— C ALCULUS I —

MAT 1320 FALL 2023 DGD W ORKBOOK

 This workbook is intended for the personal use of students registered in MAT 1320.

 You can print out this workbook or save it on your tablet to fill in when you work on
these questions.

 Some of the solutions will be presented during the DGDs, as requested by you and
your colleagues. You can also request questions outside this book, so you may need
extra pages.

 Organization: This book is divided into weeks and further subdivided by lecture
number. After you’ve attended Lecture n, you should be ready to tackle the problems
in this book’s section labelled LEC n.
 The first DGD is on Friday, September 15. Each DGD will cover one or two lectures’
worth of material, although the first DGD has more. You should always browse the
exercises before your DGD to check which questions you might need more help with.

 This workbook is intended to be used along with the other course resources: your
lectures, your Möbius assignments, and the textbook.

 Topics in MAT 1320 are best understood by solving a variety of problems. The theo-
rems and definitions from your lecture notes will make more sense after you’ve spent
some time working on a variety of concrete examples.

 Remember: on midterms/exams, you will have to complete difficult problems in a

limited amount of time. Practice is very important to improving your proficiency!

 THIS BOOK BELONGS TO 

 DGD 1: F RIDAY, S EPTEMBER 15
LEC 1 – Review I: Basic Functions

1.1. Let f (x) = 3x − 6.

(a) Give the y-intercept(s) and x-intercept(s) of f , if there are any.

(b) Evaluate f (1), f (f (1)), and f (1) · f (2).

(c) Simplify the expression for f (x + 1).

1.2. Write an equation for the line that passes through (2, 0) and is parallel to the line
4x − 2y = 2.
 DGD 1 3

1.3. Let f (x) = (x + 2)(2x3 − 4x2 − 2x + 4).

(a) What is the degree of the polynomial f (x)?

(b) Fully factor f (x).

(c) What are the roots of f ?

1.4. Let g(x) = x3 + x − 2.

(a) Fully factor g(x). (Hint: x − 1 is a factor.)

(b) What are the roots of g?

4 DGD 1

1−x
1.5. Let f (x) = .
2+x
(a) Find all x- and y-intercepts of f , if there are any.

(b) Find the vertical asymptote(s) of f .

(c) Find the domain of f .

1.6. Suppose f is an even function and g is an odd function. Which of the following
functions are always even, which are always odd, and which are neither? (Hint: think of
non-zero examples for f and g, and test them out.)
(a) f + g

(b) 2f

(c) 2g

(d) f g
 DGD 1 5

x+2 1
1.7. Find all solutions to the inequality < .
2x − 1 x+7
6 DGD 1

LEC 2 – Review II: Compositions, Inverses, and Trig

2.1. Find and simplify the expressions for (f ◦ g)(x − 1) and (g ◦ f )(x).
(a) f (x) = 12 − x2 , g(x) = 4

x−1 1−x
(b) f (x) = , g(x) =
2 2

x √
(c) f (x) = , g(x) = x
1+x

x−1 1
(d) f (x) = , g(x) =
x+1 x
 DGD 1 7

2.2. For each function, find its inverse, then give the domain and range of the function.
(a) f (x) = −x3 + 3

√
(b) g(x) = 4−x

√
3
(c) h(x) = 2x + 1 − 1

1
(d) f (x) = , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
x2
8 DGD 1

2.3. Sketch the graph, state

√ the domain and range, decide if the function has an inverse and
if so, find it: f (x) = 3 x + 4.

2.4. Solve 4e2x+1 = 20.

 DGD 1 9

2.5. Solve 4e2x+3 = 7e3x−2 .

2.6. Express y = 0.27x in base e. How does the graph of y = 0.27x look like compared to the
graph of y = ex ?

2.7. Solve ln(ln(x)) = 0.

10 DGD 1

2.8. Evaluate the following.

(a) arctan(−1)

 
−1
(b) arcsin
2

√
(c) arctan( 3)

 
1
(d) arccos √
2

2.9. Solve the following for x in the specified domain.

1
(a) sin x = , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
2

(b) sec x = 1, −π ≤ x ≤ π

√
2
(c) cos(x + 1) = − , x∈R
2
 DGD 1 11

2.10. Graph the function. Give the average, max, min, amplitude, period and phase and
mark them on the graph:   
x−1
f (x) = 3 + 4 cos 2π .
5
12 DGD 1

2.11. Find the domain of each function and sketch its graph.
(a)
 1

: x<4
f (x) = x
√
x : x≥4


(b) 
 2 : x ≤ −1
f (x) = x − 1 : −1 < x < 0
 √
x : x≥0
 DGD 1 13

LEC 3 – Limits and Indeterminate Forms

3.1. Let g(t) = 2t2 + 3t + 2 be the equation for one’s position at time t, t ≥ 0.
(a) Find the average velocity over the intervals [2, 4], [2, 3], and [2, 2 + h].

(b) What do you suppose is the instantaneous velocity at t = 2?

(c) Find the equation of the tangent line to g(t) at t = 2.

14 DGD 1

3.2. Sketch the graph and decide if the left-hand and right-hand limits at a = 0 exist, and
then decide if the limit at a = 0 exists.
(
x + 1 if x ≤ 1
f (x) =
x2 if x > 1

3.3. Sketch the graph and decide if the left-hand and right-hand limits at a = 0 exist, and
then decide if the limit exists.
(
|x + 1| + 1 if x ≤ 0
f (x) =
|x − 2| if x > 0
 DGD 1 15

Evaluate each of the following limits, showing all your steps:

x2 − 3x
3.4. lim
x→0 x3 − 9x

√
x−2
3.5. lim
x→4 4−x
 DGD 2: F RIDAY, S EPTEMBER 22
LEC 4 – Continuity and Limits to Infinity

4.1. Sketch the graph and discuss continuity of

 2
x −4

 if x 6= 2
x−2

f (x) =


0 if x = 2

 DGD 2 17

4.2. Find a formula for a function g(x) that makes the composition sin(g(x)) discontinuous
at x = π.

 2
x − 4x + 3

 if x 6= ±1
 (x − 1)3
4.3. Let f (x) =


if x = ±1

x+b
Find the limit of f as x → 1 and as x → −1. Is there a value of b that makes f continuous at
x = 1? Is there a value of b that makes f continuous at x = −1?
18 DGD 2

Evaluate each of the following limits, showing all of your steps. If the limit does not exist,
determine whether it is ∞, −∞, or neither.
x
4.4. lim+
x→1 x2 − 1

r
1
4.5. lim +
x→−7 x+7
 DGD 2 19

2x2 + 3x
4.6. lim +
x→− 21 2x + 1

2x2 + 3x
4.7. lim −
x→− 12 2x + 1

2x2 + 3x
4.8. lim1
x→− 2 2x + 1
20 DGD 2

Evaluate each of the following limits, showing all of your steps:

4.9. lim 0.7x

x→∞

x3 − 6x + 4
4.10. lim
x→∞ 3 − x3
 DGD 2 21

(x − 1)(x − 3)(x − 5)
4.11. lim
x→∞ x2 − 4

4.12. lim ln(3 − x3 )

x→−∞
22 DGD 2

LEC 5 – Differentiation: Definition & Basic Rules

Let f be a function defined on a interval around x.

The derivative of f at x is, by definition,

if this limit exists.

The derivative of f (x) at a point a is, by definition,

if this limit exists.

Using the definition, compute the derivative of each of the following functions:
√
5.1. f (x) = 2 + 3x + 1
 DGD 2 23

3
5.2. g(x) =
4 + 2x

√
5.3. h(x) = x2 + 1
24 DGD 2

Discuss the differentiability of each of the following piece-wise functions and compute their
derivatives if possible.

2x + 2 if x > 5

5.4. f (x) =

2x − 3 if x ≤ 5.


2
x
 if x ≥ 0
5.5. g(x) =
x 3

if x < 0.
 DGD 3: F RIDAY, S EPTEMBER 29
LEC 6 – Differentiation: Products, Quotients, and Exponential Functions

Using the rules of differentiation and simplifications where appropriate, compute the deriv-
ative of each of the following:
√
6.1. g(t) = t(t2 − t − 1)

6.2. f (t) = 2−4 + t−4 + e

√
x2 + x
6.3. f (x) =
x3
26 DGD 3

1
6.4. f (x) =
x2 + 1

2
6.5. g(x) =
x−3
 DGD 3 27

LEC 7 – Differentiation: Chain Rule and Trig Functions

7.1. Suppose functions f and g are differentiable, and the following table of values is given.
x f (x) f 0 (x) g(x) g 0 (x)
0 1 2 1 3
1 0 1 2 4
2 4 2 1 3
3 2 4 0 2
4 1 3 4 1
Determine the values of f (x)g(x) and of f (g(x)), and each of their derivatives, at the points
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
28 DGD 3
1/3
x3

7.2. Differentiate f (x) = .
x+1

√
7.3. Find the equation of the tangent line to y = f (x) = 3
x when x = 8.
 DGD 3 29

Differentiate:

7.4. g(x) = ax3/4 ex−2 , where a ∈ R is a constant.

√
2 x(x − 1)e−x
7.5. f (x) =
9
30 DGD 3

Differentiate:
(1 + x)(2 + x)
7.6. G(x) =
(3 + x)

et − 2t
7.7. g(t) =
et + t
 DGD 3 31

1 + x2
7.8. Find f 0 (0) if f (x) = .
ex

r
x
7.9. f (x) = 2−
x−2
32 DGD 3

Differentiate:

7.10. h(x) = 2x 3x

2
7.11. g(x) = 2x 3x

7.12. f (x) = 2x + 3x

7.13. L(x) = 2x 3−x

 DGD 3 33

7.14. Let F (x) = f (g(x)) and let H(x) = f (x)g(x).

If g 0 (6) = −2, g(6) = 4, f (4) = 12 , f (6) = 5, f 0 (4) = 3, and f 0 (6) = 7, find F 0 (6) and H 0 (6).

7.15. Compute the derivative of sec(x) by first writing it in terms of sin(x) or cos(x).
34 DGD 3

7.16. Find g 0 (x) if g(x) = cos(x) + cos(1).

7.17. Differentiate f (x) = sin(x) + sin(2x) + sin2 (x).

 DGD 3 35

7.18. Differentiate h(x) = cos2 (x2 ).

7.19. Differentiate f (x) = x sec(x) + x tan(x).

7.20. Find f 0 (x) if f (x) = cos(ln(x)) + ln(cos(x)).

36 DGD 3

sin(u) + cos(u)
7.21. Differentiate g(u) = .
sin(u) − cos(u)

7.22. Differentiate f (x) = ecos(x) .

7.23. Differentiate f (x) = 23 tan(x) .

 DGD 4: F RIDAY, O CTOBER 6
LEC 8 – Differentiation: Inverses and Implicit Differentiation

8.1. f (x) = ln x4 + ln4 x

8.2. Let F (x) = ln(x + ln(x)). Find F 0 (x).

38 DGD 4

Differentiate each of the following:

8.3. f (x) = x2 ln(x)

ln(y)
8.4. F (y) =
ey

p
8.5. L(x) = ln( ln(x))
 DGD 4 39

8.6. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = 1 + 2 sin(ex ) at the point
where x = 0.

8.7. Let f (x) = arctan(2x − 1). Find f 0 (x).

8.8. Differentiate g(x) = x2 arcsin2 (x).

40 DGD 4
dy
8.9. Find dx
if y = (arctan(x2 ) + 1)3 .

dy √ √
8.10. Find dx
if y = arcsin( 3 x) + 3 arcsin x.
 DGD 4 41

8.11. Differentiate y = arcsin(x) + arccos(x).

42 DGD 4

Differentiate:

8.12. f (x) = (2x )ln(x)

2x (x2 − 5)
 
8.13. f (x) = ln
(x − 1)3
 DGD 4 43

8.14. Differentiate f (x) = (1 + x)2+x .

dy
8.15. Find dx
for the equation y 2 + xy = ey + x − 2.
44 DGD 4

8.16. Suppose f is a function such that f (x)ex = xef (x) . If f (0) = 0, find f 0 (0).

dy √
8.17. Find dx
for the equation e4x y 4 − y = 3x.
 DGD 4 45

8.18. If f (x) − 2f (x)/2 = 4x and f (0) = 2, find f 0 (0).

8.19. Given the equation ln(f (x)) = ln(x3x−4 ), find f 0 (x).

 DGD 5: F RIDAY, O CTOBER 13
LEC 9 – Related Rates, Linear Approximations

9.1. A cube initially has edge length x = 24 m, but it is decreasing at a rate of 5 m/min.
(a) When x = 3 m, at what rate does the surface area change?

(b) When x = 3 m, at what rate does the volume change?

 DGD 5 47

9.2. A cube’s surface area increases at a rate of 72 cm2 /s. At what rate is the cube’s volume
changing when the edge length is 3 cm?

9.3. A spherical balloon is inflated with helium at a rate of 30π m3 /min. How fast is the
balloon’s radius increasing at the instant the radius is 2 m?
48 DGD 5

9.4. A 13-foot ladder is leaning against a house when its base starts to slide away from the
wall. By the time the base is 12 feet from the house, the base is moving at a rate of 5 feet/s.
(a) How fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall at that moment?

(b) Consider the triangle formed by the ladder, the side of the wall, and the ground. At what
rate is the area of this triangle changing at that moment?

(c) At what rate is the angle θ between the ladder and the ground changing at that moment?
 DGD 5 49

9.5. Consider the function f (x) = 1 + sin(2x − 2).

(a) Use a linear approximation of f to estimate the value of f (0.9).

(b) Justify from the graph of f why the approximation of f (0.9) in (a) is below the actual
value.

√
3
9.6. Use an appropriate linear approximation to estimate the value of 7.95.
 DGD 6: F RIDAY, O CTOBER 20
LEC 10 – Antiderivatives and Areas Under Curves

Compute the following:

Z Z
10.1. sin(x) dx 10.2. x3 dx

√
Z Z
10.3. cos(x) dx 10.4. x dx

Z Z
2
10.5. sec (x) dx 10.6. 17x2 dx

Z Z
31
10.7. sec(x) tan(x) dx 10.8. dx
x2

Z Z
1 8
10.9. dx 10.10. dx
1 + x2 x

Z Z
1
10.11. √ dx 10.12. 7ex dx
1 − x2
 DGD 6 51

Find the following indefinite integrals.

√
(1 + x)2
Z
10.13. dx
x2

(t + 1)2
Z
10.14. dt
2t3

√
( x + 2)2
Z
10.15. dx
x2
52 DGD 6

(2 − x)2
Z
10.16. dx
x

Z  
4 2 4
10.17. 10x − + √ − 1 dx
x 3
x
 DGD 6 53

10.18. Find the value of F (1) when F (0) = 1 and F 0 (t) = f (t) is given by f (t) = 3t3 + 1.
54 DGD 6

10.19. Let f (x) = x2 . Approximate the area under f (x) between x = 0 and x = 1 by
calculating the following areas:
(a) Left-endpoint rectangles of equal width. First use two rectangles, then use four.

(b) Right-endpoint rectangles of equal width. First use two rectangles, then use four.

(c) Rectangles whose heights are given by the midpoints of intervals (Midpoint Rule). First
use two intervals, then use four.

(d) Write the Riemann sum for this area. (You don’t need to compute it.)
 DGD 6 55

10.20. Let f (x) = x1 . Approximate the area under f (x) between x = 1 and x = 5 by
calculating the following areas:
(a) Left-endpoint rectangles of equal width. First use two rectangles, then use four.

(b) Right-endpoint rectangles of equal width. First use two rectangles, then use four.

(c) Rectangles whose heights are given by the midpoints of intervals (Midpoint Rule). First
use two intervals, then use four.

(d) Write the Riemann sum for this area. (You don’t need to compute it.)
56 DGD 6

LEC 11 – Definite Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

11.1. Suppose f and g are integrable functions and that

Z 2 Z 5 Z 5
f (x)dx = −4, f (x)dx = 6, and g(x)dx = 8.
1 1 1
Use the rules of integration to evaluate the following:
Z 5
(a) f (x)dx
2

Z 5
(b) [4f (x) − g(x) + 2]dx
1
 DGD 6 57

11.2. Sketch the graph of the integrands in the following integrals, then use known area
formulae to compute the definite integral.
Z 4
x 
(a) + 3 dx
−2 2

Z 0 √
(b) 16 − x2 dx
−4
58 DGD 6

11.3.
Z π
(a) Evaluate sin(x) dx.
0

(b) Sketch the graph of y = sin(x) Zand shade in the region(s) whose exact net area corre-
π
sponds to the definite integral sin(x) dx. Write + or − signs within each region to
0
indicate whether the region’s area would be added or subtracted, respectively.
 DGD 6 59
Z b
11.4. Show that if f is an integrable function with f (x) ≥ 0 on [a, b], then f (x)dx ≥ 0.
a

11.5. Let a ≥ 0 be a real number. Using only the rules of integration, show that
Z a
sin(x)dx = 0.
−a
You can use a picture to help convince yourself why this is true, but don’t use it as your
proof! (Hint: is sin(x) an even function or an odd function?)
60 DGD 6

11.6. Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus I, find the derivatives.

Z x 
d 2
(a) ln(1 + t )dt
dx 1

"Z
x2
√ #
d t
(b) dt
dx 0 t4 + 1

x
t2
Z 
d
(c) √
dt
dx x t4 + 1
 DGD 6 61

11.7. Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus II, evaluate the definite integrals.
Z 1
(a) (1 − 8x3 + 16x7 )dx
0

Z 8
2
(b) x− 3 dx
1

Z 5
(c) e dx
−5

Z √1
2 4
(d) √ dx
1
2
1 − x2
62 DGD 6

11.8. Sales of Möbius licences have grown at a rate of S 0 (t) = 400 + t+1
200
thousand units per
month. (t is measured in months, and t = 0 corresponds to the beginning of September.)
How many units were sold in September and October combined? Round your answer down
to the nearest integer.
 DGD 7: F RIDAY, N OVEMBER 3
LEC 12 – Substitution

Find the following indefinite integrals.

Z
12.1. (17x − 17)17 dx

√
Z
3
12.2. 12x + 2014 dx

Z
t
12.3. dt
(1 + t2 )2
64 DGD 7

(ln(x))3
Z
12.4. dx
x

Z
3x + 1
12.5. dx
(3x2 + 2x + 1)6

Z
12.6. sin(x)ecos(x) dx
 DGD 7 65
Z
cos(x)
12.7. p dx
sin(x)

Z
12.8. 52x−3 dx

Z
5
12.9. dx [Hint: differentiate g(x) = arctan(x).]
1 + 9x2
66 DGD 7

(ln(x))3
Z
12.10. dx
3x

ex
Z
12.11. dx
ex + 1

(ln(z))2
Z
12.12. dz
z
 DGD 7 67

sin( x1 )
Z
12.13. dx
x2

Z √
12.14. e3x 2 − e3x dx
68 DGD 7

12.15. Find the value of F (1) when F (0) = 1 and F 0 (t) = f (t) is given by
1
(a) f (t) =
17t + 12

(b) f (t) = 12e2t

 DGD 7 69

Find the following indefinite integrals.

Z
tan(x)
12.16. dx
ln(cos(x))

Z
12.17. sin(x)ecos(x) dx

Z
cot(x)
12.18. dx
ln(sin(x))
70 DGD 7
Z
cos(ln(x))
12.19. dx
x

ex + 1
Z
12.20. dx
ex + x

Z
sin(x)
12.21. dx
1 + cos2 (x)
 DGD 7 71
Z
cos(x)
12.22. dx
(sin2 (x))1/3

Z
12.23. cos(x)esin(x) dx

ex + 2
Z
12.24. dx
ex + 2x
72 DGD 7
Z  
2
12.25. dx
x(1 + ln(x))

Z
sin(x)
12.26. p dx
cos(x)

earcsin(x)
12.27. Find the anti-derivative F (x) of f (x) = √ such that F (0) = 1.
1 − x2
 DGD 7 73

LEC 13 – Integration by Parts

Find the following indefinite integrals.

Z
13.1. 16x3 ln(7x)dx

Z
13.2. arcsin(x) dx.

Z
13.3. 3x2 cos(0.5x) dx
74 DGD 7

13.4. Find the value of F (1) when F (0) = 1 and F 0 (t) = f (t) is given by f (t) = (t + t2 )e−t .

13.5. Find the function f (x), such that f 00 (x) = ln(x) and f (1) = f 0 (1) = 0.
 DGD 7 75

Find the following indefinite integrals.

Z
13.6. (x + 1) sin(x) dx

Z
13.7. x2 cos(x) dx

13.8. Find the value of F (1) when F (0) = 1 and F 0 (t) = f (t) is given by f (t) = 3t cos(t2 ).
76 DGD 7

In each of Questions 13.9 – 13.12, find the indefinite integral of each of the following func-
tions. Check your results by differentiating.
x
13.9. f (x) = 2
cos(5x)

√
13.10. f (x) = x ln x
 DGD 7 77

13.11. f (x) = x2 e−x

13.12. f (x) = x3x

78 DGD 7

Find the following indefinite integrals.

Z
13.13. x ln(x) dx

Z
13.14. (x + 1) sin(x) dx

Z
13.15. (x + 1) cos(x) dx
 DGD 7 79
Z
13.16. (x + 1) ln(x) dx

Z
13.17. (x − 2) sin(x) dx

√
Z
3
13.18. x ln(x) dx
80 DGD 7

13.19. Let V (t) be the volume of a benign tumour in cm3 after t years. For t > 0, suppose
that V (t) satisfies the following differential equation
dV
= (1 + t)e−t .
dt
(a) If V (0) = 1, find V (t).

(b) Compute lim V (t) and explain what this tells us.
t→∞

(c) Use Newton’s method to find when the volume of the tumour will be 2 cm3 . Use 5 deci-
mal places in your computations and find the answer with 3 decimal places of precision.
 DGD 8: F RIDAY, N OVEMBER 10
LEC 14 – Trigonometric Substitution

Solve the following integrals using some kind of trigonometric substitution.

Z a
dx
14.1. 2 2 3/2
, where a > 0.
0 (a + x )
82 DGD 8
Z √ 2
x −9
14.2. dx
x3
 DGD 8 83
Z
dx
14.3. √
x2 + 2x + 5
84 DGD 8

LEC 15 – Partial Fractions

Use partial fraction decomposition to rewrite the following integrands, then solve the inte-
gral.
Z 1
dx
15.1.
0 (x + 1)(x2 + 1)
 DGD 8 85

x2 + x
Z
15.2. dx
x4 − 3x2 − 4
86 DGD 8

x4
Z
15.3. dx
x2 − 1
 DGD 8 87
Z
2x + 1
15.4. dx
x2 − 7x + 12
88 DGD 8

Solve the following integrals using any techniques we have learned.

Z  
1
15.5. arctan dx
x
 DGD 8 89
Z
15.6. sin2 x · cos x · sin(2x)dx
90 DGD 8
Z
dx
15.7. √
x2 4x2 − 1
 DGD 9: F RIDAY, N OVEMBER 17
LEC 16 – Integral Approximations

Z 1
16.1. Consider the definite integral I = cos(x2 )dx.
0

(a) Use (i) Midpoint Rule, (ii) Trapezoidal Rule, and (iii) Simpson’s Rule to approximate I
with n = 4.
92 DGD 9

(b) Estimate the errors in the three approximations in (a).

 DGD 9 93

(c) How large should n be to guarantee that the approximations Mn , Tn , Sn are accurate to
within 0.0001?
94 DGD 9
Z 2
16.2. Consider the definite integral I = e1/x dx.
1

(a) Use (i) Midpoint Rule, (ii) Trapezoidal Rule, and (iii) Simpson’s Rule to approximate I
with n = 4.
 DGD 9 95

(b) Estimate the errors in the three approximations in (a).

96 DGD 9

(c) How large should n be to guarantee that the approximations Mn , Tn , Sn are accurate to
within 0.0001?
 DGD 9 97
Z 1
2
16.3. How large should n be to guarantee that Simpson’s Rule approximates ex dx to
0
within 0.00001?
 DGD 10: F RIDAY, N OVEMBER 24
LEC 17 – Extreme Values and the Mean Value Theorem

17.1. Find all local and global maxima and minima of the function f (x) = 14 x4 − 13 x3 − 15
8
x2 + 32
on the interval [−3, 3].
 DGD 10 99

x2 + 2x
17.2. Find the global maximum and minimum of the function f (x) = on the
ex
interval x ∈ [0, 4].
100 DGD 10

17.3. The oxygen concentration in a lake over a single day is given by the equation
C(t) = 10t3 − 120t2 + 210t + 12000,
where time, 0 ≤ t ≤ 24, is measured in hours. When is the oxygen concentration highest?
When is it lowest? What are the maximum and minimum values?
 DGD 10 101

17.4. The Shannon Index measures the diversity of a species in an ecosystem. In the case
of two species, it is defined by H = −a ln(a) − b ln(b), where a is the percentage of species A
and b is the percentage of species B. If there are just the two species, what is the maximum
value and when does it occur? What does this mean in terms of the diversity of species in
the ecosystem?
102 DGD 10

Recall: The Mean Value Theorem says that if f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on
(a, b), then there is a c ∈ (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) = .
b−a

17.5. Suppose f is a function, and all we know about it is that f (0) = −3, f is continuous
everywhere, and that f 0 (x) ≤ 2 for all x ∈ R.
(a) What is the largest possible value of f (4)?

(b) Suppose we also know that f (4) = 2. Give the smallest interval on which f is guaranteed
to have a root.
 DGD 10 103

LEC 18 – L’Hôpital’s Rule

Evaluate each of the following limits:

ex − 1 − x
18.1. lim
x→0 cos(x) − 1

3(x − 1)2
18.2. lim
x→1 e2x−2 − x2

3x2
18.3. lim+
x→1 e2x−2 − x2
104 DGD 10

arctan(x)
18.4. lim
x→0 x

ex − 2
18.5. lim
x→∞ 3 − 2ex

sin(x) − x
18.6. lim
x→0 x3
 DGD 10 105

1 − ex
18.7. lim
x→0 1 − ex/2

cos(x)
18.8. lim
x→(π/2)+ (x − π/2)2

ln(x6 )
18.9. lim
x→∞ x6
106 DGD 10

18.10. lim cot2 (x)(x − π)2

x→π

18.11. lim −x−2 e1/x

x→0−

18.12. lim x2 ex
x→−∞
 DGD 10 107
2
18.13. lim x3 e−x
x→∞

18.14. lim x tan( x1 )

x→∞

√ √ 
18.15. lim x2 +x− x2 − 2x
x→∞
108 DGD 10
 
1 ln(1 + x)
18.16. lim −
x→0+ x x2

√ √ 
18.17. lim x−1− x+3
x→∞

1

18.18. lim xe x − x
x→∞
 DGD 10 109

18.19. lim (x + 3)1/x

x→∞

18.20. lim (ln x)1/x

x→∞

1
18.21. lim (1 + 2x) x
x→0
110 DGD 10
 x x
18.22. lim
x→∞ x + 1

18.23. lim+ (sin x)tan x

x→0
 DGD 11: F RIDAY, D ECEMBER 1
LEC 19 – Graphing Using Calculus

Find the higher-order derivatives:

19.1. f (x) = x19 + x − 1; f (19) (x), f (20) (x)

19.2. f (x) = sin x; f (n) (x) for n = 1, 2, . . . .

19.3. f (x) = ln x; f (5) (x)

112 DGD 11

19.4. Let h(x) = (1 − x)(2 − x)(3 − x). Find the intervals of increase, decrease, and concavity
for h(x).

x
19.5. Let f (x) = . Find the intervals of increase, decrease, and concavity for f (x).
1+x
 DGD 11 113

19.6. Suppose a function y = f (x), −∞ < x < ∞, is continuous, with continuous first and
second derivatives. Assume it satisfies the following conditions:
• f 0 (x) < 0 when x < 0, and f 0 (x) > 0 when x > 0
• f 00 (x) < 0 when x < −2, and f 00 (x) > 0 when x > −2
• lim f (x) = ∞, lim f (x) = 2.
x→∞ x→−∞

• f (0) = −3, f (−2) = −1.

(a) Where is the graph of f (x) decreasing?

(b) Where is the graph of f (x) concave up?

(c) Where does f (x) attain a local maximum or minimum?

(d) What are the asymptotes of f ?

(e) Sketch the graph of the function y = f (x).

114 DGD 11

1 1
19.7. Consider the function f (x) = + . Follow these steps to graph the function.
x2 2x3

(a) Find the domain of f .

(b) Find the x-intercept(s) of f .

(c) Find the limits lim+ f (x) and lim− f (x) (the vertical asymptotes).
x→0 x→0

(d) Find the limits lim f (x) and lim f (x) (the horizontal asymptotes).
x→∞ x→−∞
 DGD 11 115

(e) Calculate the derivative of f .

(f) Find the critical point(s) of f .

116 DGD 11

(g) Calculate the second derivative of f .

(h) Find the point(s) of inflection.

 DGD 11 117

(i) Sketch the graph of f for x ∈ [−2, 2].

118 DGD 11

LEC 20 – Optimization

20.1. A company harvests fish at some rate h ≥ 0. The yield is Y (h) = h(500 − h)
tonnes of fish and the selling price is $200 per tonne. The cost for harvesting at rate h is
C(h) = 1000h(1 + 0.1h) in dollars.

(a) Find the expression of the profit P (= revenue - cost) as a function of harvesting rate.

(b) Find the harvesting rate that maximizes profit.

(c) Find the maximum profit.

 DGD 11 119

20.2. Find the point on the parabola y = x2 that is the closest to the point (1, 2) in the
Cartesian plane.
120 DGD 11

20.3. What are the dimensions of the lightest cylindrical can that can hold a volume of 1000
cm3 ?