After discussing the table and topic diagrams
in general terms, now we will proceed to discuss in detail each of the services with data
collected from the tweets and external sources. The discussion will also present additional
detail on the topic diagrams for service.
‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﻪ‬،‫ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺮﻳﺪﻩ‬،‫ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﺎﻕ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ‬،‫ ﺭﺗﻮﻳﺖ‬،‫ ﺍﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩﻱ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬،‫ﺣﺴﺎﺯ‬
Availability Account, Question, Pink October, Retweet,
Awareness Campaigns 10 4.8% Reply, Hashtag, Tweet, Healthy, Logo, Cam-
paign
‫ ﺍﻻﻑ‬،‫ ﻋﺎﻡ‬،‫ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻀﻮ‬،‫ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ‬،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ‬،‫ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﻪ‬
Questionnaires
Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313and Follow, Participation, Safety, Spread, Share,20 of 41
13 4.4%
Competitions Event, Member, Answer, General, Thousands
Figure
Figure The Intertopic
3. Intertopic
3. The Distance
Distance Map Map
of theofClusters.
the Clusters.
4.2. Prevention
We begin discussing the services related to the first macro-service, Prevention. It
involves actions that reduce the chance of getting cancer (e.g., maintaining a healthy
lifestyle, taking vaccines, and avoiding cancer-causing substances) and it also involves
strategies and procedures that prevent cancer from getting worse (e.g., early detection,
and regular screening tests). This macro-service includes five services, Early Diagnosis,
Prevention and Control, Causes, Screening, and Symptoms. The first service is Early
Diagnosis (see Row 1, Table 3) and is represented by keyterms from Topic 1 such as Early,
Detection, Examination, Symptoms, Prevention, Treatment, and Healing. Figure 4 depicts
the top 30 most relevant terms for Topic 1 (since there are 20 topics to cover, we are
unable to include these figures for all of them, to avoid an excessive number of figures
and to comply with the publisher’s guidelines). Table 4 gives the English translation of
the Arabic keywords in the figure. Early diagnosis of cancer is important for preventing
bigger problems associated with health (e.g., cancer progressing to advanced stages),
treatment options, and treatment costs. It focuses on detecting symptoms as soon as
possible. Therefore, it can contribute to the detection of the cancer disease in its early stages.
Early detection of cancer is very important for preventing reaching late stages, facilitating
treatment, and accordingly, reducing the risk of death. For this purpose, it is one of the
strategies used for successful treatment, and also for lowering treatment costs. The tweets
related to this topic were about the early diagnosis of cancer and its importance. They were
posted by official accounts, news accounts, and medical accounts. For example, the Saudi
Cancer Society posted the following tweet about the importance of early detection of cancer
in increasing the cure rate.
Sustainability 2022,
Sustainability 2022, 14,
14, 3313
x FOR PEER REVIEW 2021of
of 40
41
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 41
Society posted the following tweet about the importance of early detection of cancer in
increasing the cure rate.
“.‫”“تكمن أهمية الكشف المبكر لمرضى السرطان في زيادة نسبة الشفاء بإذن هللا‬
“The importance of early detection of cancer patients is increasing the rate of recovery,
God willing.”
Another tweet was posted by a news account, and indicates that 50 types of cancer
can be detected through a blood test.
“.‫السرطان قبل ظهور األعراض‬# ‫ نوعا من‬50 ‫”“فحص دم ثوري يمكنه كشف‬
“A revolutionary blood test that can detect 50 types of #Cancer before symptoms ap-
pear.”
Figure 4. The Top 30 Most Relevant Terms for Topic 1.
Table 4. The keywords and their English translation for Figure 4.
4.2. Prevention
،‫ الوقايه‬،‫ اعراض‬،‫النساء‬
We،‫اورام‬ ،‫اضافه‬
begin ،‫ لدعم‬،‫للتوعيه‬
discussing the ،‫جمعيه‬ ،‫االصابه‬related
services ،‫ حمله‬،‫الفحص‬ ،‫التوعيه‬
to the first،‫شهر‬ ،‫ اكتوبر‬،‫ بسرطان‬،‫المبكر‬
macro-service, ،‫ سرطان‬،‫الثدي‬
Prevention. It in-
KeywordsKeywords
‫الوعي‬ ،‫انواع‬ ،‫السرطان‬ ،‫بادرى‬ ،‫والمستشفيات‬ ،‫باذن‬ ،‫الشفاء‬ ،‫العالج‬ ،‫فحص‬ ،‫نسبه‬ ،‫للكشف‬
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW volves actions that reduce the chance of getting cancer (e.g., maintaining a healthy life-
21 of 42
Breast, Cancer, Early, Cancer, October, Month, Awareness, Examination, Campaign, Injury, Association, for awareness, to support, Addition,
Translation Tumors,
Breast, style,
Women,
Cancer, taking
Symptoms,
Early, vaccines,
Protection,
Cancer, to andPercentage,
detect,
October, avoiding cancer-causing
Month, Checkup, Treatment,
Awareness, substances)
Healing,
Examination, with andHospitals,
permission,
Campaign, it also Association,
Injury, involves strat-
Hurry up, Cancer,
Transla-
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW egies and procedures that prevent Types, Awareness
cancer from getting worse
21 of 42 (e.g., early detection, and
forposted
Society awareness, to support,
the following tweetAddition, Tumors, Women,
about the importance of early Symptoms, Protection,
detection of cancer in 828to detect, Percentage,
tion regular screening tests). This macro-service includes five services, Early Diagnosis, Pre-
Checkup, Treatment,
increasing the cure rate. Healing, with permission, Hospitals, Hurry up, Cancer,
829 Types, Awareness
vention“ .‫ هللا‬and Control,
‫الشفاء بإذن‬ Causes,
‫في زيادة نسبة‬ Screening,
‫لمرضى السرطان‬ ‫الكشف المبكر‬and‫أهمية‬Symptoms.
‫”" تكمن‬ The first 830service is Early Diagno-
Society“The
posted the following
importance tweet about the importance of early detection of of cancerGod
in 828831
sis (see of RowearlyThedetection
1, Table
second of3)
cancer
andpatients
service is increasing
isisrepresented
Prevention the keyterms
by
and rate
Control. recovery,
from Topic
Preventing and 1 controlling
such as Early, Detec-
the accel-
“The importance ofwilling.”
increasing the cure rate. early detection of cancer patients is increasing 829832 the rate of recovery,
tion, eration
Examination, of cancer growth
Symptoms, is an important
Prevention, key
Treatment,for preventing
and cancer
Healing. from
Figure getting
4 worse.
depicts the
Another.God
‫هللا‬
tweet‫الشفاء بإذن‬
willing.”
‫زيادة نسبة‬by
was posted ‫ في‬a‫السرطان‬
news ‫لمرضى‬
account,‫المبكر‬ ‫ أهمية الكشف‬that
it indicates ‫ تكمن‬50
" types of cancer 830833
“The importance of
top 30 most
can be detected
The
early
through
tweets
detection
relevant related
of cancer
a blood test.
to this
patients cluster
is involve
increasing the important
rate
terms for Topic 1 (since there are 20 topics 834 of recovery, factors
God in cancer
831 prevention,
to cover, we are unable to control,
includeAnother
and
.‫األعراض‬
these tweet
survival
‫ظهور‬
figures was
‫قبل‬suchforasposted
willing.”
‫السرطان‬ # lifestyle,
all‫من‬of by
‫نوعا‬them,
50 ‫كشف‬ a to
news
behaviors,
‫يمكنه‬ ‫ثوري‬account,
avoid early
‫دم‬an " and indicates
diagnosis,
‫فحص‬excessive and832
number 835 that
detection. 50The
of figures typesandoftocancer
tweets asso-
com-
“AAnother
can tweetciated
be
revolutionary
ply with
was posted
detected
blood
the
with
test thatby
through
this
publisher’scana news
topica
detect account,
blood
were
50 types
guidelines).
it indicates
test.
posted
of #Cancer
Table
that 50
by before
doctors,
4
types
symptoms
gives
ofappear.”
patients,
the
cancer 833
and others.
English 836 For example, the fol-
translation of the Arabic
can be detected throughlowing a blood
tweettest. was posted by a medical account. It highlights 834 the importance of a healthy
“ .‫األعراض‬
keywords in‫ظهور‬the ‫قبل‬ ‫السرطان‬#Early
figure. ‫نوعا من‬diagnosis
lifestyle in cancer control and prevention.
50 ‫ثوري يمكنه كشف‬ ‫”" فحص دم‬is important for
of cancer 835 preventing bigger prob-
“A revolutionary blood test thatwith
lems associated can detect
health50 types of #Cancer
(e.g., cancerbefore symptoms appear.”
progressing to ‫يتعلق‬
advanced ‫هائال‬stages), treatment
‫ “يحدث‬op-
836
‫الرياضية الجزء‬blood
“A revolutionary ‫التمارين‬ ‫تعد‬
test ‫ حيث‬،‫السرطان‬
that can detect ‫مرض‬ 50‫من‬types
‫الوقاية‬of
‫األمر ب‬
#Cancer ‫عندما‬
before ‫نمط الحياة فرقا‬
symptoms appear.”
tions, and treatment ”.‫أهمية في ذلك‬costs.‫ األكثر‬It focuses on detecting symptoms as soon as possible. There-
fore, The
it can second
“Lifestyle
contribute service to isthe
makes aPrevention
huge difference
detection and
ofwhen Control.
the it comesPreventing
cancer to cancerin
disease andearly
prevention,
its controlling
and the accelera-
the exercise
stages. Early detec-
tion of
tion of cancer
cancer isis growth
the most is an important
important
very important part.” key for preventing
for preventing reaching late cancer
stages, from getting worse.
facilitating treatment,The
tweets
and related
accordingly, Theto this
third
reducingclusterthe
service isinvolve
Causes. important
risk ofThe keyterms
death. For factors in cancer
represent
this itprevention,
the service
purpose, is oneincluding;
of the control,
Because,and
strategies
survival Exposed,
such asGenetic,lifestyle, Mutation,
behaviors, andearly
Radiation. Avoiding and cancer causes is an essential strat-
used for successful treatment, and also fordiagnosis,
lowering treatment detection.
costs.The Thetweets
tweetsassociated
related to
egy for preventing cancer development. Cancer causes were heavily discussed on Twitter
with this
this topic topic were posted by doctors, patients, and others. For example, the following
by were
doctors, about the early
patients, families diagnosis
of patients, of cancer
and others. andThe its importance.
discussion from They were posted
nonmedical ex-
tweet
by was accounts,
official posted bynews a medicalaccounts,account. and It highlights
medical the importance
accounts. For example, of athehealthy
Saudi lifestyle
Cancer
perts was based on their common knowledge as well as their experiences about the causes
in cancer control and prevention.
of cancer. Genetic mutation could be one of the causes of cancer, which is inherited in
some families. Other possible causes of cancer that includes exposure to chemicals, radia-
tion, and sun rays were detected from the tweets. Sadness, the negative feelings, and the
unhealthy lifestyle, and others were also mentioned in the tweets (See Section 5.1 for more
details). For example, the following tweet, found in our dataset, was posted by a doctor.
‫ أعراض جانبية‬،‫ الوراثة‬،‫ التدخين والخمر‬،‫ السمنة‬:‫ أبرزها‬،‫ عوامل متعددة‬:‫السرطان؟ الجواب‬# ‫“ماهي مسببات‬
The second service Theissecond service
Prevention andis Control.
Prevention and Control.
Preventing Preventingthe
and controlling andaccel-
controlling the accel-
eration of cancereration
growthof iscancer
an growth key
important is anfor
important
preventing keycancer
for preventing
from cancer
getting from getting worse.
worse.
The second service is Prevention and Control. Preventing and controlling the accel-
The tweets
The tweets related toeration related
this cluster to
involvethis cluster
important involve important
factors in cancer factors in cancer prevention, control,
of cancer growth is an important key forprevention,
preventingcontrol,
cancer from getting worse.
and survival such and survival
asThe
lifestyle, such as lifestyle,
behaviors, early behaviors,
diagnosis, earlydetection.
and diagnosis, and
The detection.
tweets asso- The tweets asso-
tweets related to this cluster involve important factors in cancer prevention, control,
ciated with this ciatedwere
topic withposted
this topic
by were posted
doctors, by doctors,
patients, and patients,
others. For and others.
example, theFor
fol- example, the fol-
Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313 and survival such as lifestyle, behaviors, early diagnosis, and detection. The tweets asso- 22 of 41
lowing tweet was lowing
posted tweeta was posted by a medical account.
the It highlightsof the healthy
importance of a healthy
ciatedby withmedical account.
this topic It highlights
were posted by doctors, importance
patients, andaothers. For example, the fol-
lifestyle in cancerlifestyle
control
lowing
in
andcancer control and prevention.
prevention.
tweet was posted by a medical account. It highlights the importance of a healthy
lifestyle in ‫الرياضية‬
‫الجزء األكثر‬ cancer ‫التمارين‬
control‫تعد‬and
‫حيث‬prevention.
،‫"يحدث نمط الحياة فرقا هائال عندما يتعلق األمر بالوقاية من مرض السرطان‬
‫ حيث تعد التمارين الرياضية الجزء األكثر‬،‫"يحدث نمط الحياة فرقا هائال عندما يتعلق األمر بالوقاية من مرض السرطان‬
".‫أهمية في ذلك‬ ".‫أهمية في ذلك‬
‫ حيث تعد التمارين الرياضية الجزء األكثر‬،‫"يحدث نمط الحياة فرقا هائال عندما يتعلق األمر بالوقاية من مرض السرطان‬
“Lifestyle
“Lifestyle makes a “Lifestyle
makes aahuge
makeswhen
huge difference huge difference
it difference
when"it
when
comes to cancer
.‫ذلك‬
it ‫أهمية في‬
comes
comes
prevention,totocancer
cancer prevention,
and theprevention,
and the exercise is
exercise is and the exercise is
the most important part.” the
the most important part.” most important part.”
“Lifestyle makes a huge difference when it comes to cancer prevention, and the exercise is
The third serviceThe
The third
thirdservice
is Causes. service isisCauses.
The keyterms Causes. The The
represent keyterms
keyterms
the most
represent
theimportant
servicerepresent the service
part.” the
including service
Because, including Because,
including; Because,
Exposed, Genetic, Mutation, and Radiation. Avoiding cancer causes is an essential strat-
Exposed, Genetic,Exposed,
Mutation, Genetic,
and Mutation,
Radiation. and
Avoiding Radiation.
cancer Avoiding
causes is an cancer
essential causes
The third service is Causes. The keyterms represent the service including Because, strat- is an essential strategy
egy for preventing cancer development. Cancer causes were heavily discussed on Twitter
for preventing
egy for preventing cancer
Exposed, Genetic, cancerMutation,
development. development.
Cancer causes Cancer causes
were
and Radiation. heavily were
discussed
Avoiding heavily
canceron discussed
Twitter
causes on Twitter
is an essential strat-by
by doctors, patients, families of patients, and others.from The nonmedical
discussion from nonmedical ex-
doctors,
by doctors, patients, patients,
families
egy for families
of patients,
preventing andofothers.
cancer patients,Theand
development. others.causes
discussion
Cancer The discussion
were heavily from nonmedical
ex-discussed experts
on Twitter
perts was based on their common knowledge as well as their experiences about the causes
was
perts was based on bybased
their on their
common
doctors, common
knowledge
patients, as knowledge
familieswell as their as
of patients, well as their
experiences
and others. The experiences
about the causesfrom
discussion about the causes
nonmedical ex- of
of
of cancer. Genetic cancer.
mutation Genetic mutation could be one of the causes of cancer, whichin isisinherited
inherited in
cancer. wascould
pertsGenetic based beonone
mutationtheirof the causes
could
common be one ofofcancer,
knowledge aswhich
the causeswellof asis inherited
cancer,
their which
experiences in some
about the causes
somepossible
some families. Other families.causes
Otherofpossible
cancer causes
that of cancer
includes that includes
exposure exposure to chemicals, radia-
families. Other possible causes of cancer that the to
includes chemicals,
exposure radia-
to chemicals,
which is radiation,
and the and
of cancer. Genetic mutation could be one of causes of cancer, inherited in
tion,
tion, and sun rays wereand sun
detected rays were
from detected
thefrom
tweets. from
Sadness, the tweets.
the Sadness,
negative the
feelings, negative
and the feelings,
sun rays
some
unhealthy were
families.detected
lifestyle,
Other the
possible
and mentioned tweets.
causes
others wereinalso
of Sadness,
cancer thatthe negative
includes feelings,
exposure to and the
chemicals,unhealthy
radia-
unhealthy lifestyle, and
tion,others were also thementioned
tweets (SeeinSection
the tweets 5.1the(See
for moreSection 5.1 for more
lifestyle,
details). and
and others
sun rays were
were also mentioned
detected from theintweets.
the tweets
Sadness, (See Section
negative 5.1 for more
feelings, details).
and the
details). For example, theFor example,
following the following
tweet,andfound
othersinwere
tweet,
our found
dataset, in our
was posted dataset, a was
bytweets posted by a doctor.
doctor.
For example, the following tweet, found in our dataset, was posted by a doctor.
unhealthy lifestyle, also mentioned in the (See Section 5.1 for more
details).‫جانبية‬
For ‫أعراض‬
example, the following tweet, :found in our‫عوامل‬
dataset, was posted by a ‫ماهي‬
doctor.
،‫أعراض جانبية لألدوية‬،‫لألدوية‬
،‫ الوراثة‬،‫والخمر‬ ‫التدخين‬،‫الوراثة‬
،‫السمنة‬،‫والخمر‬
:‫التدخينأبرزها‬
،‫متعددة‬،‫السمنة‬
‫ عوامل‬:‫أبرزها‬
‫الجواب‬،‫متعددة‬ :‫الجواب‬
‫السرطان؟‬# ‫مسببات‬ ‫السرطان؟‬
‫ماهي‬ " # ‫مسببات‬ "
". ‫االلتهاب‬ ‫حالة‬ ". ‫االلتهاب‬ ‫حالة‬
،‫ أعراض جانبية لألدوية‬،‫ الوراثة‬،‫ التدخين والخمر‬،‫ السمنة‬:‫ أبرزها‬،‫ عوامل متعددة‬:‫السرطان؟ الجواب‬# ‫"ماهي مسببات‬
“What are the?causes of #Cancer? Answer: ".‫االلتهاب‬
Multiple‫حالة‬factors, most notably: obesity, smoking
“What
“What are the causes are the Answer:
of #Cancer causes ofMultiple
#Cancer? Answer:
factors, most Multiple
notably: factors,
obesity, most notably: obesity,
smoking
and alcohol, andside
genetics, alcohol, genetics,
effects of side effects
medications, andofinflammation.”
medications, and inflammation.”
smoking
“Whatandarealcohol,
the causesgenetics, side? effects
of #Cancer Answer:of medications, andmost
Multiple factors, inflammation.”
notably: obesity, smoking
and alcohol, genetics, side effects of medications, andrays
inflammation.”
Furthermore,
Furthermore, theFurthermore, the
the
following tweet following
following
highlights tweet
tweet
the highlights
highlights
risk of the
theas
sun rays riskrisk
ofof
one of
sun sun
the rays as of
as one
causes onetheofcauses
the causes
of cancer. of
of cancer.
cancer.
Furthermore, the following tweet highlights the risk of sun rays as one of the causes
of much ".‫هللا يعافينا وإياكم‬، ‫"الجلد‬.‫سرطان‬
cancer.
‫يعافينا وإياكم‬
‫هللايسبب‬، ‫الشمسالجلد‬
‫الضارة‬ ‫ألشعةسرطان‬
‫الكثيريسبب‬
‫الضارة‬‫الشمسض‬
‫"التعرض الكثير ألشعة "التعر‬
“Too
“Too much exposure to the exposure
harmful suntorays
the causes
harmful suncancer,
skin rays causesGodskin cancer,usmay
andGod protect us and you"
".‫يعافينا وإياكم‬ ‫هللا‬، ‫ الجلد‬may
‫يسبب سرطان‬protect
‫الشمس الضارة‬ you"
‫ألشعة‬ ‫"التعرض الكثير‬
“Too much exposure to the harmful sun rays causes skin cancer, may God protect us
“Too much exposure to the harmful (see
sun rays
Rowcauses skin3)cancer, may Godbyprotect us and you"
The fourth service and
Theis you”
fourth
Screening service
(seeisRow
Screening
5, Table 3) represented5, Table represented
by keywords such keywords such
as Examination, as Examination, Self-Examination,
TheThe fourth
Self-Examination, fourthservice is isScreening
Mammogram,
service
Mammogram,
(see
Doctor,
Screening Row
Device,
(see
Doctor, Device,
Row5,5,Minutes,
Table
Table 3)
Minutes,
represented
3) Clinic, and by
represented
Clinic, and
bykeywords
keywordssuch such
others.
others. Screeningas;tests Screening tests focus on detecting disease before symptoms appear. Early detec-
as focus
Examination, on detecting
Examination, disease before
Self-Examination,
Self-Examination, symptoms appear.
Mammogram,
Mammogram, Doctor,
Doctor, Early detec-Minutes,
Device,
Device, Minutes,Clinic,
Clinic,and
and
tion of
tion of cancer is others.
very cancer
crucial forispreventing
very crucialreaching
for preventing reaching
late stages, late stages,
reducing reducing complications,
complications,
Screening
others.
facilitating
Screening
treatment,
tests focus
tests focus on detecting
on
makingsuccessful,
detecting
treatment more
disease
disease before
before
successful, and
symptoms
symptomsappear.
consequently,
appear.Early
Earlydetection
detec-
facilitating treatment,
of making
cancer
tion of is treatment
very
cancer verymore
iscrucial for preventing
crucial and
for preventing consequently,
the disease
reachingfrom latereducing
reaching
stages, thelatereducing
reducing stages,
the
reducing
complications,
mortality
mortality risks. Thus, risks. Thus,
screeningtreatment, screening
tests are very tests are
significant very significant
Prevention. Prevention.
Different screening Different screening
complications,
facilitating
tofacilitating treatment,
making making
treatment moretreatment
successful, moreand successful,
consequently,andreducing
consequently,
the
tests are used to tests
detect are useddiseases
cancer detectsuchcanceras diseases
mammogram, such as mammogram,
clinical breast clinical
examination, breast examination,
reducing
mortalitythe mortality
risks. Thus,
and breast self-examination risks. Thus,
screening
for breast screening
tests tests
are very
cancer, and are very
significant
and human
pap smears, significant;
Prevention. Prevention. Different
Different screening
and human papillomavirus
and breast self-examination for
tests aretestsusedbreast cancer,
to detect and
cancer pap smears,
diseases such as mammogram,papillomavirusclinical breast examination,
screening
test for cervical are
cancer.usedThe to detect
mammogram cancer diseases
screening such
test is asX-ray
an mammogram,
image of the clinical
breast.breast
test for cervical cancer.
and The
breast mammogram
self-examination screening
for test iscancer,
breast an X-ray and image
pap of the and
smears, breast.
human papillomavirus
examination,
Most of the and which
tweets breast areself-examination
related to this for breast
cluster stresscancer,
the and pap
importance smears,
of the and human
examina-
Most of the tweets which
test forarecervical
relatedcancer.
to this cluster stress the importance
The mammogram screening test of theis examina-
an X-raytest image of X-ray
the breast.
papillomavirus
tion. The wasfollowing testtweet
for cervical
was cancer.
posted Thethe
under mammogram
hashtagon screening
#breast_cancer is an 26, 2021,image
tion. The following tweet
Most of the posted
tweets under
which the
arehashtag
related #breast_cancer
to this cluster stress Oct
the 26, 2021, on Oct
importance of the examina- of
by the government.
of
bythe
the breast.
government. Most of the tweets, which are related to this cluster, stress the importance
tion. The following tweet was posted under the hashtag #breast_cancer on Oct 26, 2021,
the examination. The following tweet was posted under the hashtag #breast_cancer on 26
by the government.
‫بجهاز‬
‫الدوريةبإجراء‬
October
‫الفحوص الدورية بجهاز‬ 2021,
‫وننصح‬ ‫الفحوص‬ ‫بإجراء‬
by the
،‫النساء‬ ‫لدى‬ ‫وننصح‬ ،‫أمراضالنساء‬
‫ا‬government.
‫شيوع‬ ‫السرطان‬ ‫شيوعا لدى‬
‫السرطان أنواع‬
‫أمراضالثدي أكثر‬
_‫سرطان‬‫أنواع‬
#" ‫سرطان_الثدي أكثر‬#"
".‫المرض‬ ‫الدورية من‬ ".
‫حاالت الوفاة‬‫المرض‬
‫الحد من‬‫من‬ ‫الوفاة‬
‫وننصحفي‬ ‫حاالت‬
‫الذي يساعد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫في‬
"‫الماموغرام‬ ‫يساعد‬ ‫الذي‬ "‫الماموغرام‬ "
‫بجهاز‬ ‫الفحوص‬ ‫بإجراء‬ ،‫النساء‬ ‫سرطان_الثدي أكثر أنواع أمراض السرطان "شيوعا لدى‬#"
".is‫المرض‬ ‫الوفاة من‬ ‫من حاالت‬ ‫الحد‬of‫في‬cancer
‫الذي يساعد‬women,
"‫ "الماموغرام‬we recommend regular
“#Breast_Cancer is“#Breast_Cancer
the most common the most
type common
of cancer type
in women, and wein recommendand regular
Sustainability 2022, 14, xexaminations withexaminations
FOR PEER REVIEW a "mammogram"with device,
“#Breast_Cancer
a "mammogram"
“#Breast_Cancer is the
is themost
mostcommon
which device,
common type
helps reduce which
death helps
type ofofcancer
from reduce
cancerinin
the death from the disease.”
women,
disease.”
women, andand we recommend
23 ofregular
we recommend 43
regular examinations
examinations with a “mammogram”
with a "mammogram" device,
device, which helpswhich
reducehelps
death reduce
from thedeath from
disease.”
the disease.”
Another
Anothertweet inin
tweet our dataset
our is posted
dataset by by
is posted a medical account.
a medical It indicates
account. the possibil-
It indicates the possibility
ity of detecting cancer before it occurs.
of detecting cancer before it occurs.
‫ أشعة الماموغرام للثدي تكشف السرطان قبل حصوله‬،‫ سنوات‬٣ ‫ يمكن كشف سرطان الثدي قبل حصوله ب‬.........."
".‫بثالث سنوات‬
“ . . . Breast
“…… . . . Breast cancer
cancer can
can be be detected
detected 3 years
3 years beforebefore it occurs,
it occurs, and a and a mammogram
mammogram detectsdetects
can-
cancer 3 years before it occurs.”
cer 3 years before it occurs.”
The
Thefifth
fifthservice
serviceisisSymptoms.
Symptoms.Observing
Observing symptoms
symptoms is is
a vital factor
a vital factorforfor
early treat-
early treatment
ment and preventing the acceleration of the disease. This cluster relates to
and preventing the acceleration of the disease. This cluster relates to the symptoms associ-the symptoms
associated
ated with withcancer.cancer.
CancerCancer symptoms
symptoms varyvary
fromfrom
casecase to case
to case depending
depending onon thethe organ
organ affected
affected by cancer. Symptoms of cancer include fever, sweating, constipation, loss of ap-
petite, bleeding, changes in skin color, loss of body weight, and lumps or swelling under
the skin. The tweets related to this cluster were posted by doctors, patients, and other
stakeholders. For example, the following tweet, obtained from our dataset, was posted by
a consultant oncologist about the ovarian cancer symptoms.
‫حصولهحصوله‬ ‫السرطان قبل‬
‫السرطان قبل‬ ‫تكشفتكشف‬
‫للثدي للثدي‬ ‫الماموغرام‬
‫الماموغرام‬ ‫أشعة أشعة‬ ،‫سنوات‬
،‫سنوات‬ ٣ ‫ب‬٣‫حصوله‬
‫حصوله ب‬
‫قبل قبل‬
‫الثديالثدي‬
‫سرطان‬‫سرطان‬
‫كشف‬‫كشف‬ ‫يمكن‬
‫يمكن‬ .........."
.........."
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW ".‫سنوات‬ 23 of 42
".‫سنوات‬ ‫بثالثبثالث‬
“……“…… Breast Breast

cancer cancer
can be candetected
be detected 3 years3 years
before before it occurs,
it occurs, andand a mammogram
a mammogram detects
detects can-
can-
The fifth service is Symptoms. cer 3cer 3 years
years before
Observing
before it occurs.”
it occurs.”symptoms is a vital factor for early treat- 893
Thement The and
fifth fifth
service service
preventing is Symptoms.
is Symptoms. the acceleration Observing
Observing of the symptoms
disease.
symptoms is aisvital
This a vital
cluster factor
relates
factor for
forto early
the
early treat-
symptoms
treat- 894
mentment
and and preventing
associated
preventing with the the acceleration
cancer. Cancer symptoms
acceleration of the of the disease.
disease.varyThis fromThis case cluster
cluster relates
to relates
case to to
thethe
depending symptoms
on the organ 895
symptoms
by affected
associated cancer.
associated
withwith bySymptoms
cancer. cancer.
cancer. Cancer ofsymptoms
Cancer
Symptoms cancer of include
symptoms varyvary
cancer fever,
include
from from sweating,
case
fever,
case to caseto case
sweating,constipation,
depending
depending onon
constipation, theloss
the
lossofofappetite,
organ
organ ap- 896
affected
bleeding,
petite, by cancer.
changes
bleeding, Symptoms
in skin
changes color,
in of
skin cancer
loss of
color, include
body
loss
affected by cancer. Symptoms of cancer include fever, sweating, constipation, loss of ap- of fever,
weight,
body sweating,
and
weight, lumps
and constipation,
or
lumps swelling
or loss
swellingunderof ap-
the
under skin.
897
petite,
The the bleeding,
skin.
tweets The
related changes
tweetsto thisin cluster
skin to
related color,
this
were loss
clusterof body
posted wereby weight,
posted
doctors, and
by lumps and
doctors,
patients, or swelling
patients,
other andunder
other
stakeholders. 898
petite, bleeding, changes in skin color, loss of body weight, and lumps or swelling under
the skin.
For example, The
stakeholders. tweets
the For related
example,
following tothe this
tweet, cluster
following
obtained were
tweet, posted
obtained
from our by doctors,
from our patients,
dataset, was and other
posted by
the skin. The tweets related to this cluster were posted by dataset,
doctors,was posted
patients, and byother
a consultant 899
stakeholders.
a consultant
oncologist For example,
oncologist the
about following
the ovarian tweet, cancer obtained
symptoms. from our dataset, was posted by 900
stakeholders. Forabout
example, ovarian cancer symptoms.
the following tweet, obtained from our dataset, was posted by
‫ نزيف‬،‫ ألم أو تورم أو شعور بالضغط في منطقة البطن والحوض‬:‫أعراضه‬.......‫ "سرطان المبيض هو أحد أنواع السرطانات‬901
‫ نزيف‬،‫" والحوض‬. ‫منطقةامساك‬
‫البطن‬ ‫انتفاخات أو‬
‫بالضغط في‬ ،‫صحب بدم‬
‫تورمقدأوت شعور‬
‫المهبل‬‫من أو‬‫ ألم‬:‫افرازات‬
‫أعراضه‬،‫الدورة‬ ‫أنواع غير وقت‬
.......‫السرطانات‬ ‫المهبل في‬ ‫"سرطان المبيض من‬
‫هو أحد‬ 902
‫ نزيف‬،‫البطن والحوض‬ ‫منطقة‬
".‫امساك‬ ‫في أو‬ ‫بالضغط‬
‫انتفاخات‬ ،‫شعوربدم‬
‫تورمقد تأوصحب‬ ‫ألم أو‬
‫المهبل‬ ‫من‬:‫أعراضه‬ ......‫السرطانات‬
‫ افرازات‬.،‫الدورة‬ ‫أنواع غير وقت‬ ‫هو أحد‬
‫المهبل في‬ ‫"سرطان المبيض من‬
“Ovarian
".‫امساك‬
“Ovarian cancer
‫انتفاخات أو‬
cancer isisa‫صحب‬
،‫بدم‬ atype
type‫قد ت‬of cancer
of‫المهبل‬
cancer… . .Its
‫افرازات من‬. Its symptoms:
،‫الدورة‬
symptoms: ‫وقت‬ ‫غير‬pain,
pain, ‫المهبل في‬
swelling swelling
‫من‬ or aoffeeling
or a feeling pressure of 903
pressure
in “Ovarian
the abdomen in the
and is
cancer abdomen
pelvis
a type area, and pelvis
bleeding from
of cancer… area, bleeding
the vaginapain,
Its symptoms: from
outside the vagina
the time
swelling or of outside
the period,
a feeling the time of
secretions 904
of pressure
in thethe
“Ovarian period,
abdomen cancer
from the
and secretions
isvagina
a typearea,
pelvis offrom
that cancer…
may the
bleedingbevagina
Its
accompanied
from thatvagina
symptoms:
the may be
pain,
by blood, accompanied
outside swelling
andthe or aofby
swelling
time blood,
feeling
or
the of and
period, swelling 905
pressure
constipation.” secretions
in the abdomenorfrom
constipation.”
and thepelvis
Moreover, vaginawe area,
found
that bleeding
may another from the vagina
tweet
be accompanied related outside andthe
to cancer
by blood, time ofortheconstipation.”
symptoms
swelling period,
in secretions
an advanced stage. 906
from
The the
tweet
Moreover, vagina
was we that
posted
found may bybe an
anotheraccompanied
account
tweet of by
a
related blood,
department
to and
cancer swelling
in a or
hospital.
symptoms constipation.”
in an advanced stage. 907
Moreover, we found another tweet related to cancer symptoms in an advanced stage.
Moreover,
The ،‫الجلد‬
we ‫في‬ ‫اصفرار‬
found :‫مثل‬
another ‫اعراض‬ ‫تظهر‬
tweet ‫قد‬ ،‫خبيث‬
related ‫ورم‬
to ‫ويصبح‬
cancer ‫السرطان‬
symptoms ‫ينتشر‬ ‫عندما‬
in ،‫متقدمة‬
an ‫مراحل‬
advanced ‫في‬ "
stage. 908
Thetweet
tweetwas waspostedpostedbyby anan account
account of aofdepartment
a department in ain hospital.
a hospital.
The tweet was posted by an account ".‫التنفس‬of‫في‬a‫مشاكل‬ ،‫ صداع‬،‫العظام‬
department in a‫في‬hospital.
‫ألم‬ 909
،‫الجلد‬
“In‫في‬advanced
‫ اصفرار‬:‫مثل‬ ‫اعراض‬when
stages, ‫تظهر‬the ‫ قد‬،‫خبيث‬
cancer‫ورم‬ ‫السرطان ويصبح‬
spreads, and becomes ‫عندما ينتشر‬ ،‫مراحل متقدمة‬
a malignant tumor,‫" في‬some symp- 910
،‫الجلد‬
toms‫اصفرار في‬
may appear :‫اعراض مثل‬
such as: "‫تظهر‬
.‫التنفس‬‫في قد‬
yellowing،‫خبيث‬ of‫ورم‬
‫مشاكل‬ ‫ويصبح‬
،‫صداع‬
the skin, ‫السرطان‬
،‫العظام‬
pain ‫في‬
in‫ألم‬‫ينتشر‬
the ‫ عندما‬headache,
bones, ،‫مراحل متقدمة‬ ‫ " في‬problems.” 911
breathing
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Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313
Other tweets reflect the patients’ and stakeholders’ experiences about the treatment 24 of 41
(their concerns, treatment (their
(their duration,
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ofSep
the
14,14, 2021,
2021, byby oneoneof ofthethe
future. For example, the following tweet, obtained from our dataset, was posted on 14
Saudithe following
news accounts tweet,
on
Saudi
Saudi obtained
Twitter.
newsnews The fromtweet
accounts
accounts our
onon dataset,
mentions
Twitter.
Twitter. was
the
The The posted
success
tweettweet on
of aSeptumor
mentions
mentions 14, 2021,
removal
thethe by one
success
success sur-
of a of
of a the
tumor
tumor removal
removal sur-sur-
Saudi September
news accounts on 2021,The
Twitter. by one ofmentions
the Saudithe news accounts on Twitter. The tweet mentions the
gery that happened atgery
gery a that
hospital
that happenedin Taifatcity.
happened atweet
at aThe
hospital
hospital tweet in in was
TaifTaif success
also
city.
city. The The oftweet
announced
tweet a tumor
wasby
was removal
an
also elec-
also sur-
announced
announced byby anan elec-
elec-
success aof a tumor removal
Taif city.surgery thatwas happened at a hospital in Taif
elec-city. The tweet was
tronicgery that happened
newspapers [59].tronic
tronic at newspapers
hospital
newspapers in[59].
[59]. The tweet also announced by an
also
tronic newspapers [59]. announced by an electronic newspapers [59].
" .‫…بالطائف‬.. ‫من بطن سيدة‬ ‫كجم‬ 7 ‫زنة‬
" .‫بالطائف‬
" .‫بالطائف‬ ….."…..
‫سرطاني‬
‫سيدةسيدة‬
‫بطن‬‫ورم‬
‫من "من‬
‫بطن‬ ‫استئصال‬
‫كجمكجم‬ 7 "‫زنة‬
7 ‫زنة‬ "‫سرطاني‬
"‫سرطاني‬ ‫ورمورم‬ " ‫استئصال‬
" ‫استئصال‬ " "
" .‫…بالطائف‬.. ‫كجم من بطن سيدة‬7 ‫" استئصال "ورم سرطاني" زنة‬
“Resection
“Resection of a “cancerous tumor”
“Resection
“Resection of aweighing
of a “cancerous
of “cancerous
a “cancerous tumor”
7 kgtumor”
from the
tumor” weighing
abdomen
weighing
weighing 77 kg
7 of
kg akg from
woman
fromfrom the abdomen
in of aofof
….abdomen
thethe
abdomen a awoman
womanwoman
….….. . in
in ..
“Resection of a in Taif.” tumor”
“cancerous weighing 7 kg from
Taif.” the abdomen
Taif.”
Taif.” of a woman …. in
Furthermore, we found another tweet
Furthermore, wewe Taif.”
posted
found by a cancer
another tweet patient.
posted Itby
ahighlights
a acancer the
patient. It It
highlights
thethethe
Furthermore,
Furthermore, we
foundfound another
another tweet tweet
postedpostedby bycancer cancer patient.
patient. highlights
It highlights
Furthermore,
need for moral support.
need we
need found
for
forfor moral
moral another
support.
support. tweet posted by a cancer patient. It highlights the
need moral support.
need for moral support.
" .‫ دعواتكم‬.......‫استئصال ورم‬ "‫عملية‬
" .‫دعواتكم‬ ‫اجري‬
.‫دعواتكم‬
.......‫سوف‬
.......
‫ورم‬ ......
‫ورم‬
‫استئصال‬‫الكرام‬
‫استئصال‬ ‫متابعيني‬
‫عملية‬
‫عملية‬ "‫سوف‬
‫اجري‬
‫اجري‬ ‫سوف‬ ............‫الكرام‬
‫الكرام‬ ‫متابعيني‬
‫متابعيني‬ " "
“Dear followers……..I "“Dear
will
“Dear .‫دعواتكم‬ .......a‫ورم‬
perform
followers……..I
followers……..I ‫استئصال‬
tumor ‫عملية‬
removal
will
will ‫اجري‬
perform
perform a‫سوف‬
surgery a at
tumor ......
tumor ‫الكرام‬
….….pray ‫متابعيني‬
removal
removal " at at
forsurgery
me.”
surgery ….….pray
….….pray forfor me.”
me.”
“Dear followers……..I will perform a tumor removal surgery at ….….pray for me.”
“Dear followers . . . . . . ..I will perform a tumor removal surgery at . . . . . . . .pray for me.”
4.4. Psychological Support
4.4.4.4. Psychological
Psychological Support
Support
We now discuss the services related to the third macro-service, Psychological Support.
Cancer diseases affect the patients on a physical, spiritual, and emotional level. Therefore,
psychological support is very important for cancer patients. It helps the patients to handle
the difficulties and overcome challenges, which is an essential factor for the treatment suc-
cess and survival. This macro-service includes three services; Spiritual Support, Suffering
from Cancer, and Hope and Optimism. The eighth service is Spiritual Support (see Row 9,
Table 3). Spiritual Support is one of the methods for providing psychological support. A
common and important way for providing Spiritual Support is prayers (supplications)
for cure, recovery, and patience. Making prayers are very important element in Muslims’
beliefs and therefore, the patients, their families, friends, and beloved ones increase in their
prayers. The keywords for this topic such as God, Cancer, Patients, Heal, Bodies, Strength,
and Muslim represent the label. A lot of tweets, found in our dataset, were similar to the
following tweet.
itual
theSupport
Support,
treatment (see Row 9,and
Suffering
success Table
from
port. 3).Cancer,
survival.
Cancer Spiritual
This and
diseases support
Hopeaffectis
macro-service andoneincludes
the of the methods
Optimism.
patients three
on The for providing
eighth
services,
a physical, service
Spiritual
spiritual, isand Spir- emotional level.
psychological
Support, support.(see
itualSuffering
Support A common
from Row Cancer,
Therefore, and
9, Table and important
3).Hope
psychological Spiritual and way for providing
support
Optimism.
support is isveryoneThe spiritual
ofeighth
the methods
important support
service
for cancerfor
is Spir-is
providing
patients. It helps the pa-
prayers (supplications)
psychological
itual Support (see Row for9,
support. cure,
Table
tients Atorecovery,
common
3). Spiritual
handle the and
and patience.
important
support
difficulties is
and Making
way
one offor
overcome prayers
theproviding
methods
challenges are forvery
spiritual im-
providing
which support
is very essentialis factor for
portant element
prayers in Muslims’
(supplications) thebeliefs for
treatment and
cure, therefore,
recovery,
success
psychological support. A common and important way for providing spiritual support is and the andpatients,
survival. patience. their
This families,
Making
macro-service friends,
prayers includes areand very
three im-
services, Spiritual
beloved ones
portant increase
element in intheir
Muslims’
Support,prayers. The
beliefs
Suffering
prayers (supplications) for cure, recovery, and patience. Making prayers are very im-keywords
and fromtherefore, for
Cancer, this
theand topic
patients,
Hope such their
and as God,
families,
Optimism. Cancer, friends,
The eighthand service is Spir-
Patients, Heal,
beloved Bodies,
ones Strength,
increase itual in and
their
Support Muslim
prayers.
(see represent
Row
portant element in Muslims’ beliefs and therefore, the patients, their families, friends, and The 9, Table the
keywords 3).label. for
SpiritualA lot
this of
topic
supporttweets,such
is found
one as God,
of in
the Cancer,
methods for providing
ourbeloved
dataset, wereincrease
Patients,
ones similar
Heal, topsychological
Bodies,
in theStrength,
their following
prayers.support. and tweet.
TheMuslim A common
keywords for and
represent thisthe important
topiclabel. such A waylot
as of for
God, providing
tweets,Cancer, found spiritual
in support is
Patients,our Heal,
dataset, prayers
wereStrength,
Bodies, similar toand (supplications)
the Muslim
following for cure, recovery, and
tweet. the label. A lot of tweets, found in
represent patience. Making prayers are very im-
".‫سرطان‬
portant element‫ مريض‬in ‫لوالدي‬
Muslims’‫"دعواتكم‬beliefs and therefore, the patients, their families, friends, and
our dataset, were similar to the following tweet.
“Pray
beloved for onesmy".father‫سرطان‬
increase who
‫مريض‬ has
in cancer.”
‫لوالدي‬
their ‫ "دعواتكم‬The keywords for this topic such as God, Cancer,
prayers.
"...‫الكيماوي‬ “Pray
Patients,‫جرعات‬ for
‫عليهم‬
Heal, my father
‫وبرد‬
Bodies, ‫السرطان‬ who‫مرضى‬
Strength, has cancer.”
‫اشفي‬
and ‫ "اللهم‬represent the label. A lot of tweets, found in
Muslim
".‫"دعواتكم لوالدي مريض سرطان‬has
“Pray for my father who cancer.”
“Oh God, heal cancer patients our ". ‫الكيماوي‬
dataset,
.. ‫جرعات‬
were the ‫عليهم‬
“Pray for my father who has cancer.” easytweet.
and make chemotherapy
similar ‫وبرد‬
to ‫السرطان‬
the doses
following‫مرضى‬ ‫اشفي‬
on ‫اللهم‬
them...”
"
“Oh God, heal ". ‫طان‬
"...cancer ‫السر‬
‫الكيماوي‬patients ‫مرض‬
‫عليهم جرعات‬ ‫أرهقه‬
and ‫وبرد‬ ‫جسد‬ ‫كل‬
make‫السرطان‬ ‫اشف‬ ‫اللهم‬ "
‫اللهم اشفي مرضى‬
the chemotherapy doses" easy on them...”
“Oh God, heal cancer patients and
“Oh God, ".‫طان‬make heal‫مرض‬
‫السر‬ cancer ‫أرهقه‬
the chemotherapy ‫"جسد‬.‫سرطان‬
patients ‫كل‬and ‫اشف‬ ‫مريض‬
make
doses "‫لوالدي‬
‫اللهم‬easy ‫"دعواتكم‬
the chemotherapy
on hasthem...”
doses easy on them . . . ”
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER “Oh REVIEW
God, heal cancer patients, they “Pray
are infor my
pain.” father who cancer.” 26 of 42
".‫" أرهقه مرض السرطان‬. ‫جسد‬ ‫جرعاتاشف كل‬
..‫الكيماوي‬ ‫"اللهم اشفي مرضى السرطان وبرد عليهم"اللهم‬
The ninth service is Suffering from Cancer.
“Oh God, heal cancer patients, they are in pain.”This service represents the pain and dif-
“Oh God, heal cancer patients and make the chemotherapy doses easy on them...”
ficulties facedThe by ninth
cancer patients.
service
“Oh God, “Oh
isheal God,
Providing
Sufferingcancer healpatients,
cancer
frompsychological patients,
Cancer.
they areThis they
support are in
service pain.”
(e.g., listening
represents thetopain the and dif-
".‫طان‬ ‫السر‬in‫مرض‬ pain.” ‫"اللهم اشف كل جسد أرهقه‬
patient,The holding
ficulties
ninthfaced hands,
service making
byiscancer
Suffering prayers)
Thepatients.ninth from is
service one
Providing
Cancer. of
is This the
Suffering strategies
psychological
service from
represents for
support
Cancer. helping (e.g.,
the This
pain patients
listening
service dif-to
andstrategies the
represents the pain patientsand
fighting cancer.
patient, holding hands, making prayers) is ofone of the for helping
ficulties facedThis
patient, holdingservice
by cancer included
hands,
difficulties
patients.
fighting
making keyterms
faced
Providing
cancer. This
prayers)
by “Oh
that
cancer represent
is
psychological
God, one
patients.
service includedheal of
cancer
expressions
the
support strategies
Providing
patients,
keyterms (e.g.,
they
physical
for helping
psychological
listening
are in
that represent
and
pain.”to patients
the support (e.g.,
expressions of physical listening toand
psychological
patient, fighting pain
holding associated
cancer.
hands, This
the with
making The cancer.
service
patient, included
holding
prayers)
ninth Forkeyterms
service example,
ishands,
one
is Suffering people
that
ofmaking
the have
represent
prayers)
strategies
from Cancer. called
expressions
foris cancer
one
Thishelpingof
service “silent
of
the physical
strategies
patients
represents and for
the helping
pain and dif- patients
killer” since it could
psychological kill
pain
psychological
the body
associated and with
pain
reach an
cancer.
associated
advanced
Forincluded
with
example, stage cancer.
without
people
For
have
example,
obviouscalled symp-
cancer
people “silent
have called cancer a “si-
fighting cancer. This fighting
service included
ficulties
lent killer” cancer.
faced
since
byThis
keyterms cancer
it service
could
that represent
patients.
kill the
Providing keyterms
body
expressions that
psychological
and reach
of represent
physical
an
support and
advanced expressions stageofwithout
(e.g., listening physical
to the and
obvious
toms. The tweets
killer” sincerelated topatient,
itassociated
could this
killservice
the body were posted by patients, their families, and their
psychological pain psychological with holding painand
cancer. hands,
For reach
associated making
example, anwithadvanced cancer.
prayers)
people havestage
For
is one without
example,
called of thecancer obvious
people
strategies
“silent symp-
have for called
helping cancer
patients a “silent
beloved ones,
killer”toms.sincesuchThe as the
tweets symptoms.
following
related
fighting tocancer.
thisThe
tweet tweets
describes
service
This were
service related
theposted
included to by
suffering this ofservice
patients,
keyterms cancer were
disease.
their posted
families, by patients,
and theirof their families, and
it could killer”
kill the body since it could
and reach kill anthe body
advanced and reach
stage anthat
without represent
advancedobvious stageexpressions
symp- without physical
obvious and
symptoms.
toms.beloved " .‫انسان‬ ‫وعظم‬
ones, ‫لحم‬
such ‫في‬
theiras ‫ينهش‬
the ‫جائع‬
beloved
thisfollowing
psychological ‫كذئب‬ pain‫قائال‬
ones, ‫السرطان‬
tweet such
associated ‫مرضى‬
as
describes the
with ‫معاناه‬
the ‫األطباء‬
following
cancer. suffering ‫احد‬
For ‫وصف‬
tweet, " which
ofpatients,
example, cancer people describes
disease. have the suffering
called cancer “silent caused by
The tweets related The totweets related
service wereto this
posted service were
by patients, posted their by families, and their their families, and their beloved
beloved ones, such".as
“One of the doctors ‫انسان‬cancer
‫وعظم‬
described
killer” disease.
‫لحم‬since
the ‫في‬as ‫ينهش‬
suffering
it ‫جائع‬
could of‫كذئب‬kill‫قائال‬
cancer ‫السرطان‬
patients.
thetweet,
body ‫مرضى‬
and He ‫معاناه‬
said,
reach ‫األطباء‬
cancer
of an ‫احد‬
is
advanced ‫وصف‬
like a hun-
stage without
ones,
the such
following the
tweet following
describes which
the suffering describes
cancer the "
suffering
disease. causedobviousby cancer symp- disease.
“One gry
".‫انسان‬ wolf
of ‫وعظم‬
the that
toms.
‫لحم‬
doctors ‫في‬eats The
‫ينهش‬ the
described ‫جائع‬meat
tweets theand
‫كذئب‬ ‫قائال‬bone
related
suffering‫السرطان‬toofofa‫مرضى‬
thiscancer
service
cancer patient.”
‫معاناه‬ were
‫األطباء‬He
patients. posted
‫احد‬said,
‫وصف‬ by " patients,
cancer is liketheir a hun- families, and their
Another
“One tweet was posted
of the doctors beloved
gry
described“by.‫انسان‬
wolf athat
ones,
the ‫وعظم‬
patient. such
eats
suffering ‫لحم‬
the ‫في‬
It as meat ‫ينهش‬
highlights
the
of ‫جائع‬
following
and
cancer the
bone‫كذئب‬
patients. ‫قائال‬
physical
oftweet He‫السرطان‬
a cancer pain
describes
said, ‫مرضى‬
patient.”
cancer theis‫معاناه‬
associated suffering ‫األطباء‬
like with
a hun- of‫احد‬ ‫وصف‬disease.
cancer ”
treatment. Anothergry tweetwolfwas thatposted "
eats thebymeat .‫انسان‬ ‫وعظم‬
a patient.
and bone‫لحم‬ ‫في‬ ‫ينهش‬
It highlights ‫جائع‬
of a cancer the ‫كذئب‬ ‫قائال‬ ‫السرطان‬ ‫مرضى‬
physical pain associated with
patient.” ‫معاناه‬ ‫األطباء‬ ‫احد‬ ‫"وصف‬
treatment.
Another tweet was posted “One
“One“Oneof
by of
ofthethedoctors
the
a patient.
doctors described
doctors described
describedthe
It highlights the
the
the suffering
suffering
suffering
physical
of of ofcancer
cancer
pain cancer patients.
patients.
associated
He said,
patients. with He Hesaid,
said,cancer
cancer is like is
cancer islike
a hun- aa
like
……‫كمية االلم اللي الكيماوي بيسويه‬hungry
treatment. ‫اعرف اعبر عن‬
hungry wolf
wolfthat ‫محا‬
that‫عمري‬
gry eats
eatsthe
wolf
themeat
‫اتكلمت‬
that ‫مهما‬and
eats
meat ،‫نفسه‬
the
and bone
meat‫المرض‬
bone of of
and a‫من‬cancer
a‫أصعب‬
bone of
cancer apatient.”
‫الكيماوي‬
cancer
patient.” …"
patient.”
"…….. ‫ادويه‬ …… ‫بيسويهوال‬
‫مسكنات‬ ‫الحرارة ما في‬
‫الكيماوي‬ ‫اللي‬Another
‫االلم‬‫من‬
Another ‫كمية‬
Another tweet ‫تتحملها‬
‫عن‬tweet ‫ما‬
‫اعبر‬
tweet was ‫مالبسك‬
was
‫اعرف‬ ‫حتى‬
posted
‫محا‬ ‫لدرجة‬
‫عمري‬ by‫روحك‬
was posted by aa patient.
a‫اتكلمت‬ ‫وتحرق‬
patient. ‫مهما‬ It ‫تحرقك‬
highlights
،‫نفسه‬ ‫جواك‬
‫المرض‬
patient. ItIthighlights ‫حاجه‬
‫من‬the‫أصعب‬
highlightsthe
physical‫الكيماوي‬
the
pain
…"associated
physical
physical
with
painassociated
pain associatedwith
"…….. ‫وال ادويه‬ treatment.
‫مسكنات‬ ‫عنفي‬ ‫الحرارة ما‬ ‫تتحملها من‬ ‫مالبسك ما‬
……‫بيسويه‬ ‫الكيماوي‬ ‫اللي‬with
‫كمية االلم‬
treatment. treatment. ‫اعرف اعبر‬ ‫عمري محا‬ ‫حتىاتكلمت‬ ‫لدرجةمهما‬،‫روحك نفسه‬ ‫وتحرقالمرض‬ ‫أصعب من‬ ‫تحرقك‬ ‫حاجه جواك‬
‫الكيماوي‬ …"
“…chemotherapy is
"…….. ‫…… ما في مسكنات وال ادويه‬ more difficult
‫الحرارة‬ than
‫من‬ the
‫تتحملها‬ disease
‫ما‬ ‫مالبسك‬ itself,
‫حتى‬ whatever
‫لدرجة‬ ‫روحك‬ I talk
‫وتحرق‬ I will
‫تحرقك‬ not‫جواك‬be able
‫حاجه‬ to
express how much pain that chemotherapy ‫بيسويه‬causes‫……الكيماوي‬ ‫االلم اللي‬ ‫اعبر عن كمية‬
something ‫اعرف‬you
inside ‫عمري محا‬
burns ‫اتكلمت‬
youI and‫ مهما‬،‫نفسه‬ ‫"… الكيماوي أصعب من المرض‬
“…chemotherapy is more difficult than the disease itself, whatever I talk will yournot be able to
soul to “…chemotherapy
the pointhow where even your " “ … ‫كيماوي‬
……..
clothes ‫ادويه‬ ‫ال‬
can’t‫وال‬‫اللي‬
‫مسكنات‬‫االلم‬
stand
‫كمية‬
‫في‬ ‫ما‬ ‫عن‬
the heat.
‫اعبر‬
‫الحرارة‬ ‫من‬
There
‫اعرف‬
‫تتحملها‬ ‫محا‬
‫ما‬
are noIinside
‫عمري‬
‫مالبسك‬
painkillers
‫اتكلمت‬
‫حتى‬ ‫لدرجة‬ ‫مهما‬‫روحك‬
or medi-
،‫نفسه‬ ‫وتحرق‬‫المرض‬ ‫تحرقك‬‫جواكمن‬
‫أصعب‬ ‫حاجه‬‫الكيماوي‬
express much ispain
more that chemotherapy
difficult than the causes
disease ……
itself, something
whatever talk I you will burns
not beyouableand to your
‫بيسويه‬ …… cines….”
express soul how to muchthe point
pain thatwhere even
. . . ‫وال‬
“‫ادويه‬
chemotherapy your
chemotherapyclothes
causescan’t …… is stand
more the heat.
difficult
something than
inside There theare
you no painkillers
disease
burns itself,
you andwhateverorI medi-
your Iwill
talknotI will nottobe
The tenth service is Hope
“…chemotherapy
and ‫مسكنات‬
Optimism. ‫ في‬is‫ما‬
Hope ‫الحرارة‬
more
and ‫من‬
difficult ‫تتحملها‬
optimism
than ‫ما‬the‫مالبسك‬
disease
are ‫حتى‬itself,
among ‫لدرجة‬ ‫روحك‬
whatever
theor most ‫وتحرق‬talk I‫تحرقك‬ ‫جواك‬ be ‫حاجه‬
able
soul to the point where even able
your
express to express
clothes can’t how cines….”
standmuch the pain
heat. that
There chemotherapy
are
how” much pain that chemotherapy causes …… something inside you burns you and yourno painkillerscauses . . .
medi- . . . something inside you
important factors that make ……..
aburns
person live aOptimism.
happy
The tenth service soul is toHope
theyou pointand
andwhere your
cines….” souland
even to the
your aclothes
Hope healthy
point and where
can’t life.
optimism Many
even
stand theyour people
are
heat. Thereare
among
clothes thenomost
can’t
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painkillers or medi-There
exposedThe to major
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tenth servicepsychological
factorsisthat Hope make
are pressures
no
and aOptimism.
person
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live that
a happy
medicines
Hope and may . .”affect
. .and
optimism a healthy
cines….” their lives,Many
life.
are among such as
the people
most are
having the chronic tocancer disease. “…chemotherapy
Atenth
healthy is more difficult than the disease itself, whatever I talk I will not be
importantexposed factors major
that make psychological
a person
The livepsychological
pressures
service a happy
is Hopeandand crises
and state is essential
that
a Optimism.
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affect
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lives,are
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healthy
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state is
Hope
is an
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and
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importantfor
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are among
something insidethe youmost
important factors that
exposed to major psychological pressures and crises that may affect their lives, such as make a person live a happy and a healthy life. Many people are
important burnsto factors
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part of treatment.
having oftheanychronic Hope,
treatment canceroptimism,
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psychological among the
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crises ofyour
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A among
healthy willing, and crises
optimistic,
psychological that
state may
and healthy for the success as
affect
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of anypart treatment treatment.
and recovery,Hope, optimism,
therefore, and
providing patience are
psychological the
support components
is an important
hopeful can be through having
conversations, the chronic
sharing cancer
andexperiences, disease. A
andbethe healthy
positive psychological
thoughts. state is essential for the success
part of psychological
treatment. Hope, of
condition. any treatment
optimism, Helping and cancer patience recovery,
patients therefore,
are among to providing
patient,
components willing, ofTwitter
psychological
optimistic,
a healthy support andis an important
is one ofhopeful
the social platforms of anywhere treatmentpeople and
can recovery,
share their therefore, providing psychological support is an important
psychological can be through
condition. part The
Helpingof tenth
treatment.
conversations,cancer service
Hope,sharing
patients isoptimism,
Hope
to be stories
and
experiences, andOptimism.
patient, and
patience
and experiences,Hope
areoptimistic,
positive
willing, among influ-
and
thoughts. the and optimism
Twitter are
components of aamong
healthy the most
ence and inspire
is one other part
people.
socialimportant of
psychological
Some treatment.
platforms factors tweets Hope,
condition.
were optimism,
Helping
posted
thatexperiences,
make by cancer
a person and
patients patience
patients
who
live are
a happytoarebe among
patient,
fighting and the the
a healthy components
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influ- life. Many people are a
andhealthy
hopeful can of be the
through conversations, where sharing people can share theirpositive
and stories and
thoughts.experiences,
Twitter
psychological condition. Helping cancer patients to be patient,
disease,
is oneencespreading
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inspire hopeful
inspiring
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platforms people.
where can
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thatThe maywilling,
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fighting
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the
affect optimistic,
their Twitter
lives, suchand
as
y 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW
disease, spreading hopeful
is one
hope,Some ofcan the be
inspiring achieved
social platforms
other through where conversations,
people can sharing
share their experiences,
stories 26 andof and positive
experiences,
43 thoughts.
influ-
Sustainability 2022,
ence 14,and
x FOR PEER
inspire REVIEW
other having
people. the chronic
tweets werepeople,
cancer disease.
posted andbyA being
healthy
patients a who
source are of
psychological optimism.
fighting the The
state is essential 26 offor 43 the success
Twitter
ence and is one inspire of the other social people. platforms
Some tweets wherewere people posted canby sharepatients theirwho storiesare and
fighting experiences,
the
disease, spreading hope, inspiring
ofdisease,
any treatment otherand people, recovery, and being therefore, a source providingof optimism. psychological The support is an important
influence and inspirehope,
spreading otherinspiringpeople. other Somepeople, tweets and werebeing posted by patients
a source who areThe
of optimism. fighting
part of treatment. Hope, optimism, and
the disease, spreading hope, inspiring other people, and being a source of optimism. The
patience are among the components of a healthy
tweets relatedtweets to this topic were posted by patients, their families,patients and other stakeholders.
tweets related to this topic were posted by patients, their families, and other stakeholders.and
psychological
related to this condition.
topic were Helping
posted by cancer
patients, their to
families, be patient,
and other willing,
stakeholders. optimistic,
For example, the For following
example,
hopeful tweet
the can found
following
befollowing intweet
achieved our dataset
found
through is our
in related dataset to this
conversations, cluster.
is related to this cluster.
For example, the tweet found in our dataset issharing
related toexperiences,
this cluster. and positive
thoughts. Twitter is one of the social platforms where people can share their stories and
‫من النظر في الكثير من‬
‫الكثيرتعيد‬
‫للمرضفيتجعلك‬ ‫محاربته‬
‫تعيد النظر‬ ‫تجعلك‬ ‫خالل مراحل‬ ‫مراحل قصته‬
‫االستماع إلى‬ ‫إلى مجرد‬
..."
experiences, influence and‫للمرض‬inspire ‫محاربته‬
other people. ‫قصته خالل‬Some‫االستماع‬
tweets‫مجرد‬
were..."posted by patients who
"...‫الحياة بمنظور آخر‬"...‫لترى‬ ‫في حياتك‬
‫بمنظور آخر‬ ‫األمور‬
‫الحياة‬ ‫األمور في حياتك لترى‬
are fighting the disease, spreading hope, inspiring other people, and being a source of
“…just listening to optimism.
“…just his listening
story The
“ . . .during
just
to his tweets
listening
the stages
story torelated
ofhis
during hisstory
fight
the toduring
this
against
stages topic
of histhe were
stages
thefight
disease
againstposted
ofmakes
histhe
fight
you by patients,
against
recon-
disease makestheyoutheir
disease families, and
makes
recon-
other
sider many thingsyousider
reconsider
stakeholders.
inmany
your life many
For
to see
things things
example,
in life
yourfromin
lifeyour
to seelife
the
another lifeto
following see life
perspective…..”
from another another perspective . . . ..”
from perspective…..”
tweet found in our dataset is related to this
Some tweets were cluster.
Some posted by
tweetstweetswerepeople
postedwho bysurvived
people fromsurvived
who cancer and from share
cancertheir suc-
Some were posted by people who survived cancer and
and share
shared their suc-
their successful
cessful experiences.
cessful The followingThe
experiences. excerpt of a tweet
following excerptis an ofexample
a tweet ofan
is this cluster.of this cluster.
example
experiences. The following excerpt of a tweet is an example of this cluster.
“.‫ مجرد االستماع إلى قصته خالل مراحل محاربته للمرض تجعلك تعيد النظر في الكثير من‬..
"…. ‫”أكون قويا‬... ‫آخرأن‬
"‫على‬ ‫ومجبر‬
….‫بمنظور‬ .‫الحياة‬
‫أكون قويا‬ ‫مرات‬ 4 ‫السرطان‬
‫لترى أن‬
‫على‬ ‫تحياتك‬
‫ومجبر‬ ‫هزمفي‬
.‫مرات‬ ‫األمور‬ "
4 ‫السرطان‬
…. ‫… هزمت‬."
. . . I defeated
““…just
“…I defeated cancer cancer
four
listening
“…I times
to
defeated
four
his andtimes
story
cancer I’m and
during
four
I’m
forced to
timesthe
and
forced
be toofbehis
strong…”
stages
I’m forced
strong
tofight
.against
. . ” the disease makes
be strong…”
you reconsider many things in your life to see life from another perspective…..”
4.5. Socioeconomic
4.5. Sustainability
Socioeconomic Sustainability
Now we discuss
Now Some
thewefourthtweets
thewere
macro-service
discuss fourthposted by people
Socioeconomic
macro-service who survived
Sustainability.
Socioeconomic cancer and shared
It involves
Sustainability. their successful
It involves
the tweets and
the experiences.
clusters
tweets that
andare The following
related
clusters to are
that excerpt
developing
related of a strategies
tobetter tweet is
developing an
to example
better fight oftothis
cancer
strategies cluster.
infight cancer in
Somesider many
tweets things
were in your
posted life to seewho
by people life from another
survived perspective…..”
from cancer and share their suc-
Some tweets were posted by people who survived from
cessful experiences. The following excerpt of a tweet is an example cancer and share
of this their suc-
cluster.
cessful experiences. The following excerpt of a tweet is an example of this cluster.
"…. ‫ ومجبر على أن أكون قويا‬.‫ مرات‬4 ‫… هزمت السرطان‬."
"…. ‫ ومجبر على أن أكون قويا‬.‫ مرات‬4 ‫… هزمت السرطان‬."
“…I defeated cancer four times and I’m forced to be strong…”
“…I defeated cancer four times and I’m forced to be strong…”
4.5. Socioeconomic Sustainability
4.5.4.5. Socioeconomic
Socioeconomic Sustainability
Sustainability
Now we discuss the fourth macro-service Socioeconomic Sustainability. It involves
Now Now we discuss
we discuss the fourth
the fourth macro-service
macro-service Socioeconomic
Socioeconomic Sustainability. It involves
the tweets and clusters that are related to developing betterSustainability.
strategies to fight It involves
cancer in
the
thethe
tweetstweets and
and Itclustersclustersthat that are related
areservices,
related the to developing
to developing better strategies to fight
cancercancer in
country. includes four first service better strategies
(the eleventh to fight
overall) is Government in
the country.
theSupport.
country. The It includes
It includes four services;
four services,isthe the first
first service service (the eleventh overall) is Government
Saudi government making a lot of (the eleventh
efforts overall)
to confront is Government
cancer disease. These
Support.
Support. The Saudi government is making a lot of efforts tocancer
confront cancer disease.
are represented in the provided medical services e.g., (healthcare centers,disease.
The Saudi government is making a lot of efforts to confront modernThese medical
These
aredevices, are
represented represented
in the provided in the provided
medical services medical services
e.g.,psychologicale.g., (healthcare
(healthcare centers, modern centers,
medical modern
free diagnosis and treatment, awareness, support, call centers, and
medical
devices, devices, free diagnosis and treatment, awareness, psychological support, call
smartfree diagnosisfor
applications and treatment,systems).
healthcare awareness, Forpsychological
example, the support,
Ministry call centers,has
of Health and pro-
centers,
smart and
applications smart applications
for healthcare for
systems). healthcare
For example, systems).
the For example,
Ministry of the Ministry of
vided various services e.g., “Mawid” website and smart application forHealth has pro-
facilitating book-
Health
vided has provided various services e.g., “Mawid” website and smart application for
ing various
medical services
appointments, e.g., “Mawid”
and call website and smart
center service that isapplication for facilitating
available 24/7 on (telephone book-
num-
facilitating
ingber
medical booking medical
appointments, and appointments,
call center service and
that aiscall center 24/7
available service
on that is available
(telephone num- 24/7
937) for normal and emergency health services to the patients across the Kingdom.
on (telephone
ber“Shefaa
937) forPlatform” number
normal and 937)
emergencyfor normal
health and emergency
services health services to the patients across
is another example of the healthto the patients
services supportedacrossby the
the Kingdom.
government.
the Kingdom.
“Shefaa Platform” “Shefaa
is another Platform”
example isthe
of another
health examplesupported
services of the health
by theservices
government. supported
It facilitates the provision of medical services, medical devices, and medicines to the needy
by the government.
It facilitates the provision Itoffacilitates
medical the provision ofdevices,
medicaland services, medical to thedevices, and
and the emergency cases for thoseservices,
who cannot medicalobtain treatment medicines
in health facilities. needy
It con-
medicines
andtributes
the emergency to thecasesneedy for and thewho
those emergency
cannot cases for
obtain those who
treatment in cannot
health obtain treatment
facilities. It con- in
to the governance of charitable treatment in the Kingdom by verifying the Absher
health
tributes facilities.
to the It
governance contributes
of of to
charitable the governance
treatment People of charitable
in the Kingdom treatment
by verifying in the Kingdom
the communi-
Absher by
platform and the Council Health Insurance. used Twitter to facilitate
verifying the
platform Absher platform and the Council of Health Insurance. Peoplecommuni-
used Twitter to
cation andwiththe theCouncil
community. of HealthFor Insurance.
example, some People used Twitter
individuals useto facilitate
Twitter to accelerate re-
facilitate
cation
ceiving
communication
withpersonal
the community.
support For
withexample,
the community.
(financial,
For example,
some individuals
treatment, or other). They
some
use Twitter individuals
usuallytoattach
accelerate use (e.g.,
links re-
Twitter
to
ceiving accelerate
personal from
for payment) receiving
support personal
(financial,
reliable support
platforms (financial,
treatment,
such asorShefaa. treatment,
other). For They or other).
usually the
example, They
attach usually
links (e.g.,
following attach
tweet,
links
forwas
payment)(e.g.,
found in for
from payment)
ourreliable from reliable platforms such as Shefaa.
dataset.platforms such as Shefaa. For example, the following tweet, For example, the following
wastweet,
foundwas in ourfound in our dataset.
dataset.
‫"سيدة…تعاني من تدهور حالتها الصحية إثر وجود ورم سرطاني في الثدي…مما يستدعي ضرورة التدخل‬
‫يستدعي ضرورة التدخل‬ ‫…مما‬
".‫بالورم‬ ‫فيهاالثدي‬
‫التحكم‬ ‫يصعبفي‬
‫حرجةسرطاني‬ ‫لمرحلة ورم‬
‫إثر وجود‬ ‫حالتهاقبلالصحية‬
‫وصولها‬ ‫تدهورالالزم‬ ‫تعاني من‬
‫الكيماوي‬ …‫سيدة‬
‫بالعالج‬ "
‫العاجل‬
".‫العاجل بالعالج الكيماوي الالزم قبل وصولها لمرحلة حرجة يصعب فيها التحكم بالورم‬
“ . .a. woman
“… a woman suffers
suffers fromfrom a deteriorating
a deteriorating healthhealth condition
condition due to due to the presence
the presence of a
of a cancerous
“…cancerous
tumor a in
woman tumor
the breast …in
suffers theabreast
from
which . . .urgent
deteriorating
calls for which callscondition
health for urgent
intervention dueintervention
with to the
the with
presence
necessary ofthe necessary
a cancerous
chemotherapy be-
chemotherapy
tumor in the breast … before
which it reaches
calls for a
urgentcritical stage
intervention in which
with the
the tumor
necessary
fore it reaches a critical stage in which the tumor is difficult to control.” is difficult to
chemotherapy control.”
be-
The fore
The it reaches aindividuals,
government,
government, critical stage healthcare
individuals, in which theinstitutions,
healthcare tumor is difficult
institutions, toother
control.”
andother
and stakeholders
stakeholders also
also used
The
used government,
Twitter to announceindividuals,
new healthcare
services, and institutions,
share and
information other
and stakeholdersonalso
experiences avail-
Twitter to announce new services, and share information and experiences
used Twitter to announce new services, and share information and experiences on avail- on available
able
able services.
services.
services. This This
This cluster
cluster
cluster represents
represents
represents the the
thetweetstweets related
related
tweets relatedtoto to government
government
government support
support and
support andand
the
the the
health-
healthcare services in Saudi Arabia. For example, the following tweet
care services in Saudi Arabia. For example, the following tweet was posted by a doctor.
healthcare services in Saudi Arabia. For example, the following tweet waswas posted
posted by by
a a It
doctor. It
doctor. highlights
It highlightssome of
some the
of services
the provided
services providedby the
by
highlights some of the services provided by the Ministry of Health. Ministry
the of
Ministry Health.
of Health.
‫ ال يوجد اعراض‬،‫ ومحليا‬،‫ وإقليميا‬،‫ عالميا‬،‫"سرطان الثدي يأتي بالترتيب األول بين أكثر أنواع السرطان شيوعا‬
‫اعراض‬
‫يوجداو تطبيق‬
937‫الرقمال‬
،‫ومحليا‬
‫طريق‬،‫وإقليميا‬ ،‫عالميا‬،‫الماموغرام‬
‫للحجز عن‬ ،‫السرطان شيوعا‬
‫عن طريق‬ ‫المبكرأنواع‬
‫الكشف أكثر‬
‫األول بين‬ ‫بالترتيب‬
‫المهم‬ ‫يأتي ف من‬ ‫سرطان الثدي‬
‫المبكرة له‬ ‫"بالمراحل‬
‫ او تطبيق‬937 ‫الثديعن طريق الرقم‬ ‫للحجز‬ ،‫الماموغرام‬
_‫سرطان‬ ‫وزارةطريق‬
# ".‫الصحة‬ ‫المبكر عن‬ ‫مصدرالكشف‬
:‫المعلومات‬ ‫من المهم‬ ‫بالمراحل المبكرة" له ف‬
." ‫موعد‬
“Breast cancer ranks ‫الثدي‬first_among
‫سرطان‬#the ".‫الصحة‬
most‫وزارة‬
common:‫المعلومات‬
types‫مصدر‬ ." ‫موعد‬globally,
of cancer, " regionally, and
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER
“Breast
locally
REVIEW . There are no symptoms in its early stages, so it is important to detect itregionally,
cancer ranks first among the most common types of cancer, globally, and27a of 43
early through
locally . “Breast
There cancer
are no ranks first
symptoms in among
its early the mostso
stages, common
it is types oftocancer,
important detect globally,
it early regionally,
through a
mammogram. For reservations, call 937 or the “Mawd” application. Source of information: Min-
mammogram. and locally. There are no
For reservations, symptoms
call 937 or thein“Mawd”
its early application.
stages, so it is important
Source of to detect itMin-
information: early
istry of Health.” #Breast_Cancer
through a mammogram.istry Forofreservations, call 937 or the “Mawd” application. Source of
Health.” #Breast_Cancer
information:
The twelfth Ministry
serviceofisHealth.” #Breast_Cancer
Socioeconomic and Operational Challenges (see Row 13, Ta-
ble 3). It is characterized by the keyterms such as Patient, Treatment, Needs, To Receive,
The twelfth service is Socioeconomic and Operational Challenges (see Row 13, Table 3).
Ask, Surgery, Thousand, Bill, Case, Suffering, Number, and Please. This cluster represents
It is characterized by the keyterms such as Patient, Treatment, Needs, To Receive, Ask,
the socioeconomic and operational challenges faced by patients and their families. For
Surgery, Thousand, Bill, Case, Suffering, Number, and Please. This cluster represents
example, one of the challenges is the need for patients and their families to travel farther
the socioeconomic and operational challenges faced by patients and their families. For
to specialized hospitals for diagnosis and treatment purposes. This involves difficulties
example, one of the challenges is the need for patients and their families to travel farther to
from various perspectives. For example, from the financial perspective, it involves addi-
specialized hospitals for diagnosis and treatment purposes. This involves difficulties from
tional expenses for transportation and housing. Another challenge is blood shortage.
various perspectives. For example, from the financial perspective, it involves additional
Some patients need a frequent blood transfusion and sometimes it is difficult to find do-
expenses for transportation and housing. Another challenge is blood shortage. Some
nors, especially in urgent cases. The following excerpt of a tweet is an example of this
patients need a frequent blood transfusion and sometimes it is difficult to find donors,
cluster.
especially in urgent cases. The following excerpt of a tweet is an example of this cluster.
، +O :‫الفصيلة‬،‫ اللي عنده استطاعة محتاجين متبرعين بالدم بشكل عاجل‬." ‫"اختي مصابه بـ لوكيميا " سرطان الدم‬
"……. :‫ االسم‬،….. :‫ رقم الملف‬،‫ مستشفى الملك خالد الجامعي‬:‫المكان‬
“My“My
sister has has
sister leukemia. Those
leukemia. who
Those can,
who sheshe
can, needs
needsblood
blooddonors
donorsurgently,
urgently,blood
bloodgroup:
group: O+,
O+, location:location:
King Khalid University Hospital, File No.: . . . , Name: . .
King Khalid University Hospital, File No.: …, Name: …” . ”
The thirteenth service is Charity Organizations. There are various charity organiza-
tions in the country, for example, Zahra Association, Sanad Children's Cancer Support
Association, the Saudi Cancer Society, and The Civil Society Association for Cancer Care
(Basma). These charity organizations are non-profit associations whose goal is to support
cluster.
، +O cluster.
:‫الفصيلة‬،‫ اللي عنده استطاعة محتاجين متبرعين بالدم بشكل عاجل‬." ‫"اختي مصابه بـ لوكيميا " سرطان الدم‬
cluster.
، +O :‫الفصيلة‬،‫ اللي عنده استطاعة محتاجين متبرعين بالدم بشكل عاجل‬." ‫"اختي مصابه بـ لوكيميا " سرطان الدم‬
Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313 ، +O :‫الفصيلة‬،‫ اللي عنده استطاعة محتاجين متبرعين بالدم بشكل عاجل‬." ‫"اختي مصابه بـ لوكيميا " سرطان الدم‬ 27 of 41
“My sister "……. has:‫االسم‬ ،….. :‫الملف‬
leukemia. Those‫رقم‬who،‫الجامعي‬
can,‫خالد‬
she‫الملك‬
needs‫مستشفى‬
blood:‫المكان‬
donors urgently, blood group: O+,
location: King Khalid University Hospital, File No.: …, Name: …”
“My sister has leukemia. Those who can, she needs blood donors urgently, blood group: O+,
Thesister
“My thirteenth service
has leukemia.
location: is Charity
Those
King who can,
Khalid Organizations.
she needs
University blood There
Hospital, donors
File No.:are …,various
urgently,
Name: blood
…”charity
group:organiza-
O+,
tions Thein the thirteenth
location:
country, service
King
for is Charity
Khalid
example, University
Zahra Organizations.
Hospital,
Association,File There
No.:
Sanad…, are various
Name: …”
Children's
The thirteenth service is Charity Organizations. There are various charity organiza-
charitySupport
Cancer organiza-
tionsThe in
Association,
tions
the country,
thirteenth service
the country,
in the Saudi for example,
is Charity
Cancer
for Society,
example,
Zahra Association,
Organizations.
and The
Zahra There
Civil
Association,
Sanad
are various
Society
Sanad
Children’s
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Children's
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(Basma). theThese
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charity
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example,
organizations Society,
Cancer Zahra
Society,are and The
Association,
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charity organizations
to Society,
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for
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and
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riences. patients
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organizations for also
tweets may participate
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and
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their
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ganizations have participated and people are thanking and appreciating their efforts.
".…٢٠٢١".…٢٠٢١-١٠-١٧-١٠‫بتاريخ‬ ‫باألمس‬
-١٧ ‫بتاريخ‬ ‫أقيمت‬
‫باألمس‬ ‫التيالتي‬
‫أقيمت‬ ‫الثدي‬ ‫سرطان‬
‫الثدي‬ ‫حملةسرطان‬
‫جهودفيفيحملة‬
‫منجهود‬‫بذلته من‬
‫ما بذلته‬ ‫… على‬
‫على ما‬ ‫موصوللجمعية‬
…‫لجمعية‬ ‫الشكرموصول‬ ‫كلكلالشكر‬
" "
".…٢٠٢١-١٠-١٧ ‫"كل الشكر موصول لجمعية… على ما بذلته من جهود في حملة سرطان الثدي التي أقيمت باألمس بتاريخ‬
“All
“Allthanks
thanks
“All go
go togo[organization]
thanks [organization]
to [organization] for
for for its
its efforts
efforts
its effortsinininthethe
the breast
breast
breast cancer
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cancer campaign
campaign
campaign thatthat
that was
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was held
held yesterday on 17-10-2021 . .
yesterday. .”
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17-10-2021….”
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The The fourteenth
fourteenth service
service is Financial
is Financial Support
Support(Row (Row 15, 15, Table
Table 3). 3). ItIt isisrepresented
representedbyby
The fourteenth serviceyesterday is Financial Support (Row 15, Table 3). It is represented by
on 17-10-2021….”
the The
keyterms
the fourteenth
keyterms suchsuch as Treatment,
as Treatment, Bill, Pinching,
Bill, Pinching, Tried,
Tried, We
We Can’t,
Can’t, and
and Appeal.
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the keyterms suchservice as; Treatment,
is Financial Bill,Support
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Table Can’t,
3). Itand Appeal. This
is represented by cluster
represents
represents the the financial
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keytermsthe suchfinancial
as Treatment,issues faced by
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and needs
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port.port.
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the
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government
financial issues
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treatment service andand cancer
cancer patients
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ment costs use Twitter to raise their and request financial support.
ment costs
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their needs Some and request
patients whofinancial
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to afford the treat-
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ment costs ‫يملك‬ use ‫وال‬Twitter to raise their needs and request financial support.
،‫"أب… يعاني من ورم في البروستات… سبب له آالم حادة ويحتاج إلى التدخل الجراحي بشكل عاجل‬
‫ وال يملك‬،‫"الجراحي بشكل عاجل‬.‫العملية‬ ‫تكاليفالتدخل‬
‫ويحتاج إلى‬‫على تحمل‬ ‫الماديةحادة‬
‫القدرةله آالم‬
‫"أب… يعاني من ورم في البروستات… سبب‬
‫ وال يملك‬،‫الجراحي بشكل عاجل‬ ".‫العملية‬
‫تكاليفالتدخل‬ ‫حادةتحمل‬
‫ويحتاج إلى‬ ‫آالمعلى‬ ‫المادية‬ ‫القدرة‬
‫سبب له‬ …‫"أب… يعاني من ورم في البروستات‬
“A father…suffers ".‫العملية‬
from‫تكاليف‬ ‫على تحمل‬
a prostate ‫القدرة…المادية‬
tumor which caused him severe pain and needs urgent
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surgical . . . suffers
fatherintervention,
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and
state
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needs
offorthe costs
urgent
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rea-
surgery.”
surgicalthe
sons surgery.”
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such as inability
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have
can loss theoffinancial
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status.
patients’ theThese
costs ofsituations
financial the surgery.”
state createrea-
for some a
sonsFurthermore,
need
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as cancer
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inability to disease
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work forcan
or some
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cancer
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patients.
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due to patients’
health financial
status. Thesestate for some
situations rea-
create a
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loss ofcancer job due to health status. These situations create a
reasons such as inability to work or loss of job due to health status. These situations create
need for financial support patients.
need for financial ‫السرطان الراتب‬
support ‫ من‬for
‫عالجي‬ some‫مصاريف‬
cancer ‫ وذلك‬patients.
… ‫… اناشدكم …مريضه سرطان ابغى سداد الفاتورة زوجي متوفى‬."
a need for financial support for some cancer ".‫متراكم‬
patients.
‫ اجار شقه‬3500
‫اناشدكم …مريضه سرطان ابغى سداد الفاتورة زوجي متوفى … وذلك مصاريف عالجي من السرطان الراتب‬
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 43"
28 of….
‫" … وذلك مصاريف عالجي من السرطان الراتب‬.‫متراكم‬ ‫زوجي متوفى‬ ‫الفاتورة‬
‫اجار شقه‬ ‫… اناشدكم …مريضه سرطان ابغى سداد‬."
3500
".‫ اجار شقه متراكم‬3500
“ . . . .“…………..I appeal
. . . . . . . . ..I to you,
appeal … a cancer
to you, . . . a patient,
cancer Ipatient,
want to pay the bill.
I want My husband
to pay the bill.isMy
de-
ceased. …. This is a treatment expense for cancer. My salary is 3500 SR. Apartment
husband is deceased. . . . . This is a treatment expense for cancer. My salary is 3500 SR. rent is accu-
mulating.”
Apartment rent is accumulating.”
".‫ تكفون يا اهل الخير‬،32800 ‫المتبقي‬،……… ‫ ام مصابه بالسرطان‬،‫"المساهمة بالرتويت كمساهمتك في دفع الفاتورة‬
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by retweeting contribution
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contribution paying
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bill.Mother cancer . . .
has cancer……,
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Remaining good people.”
is 32,800 SR, please good people.”
4.6. Information Availability
4.6. Information Availability
We now discuss the services associated with the fifth macro-service, Information
We now discuss
Availability whichthe services
means associatediswith
that information the fifthavailable
conveniently macro-service, Information
to all stakeholders
Availability, which means that information is conveniently available to all
including patients, the families of the patients, healthcare organizations, and government.stakeholders
including patients,
Information the families
availability of the
is a key patients,
strategy healthcare
in combating organizations,
cancer and government.
for all stakeholders. It in-
Information availability is a key strategy in combating cancer for all stakeholders. It
cludes three services. Breast Cancer Awareness (fifteenth service created from merging
includes
Topicthree
9 andservices. Breast
20) includes theCancer
keyterms Awareness
Campaign,(fifteenth service
Association, created
Center, from merging
Awareness, Lec-
Topic 9 and 20) includes the keyterms; Campaign, Association, Center, Awareness, Lecture,
ture, and Examination. According to Breast Cancer Organization, breast cancer is the most
common cancerAccording
and Examination. across the globe [60]. Cancer
to Breast It is the Organization,
number one type of cancer
breast cancer among
is thethemost
women globally, as well as, Saudi Arabia [61]. Therefore, breast cancer has gained more
common cancer across the globe [60]. It is the number one type of cancer among the women
attention than other kinds of cancer types and it is also evident from our detected clusters.
globally, as well as in Saudi Arabia [61]. Therefore, breast cancer has gained more attention
The aim of breast cancer awareness programs is to raise public awareness of breast cancer,
the importance of early detection, the causes, and the prevention. One of the strategies for
disseminating awareness about breast cancer was launching the annual campaign, “Breast
Cancer Awareness Month”. In October 2021, many initiatives for supporting breast cancer
awareness were discussed on Twitter under several hashtags such as, "‫اكتوبر_الوردي‬#" (pink
We now discuss Availability,
Availability,
the services which
which means
means
associated thatthe
that
with information
information isisconveniently
fifth macro-service, conveniently available to
available
Information to all
all stakeholders
stakeholders
Availability whichWe including
nowthat
including
including
means patients,
discuss
patients,
patients, thethe
information the
the families
services
families
families of
ofthe
associated
of
is conveniently thepatients,
the with
patients,
patients,
available the healthcare
fifth
healthcare
healthcare organizations,
to allmacro-service,
organizations,
organizations,
stakeholders and
andgovernment.
Information
and government.
government.
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including patients, Information
Information
Information
the familieswhich means
ofavailability
availability
availability
the thatis
patients, information
isisaaakeykeystrategy
key
healthcare strategy
strategy is conveniently
in
incombating
in
organizations, combating
combating andavailable
cancerto
cancer
cancer
government. for
for
for all
all stakeholders
all
all stakeholders.
stakeholders.It
stakeholders. ItItin-
in-
in-
including
Information availabilitycludes
cludes
cludes patients,
is three
athree the
key services.
three families
services.
services.
strategy in of theCancer
Breast
Breast
Breast
combating patients,
Cancer
Cancer healthcare
Awareness
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cancer organizations,
for all (fifteenth
(fifteenth
(fifteenth
stakeholders. service It and
service
service government.
in-created
created
created from
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from merging
merging
Information
cludes three services. Topic
Topic
Breast
Topic 99availability
9and
and
Cancer
and 20)
20) is a keythe
20)includes
includes
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the keyterms;
keyterms;
(fifteenth
keyterms; in combating
Campaign,
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service
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Association,
Association,
from
Association, all stakeholders.
Center,
Center,Awareness,
Center, It in-
Awareness,
Awareness, Lec-
Lec-
Lec-
Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313 cludes
Topic 9 and 20) includes three
ture, and services.
Examination.
the Examination.
keyterms Breast Cancer
According
Campaign, Awareness
to
Association,Breast (fifteenth
Cancer
Center, service
Organization,
Awareness, created from
breast
Lec- merging
cancer is the28 of 41
most
ture,and
ture, and Examination. According
According totoBreast
BreastCancer CancerOrganization,
Organization, breastcancer
breast cancerisisthe themost
most
Topiccommon
ture, and Examination. 9 and
common 20)cancer
According
common includes
cancer
cancer to Breastthe Cancer
across
across
across keyterms
the
theglobe
the Campaign,
[60].
[60].It
Organization,
globe
globe [60]. ItItis Association,
the
thenumber
isisbreast
the cancer Center,
number
number isone
thetype
one
one mostAwareness,
type
type of
of cancerLec-
ofcancer
cancer among
amongthe
among the
the
ture,
common cancer across and
women
women
women Examination.
the globally,
globe
globally,
globally, According
as
[60].aswell
as It is as
well
well asin
the
as to
in
in Breast
Saudi
SaudiArabia
number
Saudi Cancer
one type
Arabia
Arabia Organization,
[61].
[61].
[61]. ofTherefore,
cancer among
Therefore,
Therefore, breast
breast
breast
breast cancer
cancer
thecancer is
cancerhas the
hasmost
has gained
gainedmore
gained more
more
common
asthan cancer
attention other thanacross
kindsother the
of globe
cancer
kinds
[61].of [60].
types
cancer Itand istypes
types the number
it isand also it one
evident type
fromofour cancer among
detected theclusters.
clusters. The
women globally, well
attentionas, Saudi
attention than
than Arabia
other
other kinds
kinds ofTherefore,
of cancer
cancer breast
types and
and ititis
cancer isisalso
hasevident
also
also gained
evident
evident from
more
from
from our
our
our detected
detected
detected clusters.
clusters.
women
attention than otheraim The globally,
kinds of
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cancer well
cancer as,
cancer
types Saudi
awareness
and awareness
it isArabia
programs
also [61].
programs
evident Therefore,
is
from to is raise
to
our breast
public
raise cancer
awareness
public
detected has
awareness
clusters. gained
of breast
of morecancer,
breast the
cancer,
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The aimof ofbreast
breastcancer
cancerawareness
awarenessprograms programsisisto toraise
raisepublic
publicawareness
awarenessof ofbreast
breastcancer,
cancer,
attention than
importance other of kinds
early of cancer
detection, types
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causes, it is also
and evident
the from our
prevention. detected
One of clusters.
the strategies
The aim of breast cancer
the awareness
importance
theimportance
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of early
ofearly is
earlydetection,to
detection, raise
detection,the public
the causes,
thecauses, awareness
causes,and andandthe the of breast
prevention.
theprevention. cancer,
prevention.One One
Oneof of the
ofthe strategiesfor
strategies
thestrategies for
for
The aim of breast
disseminating cancer awareness programs is to raise public awareness of breast cancer,
the importance disseminatingawareness
of early detection,
disseminating awarenessabout
the causes,
awareness
awareness andaboutbreast
about the breastcancer
prevention.
breast cancerwas
cancer One of the
waslaunching
was strategies
launchingthe
launching theannual
the for
annualcampaign,
annual campaign,“Breast
campaign, “Breast
“Breast
disseminatingthe importance
Cancer
awareness
Cancer
Cancer
Cancer about of breast
early detection,
Awareness
Awareness
Awareness
Awareness Month”.
cancer
Month”.
Month”.
Month”. wastheIn
InIn
In
causes, and
October
launching
October
October2021,
October 2021,
the
2021,
2021,
the many
annual
many prevention.
many
many initiatives
campaign,
initiatives
initiatives
One for
initiatives“Breast
for ofsupporting
the strategies
forsupporting
for supportingbreast
supporting
for cancer
breast
breastcancer
breast cancer
cancer
disseminating
Cancer Awareness Month”. awareness
In October about
2021, many breast cancer
initiatives was launching
for several
supporting the annual
breastsuch campaign,
cancer “Breast
awareness
awareness
awareness were
werediscussed
were discussed
discussed ononTwitter
on Twitterunder
Twitter
Twitter under
under
under severalhashtags
several
several hashtags
hashtags
hashtags suchas,
such as,““‫اكتوبر_الوردي‬#”
as, “‫اكتوبر_الوردي‬#”
“‫اكتوبر_الوردي‬#” ” (pink
(pink
(pink
awareness were Cancer Awareness
discussed on Month”.
Twitter under In several
Octoberhashtags 2021, many such initiatives
as, for supporting
"‫اكتوبر_الوردي‬#" (pink breast cancer
October), “ ‫لسرطان_الثدي‬
October), ““‫لسرطان_الثدي‬
October),
October), _‫الشهر_العالمي‬#
‫الشهر_العالمي_لسرطان_الثدي‬# ”
_‫الشهر_العالمي‬#”” (breast (breast cancer
(breast cancercancer awareness
awareness
cancer awareness
awareness month),month),
month),
month), and and “‫افحصي_االن‬#”
and “‫افحصي_االن‬#”
““‫افحصي_االن‬#””
awareness were discussed
October), "‫الشهر_العالمي_لسرطان_الثدي‬ #" (breast on Twitter under several
cancer awareness hashtags
month), andsuch as, "‫اكتوبر_الوردي‬#"
"‫افحصي_االن‬#" (pink
(check-up
October), now). The
"‫الشهر_العالمي_لسرطان_الثدي‬ campaign #" medical was
(breast cancer supported awareness by medical
month), andinstitutions
and "‫افحصي_االن‬#" (e.g., hospitals,
(check-up now). The campaign was supported by institutions (e.g., hospitals,
and
(check-up healthcare
now). centers),
The campaign charity
wasEhsan), organizations
supported (e.g., Ehsan), and other stakeholders. The
healthcare centers), charity organizations (e.g., and by othermedical institutions
stakeholders. The(e.g.,fol- hospitals, and
following
healthcare is an excerpt from a tweet that was posted on Oct 3, 2021, by the Public Health in
lowing is an excerpt fromcenters),
a tweet that charitywasorganizations
posted on Oct(e.g., 3, 2021,Ehsan),by the and otherHealth
Public stakeholders.
in The fol-
lowing Taifis city.
an excerpt from a tweet that was posted on Oct 3, 2021, by the Public Health in
Taif city.
Taif city. ".‫ والتي تستمر طيلة شهر أكتوبر‬،‫ تدشين حمله سرطان الثدي‬،....،‫"تم اليوم‬
“Today,.., the breast cancer campaign ".‫أكتوبر‬
was‫شهر‬ ‫تستمر طيلة‬
started, which ‫والتي‬will
،‫الثدي‬ ‫ سرطان‬throughout
continue ‫ تدشين حمله‬،....the ،‫"تم اليوم‬
“Today,the
“Today,.., . . .breast
,month
the breast
cancer cancer
campaign
of October.” campaign was started,
was started, which which will continue
will continue throughoutthroughout
the the
Another tweet suchmonth as theoffollowing
October.” is found. month of October.”
It highlights the activation of breast
Another tweet
cancer awareness campaign in Sabyasuch as the following
governorate in Jazan is region.
found. It highlights the activation of breast
Another similar tweet highlights the activation of breast cancer awareness campaign
cancer awareness campaign in Sabya governorate in Jazan region.
in Sabya governorate in Jazan region.
".‫"مركز صحي … بالتعاون مع جمعيه… تفعيل حمله شهر أكتوبر للتوعية بسرطان الثدي‬
".‫"مركز صحي … بالتعاون مع جمعيه… تفعيل حمله شهر أكتوبر للتوعية بسرطان الثدي‬
“[Health Center] in cooperation with [association] activating the October campaign to raise
“[Health Center] “[Health Center] in
in awareness
cooperation cooperation withactivating [association] the activating the October campaign to
of with
breast[association]
cancer.” October campaign to raise
raise awareness of breast cancer.”
awareness of breast cancer.” by the keywords
The sixteenth service is Awareness Campaigns. It is characterized
The
including Account, Question, sixteenth service
The sixteenth is
Retweet, service Awarenessis Awareness
Reply, Hashtag, Campaigns.
Tweet,Campaigns. It is characterized
and Campaign. It is These by the keywords
characterized
key by keywords in-
including
terms belong to Topic Account,
cluding;
10; seeAccount, Question,
Figure 5. Question, Retweet,
Table 5 gives Retweet,Reply, Hashtag,
Reply,translation
the English Tweet,
Hashtag, of and
Tweet, Campaign.
and Campaign.
the Arabic These key These key
keywords in the terms belong
terms
figure. to Topic
belong
Awareness 10; see10;
tocampaigns
Topic Figure
see 5. Table
areFigure
very 5. 5Table
importantgives5as the
gives
theyEnglish translation
the English
raise awareness of the Arabic
translation of the Arabic
of the cancer keywords
types,keywords in the
causes, figure.
in
prevention, Awareness
the figure.andAwareness campaigns
treatment. are very
campaigns
Moreover, areimportant
thesevery as they
important
campaigns canraise
as theyawareness
raise awareness
encourage early of the ofcancer
cancertypes,
detection, types,
support causes,
peopleprevention,
causes, prevention,
with cancer, and andtreatment.
treatment.
encourage Moreover,
cancer Moreover,
control these campaigns
these
pro- campaigns can can en-
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEWearly detection, support people with cancer, encourage cancer control pro-
encourage 28 of 42
grams, and enable courage early detection,
communications and sharing support people with
of experiences cancer,
between encourage
patients. Aware-cancer control programs,
ness campaigns grams,
couldandand enablecommunications
beenable
conducted communications
by any healthcare and
and sharing
sharingofofexperiences
stakeholders experiences
though usuallybetween
between
thesepatients.
patients. Aware-
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ness
campaigns are carried campaigns
campaigns could be conducted
could be conducted
out by healthcare providers. The by any
by any healthcare
healthcare
campaigns stakeholders
stakeholders
involve though usually
though usually
various activ- these
these cam-
campaigns
ities for disseminating paigns are
arecarried
informationcarried out
outbyby healthcare
healthcare providers.
providers. TheThe campaigns
campaigns involve
involve various activ-
various activities
campaigns aresuch as
carried lectures,
out by posters,
healthcare brochures,
providers. leaflets,
Theand com-
campaigns involve various activ-
ities for
petitions. Awareness for disseminating
disseminating
campaigns may information
information
also involve such suchas as
raising lectures,
lectures,
Twitter posters,
posters,
hashtags brochures,
brochures,
and leaflets,
sharing and and
leaflets, com-competi-
ities for disseminating information such as lectures, posters, brochures, leaflets, and com-
petitions.
tions.Awareness
Awareness campaigns
campaigns may may also involve
Foralso involveraisingraisingTwitter hashtags
Twitter hashtags and and sharing
sharing
on Twitter posts
on
containing
petitions.
Twitter posts
educational
Awareness
containing
content.
campaigns
educational
example,
may also For
content.
we
involve detected
raising
example,
various
we Twitter
detected hashtags
various andon sharing
hashtags that were Twitter posts containing
raised supporting cancer educational
awareness campaigns content. For example,
including we detected
"# ‫العالمي‬ ‫اليوم‬ various hashtags
on Twitter posts containing educational content. Forincluding
example,"# ‫العالمي‬we detected
‫اليوم‬ various
‫"للسرطان‬
stainability 2022, 14, x FOR (worldhashtags
PEER REVIEW cancer that that
were
day), were
raisedraised
"#‫البروستات‬ supporting
‫"سرطان‬
supporting cancer
(Prostate cancer awareness
awareness
cancer), "#‫"سرطان الدم‬campaigns
campaigns (Blood including
Cancer),“29 of 43 ùÖÏ AªË@ ÐñJË@#”
àA£QåÊË
hashtags
‫"للسرطان‬
"#١٣_‫الشرقية_وردية‬ that
(world cancer were
day), raised
13),"#‫البروستات‬supporting
‫"سرطان‬The cancer
(Prostate awareness
cancer), campaigns
to‫"سرطان‬
"#‫الدم‬ including
(Blood Cancer), "# ‫العالمي‬ ‫اليوم‬
" (Al-Sharqiya
(world cancer
Pink
day), “
HA Jð Qothers.
and

. Ë@ àA£Qå #”
tweets
(Prostate
related
cancer), “
cancer
ÐYË@ àA£Qå #” (Blood Cancer),
‫( "للسرطان‬world
"#١٣_‫الشرقية_وردية‬ cancer day),
" (Al-Sharqiya Pink 13), and‫"سرطان‬
"#‫البروستات‬ others. (Prostate
The tweetscancer), "#‫ الدم‬to
related ‫"سرطان‬ (Blood Cancer),
cancer
"“١٣_‫الشرقية_وردية‬#"” (Al-Sharqiya Pink13),
(Al-Sharqiya Pink 13), and
and others.
others. TheThe tweets
tweets related
related to cancer
to cancer aware-aware-
awareness campaigns were posted by doctors, hospitals, healthcare centers, and organi-
ness campaigns
ness campaignswere wereposted
postedbyby
doctors,
doctors,hospitals, healthcare
hospitals, centers,
healthcare and organizations.
centers, and organizations.
zations. For example, the following tweet was posted by a hospital in Makkah.
For example,
For example, the
thefollowing
followingtweet was
tweet posted
was by aby
posted hospital in Makkah.
a hospital in Makkah.
‫تحاربإلى كل بطلة تحارب‬ ‫بطلة‬
، …‫الثدي‬ ‫_إلى كل‬،‫العالمي‬
_‫لسرطان‬ …‫الثدي‬ _‫لسرطان‬
_‫الشهر‬ _‫العالمي‬
# ‫اليوم يبدأ‬ " _‫الشهر‬# ‫"اليوم يبدأ‬
".‫"ك وباإليمان والعزيمة‬.‫والعزيمةأن‬ ‫تذكري دائما أنك وباإليمان‬
‫تذكري دائما‬
“Today starts the #International_Breast_Cancer_Month … to every hero who fights, always
“Today starts“Today starts the remember
#International_Breast_Cancer_Month
the #International_Breast_Cancer_Month … to faith
that you are with hero.determination.”
every and . . tofights,
who every always
hero who fights,
always remember that
remember thata you you are
are withwith faith and determination.”
Furthermore, tweet wasfaith and determination.”
posted under (Al-Sharqiya Pink 13) hashtag which was
Furthermore,
launched a tweet
Furthermore, was posted
a tweet was
for supporting under (Al-Sharqiya
postedunder
an event Pink 13)
underbreast
(Al-Sharqiyahashtag
cancer Pink which was
13) hashtag,
awareness which The
campaign. was event
launched for supporting
launched for an event
supporting under
an breast
event cancer
under the awareness
breast campaign.
cancer awareness The event
campaign. The event
was organized by the Saudi Cancer Society in the Al-Sharqiya region. It involved various
was organizedwasby the Saudiby
organized Cancer
thethe Society
Saudi in theSociety
Cancer Al-Sharqiyathe region. It involved various
activities including event of "SharqiyainPink Al-Sharqiya
Marathon".region.It aimed It involved
to supportvarious
the global
activities including
activitiesthe event of the
including "Sharqiya
event ofPink Marathon".
“Sharqiya PinkItMarathon”.
aimed to support
It aimed thetoglobal
support the global
trendawareness
trend in raising in raising awareness of the disease and the importance of early of detection as one of
trend in raisingofawareness
the disease ofand
the the importance
disease and theofimportance
early detection as one
of early detection as one of
the factors
the factors influencing influencing
the stages ofthe the stages
treatment, of treatment, which makes the difference in combating
the factors influencing stages ofwhich makeswhich
treatment, the difference
makes the in combating
difference in combating
and curing and
this curing
disease. this disease.
and curing this disease.

the factors influencing the stages of treatment, which makes the difference in combating
and curing this disease.

Figure 5.Table
The Top 30keywords
5. The Most Relevant Terms
and their Topic 10. for Figure 5.
fortranslation
English
،‫ تجمع‬،‫ حال‬،‫ وبحاجه‬،‫ الحمله‬،‫ شعار‬،‫ الصحي‬،‫ جامد‬،‫ قصد‬،‫ التغريده‬،‫ سرطان_ الثدي‬،‫ بهشتاق‬،‫ الرد‬،‫ ريتويت‬،‫ اكتوبر_ الوردي‬،‫ السءال‬،‫حساب‬
Keywords
Keywords
،‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ‬،‫ﻣﺎﻣ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﺟﻪ‬ ‫ ﻭ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬
‫اراد‬ ،‫ النخاع‬،‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ ﺟﺎ‬،‫ﻗﺼﺪ‬
،‫مقطوعه‬ ،‫سوء‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺮﻳﺪﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻱ‬
،‫ امراه‬،‫ورم‬ ،‫_عم‬،‫عينه‬
‫ﺳﺮﻁﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﻬﺸﺘﺎﻕ‬
،‫يصف‬ ،‫حركه‬،‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩ‬ ،‫ﺭﻳﺘﻮﻳﺖ‬
،‫وعصبيه‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩﻱ‬
،‫السرطان‬ _‫ﻣﺮ‬
،‫حاءل‬ ‫ ﺍﻛﺘﻮ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺲءﺍﻣ‬،‫ﻣﺴﺎﺏ‬
Keywords
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺩ‬Question,
Account, The ،‫ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ‬،‫ﻣﻘﻄﻮﻋﻪ‬
Pink ،‫ﺳﻮء‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﺍﻩ‬Retweet,
October, ‫ ﺍ‬،‫ ﻭﺭﻡ‬،‫ ﻋﻢ‬Reply,
،‫ ﻋﻴﻨﻪ‬،‫ﻳﺼﻒ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﻛﻪ‬Breast
Hashtag, ،‫ﻭﻋﺼﺒﻴﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻁﺎﻥ‬
Cancer, ،‫ﻣﺎءﻣ‬
Tweet, Intent, Solid, Healthy,
Translation Account, Account,
The
Logo, The The Question,
Question,
Campaign, Pink Pink
Need, October,
October,
Case, Retweet,
Retweet,
Gathering, Hail Reply,
Reply, Hashtag,
Hashtag,
city, Cancer, Breast
Breast
Nervous, Cancer,Tweet,
Cancer,
Movement, Tweet, Intent,ASolid,
Intent,
Describe, Solid,
Sample,
Transla- Transla-
Healthy, Healthy,
Logo, Logo,
The The
Campaign,Campaign,
Need, Need,
Uncle,
Case, Case,
Tumor, Gathering,
Woman,
Gathering, Bad,
Hail Hail
Cut
city,city,
Off, Cancer,
Marrow,
Cancer, Nervous,
Want
Nervous, Movement,
Movement, Describe,
Describe, AA
tion
tion Sample, Uncle, Tumor, Woman, Bad, Cut Off, Marrow, Want
Sample, Uncle, Tumor, Woman, Bad, Cut Off, Marrow, Want
The seventeenth
The seventeenthservice is Questionnaires
service is Questionnaires and and Competitions
Competitions (Row (Row 19,19,Table
Table3). 3).ItItis is
represented by keywords
Therepresented
seventeenth service suchis as; Follow,
Questionnaires Participation,
and Share,
Competitions Event,
(Row
by keywords such as; Follow, Participation, Share, Event, Member, Answer, Member,
19, Table Answer,
3). It is
Thousands,
represented and
by more.
keywords Information
such as; availability
Follow, is not
Participation, only about
Share, creating
Event,
Thousands, and more. Information availability is not only about creating awareness for awareness
Member, Answer, for
care receivers;
Thousands, andit is
care receivers; about
more. gaining
it isInformation
about knowledge
gaining fromis
availability
knowledge the
fromnotcareonly
the revivers
about
care andand
public
creating
revivers forforscientific
awareness
public scien-for
research
care purposes
receivers;
tific research and improving
it is about
purposes gaining healthcare.
knowledge
and improving One
from
healthcare. theofcare
One the strategies
revivers
of the totoenhance
and
strategies public
enhancefor societal
scien-
societal
awareness
tific research and
awareness educate
and educate
purposes and people about
people
improving cancer
about cancerabout
healthcare. Oneits
about ofrisks
its risks andthe
and
the strategiestheways
ways
to to to prevent
prevent
enhance it is it
societal
is the development
awareness the development
and educate of certain
of certain
people questionnaires
questionnaires
about and competition
and competition
cancer about its risks and exercises
exercises
the ways among
among the the
to prevent pub-
public.
it is
the Questionnaires
lic. development
Questionnaires ofandandcompetitions
certain competitions
questionnairescan also
can also
and be used
usedtotoobtain
becompetition obtain information
information
exercises amongfor scientific
for re-
thescientific
public.
researchsearch
Questionnaires
purposes.
purposes. andThey
They
can can
competitions
be organized
be organized
can alsoand
and supportedby
supported
be used
by variousorganizations,
to obtainvarious
organizations, associ-
information for scientific associa-
re-
ations, and electronic platforms. For example, one of the charitable organizations for can-
tions, and electronic
search purposes. Theyplatforms.
can be For example,
organized and one of
supported the charitable
by various organizations
organizations, for cancer
associ-
cer patients, held various online competitions on Twitter and provided financial
patients,
ations, andheld variousplatforms.
electronic online competitions
For example, onone
Twitter
of theand provided
charitable financial incentives
organizations for can-
for stimulating
cer patients, held awareness
variousamong onlinethe members of on
competitions the Twitter
community. and An examplefinancial
provided tweet is
given below.
bility 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW ‫ﻣﺴﺮﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻱ؟‬
vent it is the development of certain
‫ﻣﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹﺻﺎ‬questionnaires
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬and
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻣ‬competition
| ‫ﻣﻘﺔﻣﺴﻤﻪ‬ exercises
‫ﻣﺴﺎ‬#“………. ” among the 31 of 42
public. Questionnaires “#Basmaand competitions can also be
competition / Question used
three: to obtain
What are theinformation
causes of breast for cancer
scien-?........”
tific research purposes. They can be organized and supported by various organizations,
associations, and electronicServices
5. Extended platforms. For example, one of the charitable organizations
incentives
for for stimulating
cancer patients, held various awareness among the on
online competitions members
Twitter and of the community.
provided financial An example
Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313 This section discusses the 42 extended services that we discovered by using 30 of 41
incentives for stimulating
tweet is given below. awareness among the members of the community. An example
knowledge gained from and extending the initial discovery process. These services are
tweet is given below. "……….‫ ماهي أسباب اإلصابة بسرطان الثدي؟‬:‫مسابقة بسمه |السؤال الثالث‬#"
discovered by topical searching over the dataset, the topics are some of the services discov-
“#Basmaered competition
in the initial / Question
discovery three: What are
process. Wethe used causes
four of breastsearches
topical ?........” Symptoms,
cancer(Causes,
"……….‫ ماهي أسباب اإلصابة بسرطان الثدي؟‬:‫مسابقة بسمه |السؤال الثالث‬#"
Prevention, and Stakeholders) and detect 42 additional services; these are discussed in
5. Extended Sections
Services
“#Basma 5.1 to 5.4, respectively. We
competition/Question call them
three: What extended
are services
the causes since these .are
. . .discovered
. . ..”
“#Basma competition | Question three: What are the causes of breast cancerof?........”
breast cancer?
by using the knowledge gained from the initial service discovery process.
This section discusses the 42 extended services that we discovered by using
5. 5. Extended Services
Extended Services
knowledge gained
5.1. This
Cancer from and extending the initial discovery process. These services are
Causes
This section section
discusses discusses
the 42 the 42 extended
extended services services wethat we discovered by using knowledge
discovered by topical searching over the dataset, thethattopics arediscovered
some of the by services
using discov-
knowledge gained We from and
intended extending
to investigatethe initial
the discovery
usability of process.
our approachThese services
further andare discovered
hence we ap-
ered in thegained initial
by
from
topical
plied
and extending
discovery
searching
clustering on process.
over
our the
theWe
dataset
initial
dataset, used
with
discovery
the
a four
topics
focus on
process.
topical
are some
cancer
These services
searches
of the
causes. (Causes,
services
This
areSymptoms,
discovered
approach allowed in the
us
discovered by topical searching over the dataset, the topics are some of the services discov-
Prevention,initialand
to Stakeholders)
detectdiscovery
a list of cancer and
process. detect
We
causes used
from 42four
theadditional
topical
collected services;
searches
tweets. We thesecertain
(Causes,
used are discussed
Symptoms, keyterms infind
Prevention,
to
ered in the initial discovery process. We used four topical searches (Causes, Symptoms,
Sections 5.1and
Prevention, and
to 5.4,
more respectively.
Stakeholders)
about
Stakeholders) andWe
the causes.
and
call4242
detect
These
detect
them
terms extended
additional
additional are some services
services; these
important
services; these
since
Arabic
are
these
arediscussed
discussed
terms areinthat
discovered
in Section
refer to5.1 to
the
by using the Section
knowledge
causes 5.4,
of respectively.
cancer gained
for We
from
example call
the them
“‫ﻣﺴﺒﺐ‬initial
”, extended
“‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ service
“,
Sections 5.1 to 5.4 respectively. We call them extended services since these are discovered ” services
‫ﻣﺴﺒﺐ‬
discovery
“,”‫ﻣﺴﺒﺐ‬since
”. these
process.
We are
categorized discovered
the by
causes using
into
the
by using the knowledge knowledge
several groups
gained gained
based
fromon from
thethe the initial
content
initial serviceofservice
the discovery
tweets.
discovery process.
The causes
process. of cancer that we have de-
5.1. Cancer Causes tected include Carcinogenic Foods, Wrong Eating Habits, Genetic Causes, Obesity, Smok-
5.1.
ing,Cancer
and others.CausesThe full taxonomy for the causes of cancer that we extracted from Twitter
We intended
5.1. Cancer Causes
dataWe
to investigate the usability of our approach further and hence we ap-
intended to
is presented ininvestigate
Figure 6. the usability of our approach further and hence we applied
pliedWe clustering
intended on
to
clustering our dataset
investigate
on our dataset
Carcinogenic with
usability
Foodswith area focus
offoods
aour
focus on
approach
that cancer
on contain
cancer causes.
further
causes.andThis
chemicals This
hence approach
we
approach
such applied allowed
allowed
as preservatives, tous
ustaste detect
en-
clustering
to detect aonlistour ofdataset
cancer with a
causes focusfromon cancer
the
and causes.
collected
juices to This
tweets.
which approach
We
a list of cancer causes from the collected tweets. We used certain keyterms to find more
hancers, artificial flavors, allowed
used
preservatives us
certain
are to
added. detect
keyterms
Eating atolotfind
of car-
amore
list ofabout
cancer causes
about
the thefrom
causes.
cinogenic causes.
foods themay
These collected
These terms
terms
cause tweets.
arearesome
cancer. WeIt isused
some certain
important
important
advised keyterms
to Arabic
Arabic
commit termsto
toterms find
thatthat
a healthy more
refer tothat
refer
diet thetocauses
the of
contains
about the causes. These terms are some important Arabic terms that refer to the causes of
causes of cancer cancer
nutrients
forforexample
example
and avoid harmful
“‫”تسبب‬, foods.
“‫يسبب‬ The following
”, “‫”بسبب‬, “‫”مسبب‬. . We
areWe categorized
sample tweets the
categorized that
thecauses
elaborate
causes intointo
several
on this.
cancer for example "‫"تسبب‬,posted"‫" يسبب‬, "‫"بسبب‬,"‫"مسبب‬. We categorized the causes into several
“....that
several groups groups
They based
were
based on on thethe bycontent
patients,
content ofofthethetweets.
doctors,tweets.
andThe Thecauses
other causes of cancer
stakeholders.
of cancer theywe
that have
found
we haveoutdetected
that
de- my
groups based nephew on the content of thethetweets. The causesand of soft
cancer that
…”.we“Be have detected
tected include include Carcinogenic
has leukemia,
Carcinogenic Foods,
Foods, reason Wrong
Wrong EatingHabits,
is Indomie
Eating Habits, Genetic
drinks
Genetic Causes, Obesity,
careful,
Causes, Smoking,
juices and
Obesity, soft drinks
Smok- and
include Carcinogenic Foods, Wrong Eating Habits, Genetic Causes, Obesity, Smoking,
ing,others.
and others.others.
cause The
colon full
cancer taxonomy
for young for
peoplethe causes
and various of cancer
chronic that we
diseases. extracted
Get to know from
them Twitter
and avoid data
themis
and fullThe
Theimmediately.” full taxonomy
taxonomy for the causes for the causesthat
of cancer of we
cancer that we
extracted fromextracted
Twitter data from Twitter
presented in Figure 6.
data
is is presented
presented in Figure in6.Figure 6.
Carcinogenic
Carcinogenic Foods
Foods arearefoods foods
that that
contain contain
chemicals chemicals
such as such as preservatives,
preservatives, taste en- taste en-
hancers,
hancers,artificial
artificial flavors,
flavors, andand juices to which
juices to which preservatives
preservatives are added.
are added.EatingEating
a lot ofa lot of car-
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW
carcinogenic foods may cause cancer. It is advised to commit to a healthy diet that contains 31 of 43
cinogenic foods may cause cancer. It is advised to commit to a healthy diet that contains
nutrients and avoid harmful foods. The following are sample tweets that elaborate on this.
nutrients and avoid harmful foods. The following are sample tweets that elaborate on this.
They were posted by patients, doctors, and other stakeholders. “....they found out that my
They were nephewpostedhas byleukemia,
patients, doctors, and other stakeholders. “....they found out that my
the reason is Indomie and soft drinks…”. “Be careful, juices and soft drinks
nephew has leukemia,
cause colon cancer for youngIndomie
the reason is people and andvarious chronic…
soft drinks ”. “BeGet
diseases. careful,
to knowjuices
them and andavoid
soft them
drinks
cause colon cancer for young people and various chronic diseases. Get to know them and avoid them
immediately.”
immediately.”Figure 6. Cancer Causes Taxonomy Extracted from Twitter Data.
Figure 6. Cancer Causes Taxonomy Extracted from Twitter Data.
There are some

Carcinogenic Wrong
Foods areEating
foods Habits that increase
that contain the risk
chemicals suchofas
cancer. These include
preservatives, taste
some cooking methods, for example, deep-frying, cooking food more
enhancers, artificial flavors, and juices to which preservatives are added. Eatingthan necessary
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of
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carcinogenic which
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cause cancer.chemicals like to
It is advised heterocyclic
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The following posted by
are sample patients
tweets that and other on
elaborate stake-
this.
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‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻁﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
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leukemia, the‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬is
reason ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬Indomie
‫ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬and
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
soft:‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬
drinks‫ﻣﻦ‬. ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
. . ”.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﺥ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬
“Be careful, ‫ “ﻻ‬and soft
juices
”.‫ ﻭﻳﺘﻢﻣﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪﻣﻌﺪ ﻁﻬﻴﻪﻣﺒﺎﻣﺮﺓ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻏﻠﻴﻪﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻣﺪﺓﻣﻌﺪ ﻁﻬﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪﻣﻦﻣﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
drinks6.cause
Figure Cancercolon cancer
Causes for young
Taxonomy people
Extracted fromandTwitter
various chronic diseases. Get to know them and
Data.
“Do not boil cooked food more than necessary: frequent boiling of this food generates
avoid them immediately.”
substances
There that activate cancer cells and increase their proliferation, so itThese
is sufficient
Thereare aresome
some Wrong
Wrong Eating
Eating Habits
Habits thatthat
increase the risk
increase of cancer.
the risk of cancer. include
These include
Figure 6. Cancer
some to
Causes boil it once
Taxonomy after cooking
Extracted it, and
from eat it immediately
Twitter Data. after cooking.”
some cooking methods, for example, deep-frying, cooking food more than necessaryatat high
cooking methods, for example, deep-frying, cooking food more than necessary
high temperatures which generate chemicals like heterocyclic amines, and the use of plas-
temperatures, which generate chemicals like heterocyclic amines, and the use of plastic for
There tic
arefor food Wrong
foodsome
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following
The following tweets thattweets were the
increase
were posted
posted
risk
by
byofpatients
cancer.
patients
and other include
These
and other
stake-
stakeholders.
some cookingholders.
methods, for example, deep-frying, cooking food more than necessary at
‫ ينتج عن كثرة غليان هذا الطعام تولد مواد تنشط الخاليا السرطانية وتزيد من‬:‫"ال تغل الطعام المطبوخ أكثر من الالزم‬
high temperatures, which generate".‫طهيه مباشرة‬chemicals like ‫بعد‬
‫ ويتم تناوله بعد‬،‫طهيه‬ heterocyclic amines,
‫يكفي غليه مرة واحدة‬ and the use of plas-
‫ لذا‬،‫تكاثرها‬
tic for food preservation.
“Do not boilThe
cooked following
food more thantweets werefrequent
necessary: postedboiling
by patients and
of this food othersub-
generates stake-
holders. “Do
stances not
that boil cooked
activate cancer food moreincrease
cells and than necessary: frequentsoboiling
their proliferation, of thistofood
it is sufficient boilgenerates
it once
‫الخاليا السرطانية‬substances
‫ مواد تنشط‬that activate
‫تولد‬after
‫الطعام‬ ‫ هذا‬cancer
cooking‫غليان‬ cells
‫كثرة‬
it, and ‫عن‬and
eat increase
it‫ينتج‬ their
:‫من الالزم‬
immediately ‫أكثر‬proliferation,
after so ‫تغل‬
‫الطعام المطبوخ‬
cooking.” it is‫ال‬sufficient
“ to
boil
”.‫طهيه مباشرة‬Negativeit once
‫تناوله بعد‬ after
‫ويتم‬ ،‫طهيه‬
Feelings cooking it, and
‫واحدة بعد‬
and eatsuch
‫غليه مرة‬
emotions, it‫يكفي‬
immediately
as‫لذا‬anger,
،‫تكاثرها‬after cooking.”
‫وتزيد من‬
sadness, and hate, negatively affect
“Do not and weaken
boil cookedthe
Negative immune
food more system.
Feelings than Therefore,
and emotions,
necessary: it isas
such necessary
frequent anger, to of
control
sadness,
boiling emotions
this and
food hate, to decrease affect
negatively
generates
the risk
and thatof
weakengetting cancer.
the immune The following
system. tweets represent the cluster. They were posted
to by
substances activate cancer cells and Therefore, it isproliferation,
increase their necessary to control emotions
so it is sufficient decrease
patients and other stakeholders.
to boil it once after cooking it, and eat it immediately after cooking.”
‫"مشاعرك السلبية تتكدس في عضو معين من جسدك إذا لم تواجهها وتحررها وتتحول ال سمح هللا إلى مرض مزمن‬
".......‫السرطان = حزن عميييييق‬. ‫األورام = جروح دفينة‬...
“Your negative feelings accumulate in a certain part of your body, if you do not confront
them and release them it may turn into a chronic disease.…. Tumors= buried wounds. Cancer =
holders.
holders.
‫وتزيد من‬‫السرطانيةمن‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮطﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻂالخاليا‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎوتزيد‬
‫السرطانية‬ ‫تنشط‬ ‫تنشطمواد‬
‫الخاليا‬
‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫موادتولد‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫الطعام‬
‫هذاتولد‬
‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬ ‫غليان‬
‫الطعام‬
‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻏﻠﯿﺎن‬‫كثرةهذا‬ ‫ﻋﻦعن‬
‫غليان‬
‫ﻛﺜﺮة‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞينتج‬
‫كثرة‬ :‫الالزم‬
‫عن‬ :‫ينتج‬
‫اﻟﻼزم‬‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬
:‫الالزم‬ ‫المطبوخ‬
‫من‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎمالطعام‬
‫المطبوخ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮخ‬ ‫تغل‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻞ"ال‬
‫الطعام‬ ‫"“الﻻتغل‬
".‫طهيه"مباشرة‬
.‫مباشرة‬‫طهيهبعد‬
‫بعدتناوله‬
‫تناولهويتم‬
،‫طهيه‬ ‫بعدويتم‬،‫طهيه‬
‫واحدةمرةبعدواحدة‬
‫مرةغليه‬
‫غليهيكفي‬
‫يكفي لذا‬
،‫تكاثرها‬
‫ لذا‬،‫تكاثرها‬
”.‫ وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﮫ ﺑﻌﺪ طﮭﯿﮫ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬،‫ ﻟﺬا ﯾﻜﻔﻲ ﻏﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﺑﻌﺪ طﮭﯿﮫ‬،‫وﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮھﺎ‬
“Do not boilnot
“Do cooked food more
boil cooked foodthan
morenecessary: frequent
than necessary: boilingboiling
frequent of this food generates
of this sub- sub-
food generates
“Do not boil cooked food more than necessary: frequent boiling of this food generates
stancesstances
that activate cancer cancer
that activate cells and increase
cells their proliferation,
and increase so it is so
their proliferation, sufficient to boil it
it is sufficient to once
boil it once
Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313 substancesafterthatcooking
activate
after it, cancer
and it,
cooking cells
eatand eatand
it immediately increase
after their
it immediately afterproliferation,
cooking.”cooking.” so it is sufficient31 of 41
to
Negative boil it once
Feelings
Negative after cooking
and emotions,
Feelings it,
and emotions, and
such as eat it
anger,
such immediately
sadness,
as anger, after
and hate,
sadness, cooking.”
andnegatively affect affect
hate, negatively
andNegative
and weaken theFeelings
the immune
weaken system.
immune and emotions,
Therefore,
system. it issuch
Therefore, it isas
necessary anger, sadness,
to control
necessary emotions
to control and tohate,
emotions tonegatively
decrease decrease affect
and
the
the risk
the weaken
ofrisk of
getting
risk the immune
ofgetting
cancer.
getting cancer. system.
The
The following
cancer. The Therefore,
following
tweets
following tweets
represent
tweets itrepresent
isthe
necessary
represent thethe
cluster. to
They
cluster.control
cluster.
were
They emotions
They
posted
were were tobydecrease
by posted
posted by
patients and
riskother
patients
patients
the and
ofand stakeholders.
other stakeholders.
other cancer.
getting stakeholders.
The following tweets represent the cluster. They were posted by
patients and other stakeholders.
‫مرض مزمن‬
‫مرضإلىمزمن‬
‫سمح هللا‬ ‫وتتحول ال‬
‫هللا إلى‬ ‫وتحررها ال سمح‬ ‫تواجههالم تواجهها‬
‫وتحررها وتتحول‬ ‫جسدك إذا‬
‫جسدكمنإذا لم‬
‫منمعين‬‫عضو‬‫عضوفيمعين‬
‫السلبيةفيتتكدس‬
‫مشاعركتتكدس‬ "
‫مشاعرك السلبية‬ "
‫"ﻻ ﺳﻤﺢ ﷲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮض‬....... ‫وﺗﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺮرھﺎ‬
‫عميييييق‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟﮭﮭﺎ= حزن‬
".......‫عميييييق‬ ‫السرطان‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬. ‫دفينة‬
‫السرطان = حزن‬
‫ﺟﺴﺪك إذا‬
‫جروح‬ ‫األورامﻣﻦ‬
‫=ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬...
. ‫جروح=دفينة‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫“ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮك اﻟﺴﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﺪس ﻓﻲ‬
‫األورام‬...
‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ‬
“Your ‫دﻓﯿﻨﺔ‬
... “Your
“Your ‫ﺟﺮوح‬
negative
negative = ‫اﻷورام‬
feelings
feelings
negative . ”accumulate
.......
accumulate
feelings ‫ﻋﻤﯿﯿﯿﯿﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﺰن‬
inin
in a certain
accumulate =part
aacertain‫اﻟﺴﺮطﺎن‬
certainofpart
yourof
part your
ofbody, body,
yourifbody, ifif you
you do you
not do donot
notconfront
confrontconfront
them and “Your
them
and and
release
them negative
themrelease
releaseitthem feelings
maythem
turn
it may accumulate
itinto
may
turn turnainto
a chronic
into in a certain
a chronic
disease
chronic disease part
.…. Tumors=
disease.of
.…. Tumors= your
buried body,
. . . . Tumors= if
woundswounds
buried you do
. buried
Cancer not
wounds.
. Cancer
= =
Cancer = deep sadness . . . .”deep sadness
confront them and release them it may ....” ....”
turn
deep sadness into a chronic disease . … . Tumors= buried
wounds. Cancer = deep sadness....”
Smoking, Alcohol, and Drugs are among the most important causes of cancer that
Smoking, Alcohol,
Smoking,
Smoking, and Drugs
Alcohol,
Alcohol, and are
andDrugs among
Drugs are the
among
are most
among important
the the
most causescauses
important
most of cancer
important thatof cancer
of cancer
causes that that
negatively affect the health of the body. The following are sample tweets, which elaborate
negatively affect affect
negatively
negatively the health
affect the
the of the of
health
healthbody.
ofthe The
the following
body.
body.The are sample
following
The tweets
are sample
following are which
tweets
sample elaborate
which
tweets, elaborate
which elaborate
on that.
on that.
onthat.
on that.
‫أعراض جانبية‬ ،‫ الوراثة‬،‫الوراثة‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﺮاض‬ ،‫اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ‬،‫والخمر‬
‫أعراض جانبية‬ ‫ التدخين‬،‫السمنة‬
،‫والخمر‬
،‫واﻟﺨﻤﺮ‬ ‫التدخين‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪﺧﯿﻦ‬ :،‫السمنة‬
‫ أبرزها‬،‫متعددة‬
،‫اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺔ‬
".‫االلتهاب‬
".‫ب‬ ‫حالة‬:،‫وية‬
‫أﺑﺮزھﺎ‬
‫االلتها‬
‫عوامل‬
،‫متعددة‬:‫الجواب‬
:‫أبرزها‬،‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫ عوامل‬:‫السرطان؟‬ # ‫مسببات‬# ‫ماهي‬
‫السرطان؟ الجواب‬ " ‫" ماهي‬
‫مسببات‬
‫ لألد‬،‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ لألدوية‬:‫اﻟﺴﺮطﺎن؟ اﻟﺠﻮاب‬# ‫“ ﻣﺎھﻲ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت‬
‫حالة‬
”.‫اﻻﻟﺘﮭﺎب‬
“What“What
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
are the are
،‫ﻟﻸدوﯾﺔ‬
causes of #cancer
the causes ? Answer:
of #cancer ? Answer:
Multiple factors,factors,
Multiple mostly:mostly:
obesity,obesity,
smoking and and
smoking
“What are
are the
alcohol,the causes
causes
genetics,
alcohol, of
of #cancer?
side #cancer
effects
genetics, side of Answer:
? medications,
Answer:
effects Multiple
Multiple factors,
factors,
and inflammation.”
of medications, and mostly:
mostly:obesity,
inflammation.”
obesity,smoking
smoking
and alcohol,
alcohol,genetics,
genetics,side
sideeffects
effectsofofmedications,
medications,and inflammation.”
and inflammation.”
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics is
is an
Genetics is
is an important
an important
important important
factor factor
inin
factorfactor in in
diseases
diseases diseases
inin
general
diseases general in
andgeneral
in general
andcancer
and and
cancer incancer
in particular.
cancer inSome
particular.
in particular.
particular. Some Some Some
cancer
of cancer
of
cancer diseases
cancer have
diseases a genetic
have a predisposition,
genetic and
predisposition, some
and are
some generated
are from
generated genetic
from genetic
diseasesdiseases
have a genetic have apredisposition,
genetic predisposition,
and some are andgenerated
some arefrom generated from genetic
genetic mutations.
mutations. Obesity
mutations.
mutations. is another
Obesity
Obesity is
is risk factor
another
another risk
riskforfactor
cancer.
factor It cancer.
forfor changes
cancer. hormones
It changes
It secretion,
hormones
changes hormones affects
secretion, affects affects
secretion,
Obesity is another risk factor for cancer. It changes hormones secretion, affects the immune
the immune
theimmune
the system,
immune and causes
system,
system, and and chronic
causes
causes cellular
chronic inflammation
cellular
chronic and these
inflammation
cellular and can
theseleadcantolead
can-to can
can- lead to
system, and causes chronic cellular inflammation and inflammation
these can lead to and these
cancer. The follow-
cer. The following
cer. The followingtweet is posted
tweet by a doctor
is posted account
by a doctor whichwhich
account elaborates on that,
elaborates on“What are
that, “What are
ing tweet
cancer. Theis posted
following by a tweet
doctor’s is account,
posted by which elaborates
a doctor’s on that,
account, “Whatelaborates
which are the causes on of
that,
the causes of #cancer
the causes ? Answer:
of #cancer ? Answer:
Multiple factors,factors,
Multiple mostly:mostly:
obesity,obesity,
smoking and alcohol,
smoking genetics,
and alcohol, genetics,
#cancer?
“What
side effects
areAnswer:
the causesMultiple
of factors,
#cancer ? mostly:
Answer: obesity,
Multiple smoking
factors, and alcohol,
mostly: genetics,
obesity, smoking side effects
and of
alcohol,
side of medications,
effects and inflammation.”
of medications, and inflammation.”
medications,
genetics,
Environmental sideand
Environmental inflammation.”
effects ofPollution
Pollution medications,
is one isofone and
the inflammation.”
most
of theimportant causescauses
most important of cancer. It includes
of cancer. It includes
air pollution
air Environmental
Environmental
with
pollution toxic
with gasesPollution
toxicPollution
or factory
gases oris one
issmoke,
factory of
one of the
themost
and
smoke, most
water
and important
important
pollution
water causes
withcauses
pollution of of
bacteria
with cancer.
cancer.
and
bacteria Itand
rust. includes
It includesair air
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 32 of rust.
43
pollution
pollution
In addition, with
with
exposure
In addition, toxic
toxic gases
gases
to harmful
exposure or
orfactory
rays
to harmful factory smoke,
increasessmoke, and
and
the chances
rays increases water
water pollution
pollution
of developing
the chances with bacteria
with cancer.
cancer.
of developing bacteria
The The and rust.
and rust.
In addition,
In addition, exposure
exposureto toharmful
harmfulrays raysincreases
increases the chances
the chances of of
developing
developing cancer. TheThe
cancer.
following tweets represent the cluster. These tweets were
following tweets represent the cluster. These tweets were posted by patients, the public, posted by patients, the public,
following
and other tweets represent the cluster. These tweets were posted by patients, the public,
and other stakeholders.
stakeholders.
and other stakeholders.
”.
”.‫اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫الغذائيةواﻟﻤﻮاد‬
".‫الملونة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫المصانعﻣﻦ‬
‫والمواد‬ .........‫ﻣﻨﮫ‬ ‫منه ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ من‬......... ‫اﻟﻤﺪن‬ ‫اﻏﻠﺐ‬
‫تعاني‬ ‫المدن‬.....
‫اغلب‬‫اﻟﺴﺮطﺎن‬ ‫مرضﻣﺮض‬
..... ‫السرطان‬ ....““ ...."
“…cancer
“…cancer disease
disease …
… .most most
citiescities
suffer suffer
from from
it… it… caused by factories and colored
“ . . . cancer disease . . most cities suffer from it caused by factories
. . . caused by factories andand
colored foodstuffs.”
colored foodstuffs.”
foodstuffs.”
5.2.Cancer
5.2. Cancer Symptoms
Symptoms
5.2. As
Cancer
Aspart
part Symptoms
ofof
our our investigation
investigation of usability
of usability of our of approach,
our approach, we appliedwe applied clustering
clustering to our to our
dataset
dataset As with
withpart an
anof emphasis
our
emphasis on on
investigation cancer
cancer symptoms.
of usability
symptoms. From
of our
From the collected
theapproach,
collected tweets,
we applied
tweets, we were weable
were able
clustering to our
toderive
deriveawith
todataset a list
list anof
of cancer
emphasis
cancer symptoms.
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somesome
symptoms.
used search
From
search thequeries
queries collectedwithtweets,
with certain certain
keyterms. keyterms.
we were able
These
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keyterms
derive ofrefer
a listrefer to the
to the
cancer cancercancer
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”, “ @Q,with
«B@ . Wekeyterms.
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obtained
obtained
These important
important
keyterms cancer
refercancer symptoms,
to thesymptoms, for
cancer symptoms example,
for example; Fever, Fatigue,
suchFever,
as “‫اﻋﺮاض‬ Bleeding,
Fatigue, Discharge,
”, “Bleeding,
‫”اﻻﻋﺮاض‬, Discharge,
“‫”ﻋﻼﻣﺎت‬. We
Weight Loss, Headaches, and others. The fullfor taxonomy forFever,
the symptoms Fatigue,ofBleeding,
cancer thatDischarge,
Weight Loss,
obtained Headaches,
important cancer andsymptoms,
others. The full taxonomy
example; for the symptoms of cancer that we
we extratcted from Twitter data is presented in Figure 7. The tweets were posted by stake-
extractedLoss,
Weight fromHeadaches,
Twitter data and is presented
others. in The Figure 7. The tweets
full taxonomy forwerethe posted
symptoms by stakeholders
of cancer that
holders of healthcare. For example, below is a tweet that shows the symptoms associated
of healthcare.
we extracted For example,
from Twitter below
data is presented
is a tweet thatinshows Figure the 7. symptoms
The tweets associated
were with by
posted
with ovarian cancer.
ovarian cancer.of healthcare. For example, below is a tweet that shows the symptoms
stakeholders
‫منطقة البطن‬
associated with ‫بالضغط في‬
ovarian ‫شعور‬cancer.
‫ ألم أو تورم أو‬:‫أعراضه‬...................‫"سرطان المبيض هو أحد أنواع السرطانات‬
".‫امساك‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ أوﻓﻲ‬
‫ انتفاخات‬،‫ﺷﻌﻮر‬
‫صحب بدم‬ ‫المهبل قد ت‬
‫ﺗﻮرم أو‬ ‫ أﻟﻢ أو‬:‫من‬ ‫افرازات‬...................
‫أﻋﺮاﺿﮫ‬ ،‫غير وقت الدورة‬ ‫أﻧﻮاعالمهبل في‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮطﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫نزيف من‬
‫ أﺣﺪ‬،‫والحوض‬
‫“ﺳﺮطﺎن اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺾ ھﻮ‬
“Ovarian cancer
‫ اﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧﺎت‬، ‫ﺑﺪم‬ ‫ﺼﺤﺐ‬ isُ ‫ﺗ‬one of cancer
‫اﻟﻤﮭﺒﻞ ﻗﺪ‬ diseases…….
‫اﻓﺮازات ﻣﻦ‬ its symptoms:
،‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺪورة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ‬pain,
‫ ﻣﻦ‬swelling or a feeling
‫ ﻧﺰﯾﻒ‬،‫واﻟﺤﻮض‬ ‫ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬of
“Ovarian
pressure in the
”.‫أواﻣﺴﺎك‬ cancer
abdomen is
andone of
pelviscancer
area, diseases
bleeding from. . . .
the. . . its
vagina symptoms:
outside the pain,
time of swelling
the period,or a
feeling
“Ovarian cancer is one of cancer diseases……. its symptoms: pain, swelling or a the
secretions of
from pressure
the vagina in the
that abdomen
may be and pelvis
accompanied area,
by bleeding
blood, and from the
swelling or vagina outside
constipation.”
time of of
feeling thepressure
period, secretions from theand
in the abdomen vagina
pelvisthat may
area, be accompanied
bleeding by blood,
from the vagina and
outside
swelling or constipation.”
the time of the period, secretions from the vagina that may be accompanied by blood,
and swelling or constipation.”
The following tweet highlights breast cancer symptoms such as Swelling or Lumps
and the change in Size of the Breast: “Another clear symptom of breast cancer is the
emergence of swellings under one or both armpits, as a result of swelling of the lymph
tissues there. A noticeable change in the size of the breast is unjustified, as it swells greatly.
A noticeable shrinkage or retraction of the nipple inward, which is one of the important
symptoms of breast cancer.” Weight Loss symptom is shown in the following tweet. “ . . . I
noticed that I lost weight for no reason, and after I took an endoscopy, they found that I
have a colon tumor . . . ”. The following tweets shows some symptoms such as; Yellowing
of the Skin, Pain in the Bones, Headaches, and Breathing Problems. “In advanced stages,
2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 31 of 40
when the cancer spreads, and becomes a malignant tumor, some symptoms may appear
such as: yellowing of the skin, pain in the bones, headache, and breathing problems.”
Figure 7. Cancer Symptoms Taxonomy Extracted from Twitter Data.

Figure 7. Cancer Symptoms Taxonomy Extracted from Twitter Data.
5.3. tweet
The following Cancer highlights
Prevention breast cancer symptoms such as Swelling or Lumps
and the change in Size Weofapplied clustering
the Breast: “Anotheron ourclear
dataset with a focus
symptom on cancer
of breast prevention.
cancer By analyzing
is the emer-
the under
gence of swellings collected tweets,
one we armpits,
or both were able as to identify
a result aoflist of cancerofprevention
swelling the lymph methods.
tissues We used
A¯ñË@
”, “ éK A¯ð
”, “ éK A¯ñÊË
”, “ ½J®K ”. We identified important
there. A noticeable change in the size of the breast is unjustified, as it swells greatly. A ways
certain terms for instance “ éK
to prevent
noticeable shrinkage cancer, which
or retraction of the include;
nippleSports,
inward,Healthy which Diet, Healthy
is one Lifestyle,
of the No Smoking,
important
symptoms of breast cancer.” Weight Loss symptom is shown in the following tweet. “… I 8. The
etc. The full taxonomy that we extracted from Twitter data is presented in Figure
following tweets were posted by the different accounts as patients, hospitals, doctors, and
noticed that I lost weight for no reason, and after I took an endoscopy, they found that I
other stakeholders. For example, the following tweets, found in our dataset, are related
have a colon tumor…”.
to; Sports,The following
Healthy tweets
Lifestyle, shows some
No Smoking, Alcohol symptoms
Control, such as; Yellowing
Vaccination, Avoiding Stress,
of the Skin, PainDrinking
in the Bones,
Water, Headaches,
and Sleepingand Breathing
Early. Problems.
“Healthy nutrition, “In advanced
sports, stages,
drinking water, sleeping early,
when the cancerstaying
spreads,awayand
frombecomes
stress . . .a etc.
malignant tumor, some
are all important factors symptoms may of
for the prevention appear
all diseases and
cancers
such as: yellowing in skin,
of the particular.
pain Let
in theyourbones,
health headache,
always be your andpriority
breathingfor aproblems.”
safe future from diseases,
God willing.” #Pink_October, #Breast_Cancer_Awareness. “Can you prevent cancer? Researches
showed that up to 50% of cancer cases can be prevented through healthy lifestyle. You make choices
5.3. Cancer Prevention
every day that affect your health. Prevention and early detection are more important than ever: don’t
We applied clustering on our dataset with a focus on cancer prevention. By analyzing
use tobacco, eat a healthy diet, be active and maintain a healthy weight, refrain from drinking alcohol,
the collected tweets, we were able to identify a list of cancer prevention methods. We used
certain terms for instance “‫”ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬, “‫”ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬, “‫”ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬, “‫”ﻳﻘﻴﻚ‬. We identified important ways to
prevent cancer, which include; Sports, Healthy Diet, Healthy Lifestyle, No Smoking, etc.
The full taxonomy that we extracted from Twitter data is presented in Figure 8. The fol-
lowing tweets were posted by the different accounts as patients, hospitals, doctors, and
avoid risky behaviors, vaccination (human papillomavirus and hepatitis), know your family medical
family medical history and get regular checkups.” Furthermore, the following tweet highlights
history and get history
family medical regularand
checkups.” Furthermore,
get regular the followingthe
checkups.” Furthermore, tweet highlights
following tweetSmoking and
highlights
Smoking and cancer. “One of the simplest ways to prevent cancer is to stop smoking.”
cancer.
Smoking “One
andofcancer.
the simplest
“One ways
of theto preventways
simplest cancer is to stop
to prevent smoking.”
cancer is to stop smoking.”
Figure 8.
Figure 8. Cancer Prevention
Prevention Taxonomy
TaxonomyExtracted
Extractedfrom
fromTwitter
TwitterData.
Data.
Figure 8. Cancer Prevention Taxonomy Extracted from Twitter Data.
5.4.
5.4.Healthcare
5.4. Healthcare Stakeholders
Healthcare Stakeholders
Stakeholders
We
We extracted
We extracted aaa cluster
extracted cluster for stakeholders
cluster for stakeholders
stakeholdersin in healthcare.
inhealthcare.
healthcare.We We used
Weused some
usedsome search
somesearch
search queries
queries
queries
with specific
with specific keyterms,
keyterms, suchsuch asas““‫ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‬
‫”مريض‬,”,““‫ﻣﺮﻳﻀﻪ‬
‫”مريضه‬,”,““‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻲ‬
‫عائلتي‬”,”,“‫ﺍﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻲ‬
“‫اصدقائي‬ ”‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
”,”, ”‫الصحة‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ “‫ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬
”, ”,
‫وزارة‬ ”, ”,
“‫دكتور‬
“ ‫ﻣﻤﺮﺽ‬ ”, “ ‫ﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮ‬ ”, “ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬ ”, “ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺻﻒ‬ ”, “ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺻﺤﻲ‬ ”, “ ‫ﻋﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ”,
“‫”ممرض‬, “‫”ممرضه‬, “‫”مستشفى‬, “‫”مستوصف‬, “‫”مركزصحي‬, “‫”عيادة‬, “‫”مختبر‬, “‫”تحاليل‬, “‫صيدلية‬ “ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ”, “ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ”, “ ‫ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ‬ ”, ”,
“ ‫ﻋﻼﺝ‬ ”, “ ‫ﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺄ‬
”, “ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ”. A stakeholder is an individual or a group with
“‫”عالج‬, “‫”تأمين‬, “‫”جمعية‬. A stakeholder is an individual or a group with an interest in the an interest in the
subject. In the healthcare
healthcare sector,
sector,individuals
individualsor ororganizations
organizationswith withanan interest in healthcare
subject.
subject. In the sector, individuals or organizations with an interest
interest in healthcare
healthcare
decisions are referred to as stakeholders. The stakeholders that we have detected include;
decisions are referred to as stakeholders.
Patients, Family, Friends, and others. The full taxonomy that we extracted from Twitter
Patients, Family, Friends, and others.
data is presented in Figure 9.
data
data is
is presented
presented in in Figure
Figure 9. 9.
The following tweet represents the stakeholder, Patients: “I am a cancer patient . . . ”.
The following tweet shows the Family and Friends stakeholders: “I lived my experience with
cancer with full strength, . . . Everyone around me shared my pain. I found constant support from
my husband, my family, and my friends . . . ” Below are some tweets related to the Ministry
of Health stakeholder: “The Ministry of Health invites people with chronic diseases and weak
immunity and those who receive immunosuppressive drugs such as . . . cancer patients . . . to
quickly go to the vaccination centers to receive the vaccine in order to avoid any complications
that may threaten their lives if they get the virus.” The following tweet represents the Doctors
stakeholder. “ . . . Doctor . . . Can you advise me about the Zometa injection? I am a breast cancer
patient . . . ” Hospitals as a stakeholder are shown in the following tweets: “[Hospital . . . ]
succeeds in applying advanced technology to treat eye cancer in children”.
We had collected one or more tweets for each stakeholder type and added them to the
paper, however removed from the final version for brevity. We will be happy to provide
the reader with samples of additional tweets if required.
Figure 9. Taxonomy for Stakeholders in the Healthcare Sector Extracted from Twitter Data.
Figure 9. Taxonomy for Stakeholders in the Healthcare Sector Extracted from Twitter Data.
The following tweet represents the stakeholder, Patients: “I am a cancer patient…”.
The following tweet tweet
The following showsrepresents
the Family the
andstakeholder,
Friends stakeholders:
Patients:“I“Ilived
am my experience
a cancer with
patient…”.
The following tweet shows the Family and Friends stakeholders: “I lived my experience with
with specific keyterms, such as “‫”ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‬, “‫”ﻣﺮﻳﻀﻪ‬, “‫”ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻲ‬, “‫”ﺍﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻲ‬, ”‫”ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬, “‫”ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬,
“‫”ﻣﻤﺮﺽ‬, “‫”ﻣﻤﺮﺿﻪ‬, “‫”ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬, “‫”ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺻﻒ‬, “‫”ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺻﺤﻲ‬, “‫”ﻋﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬, “‫”ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬, “‫ﻣﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ”, “‫”ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ‬,
“‫”ﻋﻼﺝ‬, “‫ﻣﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ”, “‫”ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬. A stakeholder is an individual or a group with an interest in the
subject. In the healthcare sector, individuals or organizations with an interest in healthcare
data is presented in Figure 9.
Figure9.9.Taxonomy
Figure Taxonomyfor
forStakeholders
Stakeholdersininthe
theHealthcare
HealthcareSector
SectorExtracted
Extractedfrom
from Twitter
Twitter Data.
Data.
6. Discussion
The following tweet represents the stakeholder, Patients: “I am a cancer patient…”.
TheIn this paper,
following weshows
tweet proposed a data-driven
the Family artificial
and Friends intelligence
stakeholders: (AI) my
“I lived based approach
experience with
called Musawah to automatically detect and identify healthcare services that can be de-
veloped or co-created by various stakeholders using social media analysis. We detected
17 services using unsupervised machine learning from Twitter data using the Latent Dirich-
let Allocation algorithm (LDA) and group them into five macro-services.
The first macro-service, Prevention, involves actions that reduce the chance of getting
cancer (e.g., maintaining a healthy lifestyle, taking vaccines, and avoiding cancer-causing
substances) and it also involves strategies and procedures that prevent cancer from pro-
gressing to advanced stages (e.g., early detection, and regular screening tests). The services
in this category include; Early Diagnosis, Prevention and Control, Causes, Screening, and
Symptoms. The second macro-service, Treatment, describes the cancer treatment services
and increases the level of understanding about options for cancer treatment, which can be
used to treat cancer in different ways depending on the patient’s condition and stage of
the disease. The service in this macro-service includes Chemo and Radiation Therapy and
Surgical Therapy.
The third macro-service is Psychological Support. It includes services, namely, Spir-
itual Support, Suffering, Hope and Optimism. Cancer diseases affect the patients on a
physical, spiritual, and emotional level. Therefore, psychological support is very important
for cancer patients. It helps the patients to handle the difficulties and overcome challenges,
which is an essential factor for a successful treatment and patient’s survival, even the
survival of the patient’s families. The fourth macro-service (Socioeconomic Sustainability)
involves the tweets and clusters that are related to developing better strategies to fight
cancer in the country. The services in this category include Government Support, Socioeco-
nomic and Operational Challenges, Charity Organizations, Financial Support. The fifth
macro-service, Information Availability, which means that information is conveniently
available to all stakeholders including patients, the families of the patients, healthcare orga-
nizations, and government. Information availability is a key strategy in combating cancer
for all stakeholders. It includes the; Breast Cancer Awareness, Awareness Campaigns, and
Questionnaires and Competitions services.
We also introduced in this paper our methodology to develop extended services,
called so as these are discovered by using the knowledge gained from the initial service
discovery process. We discovered 42 extended services by topical searching over the dataset,
where the topics are selected from some of the services discovered in the initial discovery
process. We used four topical searches in this paper—Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and
Stakeholders—however, any number of services can be used to create services in a specific
subdomain. The 42 services are shown in the extended taxonomy of cancer provided in
Figure 10.
Figure 10. Extended Cancer Taxonomy: A Taxonomy of Extended Cancer Services.

Figure 10. Extended Cancer Taxonomy: A Taxonomy of Extended Cancer Services.
WeWementioned
mentioned in inSection
Section1 1that thethe
that aimaim
of this paper
of this is to investigate
paper the rolethe
is to investigate of big
roledata
of big
analytics
data overover
analytics socialsocial
media to automatically
media detect detect
to automatically needs andneedsvalue
andpropositions that could
value propositions that
be nurtured and turned into service co-creation processes through
could be nurtured and turned into service co-creation processes through engaged partic- engaged participation
over social
ipation overand digital
social andmedia,
digitaleventually co-creatingco-creating
media, eventually services. The co-created
services. Theservices couldser-
co-created
be based
vices couldonbevalues
basedthaton are not necessarily
values that are notmaterialistic
necessarilybut are driven but
materialistic by equity, altruism,
are driven by eq-
community strengthening, innovation, and social cohesion. We provide
uity, altruism, community strengthening, innovation, and social cohesion. We provide be- below evidence
lowthatevidence
big data that
analytics
big dataoveranalytics
social media
overcan be used
social media to can
detectbevalue
used propositions
to detect value andpropo-
co-
create values through engaged participation. Specifically, we provide a few examples below
sitions and co-create values through engaged participation. Specifically, we provide a few
to elaborate the concept of automatic discovery, development, deployment of co-created
examples below to elaborate the concept of automatic discovery, development, deploy-
services that we introduced in this paper. We take the example of the discovered service
ment of co-created services that we introduced in this paper. We take the example of the
‘Hope and Optimism’ that was discussed in Section 4. Hope and optimism are among the
discovered
most importantservice ‘Hope
factors thatand Optimism’
make a person that
live awas discussed
happy in Section
and healthy 4. Hope
life. Many andare
people opti-
mism are among
exposed to majorthe most important
psychological factors
pressures that
and make
crises a person
that live their
may affect a happy
lives,and
suchhealthy
as
life.
having chronic cancer disease. A healthy psychological state is essential for the successaffect
Many people are exposed to major psychological pressures and crises that may of
their
any lives, suchand
treatment as having
recovery, chronic cancer
therefore, disease. A
providing healthy psychological
psychological support is state is essential
an important
part
for theofsuccess
treatment. Hope,
of any optimism,
treatment andand patience
recovery, are among
therefore, the components
providing of a healthy
psychological support
ispsychological
an importantcondition. Helping cancer
part of treatment. Hope, patients
optimism, to and
be patient,
patiencewilling, optimistic,
are among and
the compo-
hopeful
nents of acan be through
healthy conversations,
psychological sharing
condition. experiences,
Helping cancerand positive
patients to thoughts.
be patient,People
willing,
share theirand
optimistic, stories and experiences
hopeful can be throughof painconversations,
and suffering, joy and happiness,
sharing experiences, struggles and
and positive
overcoming
thoughts. diseases,
People sharestories of inspiration,
their stories optimism,ofand
and experiences painmore.
and As we havejoy
suffering, mentioned
and happi-
earlier,
ness, serviceand
struggles co-creation
overcoming is enabled through
diseases, engaged
stories participation
of inspiration, of needand
optimism, andmore.
value As
propositions. In co-creation terminology, both parties, a customer
we have mentioned earlier, service co-creation is enabled through engaged participation and company create
of need and value propositions. In co-creation terminology, both parties, a customer and
company create value for each other and this value could be money, product, service, or
anything of value for the parties involved. Therefore, the value could be anything materi-
alistic or otherwise, such as a desire for equity, the altruistic nature of a person or party,
value for each other and this value could be money, product, service, or anything of value
for the parties involved. Therefore, the value could be anything materialistic or otherwise,
such as a desire for equity, the altruistic nature of a person or party, and the desire to
strengthen communities, bring innovation, or social cohesion. Now imagine an open
service and value healthcare system based on freely available information made available
by the public, the government, third and fourth sectors, or others. Imagine someone in
need of Hope and Optimism shares the need on social media and this is matched by a
value proposition, someone with a specific experience, knowledge, skillset, etc. These two
people or parties come together to exchange value for value such as the need for hope and
optimism exchanged for a monetary value or desire for equity and social cohesion, and in
the process, they co-create services that can be used as it is in many other cases or adapted
for different situations.
Another example is Suffering, which can be looked at as a service where the person
who suffers has a need and another person or party can provide value to the one suffering
directly (patient) or indirectly (patient’s family) from cancer. Suffering due to cancer can be
physical, psychological, or financial, and these sufferings are well known. For example,
peoples’ finances can be negatively affected due to cancer treatment for themselves or their
family members and cause a person to suffer. Suffering can also be due to operational
reasons, such as the hardships related to the need for patients and their families to travel
farther to specialized hospitals for diagnosis and treatment purposes. This involves diffi-
culties from various perspectives. For example, from the financial perspective, it involves
additional expenses for transportation and housing. Another suffering could be due to
blood shortage. Some patients need a frequent blood transfusion and sometimes it is
difficult to find donors, especially in urgent cases. Using the previous example of Hope
and Optimism service, in the case of Suffering, two people or parties may come together
to exchange value for value, such as the need for relief from Suffering due to financial or
operational reasons, or needing blood, exchanged for a monetary value or desire for equity
and social cohesion, and in the process co-create a service.
Similarly, Information Availability could promote the value co-creation process for
healthcare services by allowing healthcare providers to interact with patients, and patients
with similar health situations for sharing information about conditions, symptoms, and
treatments. This promotes collective learning and emotional support, helps individuals
make decisions, spreads health knowledge, increases health literacy, reduces the patient’s
anxiety level, and provides personalized self-management. Socioeconomic Sustainability
could relate to supporting healthcare services and value co-creation by using the available
healthcare resources to reduce doctor and hospital visits and thereby reduce costs and
wasted resources. Service co-creation could also relate to identifying the needs of a patient
and meeting those needs to gain patient satisfaction by using feedback from the patient’s or
other patients’ experiences acquired from Twitter data. The Treatment service could relate
to increasing the level of understanding about options for cancer treatment available to a
specific individual or group of people and these treatments may not be the mainstream
methods rather based on well-known herbal medicine or lifestyle changes depending on
the patient’s condition and stage of the disease.
The Musawah approach and system proposed in this paper make important and
significant theoretical and practical contributions to the literature. While there were a few
works (e.g., [29]) on cancer-related social media studies in the English language, these
were focused on one or another type of cancer such as breast or skin or lung cancer (see
Section 2.2). There was only work on social media-related cancer studies and it was focused
on studying chemotherapy misconceptions among Twitter users [41]. These works clearly
are different from our work, as we have looked at the whole cancer space in this paper,
not just a type of cancer or chemotherapy misconceptions. There are also some works,
such as [54], that have investigated the use of social media by people and public health
organizations to communicate in new ways for various mutually beneficial activities. While
these and other works have investigated the use of social media for value co-creation
by various actors communicating with each other and sharing information, none of the
works in the literature have proposed to discover healthcare services automatically from
social media. This work, therefore, contributes a novel approach of using social media
and AI to discover, develop, and exchange healthcare or cancer services. We demonstrated
the potential of our approach by discovering over fifty services in several dimensions of
cancer disease including cancer causes, symptoms, prevention, treatment, socioeconomic
sustainability, and stakeholders. The approach can be systemized by creating open service
and value healthcare systems based on freely available information made available by
the public, the government, third and fourth sectors, or others, allowing new forms of
preventions, cures, treatments, and support structures to be discovered and exchanged
between various parties.
The work provides evidence to support the general literature on data-driven smart
cities research [1,2,62,63] and reinforces that policy and action on smart cities, healthcare,
and other sectors should be supported with data and that social and digital media provides
a convenient and important source of such data [64,65]. The topics detected by our system
clearly show the possibility and benefits of our tool, allowing from social media public and
stakeholder conversations the discovery and grasp of important dimensions of the cancer
disease in Saudi Arabia (partly applicable internationally), such as public concerns, patient
requirements, solutions for problems related directly and broadly to cancer such as cancer
treatment, financial difficulties, psychological ordeals and traumas, operational challenges
for the families of cancer patients and other information. The parameters and information
learned through the tool can benefit the public in many ways, such as through being a
source of information and allowing government and various institutions to improve their
services, organizational approaches, foci, etc. The work is distinct from others in terms
of the dataset, methodology and design, our innovative approach of using AI to discover
services, and our findings.
As regards the potential impact of our work, we believe the impact could be founda-
tional, colossal, and far-reaching. On a personal note, the authors casually discussed the
findings of this research and mentioned it to their families, friends, and networks, and this
unconscious activity generated a lot of impacts. Some people got motivated to change their
lifestyle to become healthier, others decided to be careful in using cosmetics to minimize the
cancer risk. An important impact was related to a close friend who found that he had some
symptoms, which were mentioned in the paper and he decided to do some tests. To his sur-
prise, the reason for the symptom he had was an infection that is a major cause of a certain
kind of cancer. These impact examples are the result of casually mentioning the finding of
our paper to a small network of authors. How about coordinated dissemination of these
findings to larger networks and how about creating incubators for service co-creation using
our proposed ideas and tool? Such efforts on a large scale, incorporated into data-driven
digitally connected systems, where information is pushed to consumers based on certain
environmental parameters (e.g., a person searching for some symptoms or their smart
devices reporting a specific pattern) can lead to lifestyle motivations, early interventions,
diagnosis, and ultimately reduction in diseases and healthy and sustainable societies.
7. Conclusions and Future Work

Poor healthcare systems affect individuals, societies, the planet, and economies. Smar-
tization of cities and societies has the potential to unite individuals and nations towards
sustainability and thereby also improve healthcare and other systems as it requires an
engagement with our environments, an analysis of them, and for us to make sustainable
decisions regulated by TBL. Healthcare systems are a major contributor to the deterioration
of our planet’s environment due to high energy usage, disposable supplies, etc. This envi-
ronmental damage causes health problems that need to be medically treated while these
treatments in turn further damage the environment, and thus a chain reaction occurs. There
is a growing demand for the prevention of diseases and for reducing the need for disease
monitoring, screening, and treatment to a minimum. This in turn requires an open space
for innovations and dynamic interactions between healthcare stakeholders to understand

and provide solutions, services, information and resource supply chains, and community
support structures for timely interventions and disease prevention and progression.
To address these challenges, this paper proposed a data-driven artificial intelligence
(AI) based approach called Musawah to automatically detect and identify healthcare ser-
vices that can be developed or co-created by various stakeholders using social media
analysis. The case study focused on cancer disease in Saudi Arabia using Twitter data
analytics in the Arabic language. Specifically, we discovered 17 services using unsupervised
machine learning from Twitter data using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm (LDA)
and grouped them into five macro-services; Prevention, Treatment, Psychological Support,
Socioeconomic Sustainability, and Information Availability. We also illustrated the possi-
bility to find additional services by topical searching over the dataset using four topical
searches (Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Stakeholders) and detected 42 additional
services. We developed a software tool from scratch for this work. The tool implements a
complete machine learning pipeline. The dataset we used contains over 1.3 million tweets
collected from September to November 2021.
Our work makes several contributions to the literature including the Musawah ap-
proach for creating services proposed in this paper and the developed tool and techniques
to detect cancer-related services. The work builds on our extensive research in social media
analysis in English and other languages on topics in different sectors. The paper has focused
on cancer-related services from Twitter data in Arabic, however, the proposed approach
broadly can be used for any disease or purpose and in any language.
The idea of developing cancer-related services from social media analysis is motivated
by the well-known science that social media facilitates value co-creation through stake-
holder interactions allowing value creation or creation of new services. Therefore, the ideas
of services and co-creation proposed in this paper per se are not novel, and the novelty
lies in the proposed approach of systematically and dynamically developing an ecosystem
of services for a particular disease that can be co-created on-the-fly by communities of
stakeholders interacting over social media using automatic value and service detection.
The services can be the needs of people seeking prevention or treatment such that a gap
in the market can be detected for stakeholders to develop services for economic, social,
or other types of remuneration and rewards. The approach that we present, while basic
at this stage, has great potential and will allow further investigation and development of
novel and innovative ways of developing healthcare services and systems, is green in terms
of environmental, social, and economic sustainability, with lower costs allowing lifestyle
changes, self-directed disease management, and managed care.
We believe systemizing this approach could lead to a revolution in sustainable health-
care, driven by communities co-creating social values with the exchange of services for
services that are not necessarily materialistic, but driven by equity, altruism, community
strengthening, innovation, and social cohesion. Open service and value healthcare systems
based on freely available information can revolutionize healthcare in manners similar to the
open-source revolution by using information made available by the public, the government,
third and fourth sectors, or others, allowing new forms of preventions, cures, treatments,
and support structures.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.A., S.A. and R.M.; methodology, N.A., S.A. and R.M.;
software, N.A. and S.A.; validation, N.A., S.A. and R.M.; formal analysis, N.A., S.A. and R.M.;
investigation, N.A., S.A., R.M., A.A. (Ahmed Alzahrani), A.A. (Aiiad Albeshri) and I.K.; resources,
R.M., I.K., A.A. (Aiiad Albeshri) and A.A. (Ahmed Alzahrani); data curation, N.A. and S.A.; writing—
original draft preparation, N.A., S.A. and R.M.; writing—review and editing, R.M., A.A. (Ahmed
Alzahrani), A.A. (Aiiad Albeshri) and I.K.; visualization, N.A. and S.A.; supervision, R.M. and A.A.
(Ahmed Alzahrani); project administration, R.M., A.A. (Aiiad Albeshri) and I.K.; funding acquisition,
R.M., A.A. (Aiiad Albeshri) and I.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: The authors acknowledge with thanks the technical and financial support from the Dean-
ship of Scientific Research (DSR) at the King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,
under Grant No. RG-6-611-40. The experiments reported in this paper were performed on the Aziz
supercomputer at KAU.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: The data is acquired from Twitter under their terms and conditions.
Anyone can request the same data from Twitter.
Acknowledgments: The work carried out in this paper is supported by the HPC Center at the King
Abdulaziz University. The training and software development work reported in this paper was
carried out on the Aziz supercomputer.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Novelty, Contribution, and Utilization

2.1. Social Media and Healthcare

2.2. Social Media and Cancer

Table 1. Studies on the Types of Cancer Using Social Media.

2.2.1. Topic Modeling and Cancer

2.3. Social Media and Cancer (Arabic Language)

2.4. Automatic Naming of Topics

2.5. Research Gap

3. Methodology and Design

3.1. Musawah Service Co-Creation System: Developing the Concept

3.2. System Overview

،‫عالج_السرطان‬# ،‫مرضى_السرطان‬# ،‫افحصي_االن‬# ،‫سرطان_البروستات‬# ،‫سرطان_الثدي‬# ،‫سرطان_الرئة‬#

3.4.1. Removing Irrelevant Characters

3.7. Evaluation and Validation

4. Results and Analysis

4.1. Services and Macro-Services: An Overview

Figure 2. A Taxonomy of Discovered Cancer Services.

After explaining Table

Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 41

“……“…… Breast Breast

Sustainability 2022, 14, 3313 29 of 41

Figure 5. The Top 30 Most Relevant Terms for Topic 10.

There are some

Figure 7. Cancer Symptoms Taxonomy Extracted from Twitter Data.

Figure 10. Extended Cancer Taxonomy: A Taxonomy of Extended Cancer Services.

7. Conclusions and Future Work

for innovations and dynamic interactions between healthcare stakeholders to understand

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