Final Copy Higher Gcse 4-9

Higher GCSE
Maths 4 –9
Michael White
Elmwood Education
00-Prelims_pp_i-viii.indd 1 10/6/15 14:34:29

First published 2015 by
Elmwood Education
Unit 5
Mallow Park
Watchmead
Welwyn Garden City
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Tel. 01707 333232
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Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be
liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
© Elmwood Education
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.
Database right Elmwood Education (maker)
ISBN 9781 906 622 510
ii

Preface
This book covers the material required for the GCSE Higher Tier (grades 4 to 9).
Nowadays there is a wealth of enriching resources available to teachers,
particularly on the internet. This book can be used alongside these to enable
students to work at topics in a systematic way which helps to build up their
confidence.
‘M’ sections cover the main part of the syllabus (the parts underlined in the
subject specification). ‘E’ sections cover the extended part of the syllabus (the
content identified by bold type in the subject specification).
Constant revisiting of topics is essential for mathematical fluency and success.
Throughout this book, the author provides ‘Can you still?’ sections to encourage
this continual reviewing process. This material is designed for short (e.g. 10
minutes) sessions within lessons to keep ideas ‘fresh’ in students’ minds.
Questions are provided at the end of each unit for students to test themselves
against each learning objective stated at the start of the unit. These are then
backed up with a selection of GCSE examination questions.
The author has chosen to retain a functional ‘Use your maths’ section in each
unit. These sections are designed to encourage discussion and to highlight the
maths required in a variety of situations. There are also two additional units
devoted to raising students’ awareness of money matters.
The author hopes that the contents of this book will contribute towards each
student developing a greater mastery of this subject.
Thanks are due to AQA, CEA, EDEXCEL, OCR and WJEC for kindly allowing
the use of questions from their past examination papers. The answers are solely
the work of the author and are not ratified by the examining groups.
The author is indebted to the contributions from Paul Williams and Hilary White.
Michael White
iii

Contents
Unit 1
Number 1
Non calculator arithmetic 1
Fractions 3
Using a calculator and estimating 6
Converting fractions and decimals 8
Recurring decimals 10
Surds 11
Use your maths! Mobile phones 18
Unit 2
Number 2
Percentage increase/decrease 25
Percentage change 28
Compound interest 30
Reverse percentages 34
Ratio 37
Indices 40
Estimating powers and roots 49
Use your maths! Holidays 53
Unit 3
Geometry 1
Finding angles 61
Parallel lines 63
Polygons 65
Angle proof 70
Angles in circles 73
Proving circle properties 85
Use your maths! Save it in the home 88
Unit 4
Algebra 1
Substituting in expressions 97
Brackets 100
Factorising, common factors 107
Factorising quadratics 108
Difference of 2 squares 110
Solving quadratic equations by factorising 114
Solving problems leading to quadratics 117
Use your maths! Which tent? 120
iv

Unit 5
Number 3
Prime factors, HCF’s and LCM’s 126
Standard form 128
Upper/lower bounds and truncation of numbers 135
Direct proportion 142
Inverse proportion 147
Use your maths! Trim it 151
Unit 6
Algebra 2
Linear equations 158
Changing the subject 165
Functions – notation, inverses, composite 170
Iteration 178
Straight line graphs 183
Curved graphs – turning points, intercepts 184
Real life graphs 190
Gradient – rate of change 193
y 5 mx 1 c 195
Areas under graphs 202
Distance/time, velocity/time graphs 206
Equations of motion 210
Use your maths! Hidden car costs 213
Unit 7
Watch Your Money 1
Bank accounts, hire purchase, credit cards 223
Unit 8
Statistics 1
Relative frequency 231
Basic probabilities 234
Expectation 236
Listing outcomes 238
Product rule for counting 239
Venn diagrams, set notation 243
Independent events – the ‘AND’ rule 248
The ‘OR’ rule 250
Probability trees 253
Conditional probability 259
Use your maths! Bills 266

Unit 9
Geometry 2
Symmetry 274
Translation 277
Reflection 279
Rotation 281
Enlargement 284
Combinations of transformations 290
Congruent triangles 292
Use your maths! Student finance 297
Unit 10
Geometry 3
Units of measure 306
Speed, density, pressure, compound measures 309
Pythagoras’ theorem 314
Trigonometry 320
Vectors 332
Use your maths! Sand for the park 343
Unit 11
Statistics 2
Two way tables 351
Pie charts 353
Scatter graphs 357
Trends 361
Sampling 365
Use your maths! Maximising and minimising 370
Unit 12
Algebra 3
Straight line graphs 377
Simultaneous equations 1 378
Finding rules for sequences 385
Completing the square and finding turning points 397
Quadratic formula 400
Simultaneous equations 2 404
Equations of circles and tangents to circles 405
Exponential functions 409
Graphical solution of equations (interpreting roots) 412
Use your maths! Feed the dogs 415
vi

Unit 13
Geometry 4
Area 424
Arcs and sectors of circles 429
Volume of prisms 436
Volume of spheres, pyramids and cones 441
Surface area 444
Similar shapes 447
Areas and volumes of similar shapes 453
Use your maths! Car insurance 458
Unit 14
Statistics 3
Averages and range 467
Averages from tables 470
Cumulative frequency 478
Box plots 482
Histograms 485
Comparing sets of data 492
Use your maths! Spruce it up 495
Unit 15
Watch Your Money 2
Income tax, council tax 504
Unit 16
Algebra 4
Inequalities 508
Algebraic fractions 517
Equations with fractions 522
Algebraic proof 525
Use your maths! Buying a house 527
Unit 17
Geometry 5
Map scales 533
Constructions with ruler and compasses 536
Locus 541
Graphs of sin x, cos x, tan x 546
Equations involving trigonometric functions 549
Translations and reflections of functions 552
Use your maths! Car wash 557
vii

Unit 18
Geometry 6
Plans and elevations 565
Bearings 568
Angles of elevation and depression 571
3-D co-ordinates 574
Sine and cosine rules 578
Trigonometry in three dimensions 587
Use your maths! The real cost 593
viii

NUMBER 1
1
In the ‘M’ sections you will learn how to:
– deal with non calculator arithmetic, particlarly 1/2/3/4 decimals
– use fractions
– use a calculator (and estimate answers)
– convert fractions and decimals
In the ‘E’ sections you will learn how to:
– convert recurring decimals into fractions
– simplify surds
– expand brackets containing surds and rationalise denominators
Also you will learn how to:
– – mobile phones
M Non calculator arithmetic

The questions in this section are to check that you have not gone ‘rusty’ with
basic arithmetic, particularly problems involving decimals.
M1.1
M1.1
Do not use a calculator.
1 How many 27p stamps can I buy with a £20 note?
2 Tom has to put 1000 containers into boxes.

One box will take 24 containers.
How many containers will Tom need?
3 Find the value of 8 3 8 3 8 3 8
4 Work out
(a) 37 3 46 (b) 246 3 42 (c) 57 3 318
(d) 782 4 17 (e) 1764 4 28 (f ) 1224 4 34
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 1 10/6/15 14:35:05

5 Write down the answer to each of the following:
(a) 9 2 3·07 (b) 0·03 3 0·5 (c) 0·9 3 0·003 (d) 0·12
(e) 0·04 3 30 (f ) 16 2 0·713 (g) 0·21 3 0·6 (h) 0·3 3 500
(i) 0·63 4 0·7 ( j) 14·98 4 0·7 (k) 0·57 4 0·6 (l) 0·496 4 0·08
(m) 0·282 (n) 31·6 3 0·27 (o) 0·065 4 0·002 (p) 0·48 3 3·77
1 litre 1·5 litres 2 litres

£2·40 £3·20 £4·10
The prices of different bottles of a drink are shown above.

Ariana needs to buy 5 litres of this drink.
Which bottles should she buy so that she spends the
least amount of money?
7 Work out
__ __ ___ ___ ___
6 √__4  2 √__
9 1 √
  16  2 √100  1√  16 
(a)  ____   (b)  __________ __  (c)  ___________
__    
√
  9  √ √
  4 1   9  √
  4 1 1
___ ___ 2 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 2
(d) ( √   196  ) (e) ( √
  225 2 √   16  )( √
  49 1 √   16  )
  49 2 √ (f ) ( √   64  )
  169 2 √
8 A box of sweets contains 2·4 kg. How many packets can be filled from this
box if each packet holds 0·15 kg?
9 Morgan needs to choose one of the phone plans below.
CARE PLAN ALL PLAN
£25 fixed monthly payment £32 fixed monthly payment
includes: 1000 texts includes: unlimited texts

400 minutes phone calls 600 minutes phone calls
Each extra minute

Each extra minute
phone call: 8·6p
phone call: 23p
Each extra text: 4·5p
In May, Morgan made 722 minutes of phone calls and 1089 texts.
Which plan is cheaper and by how much?
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 2 10/6/15 14:35:07

M Fractions
M1.2
1 Work out and give the answer in its simplest form:

(a)  _6 of 42 (b)  _3 of _ 8 (c) 2  _7 3 _ 4 (d) 2  _8 3 ( 2  _5  )
5 1 1 2 3 3 4
(e) 3 _3 3 1 _5 (f ) 3 _4 3 2 _2 (g)  _9 3 12 (h)  _5 3 20
2 4 1 1 8 4
(i)  _9 4 _ 8 ( j)  _7 4 ( 2  _9  ) (k)  _8 4 6 (l) 25 _2 4 3
1 1 2 5 3 1
(m) 2  _6 4 _ 9 (n)  _5 4 _ 2 (o) 28 _2 4 5 _4 (p) 4 _6 4 4 _3
1 4 2 1 1 1 5 2
A recipe for a cake uses _ 3 lb of sugar. How many cakes can be made from
2
2
6 lb of sugar?
How many whole rods of length 2 _3 cm can be cut from a pole of length
1
3
19 _4 cm?
1
4 Which room below has the larger area and by how much?
6 34 m 6 35 m
5 13 m A B 5 23 m
5 One eighth of candidates pass an exam at

the first attempt.
Two-fifths of the remaining candidates
pass on the second attempt.
What fraction of candidates do not pass
after two attempts?
6 A car is two-thirds of a mile ahead of a lorry on a long,
straight motorway. A motorbike is half a mile behind the
lorry. What is the distance between the motorbike and the car?
7 Match each question to the correct answer:
3 1 P 2 58
A 5 1 110
Q 119
20
B 1 78 1 3
4
R 1109
7 1
C 110 1 4
S 1107
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 3 10/6/15 14:35:09

3 2 8 2 3 4 3 1
(a)  __ 1  __  (b)  __ 2  __  (c)  __ 2  __  (d) 2  ___ 2  __ 
7 5 9 3 8 5 20 3
1 4 2 3 1 5 7 4
(e)  __ 2  __  (f )  __ 1  __  (g)  __ 2  __  (h)  __ 2  __ 
5 9 3 4 2 6 8 7
9 The large triangle and each of the

two large rectangles have an equal
area.
What fraction of the entire shape is
orange?

(a) 3 _4 1 _ 3 (b)  _4 2 1 _8 (c) 2 _8 2 3 _2 (d) 3 _6 1 1 _5
3 2 3 7 5 1 1 2
Carol has a lawn which measures 6 _2 m

1
11
by 7 _4 m. She digs a new flower bed in
3
the middle of the lawn which measures

1 _4 m by 1 _2 m. Find the new area of the
1 1
lawn (as a fraction).
12 Copy each square and fill in the missing numbers or symbols (1, 2, 3, 4).
The arrows act as equals signs.
(a) 1 1 (b) 1 2
2 6 3 3 3 9
3 4 4
1 1 1 3
4 4 5 2 1 8
1
3 6 1
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 4 10/6/15 14:35:09

Work out _ 2 1 _ 3 1 _ 4 1 _ 5 1 _ 6 1 _ 7 .
1 1 1 1 1 1
13
14 Harry begins his journey with his petrol tank two-thirds full. When he stops
for lunch, he notices that the amount of petrol in his tank is three-quarters of
the starting amount. What fraction of the full tank is this?
15 The organiser of a cup final gives three

eighths of the tickets to each of the clubs
playing. One club gives two thirds of their
allocation to season ticket holders. The other
club gives five sixths of their allocation to
season ticket holders.
What fraction of the tickets at the cup final
will be given to season ticket holders from
the two clubs?
16 Work out and give each answer in its simplest form.

3 2 5
(a)  __ 3  __ 3  __ 
5 3 6
3 2 15
(b)  __ 3  __ 3  ___ 
4 5 16 (
3 2
(c) __ ) 5
   1  __   3 __
5 3
   
7
(
2 1
(d) __ ) ( 1 1
   1  __   3 __
5 2 ) 3
( 2
)4
   1  __   (e) 1 __ 1 2 __   4 __
3 4 5 7
   
7 ( 3 2
(f ) __ ) ( 3
   1  __   3 ___
7 5 10 5
4
)
   1  __  
17 All the people in a business work in

one of three departments.
_
1
 3 of the people work in department A.
_
2
  of the people work in department B.
5
The remainder of the people work in
department C.
The table below shows what
proportion of the people in each
department are women.
Department A B C
Proportion _
3
  _
2
  _
1
 
4 5 3
What fraction of the whole workforce is women?
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 5 10/6/15 14:35:10

M Using a calculator and estimating
Estimate the cost of 58 radios at £62 each.

Cost  60 3 60 (round off to one significant figure often)
Cost  £3600 (actual cost 5 £3596)
M1.3
1 2 3 4
1 Copy the grid below.
Use a calculator to fill in the grid using the
clues (ignore any decimal points). 5
6 7 8
10
11 12
Clues across Clues down

1. 3·8 1 1·7 1 1·42 5·1 2 1·7
1.  ________
 
0·5
3. 7 3 (3·6 2 1·9)
2. 3·9 3 4·8 3 13·4
17·6
5.  ____ 2 3·88 3. (3·1 1 1·8) 3 (6·1 2 3·8)
0·4
7. 4·9 3 150 4. 121 2 (31·2 2 4·85)
9. (0·62 1 0·08) 3 70 13·8 1 9·12
6.  __________
 
0·25
10. 224·1 2 2·3 1 61·2
8. (15·1 2 7·6) 3 3·5 1 5·2
11. 2900 3 (20·09) 18·1 2 1·1
10.  __________ 
( )40
12. 4·9 3 ___
    
0·8
0·38 1 0·12
2 (a) A cab driver fills up his car with petrol costing 64·9 per litre. If he was charged
£29·33 then how many litres did he get (give your answer to 1 decimal place)?
(b) Without using a calculator, use suitable approximations to check your answer to
part (a). Show your working.
3 A minibus hire company charges £45 for the day plus 28p per kilometre travelled.
(a) How much would it cost to hire a minibus for a day-trip for a journey of 350 km?
(b) How many kilometres did a woman travel if she paid the company £96·80 for
the day?
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 6 10/6/15 14:35:11

4 Calculate the following,
giving each answer to
2 decimal places.
Do not use a calculator
(a) 3·13 3 (5·9 2 1·312)
5·12
(b)  ____________
    1. Work out
(7·8 1 0·314)
(a) 2 3 (23) 3 (25) (b) (27) 3 6 3 (22)
17·2 1 11·25
(c)  ___________
   
3·89 1 1·63 (23) 3 (28)
(c) 5 3 4 3 (22) (d)  ___________
  
 
16·18 2 3·892 12
(d)  ____________
   
12·62 1 19·31
(24) 3 5 (28) 3 (29)
(e)  ________
  (f )  ___________
   
2
5·1 1 6·34 2 2 3 (212)
(e)  ____________
   
17·162 2 2·82
2 3
(g) 4·5 3 (22) (h) 5·5 3 (24)
3·81 1 2·6
(f )  ____________
2    
  
1·41 2 1·317 2. Write down the missing number for each
question below:
(a) 1 (23) 5 22 (b) 2 (27) 5 23
(c) 23 3 5 36 (d) 4 (24) 5 25
(e) 228 4 5 14 (f ) 28 2 5 213
5 (a) There are 42 matches in a matchbox. Estimate how many matches there
are in 89 matchboxes.
(b) Use a calculator to work out the exact answer.
6 (a) Jess burns off 590 kcals each time she goes for a jog.
Estimate how many kcals she burns off if she jogs
on 21 different occasions.
(b) Use a calculator to work out the exact answer.
7 Estimate, correct to 1 significant figure:

5·13 3 18·777 1
(a) 41·56 4 7·88 (b)  ____________
  
  (c)  __ of £14 892
0·952 5
___
0·0974 3 √
  104  6·842 1 0·983
(d)  _____________
  
  (e) 52% of 0·394 kg (f )  ____________
  
 
1·03 5·072
2848·7 1 1024·8 2
(g)  ______________
  
     (h)  __ of £3124 (i) 18·13 3 (3·962 1 2·072)
51·2 2 9·98 3
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 7 10/6/15 14:35:11

8 Calculate the following, giving each answer to 3 significant figures.
__ __
__ __ 3   5 
√ 1√
  3 
(a) ( √   3  )
  5 1 √ (b)  ________
__ __  (c) 4·7 2 (1·82 2 0·53)
  5 2 √
√   3 
__
84 3 9 1 37 3 72 (23)2 2 (2 2 √
  3 ) 23·19 1 2·1 3 11·9
(d)  ________________
  
    _______________
(e)   __  
   (f )  ___________________
  
   
3·2 1 18·2 3 1·1 √
  2 1 1 (29·8) 3 (23·5) 1 4·7
9 Copy and use a calculator to complete the

1  _8 2 _2 1 _3
3 1 2
table opposite.
_
1
 
4
 _5 __
3 19
 
20
4 _6
5
2 __
13
20
_____
  63·89 1 3·042
√
10 Katrina uses a calculator to work out the value of _____________
  ____        and says
√
  80·7 2 6·99
that the answer is 0·864 to 3 significant figures.
Carl does not have a calculator but says that Katrina is incorrect.
Explain fully why Carl believes this to be the case.
M Convert fractions and decimals
7
___ 35 21 105
   5  ____ 5 0·35 change the denominator into a  ____ 5  _____ 5 0·105
20 100 power of 10 if possible 200 1000
cannot change the denominator easily 0· 2 2 2

________
2
 __  into a power of 10 so divide to get a 9) 2·202020 
9 .
2
decimal answer so __   5 0·222… 5 0·2 
9
(0·2 recurring)
.. . .
Remember 0·6 3 means 0·63
⌣ 63
⌣ 63
⌣ … 0·18 27 means 0·1827
⌣ 827
⌣…
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 8 10/6/15 14:35:12

M1.4
1 Convert the decimals below into fractions in their lowest form:

(a) 0·6 (b) 0·08 (c) 0·75 (d) 0·215
(e) 0·836 (f ) 0·517 (g) 0·7275 (h) 0·0625
2 Use division without a

calculator to convert the
fractions below into recurring
decimals:
(a)  __ (b)  _
2 5
11 9
1. Work out
(c)  __ (d)  __
7 7
(a) 23 _2 3 2 _3 (b)  _5 2 _ 9
11 15 1 2 1 5
(e)  _9 (f )  __

4 7
12
(c) 2 _8 1 1 _6 10 4 (
(d) 2  __ 2  _5  )
7 1 3 4
3 By using recurring decimals, 2. Write these numbers in order of size,

write down which of the starting with the smallest.
0·7  _3 0·62  _5
2 3
fractions below is the larger:
 _7 or __
6 11
 13
4 Pair off each fraction with an equivalent decimal:
3 1
1 40 25
8
0.075 0.171875 7
37 200
500 0.34 0.035
0.5625
0.125
0.04
11 0.09375 0.074 17
64 50
3 9
32 16
Jackson says that __

5
5  12 is smaller than 0·417. Kayla disagrees.
Explain clearly who is correct.
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 9 10/6/15 14:35:12

E Convert recurring decimals into fractions
Key Facts
All recurring decimals can be written as exact fractions.
. . ..
(a) Change 0·8 37 to a fraction. (b) Change 0·42 6 to a fraction.
let f 5 0·837837… let f 5 0·42626…
⎬
⎬
number of repeating digits 5 3 2 repeating digits
multiply both sides of equation multiply both sides of equation
by 103 5 1000 by 102 5 100
1000f 5 837·837 100f 5 42·626

↑↑↑ ↑↑
we have f 5 0·837… we have f 5 0·426…
↑↑↑ ↑↑
note these 3 recurring note these 2 recurring
digits match up with the digits match up with the
3 digits above 2 digits above
subtract subtract
999f 5 837 99f 5 42·2
837 this can be 42·2 (3 10) 422 cancel
f 5 ____
    f 5 ____
                   5 ____
    down
999 cancelled down 99 (3 10) 990
. . 31 .. 211
0·8 37  5 ___
    0·42 6  5 ____
   
37 495
E1.1
1 (a) Copy
. and complete to change (b) Copy
. . and complete to change
0·7 to a fraction. 0·3 1 to a fraction.
let f 5 0·7777… let f 5 0·313131…
10f 5 (multiply both sides by 10) 100f 5
we have f 5 0·7777… we have f 5 0·313131…
subtract subtract
9f 5 99f 5
f 5  ____  f 5  ____ 
10
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 10 10/6/15 14:35:15

2 Express the following recurring decimals as fractions in their lowest form:
. .. ..
(a) 0·8  (b) 0·898989… (c) 0·1 7  (d) 0·7 3 
. . .. . .
(e) 0·153153153… (f ) 0·2 49  (g) 0·9 1  (h) 0·5 94 
. .. ..
(i) 0·16666… ( j) 0·43  (k) 0·81 3  (l) 4·34 7 
E Surds 1
Simplifying surds
__
Use a calculator to work out √
  2 .
__
√
  2 5
1·41421356… is a non-terminating, non-recurring decimal. The decimal
value would probably have to be rounded off when using __ it in calculations which
could lead to errors. To avoid this we might leave √
  2  in the calculation to ensure
__
√
we get ‘exact’ answers.   2 is known as a ‘surd’.
Key Facts
__
√
  a is known as a surd.
Rules __ __
__ __
__   a__
√ a
√   ab  ___
  b 5 √
  a 3 √
√
  b √
 5   __
   
b
(you can verify these rules by trying out some numbers)
warning ( means ‘is not equal to’)
__ __ _____ __ __ _____
  a 1 √
√   b  √
1 b  √a 2 √
  a   b  √
  a 2 b
(use numbers to show these)
Simplifying a single surd
___
Simplify √
  27 
if you can find a factor of 27 which is a

square number, the surd can be simplified
___ _____ __ __ __
√
  27 5 √
  9 3 3 5 √
  9 3 √
  3 5 3 √3 
square number
Note. a surd 9 means ‘the
positive square root of 9’
9 means 3 not 63
11
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 11 10/6/15 14:35:16

__ __ ___ __ __ ___
(a)  √7 3 √
  3 5 √
  21  (b)  √8 3 √
  2 5 √
  16 5 4
__ __ _____ ___
(c) 3 √5 3 2 √2 5 3 3 2 3 √
  5 3 2 5 6 √10 
___
√
__ __ __ ___ __ __
18
(d) 3 √2 1 5 √2 5 8 √2    3 5   ___
(e)  √18 4 √     5 √
  6 
3
___ ___ ______ ___ __ __
  32  ⇨ √
(f ) Simplify √   32 5 √
  16 3 2 5 √
  16 √
  2 5 4 √2 
___ __ _____ _____
(g) Simplify √   8  ⇨
  18 2 √ √
  9 3 2 2 √
  4 3 2 
__ __ __ __
simplify each surd separately first 5 √
  9 √
  2 2 √
  4 √
  2 
__ __
5 3 √2 2 2 √2 
__
5√
  2 
E1.2
1 Simplify
___ ___ ___ ___
(a)  √12  (b)  √44  (c)  √45  (d)  √50 
___ ___ ___ ___
(e)  √75  (f )  √24  (g)  √63  (h)  √200 
___ ___ ___ ___
(i)  √160  ( j)  √150  (k)  √48  (l)  √135 
___ ___ ___ ___
(m)  √180  (n)  √216  (o)  √245  (p)  √343 
2 Simplify as far as possible

__ __ __ __
(a)  √5 3 √
  3  (b)  √7 3 √
  4 
__ ___ __
(c)  √5 3 √
  11  (d) ( √3 )2
__ Do not use a calculator
(e) ( √6 )2
__ __ __ 1. Work out
(f )  √3 3 √
  4 3 √
  2 
__ __ __ (a) 0·23 (b) 20·09 3 0·4
(g)  √5 3 √
  6 3 √
  2 
___ __ (c) 0·21 4 0·5 (d) 1·82 4 0·07
(h)  √18 3 √
  2 
2. The contents of a box weigh 3·6 kg.
3 Simplify as far as possible The box is full of packets which
___
___ __  √40  each weigh 0·15 kg. How many
(a)  √28 4 √
  2  (b)  ____ __ 
packets are in the box?
√
  8 
__ ___
√
  6   √60  3. 37 people pay a total of £1036 for
(c)  _____  (d)  ____
___ 
√
  2  √
  30  a trip. How much does each person
___ ___ ___ __ pay?
(e)  √80 4 √
  10  (f )  √12 4 √
  6 
12
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 12 10/6/15 14:35:16

4 Which of the statements below are true?
__ ___ ___ __ __ __
(a)  √8 3 √
  11 5 √
  88    4 5 √
(b)  √4 1 √   8 
___ __ ___ ___ __
(c)  √18 4 √
  2 5 3 (d)  √20 2 √
  15 5 √
  5 
__ __ ___ ___ ___ __
(e)  √6 1 √
  9 5 √
  15  (f )  √27 2 √
  12 5 √
  3 
5 Write down which of these expressions are equal to the number in the circle.
63 2 25 2 13
2 6
2 3 5 323 3
2
51 7 12

__ __ __ __ __ __
(a) 5 √2 3 3 √5  (b) 2 √3 3 3 √7  (c) 6 √3 3 √
  3 
__ __ __ __
(d) 7 √6 3 3 √2  (e) (5 √2 )2 (f ) (3 √5 )2
__ __ __ __ __
(g) 9 √5 3 7 √3  (h) 8 √2 3 3 √3  (i) ( √2 )3
__ __ __ __ __ __
( j) 3 √7 3 5 √3  (k) 3 √2 3 3 √3 3 2 √3  (l) (3 √3 )3
7 Work out the exact

area of this triangle.
8 cm
6 2 cm

__ __ __ __ __ __
(a) 5 √2 2 3 √2  (b) 2 √3 1 5 √3  (c) 8 √5 2 5 √5 
__ __ __ __ ___ ___ __
(d) 9 √3 2 5 √3 1 √
  3  (e)  √3 1 √
  12  (f )  √27 1 2 √3 
__ ___ __ ___ ___ ___
(g) 5 √5 1 √
  45  (h) 7 √2 1 √
  50  (i)  √18 1 √
  200 
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
( j)  √60 1 √
  135  (k)  √180 2 √
  20  (l)  √48 1 √
  20 2 √
  12 
9 The area of the

square is equal to
the area of the
4 6 cm triangle. Work out
the perimeter of
the square.
3 6 cm
13
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 13 10/6/15 14:35:19

E Surds 2
Key Facts
__ __
a
___ a__ √
  b
___ a √b
  __  5  ___   3   __  5 ____
 
√
  b √
  b √
  b b
The surd in the denominator has been removed. We say the denominator has been
rationalised.
__ __
√
  2   √2  __
1__ ___ 1 3 ___ 1
(a)  ___      __ 5  ___  (sometimes written as __
 5   __           √2 )
√
  2    2  3 √
√   2  __ 2 __ __ __
2
3__ 3     
3 ___√
  3  3 √3  3 √3  √
  3 
(b)  ____ ____
 5   __      __ 5   _____
 5    5     ____ ___
2 √3  2 √3  3 √   3  2 3 3 6 2
Expanding brackets containing surds

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 2
(a) ( √   2  )( √
  5 1 √   2  ) (b) ( √
  3 2 √   2  )( √
  6 2 √   3  1 2 ) (c) ( 3 1 √
  5  )
___ ___ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __
5√
  15 2 √
  10 1 √ 5√
  18 1 2 √6 2 √
  6 2 2   6 2 2 √2  5 ( 3 1 √
  5  )( 3 1 √
  5  )
__ __

simplify 5 9 1 3 √5 1 3 √5 1 5
cannot be simplified any __

further because no __ __ __ __ 5 14 1 6 √5 
5 √2 1 2 √6 2 √
3    6  2 √2 
2 
individual surds can be
__ __
simplified   2 1 √
5√   6 
E1.3
1 Expand and simplify
__ __ __ __
(a) ( √
  3 1 2 )( √
  3 1 3 ) (b) ( √
  5 2 1 )( √  5 1 2 )
__ __ __ __ __ __
(c) ( √
  3 2 4 )( 2 1 √   5  ) (d) ( √   3  )( √
  2 1 √   5  )
  3 1 √
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(e) ( √   2  )( √
  5 2 √   3 1 √   2  ) (f ) ( √   3  )( √
  7 1 √   2  )
  5 1 √

__ __ __ __
(a)  √2 ( 1 1 √
  3  ) (b)  √5 ( 2 2 √
  5  )
__ __ __ __ __
(c)  √3 ( √   5  )
  2 1 √ (d) 2 √2 ( 3 2 √   3  )
14
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 14 10/6/15 14:35:20

3 Jan says that the area of the picture is
5 square units.
Show whether she is correct or not.
21 3
21 3

__ 2 __ __2
(a) ( √
  2 1 1) (b) ( √   5  )
  3 1 √
__ __2 __ __
(c) ( √   2  )
  5 2 √ (d) ( √
  2 1 1)( √
  2 2 1)
__ __ __ __ __ __
(e) ( √   3  )( √
  7 1 √   3  )
  7 2 √ (f ) ( √
  5 1 2 )( √
  5 2 2 )
__ __2 ___ __ ___ __
(g) ( √   3  )
  7 2 √ (h) ( √   7  )( √
  11 1 √   7  )
  11 2 √
__ 2
(i) ( √
  5 1 2 )
( 5 2 2 ) cm
6 cm
( 5 1 2 ) cm
2 3 cm
By how much is the area of the triangle larger than the area of the rectangle?
Give the answer in exact surd form.
6 Find the ‘exact’ area of each shape. All units are in cm.
(a) 21 3 (b)
21 3 61 8
3
(c) 722
31 2
513 2
15
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 15 10/6/15 14:35:23

E1.4
1 Rationalise the denominator
in each of the following:
1__ 1__ Number Work
(a)  ___   (b)  ___  
  5 
√ √
  3  Use a calculator
1__ 6__
(c)  ___   (d)  ___   1. Calculate the following giving each
  7 
√ √
  2  answer to 3 significant figures.
__________
10 21 √
  26·3 ___
2 10·4 
   1 6·29
(e)  ___
__  (f )  ___
__  (a)  __________________  
   
  5 
√   7 
√ √
  8·6 2 1·53
15__ 33___ 5·163 2 6·32
(g)  ____   (h)  _____   (b)  ___________  
2 √5  5 √11  2·48 1 1·72
__ __ .. m
√
  3 
(i)  _____ 
√
  2 
( j)  _____  2. Write 0·3 9 in the form __
 n where m
  5 
√   7 
√ and n are integers.
__ __
5 √__3  4 √__2  ..
(k)  ____   (l)  ____   3. Write 0·29 0 as a fraction in its
  7 
√ √
  8  lowest form.
2 Rationalise the denominator in each of the following:

__ __ __ __ __
1 1__√
  3  5 2__√
  2  √
  2 1__ √
  5   √6 2 1
(a)  _______
  (b)  _______
  (c)  ________   (d)  _______
__ 
√
  2    5 
√ √
  3  √
  2 
3 Each side
__ of this cube is exactly
(1 1 √
  2  ) m long.
Work out the exact volume of the cube,__
giving the answer in the form a 1 b √2 
where a and b are integers.
__ __
( 5 1 √
  5  )__( 1 1 √
  5  ) __
4 Prove that ________________
      5 6 1 2 √5 
  5 
√
16
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 16 10/6/15 14:35:24

5 Simplify the following as far as possible:
__ __ __ ___ ___ __
(a) 5 √2 3 2 √2  (b)  √3 3 √
  27  (c)  √50 3 2 √2 
__ __ ___
4 √__2  10 √6  3 √28 
(d)  ____   (e)  _____
___  (f )  _____
__ 
√
  8  √
  150    7 
√
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
  5 1 3 )( √
(g) ( √   2 2 1 ) (h) ( √   7 1 3 ) (i) 3 √5 ( √
  7 2 3 )( √   3  )
  2 2 √
__ ___
√
  8  1√
  12  __ __
3 __
( j)  _________
3
__ __  (k) ( √   3  )
  2 1 √ (l) ( √
  5 1 2 )
  2 1 √
√   3 
6 Lauren thinks that the denominator

3
of _______
  __  can be rationalised.
  5 2 2
√
Tyler thinks it cannot be rationalised.

__ __
Lauren knows that ( √
  5 2 2 )( √
  5 1 2 )5 1.
Can Lauren rationalise the denominator?

Explain your answer fully.
7 Find the ‘exact’ volume of each prism. All units are in cm.
(a) (b)
23 3
11 2
221
3
5
_ _
8 (a) Given that ( 1 1 √
  2  )(1 2 √   2  )5 21, can you find a way to rationalise
the denominator of ______  5 _   ?
11√   2 
c __
(b) Describe how to rationalise the denominator of  _______   ?
a1√   b
__ __
(2 2 √   3 )2
  3 )(1 1 √ __
9 Prove that ________________
  __    5 √   2 
√
  2 
17
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 17 10/6/15 14:35:26

Use your maths! – Mobile phones
1 Do you have a mobile phone?
2 If yes, which one?
3 Why did you choose this phone?
4 When do you usually use your phone the most?
Monday to Friday or Monday to Friday or at the weekend

(during the day) (during the evening)
5 How many minutes do you spend on the phone per day?
0 or 1 – 5 or 6 – 15 or 16 – 30 or 31 – 60 or more than 60
6 How many texts do you send per day?
0 or 1 – 5 or 6 – 10 or 11 – 15 or more than 15
7 What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a mobile phone?

8 Collect the above class data together with your teacher. Discuss the main findings.
Mobile phone bills

Contract
You often pay a fixed monthly amount which allows you
a certain number of minutes of phone calls and a certain
number of text messages. You may have to pay extra if
you exceed your limit.
Pay As You Go
You pay money in advance (sometimes by buying cards
which allow you a certain amount of money on your
phone). As soon as you have used up all your money,
you have to buy more phone credit in advance.
Remember
Text messages are usually cheaper to send than making
phone calls.
The best deal?
A tariff is a way of paying to use a mobile phone.
The best tariff depends on how many minutes you use
your phone for and what time of the day you use the
phone.
18
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 18 10/6/15 14:35:27

Task
Compare these two tariffs. TARIFF P TARIFF Q
4p per minute £9 per month
anytime plus 1p per minute
The best choice depends on how many minutes are used.

1 20 minutes on tariff P would cost 20 3 4p 5 80p. Copy and complete this
table for tariff P.
Minutes 0 20 40 100 300 400
Cost (£) 0 0·80 1·60
2 20 minutes on tariff Q would cost £9 then add on (20 3 1p) which is £0·20.
20 minutes cost £9·20.
Copy and complete this table for tariff Q.
Minutes 0 50 100 200 300 400
Cost (£) 9
y
3 (a) Copy the axes opposite onto
squared paper. 16
(b) Plot points from the tariff P 14

table and join them up to 12
make a straight line.
Cost (£)
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 x
Minutes
4 Plot points from the tariff Q table using the tariff P
same axes as before. Join them up to make tariff Q
Cost (£)
a straight line.
Your graph should look like this.
Minutes
5 After how many minutes do the 2 lines cross?
6 What is the cost on both tariffs when the 2 lines cross?
7 If the number of minutes you use your mobile phone is less than your answer
to question 5 , which tariff is cheaper for you?
19
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 19 10/6/15 14:35:28

8 If the number of minutes you use your mobile phone is more than your
answer to question 5 , which tariff is cheaper for you?
9 Compare these two tariffs.

TARIFF Y TARIFF Z
£5 per month 4.5p per minute
plus 2p per minute anytime
(a) Repeat questions 1 to 4 for these new tariffs.

(b) After how many minutes is the cost the same for both tariffs?
(c) Which tariff would you advise if you use your mobile phone for
150 minutes?
(d) Which tariff would you advise if you use your mobile phone for
320 minutes?
test yourself on unit 1
1. Dealing with non calculator arithmetic

Work out
91233 8 1 (4 3 3)
(a)  _________
  (b) 73 3 216 (c)  __________
___ 
5 √
  16 
(d) A market gardener has planted 37 rows of cabbages. Each row
contains 26 cabbages. All the cabbages are picked and placed in
boxes. Each box contains 65 cabbages.
How many boxes are needed in total?
(e) Find the missing values A, B, C and D below:
0·9 1·678
3A 2B
0·027
1D 4C
0·008 0·162
20
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 20 10/6/15 14:35:28

2. Using fractions
Work out
3 2 7 2 5 3 5
(a)  ___ 2  __  (b)  __ of 45 (c) 3 __ 2 1 __  (d) 22 __ 4  ___ 
10 3 9 5 6 4 12
(e) A film is 1 _4 hours long. Sam watches _ 8 of the film. What fraction of
3 3
an hour does Sam watch the film for?

(f ) 115 m Find the area of this
shape. Give the answer as
1
4 m a fraction in its simplest
2
form.
3 m
3
8 m
3. Using a calculator and estimating answers
Calculate the following, giving each answer to 3 significant figures.

_____
5·1 1 7·9 2·16 1 3·8 2 √
  15·21 4 0·083
(a)  _________  (b)  __________
  (c)  _____________
  
 
3·68 2 1·5 5·972 0·0182
5 1
( √
__
  8 1
__ 2
  3  )
√  __ 2  __ 
9 8
(d)  __________ ___  (e)  ______ 2  (f ) (3·7)4 2 (2·4)3
√
  15  ( 2 _12  )
_____
5·023 2 √
  80·13 
(g) Estimate the value of  _____________
____ 
  
0·998 1 √  9·04 
4. Converting fractions and decimals
(a) Each fraction has an equivalent decimal value. Write down each pair.
7 0·285
0·8 8
7
20 17 0·425
4
40 5
0·76 0·875
19 57
0·35 25 200
(b) Find the difference between _ 9 and __

7 8
 15 .
Give the answer as a recurring decimal.
21
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 21 10/6/15 14:35:29

5. Converting recurring decimals into fractions
Express the following recurring decimals as fractions in their lowest form:

.. . . .
(a) 0·2 3  (b) 0·48  (c) 0·7 19 
6. Simplifying surds
(a) Which of the statements below are true?

___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___
(i)  √10 2 √
  7 5 √
  3  (ii)  √5 1 √
  11 5 4 (iii)  √3 3 √
  7 5 √
  21 
__ ___ ___ __ __ __
2
  5 5 √
(iv) 2 3 √   10  (v)  √30 4 √   5  (vi) ( √
  6 5 √   3  ) 5 3
(b) Simplify as far as possible
___ ___ __ __
(i)  √27  (ii)  √80  (iii) 4 √2 3 3 √5 
__ 2 __ __ ___ ___
(iv) ( 4 √3  ) (v) 7 √2 2 3 √2  (vi)  √32 2 √
  18 
7. Expanding brackets containing surds and rationalising denominators
Expand and simplify

__ __ __ __ __ __ ___ ___
(a) ( √   5  )( √
  2 1 √   2  ) (b) ( 1 1 √
  3 2 √   3  )( √
  5 2 3 ) (c) ( 2 1 √
  11  )( 2 2 √
  11  )
__ __ __2 __ 2
(d)  √5 ( 2 2 √
  3  ) (e) ( 1 1 √
  3  ) (f ) ( √
  5 2 7 )
Rationalise the denominator in each of the following:
__ __
1___
____ 3__
___  √5 
___ √
  3 2 5
(g)     (h)     (i)   __  ( j)  _______
__ 
√
  11  √
  2    7 
√ √
  2 
___
(k)   48  cm2.
The area of this triangle is √
Find the height h of the triangle.
h
3 cm
__
12 6___
(l) Express ___
  __ 1  ____  in the form a √3 
√
  3  √   12 
where a is an integer.
Mixed examination questions

Evaluate _ 4 1 2 _2 3 1 _3 giving your answer as a mixed number.
3 1 1
1 (CEA)
22
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 22 10/6/15 14:35:30

_____
√
  7056 
2 (a) Use your calculator to work out __________
   
0·35 3 12·8
Write down all the figures on your calculator display.
You must give your answer as a decimal.
(b) Write your answer to part (a) correct to 1 significant figure.
(EDEXCEL)
3 Kate lives in the UK. She goes on holiday to Paris with two friends, Janie
who lives in America and Ami who lives in Japan.
They meet in London for a few days and then fly to Paris together.
Janie exchanges 450 American dollars to pounds and Ami exchanges 30 000
Japanese yen to pounds.
In London, Janie and Ami each spend £100 and exchange their remaining
money to euros.
Kate also exchanges £250 to euros.
£1 5 129·82 Japanese yen

£1 5 1·57 American dollars
£1 5 1·18 euros
Use the exchange rates shown above to calculate how many euros in total the
three girls take to Paris.
You must explain each step of your calculations and show all your working.
(WJEC)
___ ___ __
4 Write √   75 in the form a √3 where a is an integer.
  12 1 √ (AQA)
__ __
5   2  )( 3 1 √
Expand and simplify ( 2 1 √   8  )
__
Give your answer in the form a 1 b √2 where a and b are integers.
(EDEXCEL)
(a) Which of the following fractions is nearest in value to _ 4 ?

1
6
 __ __ __ __
3 7 4 17
10  20  15  60
Show your working.

..
(b) Write down the meaning of 0·5 7  (CEA)
7 Calculate
___________
√   __________
16·4 2 5·87
  
5·42 1 1·09
  
Write your answer correct to 2 decimal places. (OCR)
23
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 23 10/6/15 14:35:30

8 (a) Jayne says, “When you multiply any number by 10, the answer is always
greater than or equal to 10.”
Is Jayne correct? Give a reason for your answer.
Answer
because
(b) Linda says, “When you add any number to 3 the answer is always
greater than or equal to 3.”
Is Linda correct? Give a reason for your answer.
Answer
because (CEA)
..
9 Express 0·75 2 as a fraction. (WJEC)
10
2
3 cm 0·29 cm
5 0·73 cm
8 cm
Which shape has the greater area and by how much (give the answer
to 3 significant figures)?
___ ___
6
11 Work out the mean of the three numbers √   75 and ___
  75 , √   __ 
__ √
  3 
Give your answer in the form b √3 where b is an integer. (AQA)
__
12 Emer says she
__ has worked out that 3 2   5 is a square root
√
of 14 2 6  5 
√
Showing all your work clearly prove that Emer is correct. (CEA)
At 06:00 hours one day, the temperature in Kiev is 28 _4 °C.

1
13
By 11:00 hours the temperature rises by 5 _5 °C. At the same time
3
of day the temperature in London is 3 _6 °C. What is the difference

1
in temperature between Kiev and London at 11:00 hours on this day?

__ __ ___
14 Given that f 5 √   5 and h 5 √
  2 , g 5 √   10 , find, in its simplest form,
fg
(i)  __, (ii) fg 1 h, (iii) fh. (WJEC)
h
24
01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 24 10/6/15 14:35:32

NUMBER 2
2
– find percentage increases and decreases
– find a percentage change (including percentage profit/loss)
– solve compound interest-type problems
– work out reverse percentages
– use ratios
– multiply and divide using indices
– use negative indices
– use fractional indices
– find indices from equations
– estimate powers and roots
– – pricing your holiday
M Percentage increase/decrease
Zoe earns £500 each week. She is given a 3% pay rise.

How much does she now earn each week?
Zoe now earns 100% of 500 1 3% of 500
5 103% of 500
103
5 ____ 3 500
100
5 1·03 3 500 5 515
⇧
5 1·03 is the ‘percentage multiplier’
25
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 25 10/6/15 14:36:38

M1.1
Key Facts
Using percentage multipliers
The quickest way to increase £7100 by 9% is 1·09 3 7100 5 £7739
↑
100% 1 9% 5 109% 5 1·09 (percentage
multiplier)
Decrease a price of £620 by 3%:
100% 2 3% 5 97% 5 0·97 (percentage multiplier)
Answer: 0·97 3 620 5 £601·40
M2.1
Use a calculator when needed.
1 9% of a cereal is sugar. How much sugar is there in a 750 g box of cereal?
2 Which is larger:
A 7·3% of £8·99 or B 9·4% of £6·81
3 Rory earns £22 000 each year. He gets a pay rise of 4%. How much does he
now earn each year?
4 A railcard gives a 20% discount.

How much would a £9·65 train journey
cost if the railcard was used?
5 The population of Hatton is 11 500.

If the population decreases by 2%,
what is the new population?
6 Write down the percentage multiplier that would be used for the following
(e.g. ‘increase of 4%’ means the percentage multiplier is 1·04).
(a) Increase of 25% (b) Increase of 17·5%
(c) Decrease of 6% (d) Reduction of 3·5%
(e) Decrease of 63% (f ) Increase of p%
26
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 26 10/6/15 14:36:39

7 What is the sale price for each item below?
(a) (b)
Digital radio £90 Bed £450
SALE SALE
33 13 % off 35% off
8 A new car costs £2320 1 VAT (20%).

Its value decreases by 27% after Surds
one year. Do not use
(a) What is the total price of the a calculator
new car?
1. Simplify
(b) How much does the car cost after ___ ___ ___
(a)  √ 48  (b)  √ 48 2 √
  12 
1 year? __
7__
(c)  ___
2
  (d) ( √
  3 1 1 )
  7 
√
9 70% of the people in a supermarket
are over 50 years old. 2. Which is greater and by how
60% of the over 50s buy some fruit. much?
__ __ __ __
40% of the 50s or under people buy ( √   2  )( √
  3 2 √   2  )
  3 1 √
some fruit.
or 6 _5 2 1 _3
3 2
What percentage of the people in the
supermarket did not buy some fruit?
10 A suitcase costs £275 1 VAT (20%). After a year-and-a-half the shop puts
the suitcase in a sale when the price is reduced by 15%.
How much does the suitcase cost in the sale?
11 Alma and Jack each buy a bike for

£550 1 VAT (20%).
Alma’s bike loses 20% of its value at the
start of each year.
During the first year Jack’s bike loses 15%
of its value at the start of the year.
During the second year Jack’s bike loses
25% of its value at the start of the year.
Which bike is worth the most after 2 years
and by how much?
12 Trinity says ‘If I increase £160 by 8% then decrease the result by 8%, the
answer will not be £160’. David disagrees. Explain fully who is correct.
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13 Mark builds computers. It costs £240 to make
each one.
During May he sells 8 computers making
35% profit on each.
In June the cost of building each computer
increases by 7%.
Mark sells 6 more computers making a profit of 40% on each.
He has to pay 20% income tax and 9% national insurance on his profits.
How much money does Mark make in total during May and June after he
has paid income tax and national insurance?
M Use aFinding a percentage change

calculator when needed.
Key Facts
The price of a car increases from £9000 to £9090.
increase 5 £90
The price of a guitar increases from £300 to £390.
increase 5 £90
The actual increase of £90 is the same for both items but
the increase is far more significant for the guitar.
A good way of comparing price changes (up or down) is to work out the percentage change.
For an increase,
actual increase
percentage increase 5 3 100
original value
For a decrease,
actual decrease
percentage decrease 5 3 100
original value
90
For the car above, % increase 5 _____
 
9000 ( )
   3 100 5 1%
For the guitar, % increase 5 ____( )

90
     3 100 5 30%
300
Note
Percentage profit or loss are calculated in the same way, changing the words ‘increase’ to
‘profit’ and ‘decrease’ to ‘loss’.
28
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 28 10/6/15 14:36:43

(a) A holiday firm reduces its price of (b) Roger buys a box of shirts for £180
a holiday from £1740 to £1479. and sells them for £232·20.
Find the percentage decrease. Find the percentage profit.
actual decrease 5 1740 2 1479 actual profit 5 232·20 2 180
5 261 5 52·20
Percentage decrease (
 
261
5 _____
1740 )
   3 100 (
52·20
Percentage profit 5 _____
 
180 )
   3 100
5 15% 5 29%
M2.2
Give answers to one decimal place if necessary.
1 Eddie’s wages were increased from £120 to £129·60 per week. What was the
percentage increase?
2 A clock is bought for £60 and sold for £69.
What is the percentage profit?
3 The value of a bike drops from £240 to £160 in one year.

What is the percentage decrease in that year?
4 The population of a country increases from 2,374,000
to 2,445,220. What is the percentage increase?
On average 2 _2 days out of every 60 working days are missed through ill
1
5
health at the Henton factory. __
3
 20 of the missed days are due to back problems.
What percentage of all the working days at the factory are missed due to
back problems?
6 The ‘King’s Arms’ pub buys some of its items at the costs shown below and
sells them at the prices shown below. Find the percentage profit on each
item.
Item Cost price Selling price
Pint of lager £1·20 £2·70
Packet of crisps 25p 60p
Pint of bitter £1·15 £2·50
Packet of nuts 27p 75p
29
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 29 10/6/15 14:36:43

7 The base and height are both increased by 20%.
What is the percentage increase in the area of the
25 cm
triangle?
15 cm
8 The cost of a first-class stamp is

increased from 28p to 29p. Decimals
What is the percentage increase? Do not use
a calculator
9 Arnie the grocer bought 100
Work out:
cabbages at 30p each. He sold
80 of the cabbages at 65p each. 1. 42·6 2 3·712 2. 0·72 4 0·8
The other 20 cabbages went 3. 0·48 4 0·15 4. 0·62 2 0·179
‘rotten’ and had to be thrown away.
0·12 2 0·0282 0·72 1 0·45
Find the percentage profit Arnie 5.  ____________
  
  6.  __________ 
made on the 100 cabbages. 0·34 0·72 1 0·18
7. Marcus has £50. He needs to buy
7 calculators each costing £5·39
and a book costing £12·25.
Does he have enough money?
10 In 2014 a company makes a profit which is 25% higher than in 2013.

In 2015 the profit drops back to the level of 2013. What was the percentage
decrease from 2014 to 2015?
M Compound interest – type problems

£2000 is invested at 10% per annum (year) compound interest. How much money
will there be after 2 years?
‘Compound’ interest here means that the interest must be worked out separately for each year.
After 1 year: total money 5 2000 1 10% of 2000 5 £2200

(or 1·1 3 2000)
↑
‘percentage multiplier’ 5 100% 1 10% 5 110% 5 1·1
After 2 years: total money 5 2200 1 10% of 2200 5 £2420
money at start of 2nd year

(or (1·1 3 2000) 3 1·1 5 1·12 3 2000 5 £2420)
↖
}
money after ‘percentage multiplier’

1 year for the 2nd year
30
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 30 10/6/15 14:36:44

Key Facts
r
If interest rate 5 r% 5 ____
   
100
r
multiplier 5 1 1 ____
   
100
amount invested 5 P (called the ‘principal’)
total compound interest accrued (gained)
r n
after n years 5 P( 1 1 ____
    )
100
Simple interest
This means work out the interest for one year then multiply by the number of years.
£2000 is invested at 10% per annum (year) simple interest. How much money
will there be after 2 years?
Interest 5 10% of 2000 5 200
Total interest for 2 years 5 200 3 2 5 400
Total money after 2 years 5 2000 1 400 5 £2400
M2.3
Give answers to the nearest penny if necessary.
1 Ben invests £6000 in a bank at 5% per annum compound interest.

How much money will he have in the bank after 2 years?
2 A bank pays 6% per annum compound interest. How much will

the following people have in the bank after the number of years
stated?
(a) Kim: £9000 after 2 years. (b) Freddie: £4000 after 3 years.
(c) Les: £2500 after 8 years (d) Olive: £600 after 10 years.
3 A stereo loses 30% of its value every year.

Tim bought it for £800. How much would it be worth after:
(a) 2 years. (b) 3 years.
4 The population of a country decreases by 4% every year. If the population is

8 million, what will it be after 3 years?
31
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 31 10/6/15 14:36:44

5 £3000 is invested at 6% per annum simple interest. How much money will
there be after 10 years?
6 Inflation is how much more expensive

things in the shop get each year.
Assume the average inflation rate
is 3%. If a pair of shoes costs £50, Do not use
how much will the pair of shoes a calculator
cost after 15 years?
Copy and complete.
7 The value of a car depreciates by __

1 _2
1 10 9
15% of its value each year.
_1
Sally buys a new car for £16 000. 2
How much will the car be worth _3 _5
after 7 years? 8 8
__
7
12
8 Mohammed puts £200 in a bank at 6% p.a.

(per annum) compound interest.
Geena puts £210 in a bank at 4% p.a.
compound interest.
(a) Who will have more money in the bank
after 2 years?
(b) By how much?
9 Imran invests some money in a bank at

8% p.a. compound interest.
After how many years will his money have
doubled?
10 Savannah has a choice of two accounts into which she can put her money.
Account 1 Account 2
4·5 % per annum 4·65 % per annum
compound interest simple interest
Savannah invests £2000. Which account will produce more money for her
after 3 years and by how much more?
32
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11 Misha invests £4000 in a bank with
a compound interest rate of
3·75% per annum.
At the end of each year Misha has to
pay 20% tax on the interest made during
that year.
After 4 years Misha finds a ruby stone
valued at £4500. Has he got enough money
in the bank to afford to buy the ruby stone?
If not, how much more would he need to save?
12 If a 15-year old person put £500 in a bank at 9% p.a. compound interest and
left it in the bank for 50 years until retirement, how much money would be
in the bank?
13 Arnav invests £500 at a compound interest rate of 4% per annum. At the

same time Simone invest £600 at a compound interest rate of 2% per annum.
At the end of which year will Arnav have more money than Simone for the
first time?
14 The number of burglaries in a certain country

rose by 8% for two years in a row from 2013
to 2015. If there were 20 000 burglaries in
2013 then:
(a) How many burglaries were there in 2014?
(b) How many burglaries were there in 2015?
(c) What was the overall percentage increase in
burglaries over the two years?
(Note: the answer is not 16%.)
15 Callow Bank offers two 3 year Savings

accounts.
Simple Save: 2% per annum

compound interest
Changer Save: 1% for first year

2% for second year
3% for third year
If you invest £3500 in each account, which will give you more money after
3 years and by how much?
33
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 33 10/6/15 14:36:45

M Reverse percentages
A radio costs £100. Its price is increased by 10% so the radio now costs £110.
If you are told that a radio costs £110 after a 10% increase, you do not find the
original price by finding 10% of £110 and subtracting because:
10% of 110 5 11 then 110 2 11 5 £99 This is not the original price of £100.
Key Facts
Any percentage increase or decrease refers to the original (old) amount not the new amount.
In the example above,
£110 is 110% of the original price (original 100% plus 10% extra)
110
Find 1% of original price  ____ is 1% of the original price
110
110
Find 100% of original price  ____ 3 100 is 100% of the original price
110
so original price 5 £100
Rose reduces her hours at work a little and takes an 8% pay cut. She now earns £202·40
each week. What was her weekly pay before she reduced her hours?
8% decrease so £202·40 is 92% of original pay
(100% 2 8%) or £202·40 is 0·92 of original pay
REVERSE THE PERCENTAGE
202·40
______
   is 1% of original pay 202·40
92 original pay 5 ______
   
0·92
202·40
 ______
 3 100 is 100% of original pay 5 £220
92
original pay 5 £220
M2.4
You may use a calculator when needed.
1 Martin works out and increases his muscle mass.
His weight therefore increases by 8%. If he now weighs
73·44 kg, how much did he weigh originally?
2 Harry earns £27 300 each year after a 5% pay rise.
How much did he earn before the pay rise?
34
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 34 10/6/15 14:36:46

3 A garden table is selling for £48 with a sign saying ‘Reduction of 20%’.
What was the price before the sale?
4 In a sale all items are reduced by 15%. A carpet is selling for £15·30 per
square metre. What was it before the sale?
5 A train ticket costs £38·76 after a 14% increase in prices. How much would
the train ticket have cost before the price increase?
6 A drill costs £67·68 after VAT

has been added at 20%.
How much would the drill Surds
cost a builder who did not Do not use a calculator
have to pay VAT?
Simplify as far as possible:
7 A TV costs £748·80 including ___ ___
20% VAT. How much did the 1. √  18 2. √  75
TV cost before VAT was added? ___ ___ __
2
3. √  75 2 √  48 4. ( 2√  5  )
___ __
8 Colin buys a car for £1500 and   27 ___
√ 3 √  5
_________
__ __
5.     6. ( √  3 2 1 )( √  3 1 1 )
sells it a year later for a 22%   15
√
loss. How much did Colin sell
7. Find the
the car for? __
‘exact’ area (3 1 √  7 ) cm
of this
9 Aaliyah earns £30 797 in 2015 square.
which is 3% more than her salary
in 2014.
Owen earned £28 500 in 2013. The following year he received a 4% pay rise.
Who earned more money in 2014 and by how much?
10 Jackie has £663 stolen from her whilst

on holiday. A/W
This is 65% of her total holiday money. g14
What was her total holiday money? beach
11 The price of a computer drops each year
by 5% of its value at the start of the year.
If the computer now costs £415·15,
how much did it cost two years ago?
35
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12 A school claims that the
pupil’s average mark in an
Fractions
exam has increased by 15%
over 5 years. Two pupils are Do not use a calculator
told that the average mark is
now 85·1. George thinks that
1. What fraction is half way between _ 3
2
the average mark five years
and  _8 ?
7
ago was 72·335 but Jane
thinks it was 74. Who is right 2. A number is increased by two-fifths
of its value. The result is 8  _5 . What
2
and how is the correct answer
obtained? was the original number?
3. Which is larger and by how much:
 _5 of 2  _2 or  _7 of 4  _4 ?
3 1 2 1
4. A plant is 4  _2 cm tall. Each week its

1
height increases by _ 3 of its value at

2
the start of the week. How tall is the

plant after 3 weeks?
13 The Chambers Company is made up of three factory 1248

departments – factory, office and sales.
office 517
The number of people working in the factory
and office this year is shown in the table opposite.
There are 4% more workers in the factory than one year ago. The number of
people in the office has decreased by 6% compared to one year ago.
One year ago the size of the sales department was 30% of the number of
workers in the factory.
Work out the total number of people in the three departments one year ago?
14 An aeroplane has 41 069 litres of fuel which

is 35% of its maximum capacity.
When it leaves London Heathrow it has its
maximum load of fuel.
It uses up 42% of its fuel before it lands
again.
How much fuel does the aeroplane have
when it lands again?
A chef uses _ 5 kg and ___

4 31
15  100 kg of sugar when making cakes.
This is 60% of the chef’s sugar supply at the start of the day.
How much sugar did the chef have at the start of the day?
16 Maria invests some money which makes 1% interest in the 1st year,
2% in the 2nd year, 3% in the 3rd year, 4% in the 4th year and 5% in
the 5th year. Maria then has £2085·71. How much did she invest?
36
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 36 10/6/15 14:36:47

M Ratio
Key Facts
(a) 25 cm : 2 m 5 25 cm : 200 cm
Get units the same

5 1:8
simplest form
(b) Share £480 between Carol, Maggie and Peter in the ratio 5 : 3 : 4.
Carol : Maggie : Peter £480

5 5:3:4 so each share 5
480 4 12
Total of 12 shares 5 £40
Carol gets 5 shares

MostMostimportant:
important:
FindFind
the value 5 5 3 40 5 £200
the value
of 1ofshare Maggie gets 3 shares
1 share
5 3 3 40 5 £120
Peter gets 4 shares
5 4 3 40 5 £160
M2.5
1 Change the following ratios to their simplest form:
(a) 42 : 49 (b) 40 : 25 (c) 40 : 15 : 25 (d) 2 m : 20 cm
(e) 5p : £2 (f ) 30p : £9 (g) 75 cm : 3 m : 0·5 m (h) 0·6 kg : 20 kg
2 A green paint is mixed from blue

and yellow in the ratio 2 : 5.
How much of each colour is needed to
make 56 litres of paint?
3 5 pints of beer cost £13·30.

Find the cost of 7 pints of beer.
4 A father’s and son’s ages are in the ratio 9 : 4. If the father is 45 years old,
how old is the son?
37
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 37 10/6/15 14:36:48

p
5 The angles p, q, r and s in a quadrilateral are in q
the ratio 3 : 1 : 2 : 4. r
Find the sizes of angles p, q, r and s. s
6 120 g plain flour This recipe for pancakes serves

280 ml milk 4 people.
2 eggs
How much of each ingredient is
needed for 6 people?
7 Some money is shared between Omar, Molly and Sachin in the ratio 5 : 2 : 7.
Molly got £90 less than Sachin. How much money did Omar get?
8 Gravel and cement are mixed in the

ratio 5 : 3 to make mortar.
(a) If 30 shovels of gravel are used,
how many shovels of cement
are needed?
(b) If 12 shovels of cement are used,
how many shovels of gravel
are needed?
9 The recipe below is for 8 chocolate buns.
220 g butter Jordan has:

240 g sugar 1·1 kg of butter
2 tablespoons of boiling water 840 g of sugar
4 eggs 24 eggs
200 g self-raising flour 1·5 kg of self-raising flour
2 tablespoons of cocoa 10 tablespoons of cocoa
Work out the maximum number of chocolate buns that Jordan can make.
P is _ 7 of Q. Write down the ratio P : Q.

4
10
11 £8000 is shared between Carl and Anna in the ratio 11 : 5. Carl then
divides his share between himself and his two brothers in the ratio 5 : 3 : 3
respectively. How much money does Carl keep?
38
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 38 10/6/15 14:36:48

12 Express each of the following ratios in the form m : n where m and n are
integers (whole numbers).
(a)  __ _ (b)  _7 :  _9 (c)  _8 :  _5
3 2 5 2 5 3
10 :  3
13 This year Maya and Ishaan were

given a bonus payment of £3360
in the ratio 7 : 5. Maya’s bonus Fractions
payment was a 96% increase on Do not use a calculator
last year. Ishaan’s bonus was _ 6
1
more than last year’s bonus

Work out
payment. Work out the bonus
1.  _8 3 _ 5 2.  _3 4 _ 9
payment ratio for last year. 3 4 2 7
3. 1 _4 4 4 _6 4. 2 _3 3 __

1 1 2 9
14 Some sweets are shared between  10
Jan and Dom in the ratio 6 : 5.
5. Cho has a piece of wood 2 _5 m
3
If Jan gets y sweets, how many
long. She cuts off a piece 1 _3 m
2
sweets does Dom get? (Give the
answer in terms of y.) long. How long is the remaining
piece of wood?
..
6. Express 0·5 1 as a fraction.
15 n C
m B
AB is _ 8 of AC.

5
Write down the ratio m : n in its simplest form.
Grannie Ann eats _ 8 of a chocolate cake.

3
16
Her dear son eats __
1
 10 of the cake.
Grannie Ann then eats another _ 3 of the cake.
1
What is the final ratio of the amount of cake

eaten by Grannie Ann compared to that eaten
by her son?
x
17 If __
 y of the students in Year 10 play a musical instrument, what is the ratio of
the number of students who play an instrument to the number who do not?
39
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 39 10/6/15 14:36:50

M Indices 1
Key Facts
34 ⇦ the ‘power’ 4 is also called the ‘index’ (‘indices’ for more than one index)
⇧
this number is called the ‘base’
Reminder: am 3 an 5 am1n an 4 an 5 an2n 5 a0

1 n
a a0 5 1
am 4 an 5 am2n an 4 an 5 __
 an 51
1
(am)n 5 amn
a7
(a) (62)3 3 62 5 66 3 62 5 68 (b)  __3 5 a4
a
b8 3 (b3)2 _______
b8 3 b6 ___
b14
(c)  _________
2 4 5   8 5   8 5 b
6 (d) 3a2 3 2a3
(b ) b b
5 (3 3 2) 3 (a2 3 a3)
12 5 6a5
48a7 ____12a7
(e)  ____  5    5 12a3 (f ) (6a2)3 5 63(a2)3 5 216a6
4a4 a4
1
M2.6
1 Copy and complete the following, giving each answer in index form.
(a) 34 3 32 5 3 (b) 23 3 25 5 2 (c) 87 4 84 5 8
(d) 67 4 65 5 6 (e) (92)3 5 9 (f ) (43)4 5 4
2 Work out and write each answer as a number in index form.

(a) 52 3 54 (b) 72 3 73 (c) 98 4 95 (d) (53)2 (e) (74)2
(f ) 80 (g) (56)3 (h) 90 (i) 46 4 45
3 Copy and complete. Write the number in index form.

(a) (34)2 3 33 (b) (23)4 3 26 (c) 653 (62)2
73 (52)4 93 (93)3
(d)  __0  (e)  ____   (f )  _______
 
7 (53)2 97
82 3 86 433 (45)2 (23)2 3 (23)2
(g)  _______  (h)  ________   (i)   4 ___________
 
(82)3 47 2 3 23
40
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 40 10/6/15 14:36:50

4 Copy and complete
(a) 34 3 32 5 (b) 3 64 5 66 (c) 3 94 5 97
(d) 46 3 5 48 (e) 93 3 5 94 (f ) 48 4 42 5
(g) 38 4 5 32 (h) 810 4 5 85 (i) 4 45 5 47
5 Simplify the expressions below.

(a) a4 3 a3 (b) x7 3 x4 (c) x9 4 x4
(d) (n3)2 (e) a10 4 a6 (f ) (x3)3
(g) n0 (h) p8 3 p (i) m14 4 m8
( j) (x2)0 (k) (a2)4 3 a5 (l) xp 4 xp
6 Which is larger?
3 2 2
(3 ) 3 3
_________ (32)3 3 33
A     or B  _________ 
33 3 (32)2 35 3 32

3 2 4
x5 3 x3 a2 3 a6 (m ) 3 m
(a)  ______
6  (b)  _______  (c)  __________
 
x (a2)2 (m3)3
a8
______ n9 3 (n2)4
_________ (x8) 3 x4
________
(d)   3 (e)     (f )   3 2  
a 3a (n3)5 (x ) 3 x2
8 Write down the area of this square in index form:
34 cm
9 Find a in each of the following:

(a) 23 3 2a 5 27 (b) x5 3 x a 5 x6 (c) y2 3 y a 5 y2
(d) r a 4 r11 5 r9 (e) 5a 4 59 5 57 (f ) 29 4 2a 5 22
(g) (35)a 5 320 (h) ( y a)a 5 y9 (i) (xa)a11 5 x42
(a) 5a3 3 2a4 (b) 3a2 3 5a6 (c) 5p3 3 2p2
(d) 28a2 3 23a4 (e) 5a3 3 a6 (f ) 26b4 3 3b3
32c10
(a) 12a6 4 4a2 (b) 25a7 4 5a5 (c)  _____  
8c3
40m9
(d)  _____4  (e) 56a8 4 7a4 (f ) 63m12 4 9m7
10m
12 3x2 Write down the area of this rectangle in index form.
x3
41
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13 What is the value of (40)6?
14 Simplify the following.

(a) (3a2)2 (b) (2b3)3 (c) (5p4)3 (d) (7a3)2
15 Multiply out the brackets below, leaving each answer in index form.
(a) x3(x3 1 x2) (b) n4(n5 2 n) (c) x7(x2 1 x5)
M Indices 2 – Negative indices
Key Facts
a0 1
a0 4 an 5 __
 an 5 __
 an
a2n 5 a1n
a0 4 an 5 a02n 5 a2n
1
Note  __
a is known as the reciprocal of a
so a2n is the reciprocal of an __
1
( )
 an  
1 1 1 1
(a) 522 5 __  2 5  ___  (b) 821 5 __
  1 5  __ 
5 25 8 8
(c) 723 5 __
1 1
  3 5  ____  ()1 22
(d) __
     5 _____
1 1
  2 5  ___ 5 16
7 343 4
() 1
__
4
1
     ___
   
16
M2.7
1 Copy and complete the following:
(a) 622 (b) 321 (c) 623
1 1 1
5 ___
    5  ___  5  ___ 
6 3 6
1 1 1
5  ____  5 ____
    5 ____
   
2 Write the following as ordinary numbers.

(a) 322 (b) 1023 (c) 221 (d) 1021
(e) 822 (f ) 222 (g) 323 (h) 224
(i) 722 ( j) 424 (k) 2021 (l) 524
42
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 42 10/6/15 14:36:52

3 Which of the following statements below are true?
1 3 2 1
(a)  __ 5 421 (b)  __ 5 423 (c)  __ 5 522 (d)  __4 5 324
4 4 5 3
4 Write the following in negative index form.
1 1 1 1
(a)  __3  (b)  __4  (c)  __7  (d)  __5 
5 6 3 9
5 Express the following
in negative index form
using the stated Negative numbers
numbers. Do not use a calculator
1
(a)  ___ as a power of 6
36
1. Work out
1
(b)  ___ as a power of 2 (a) (28)2 (b) 0·04 3 (20·08)
16
1
(c)  ____ as a power of 5 (c) (20·7) 3 0·6 (d) (26)2
125
1 (e) (20·4) 3 (20·01) (f ) (23)3
(d)  _____ as a power of 2
1024 (g) 5 3 (26) 2 2 3 4 (h) 24 1 (25) 3 3
(23) 3 (210) 1 4 (25)2 3 (22)2
6 Which is greater – the (i)  ________________
    
   ( j)  _____________
  
   
reciprocal of 4 or the 15 2 (22) 40 2 (210)
reciprocal of 5? (26) 3 5 1 2 (29) 3 (28) 2 12
(k)  ____________
  
  (l)  ________________
    
  
Write down the 7 15 3 (22)
difference between
the two reciprocals.
()
1 21
(a) __
    
3 ()
3 22
(b) __
    
5 ()
7 22
(c) __
    
3
()
1 21
(a) __
    
2 ()
(b) __
2 21
    
7 ()
2 22
(c) __
    
3
(d) __()
1 23
    
4
()
2 22
(e) __
    
9 ( ) 3 21
(f ) ___
    
10 ()
1 24
(g) __
    
4
(h) __()
5 22
    
9
(a) 53 3 521 5 52 (b) 722 3 722 5 74 ()

1 21
(c) __
     5 23
4
(d) 62 4 65 5 623 (e) 821 5 28 (f ) 321 . 421
()
1 0
(g) __
     5 21
2 ()
2 22 25
(h) __
     5 ___
5
   
4
(i) 621 3 621 5 622
43
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 43 10/6/15 14:36:52

10 Connor says that 0·004 is the reciprocal of 250.
Explain fully whether Connor is correct or not?
11 The reciprocal of m is m21.

Write down the reciprocal of m21.
12 Find the reciprocal of 0·125 m21.

2 23
a 3a2 25 (x )
(a) (x ) 21 22
(b)  ________
  (c)  _______ 
a3 x3 3 x21
2b23 3 3b22 (4a23)3

(d) (3x22)2 (e)  ___________
  (f )  _________  
12b3 2a4 3 4a2
14 Express the following in the form 8n

1 1 1
(a)  __  (b) 8 (c) 1 (d) 64 (e)  ___  (f )  ____ 
8 64 512
E Indices 3 – Fractional indices
Key Facts
1
__ __ 1
__ __ 1
__ __
    3   4
a2 5 √
  a a3 5 √ a a4 5 √ a
1 n
an 5 a
A fractional index indicates ‘rooting’.

1 1
__
  ___ 2 __
  1 1 1
____
  __1  5 ____
 4 ___ 5 __
3
(a) 6435 √64 5 4 (b) 16 4 5  
2
164 16
  √
____
( ) 81 2__ 1
( )
100 __ 1 √  100 ____ 1 1 1
10 3 __
  __
  __
 
(c) ____
    2 5 ____
    2 5 _____
  ___ 5 ___
  (d) √ 8a12 5 (8a12)35 83(a12)3
100 81   81
√ 9
__ 1
_
3
5 √ 8 a12 3  35 2a4
44
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 44 10/6/15 14:36:53

E2.1
1 Copy and complete the following:
1
__ 1
__ 1
        2  __ 
(a) 92 (b) 273 (c) 36 2
____ ____
1
5√ 5 √
3
      5  _______1 
   
2
1
5 5 5  _____
____ 
√   
1
5 ____
   
2 Evaluate the following:

1
__ 1
__
       
(a) 42 (b) 83 Surds
1
__ 1
__
(c) 1253
   
(d) 646
    Do not use a calculator
1 1
__
    2  __ 
(e) 814 (f ) 27 3 1. Rationalise the denominator in each of
1
2  __ 
1
2  __  the following: __
(g) 32 5 (h) 64 2 1 6 1 1 √
  2
1 1 (a) ___
  __  (b) ___
  __  (c) _______
  __ 
2  __  2  __    5
√   3
√   2
√
(i) 169 2 ( j) 1000 3 __ __
  5
√
___ 2
___   5
√
  __ 5 ___
1 1
(k) 9 2
2  __ 
(l) 1024
2  ___ 
10 2. Show that   1  
__
10   5
√ 2
(  5
√
___
1 __
  can be written as __
2
  5  
  √
2 )
3 Find a in each of the following: __
2
( 1 1 √
__________  5  ) __
__
1 3. Express   __  in the form a 1 b√  5
(a) √  6 5 6a (b) ____
 3 ___ 5 23a   5
√
√
23
1
____ 3
__
(c)   ___ 5 37a (d) √5 5 5a
  37
√
4 Express the following as powers of 64:

(a) 64 (b) 8 (c) 4
(f )  __
1
(d) 2 (e) 1 64
(g)  _8 (h)  _2 (i)  _4

1 1 1
45
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 45 10/6/15 14:36:53

1
__ 1
__ 1
__
           
(a) 92 (b) 643 (c) 812
1
__ 1
__ 1
__
           
(d) 10 0004 (e) 325 (f ) 1212
1 1 1
2  __  2  __  2  __ 
(g) 144 2 (h) 49 2 (i) 125 3
()
4 __ 1 
( j) __
     2
9
(k) ___ ( )
1 __ 1 
     3
27 ( )
27 __ 1 
(l) ___
     3
64
( )
125 2  __1 
(m) ____
     3
64
(n) ___ ( )
36 2  __1 
     2
49 ( )
216 __ 1 
(o) ____
     3
125
6 Simplify the following:

__ ___
 1 
__ 3 5
(a) ( f 4 3 f 5)3 (b) √ r6 (c) √s15
___________
1 e3
(d) ________
  _______   (e) _________
 3 ________  (f ) √  (x2)3 3 (x2 2
  )
√  q 3 q7
3
√ e2 3 e13
___ _____
3  1 
__
(g) √  4x2 (h) √27y6 (i) (64z12)2
 1 
__  1 
__ 1 
2  __
( j) (16w20)4 (k) (32q10)5 (l) (4k8) 2
_____ _____
 1 
__ 3
(m) √  9a4b2 (n) (16m4n2)2 (o) √ 8h3k6
E Indices 4 – More difficult fractional indices
Key Facts
1
__ 1
__
can be written as a m 3  n 5 ( am ) n
a m/n
m n
so a n 5 am
m
can be written as a  n3 m5 ( a n )
1
__ 1
__
a m/n so m
a n 5 ( n a )m
Use whichever form is most convenient.

( 36 12 ) 5 ( √  ___
3
__ __
3
  3
(a) 3625 36  ) 5 63 5 216
Note that the question below is easier to work out by

finding the roots first.
( )
1
__ 2
( )
  __
( )
27 2__ 2
( )
8 __ 2 2 2 4
()
2
83 3
(b) ___
    3 5 ___
    3 5 ____   √___
  __1    5 ____ 8    5 __
    5 __
 
8 27   3
√
3 9
27 3 27
46
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 46 10/6/15 14:36:55

E2.2
2
__ 5
__ 3
        2  __ 
(a) 643 (b) 42 (c) 100 2
3 2 3 3
 __  __
    __
    __
   
(a) 252 (b) 325 (c) 92 (d) 164
4 5 4 2
 __  2  __  2  __  2  __ 
(e) 10003 (f ) 4 2 (g) 32 5 (h) 125 3
3 2 3 3
2  __  2  __  __
    2  __ 
(i) 81 4 ( j) 64 3 (k) 492 (l) 1024 5
a
3
4
(3)2
(a)  __ can be written in the form __
9
     . Find a.
(b)  __ can be written in the form ( ___

    ) . Find b.
b
4 8
9 27 Do not use a
c calculator
(c)  __ can be written in the form ( ___
    ) . Find c.
4 27
9 8 Express the following
recurring decimals as
4 Evaluate the following: fractions in their lowest
form:
( )
64 __ 2 
(a) ___
     3
27 ( )
8 2  __4 
(b) ____
     3
125
..
1. 0·3 9 
..
2. 0·52 8 
(c) ( ____
    ) (d) ( ___    )
3 3
100 __
   
2 1 2  __ 
5 3. 0·712 712 712…
121 32
(e) ( ___

    ) (f ) ( _____
1000 )
3 4
9 2  __  27 2  __ 
2      3
16

2 1 3
__
    2  __  2  __  1
(a) 2735 18 (b) 16 25 8 (c) 25 25 ____
   
125
( )
216 2  __2  1
(d) ____
     35 __
27
   
4
(e) ___ ( )
1 2  __3 
     2 5 512
64 ( ) 9 2  __1 
(f ) ___
3
     25 2  __ 
25 5
6 Simplify the following:

2
__ 2
__ 2
        2  __ 
(a) (8p9)3 (b) (8a3b6)3 (c) (27j18) 3
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
8 2  __4  16a4 __    a2 2  __ 
(d)   __9   3 (e) ____
  8   4 (f ) _____
  10   2
f b 25b
____ __
√  (4z)
_____
__ 3
__ 12x3√  x
_______
(g)   (h) √  r 3 √r (i)  
z3 4x2
47
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 47 10/6/15 14:36:55

E Indices 5 – Finding indices from equations
Solve 3x 5 81 412x 5 8
get the base number get the base number

to be the same to be the same
3x 5 34 (22)12x 5 23
so x 5 4 22(12x) 5 23
so 2(1 2 x) 5 3
2 2 2x 5 3
21 5 2x
x 5 2  _2
1

E2.3
1 Solve the equations
1
(a) 5x 5 ____
    (b) 2x 5 1 (c) 2x 5 64 (d) 6x 5 216
125
1 1
(e) 4x 5 ___
    (f ) 10x 5 0·001 (g) 2x 5 __
    (h) 2x 5 0·25
16 8
2 Copy and complete

x
x 1
___
(a) 2 5    
32
__
()
1 __ 2 
(b)      5 125
5
x
1 __
  ( 5 ) 2 5 5
2x 5 __
   
2
x
2x 5 2 2  __ 5
2
x5 x5
3 Find x in the following:

(a) 32x 5 2 (b) 81x 5 3 (c) 125x 5 5
(d) 49x 5 7 (e) 121x 5 11 (f ) 27x 5 3
1
(g) 243x 5 3 (h) 256x 5 16 (i) 3x 5 __    
3
1 1 1
( j) 81x 5 __
    (k) 125x 5 __
    __
(l) 512x 5    
3 5 2
48
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 48 10/6/15 14:36:56

4 Find x in the following:
__
__
  m
√
  14 5 ___
(b) m 3 ___   15  ____
3 3
(a) m 3 √ m 5 x
m x
(c)  mx 5 m2
m m
__
n3 1
mx23 5 ____
(e) ____  1  
  __x  5 __ (f )  ____
4
(d) √a 3 (ax)2 5 a3   __ 
  n n2
√ m4   m
√
5 Solve
x
__
    1 1
(a) 425 ___
    (b) 49x 5 ____
    (c) 1000x 5 0·01
32 343
__ 6 4x 2
 ___   __ 
(d) 2x13 5 42x (e) 4x 5 ( √
  2  ) (f ) 53 5 1253
6 Solve
x x x
2
3()
(a) __
9
     5 __
   
4 ()
3
(b) __
27
     5 ____
5
   
125 ()
2
(c) __
125
     5 ____
5
   
8
x x x
( )
10
(d) ___
7
49
     5 ____
   
100 ()
9
(e) __
32
     5 ____
4
   
243 () 1
(f ) __
     5 1024
2
x x x
( 27 )
8
(g) ___
81
     5 ___
   
16 (4)
3
(h) __
16
     5 ___
   
9 ( 125 )
8
(i) ____
25
     5 ___
   
4
E Indices 6 – Estimating powers and roots
E2.4
1 Write down all the square numbers up to 225.
2 Copy and complete the table of powers below.
To the To the To the To the To the To the To the

power 2 power 3 power 4 power 5 power 6 power 7 power 8
2 4 8 16 32
3 9 27
4 16 64 4096
5 25 625
6 36
7 49
3 Estimate 5·73. It must be between 53 and 63, i.e. 125 and 216. Estimate is
around 190. Estimate
(a) 3·23 (b) 5·82 (c) 4·94 (d) 6·42
(e) 2·25 (f ) 4·53 (g) 5·32 3 2·82 (h) 2·33 3 3·172
49
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 49 10/6/15 14:36:56

The cube numbers are 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000
__ __ ___ ___
3 3 3 3
We have √1 5 1 √ 8 5 2 √ 27 5 3 √ 64 5 4
____ ____ ____
3 3 3
√ 125 5 5 √ 216 5 6 √ 343 5 7
____ ____ _____
3 3 3
√ 512 5 8 √ 729 5 9 √ 1000 5 10
Use these to estimate other cube roots:
____
3
Estimate √200
____ ____
3 3
Answer must be between √125 and √ 216 , i.e. 5 and 6
Estimate around 5·8
Can be checked by trial and improvement:
5·83 5 195·112, 5·93 5 205·379 and 5·853 5 200·2
____
3
5·8 5·85 5·9 Answer: √200  5·8 (1 decimal place)
200
4 Estimate the following to one decimal place. Do not use a calculator.

____ ____ ___ ____
3 3
(a) √360 (b) √600 (c) √  70 (d) √  170
5 Refer to the table in question 2 to estimate the following to one decimal

place.
___ ____ ____ ____
4 5 4 5
(a) √20 (b) √200 (c) √450 (d) √520
6 Laura has 3 boxes.

Each box is a cube.
The larger box has a volume of
10·5 cubic feet.
Each of the two smaller boxes has
a volume of 2·2 cubic feet.
Estimate to one decimal place the
total height of the 3 boxes when they
are placed on top of each other.
7 Estimate the answer to each of the following.

Do not use a calculator. Give each answer to any suitable degree of accuracy.
_____ ______
5
9·01 1 √  47·6 3·94 1 √ 32·13
(a) _____________
  3 _____    (b) ______________
 3 ____   
√ 7·96 √ 220 2 2·032
5·023
(c) ______________________
 3 ____   
    3
_____ 
√ 207 1 2·982 1 √ 1012
50
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 50 10/6/15 14:36:57

_______ ____
4
8 Estimate √40 000 (hint: estimate √  200 first)
________ ____
6 3
9 Estimate √518 400 (hint: estimate √ 720 first)
10 A substance grows such that its mass m (in grams) after t years is given by the
formula
m 5 20(170)t
Estimate its mass after 6 months.
A method for finding a square root

___
(a) Find √  90 . We know the answer is between 9 and 10 because 92 5 81
and 102 5 100.
(b) Choose answer 5 9·5 then work out 90/9·5 5 9·4737.
(c) Work out the average of 9·5 and 9·4737.
(9·5 1 9·4737)/2 5 9·486 85. This is a closer answer.
(d) Repeat the process to get even closer.
90/9·486 85 5 9·486 816
Average 5 (9·486 85 1 9·486 816)/2 5 9·486 833
___
(e) 9·486 8332 5 90·000 000 37 so √  90 5 9·486 833 is a very accurate
answer.
11 Use the above method to find the following. Give each answer to 4 decimal
places.
___ ____ ___
(a) √  68 (b) √  110 (c) √  30
E Indices 7 – Mixed problems involving indices
The ‘power’ button on a calculator is x y or y x or ⋀
4 y x 3 5 64 (43)
__
9 y x 0 · 5 5 3 (90·5 5 √
  9 )
51
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 51 10/6/15 14:36:57

E2.5
Do the problems without using a calculator. Whenever appropriate, check
answers by using a calculator.
1
__ 3
__
       
(a) 422 (b) 492 (c) 921 (d) 252
()
1 21
(e) __
    
5 ()
1 0
(f ) __
    
7 ( )
49 __ 1 
(g) ___
     2
81 ( )
125 2  __1 
(h) ____
     3
8
2 Write each expression below as a power of 2:

16 3 322 __
(a) 83 3 162 (b)  ________
  (c) 16√  2
83
______
3 Simplify (a) (2a2)3 (b) (5ab2)2 (c) √  (64a4)
________
(d) √  (25a2b6) (e) (2a3)5 (f ) (3m2n4)4
4 There are estimated to be 1012 bacteria in a dish. After an antibiotic is added,

the number of bacteria is reduced to one millionth of the original . How
many bacteria are left?
5 The volume of this cuboid is 81 cm3.
Find the value of h, giving your answer in

h index notation.
3 cm
9 cm
6 Simplify
12a14b8    (36m6n2) 3 (3m2n4) (4a2b3)2
(a)  _______________ (b)  ________________
  
 
   (c) ________
  ______ 
(3a b ) 3 (2a2b3)
4 3
(3m2n)2 √  (64a2)
(d) ( 3a3 )

1  3
 __
(e) (3x)3 3 (2x)3 (f ) (4x)21 4 (8x2)21
___ ____
3
7 Eva says that √  45 is greater than √290 .
Liam does not agree. Explain clearly who is correct, without using a
calculator.
8 Find x in the following

1
(a) 4x 5 32 (b) 25x 5 125 (c) 64x 5 __    
4
(d) 24x 1 1 5 4x 1 1 (e) 92x 2 1 5 27x 1 2 (f ) 323x 2 1 5 164x 2 3
x x x
1
()
(g) __
     5 16
2
(h) 14x 5 1 () ()
1
(i) __
1
     1 __
2
     5 29
5
52
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 52 10/6/15 14:36:58

9 Sarwan has £(216) to share equally between 8 people. How much does each
person get (leave your answer in index form)?
3 1
10 Which is true: 3m21 5 __
 m or 3m21 5 ___
  ?
3m
11
1
Given that 4y22 5 4( y22) 5 4 __
4
  2   5 __
y ( )
  2 , find the value of:
y
(a) 5m when m 5 2
22
(b) 8y21 when y 5 4
(c) 10n23 when n 5 5 (d) 6a22 when a 5 4
(7)
1 3 22
1 2  __  7 __ 3
(a) ( 2 _ ) 2 (b) ( 2 _ )2 (d) ( 2 __
27  )
2
(c) __
    10 2  __ 
4 9      3
8x 3 643 81x 3 92
13 (a) Find x if  ________
 5 32 (b) Find x if  ________
 5 1
167 274
Use your maths! – Pricing your holiday

The table below shows the prices in £s per person for two adults to share a twin/
double room in different hotels in a European city. The price includes travelling by
air from the UK and includes breakfast in the hotel.
Hotels Hotel Rio Tulip Hotel Carling Hotel Hotel Eden
departure date 1 night extra 1 night extra 1 night extra 1 night extra
night night night night
01 Apr–27 Oct 174 77 185 84 210 99 216 105
28 Oct–10 Nov 161 62 185 84 198 86 191 85
11 Nov–5 Dec 161 62 171 73 210 99 190 84
6 Dec–21 Dec 161 62 171 73 210 99 216 105
22 Dec–5 Jan 174 77 187 88 219 103 216 105
6 Jan–10 Jan 174 77 185 84 214 101 212 101
11 Jan–20 Jan 159 60 171 73 187 81 186 75
21 Jan–2 Mar 159 62 171 73 187 81 188 77
3 Mar–10 Mar 161 63 175 74 192 83 218 107
11 Mar–18 Mar 161 62 175 74 198 86 220 109
19 Mar–31 Mar 179 81 191 86 215 103 228 117
Weekend supplement: £12 per person for Friday and Saturday departures.
Seasonal supplement of £12 per person applies for departures between: 28 Apr–3 May,
28–31 May, 26–30 Aug, 24–27 Dec, 30 Dec–2 Jan.
‘Weekend supplement’ means each person pays £12 extra if they depart on a Friday or
Saturday.
‘Seasonal supplement’ means each person pays £12 extra if they depart on the dates shown.
53
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 53 10/6/15 14:36:58

(a) 2 people want to spend 4 nights at the Carling Hotel, leaving on 15th November.
How much will this cost?
Look along the ‘11 Nov–5 Dec’ row and stop at the Carling Hotel column.
The cost per person is £210 plus £99 for each extra night.
Total cost per person for 4 nights 5 210 1 99 3 3 5 £507
Total cost for 2 people 5 507 3 2 5 £1014
(b) 4 people want to spend 3 nights at the Tulip Hotel. They want to depart for their
holiday on 7th August which is a Saturday. How much will the holiday cost for these
4 people?
Look along the ‘01 Apr–27 Oct’ row and stop at the Tulip Hotel column. The cost
per person is £185 plus £84 for each extra night.
Total cost per person for 3 nights 5 185 1 84 3 2 5 £353
Depart on Saturday so weekend supplement 5 £12
Total cost per person 5 £365
Total cost for 4 people 5 365 3 4 5 £1460
Remember
There is also the cost of getting to the airport, spending money, money for main meals,
travel insurance and other items.
Task
1 2 people want to spend 3 nights at the Hotel
Eden leaving on 23rd January. How much
will this cost?
2 Mr. and Mrs. Rowan want to spend 2 nights
at the Carling Hotel, leaving on 10th May
which is a Friday. How much will the holiday
cost?
3 4 people want to spend 5 nights at the Hotel Rio leaving on the 3rd March.
What is the total cost of this holiday?
4 2 people want to spend 4 nights at the Hotel Rio leaving on 20th September
which is a Saturday. How much will the holiday cost for these 2 people?
5 A party of 10 people want to spend 2 nights at the Tulip Hotel leaving on
the 27th August (a seasonal supplement will be payable). What is the total
cost of the holiday?
6 Jack and Susan are celebrating their Silver Wedding anniversary by spending
3 nights at the Carling Hotel. They plan to depart on 9th December which is
a Friday.
How much will this holiday cost?
54
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 54 10/6/15 14:36:59

7 6 people want to spend 7 nights at the Hotel Eden, departing on the 20th
March. What is the total cost of this holiday?
8 4 people want to spend 6 nights at the Hotel Rio leaving on the 28th May
(a seasonal supplement will be payable). How much will this holiday cost?
9 Mr. and Mrs. Harris want to spend 14 nights at the Tulip Hotel departing on
the 2nd June which is a Friday. How much will this holiday cost?
10 20 people want to stay at the Carling Hotel for two nights for a wedding,
departing on the 25th March. What is the total cost of this stay?
1. Finding percentage increases and decreases
(a) Callum bought a car for £800 and sold it a year later for a loss of 25%.
How much did he sell the car for?
(b) Bethan’s annual salary of £18 200 is increased by 7%. What is her
new annual salary?
(c) The profits of a company in 2014 were £7 000 000. In 2015 the
profits rose by 15%. What were the profits in 2015?
(d) An internet company claims to offer holidays at prices which are
18% cheaper than in the high street.
How much would it charge for a holiday which cost £450 in the high street?
(e) A computer costs £1250 1 VAT.
If VAT is 20%, work out how much the computer costs altogether.
2. Finding a percentage change (including percentage profit/loss)
(a) A bike is selling for £180. The shop then

reduces the price by £21·60.
What percentage does this reduction represent?
(b) The fees for a nursery were £450 in
April and £517·50 in May. What is
the percentage increase?
(c) Luke was paid £20 000 one year.
The next year he was paid £23 000.
What was his percentage increase?
(d) The population of Ireland in 1901 was 3 221 823.
In 1936 it was 2 968 420. By what percentage did the population of
Ireland decrease from 1901 to 1936? (Give the answer to 3 significant
figures.)
55
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 55 10/6/15 14:36:59

3. Solving compound interest-type problems
(a) Megan invests £4000 in a bank at 6% per annum compound interest.

How much money will she have in the bank after 2 years?
(b) In a certain area, the population of rabbits is 1600. Each year the rabbit
population is decreasing by 6% of its number at the start of the year.
What will the rabbit population be in three years time? (Give the answer to
the nearest whole number.)
(c) The shares of a certain company fell by 10% per month for eight consecutive
months. If they were 780p before the fall then what were they after the fall?
4. Working out reverse percentages
(a) Jenny sold a pair of binoculars for £250. This was a

profit of 25%. How much did she buy the binoculars for?
(b) Daniel’s salary is increased by 5%. He now earns
£27 090. What did he earn before the pay rise?
(c) A garage sold a car at a loss of 4%. If it sold the car for £11 100,
what did the garage pay for the car?
(d) A washing machine costs £628·80 including 20% VAT.
How much was the VAT?
5. Using ratios
(a) Some sweets were shared between Chloe and Lewis in the ratio 7 : 2.
Chloe got 45 more sweets than Lewis.
How many sweets did Lewis get?
(b) y
The angles x, y and z in a triangle are in the ratio
9 : 7 : 4.
z
x Find the sizes of angles x, y and z.
(c) Write the ratio _ 5 :  _8 in the form m : n where m and n are integers.
2 3
(d) Write the ratio 30 cm : 2 m in its simplest form.

(e) A photo is enlarged in the ratio 2 : 5. If the original measures 8 cm
by 12 cm, what will the area of the enlarged photo be?
6. Multiplying and dividing using indices
Work out and write each answer as a number in index form.

(a) 78 4 73 (b) (63)2 (c) 59 3 53 3 54
34 3 (32)3 83 3 84 62 3 (63)3
(d)  _________
  (e)  _______  (f )  _________  
37 (80)3 (62)2 3 65
56
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 56 10/6/15 14:36:59

Simplify the following:
a8 n4 3 n x3 3 x7
(g)  __5  (h)  ______
  (i)  ______  
a n3 (x2)4
12a6
( j) 3n4 3 2n2 (k)  ____   (l) (4a2)3
4a4
7. Using negative indices
Write the following as ordinary numbers.

(a) 622 (b) 521 (c) 223 (d) __()
2 22
    
5
()
7 21
(e) __
    
3 ()1 24
(f ) __
    
2 ( )
10 22
(g) ___
    
3
(h) __()
4 23
    
3
Simplify
3 21
a26 3 a2 (m )
(i)  ________ ( j) (4a ) 2 21
(k)  _________ 
a m22 3 m4
8. Using fractional indices

Evaluate the following:
1
__ 1
__ 2
__
           
(a) 642 (b) 1253 (c) 1253
( )
1 2  __1 
(d) ___
     3
64 ( )
9 2  __1 
(e) ____
     2
100 ( )125 2  __2 
(f ) ____
     3
216
Simplify the following:
___ _______
6  2 
__
(g) √a18 (h) √  (25m4) (i) (27a9b3)3
9. Finding indices from equations

Solve
(b) 2x 5 __
1
(a) 3x 5 81  32 (c) 10x 5 0·01
(e) 16x 5 _ 2
1
(d) 64x 5 4 (f ) 32x 1 1 5 27x
(g) 1252n The area of this rectangle is 625 cm2.
25n21 Find the value of n.
(all units are in cm)
(h) The area of this square is _ 8 m2.

1
Find the value of x.

(2x12) m
57
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 57 10/6/15 14:37:00

10. Estimating powers and roots
____
(a) Estimate the value of √
  146 
____ ____
3
√
  3·9 1 √ 213 
(b) Estimate the value of ______________  
   
  ____________
√
 
12·6 1 3·29 
25·22
(c) Find the approximate value of _________
  3 ____ 2 
( √ 121  )

1 Talil is going to make some concrete mix.
He needs to mix cement, sand and gravel in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 by weight.
Talil wants to make 180 kg of concrete mix.
Talil has
15 kg of cement 85 kg of sand 100 kg of gravel
Does Talil have enough cement, sand and gravel to make the concrete mix?
(EDEXCEL)
2 £1800 is invested at 4% compound interest per year.

How many years will it take for the investment to be worth £2000? (AQA)
3 (a) The label on a sports drink states that each serving supplies 185
calories.
This is 9% of an adult’s guideline daily amount (GDA).
Using this information, work out an adult’s GDA.
(b) Betterbuy supermarket sells 3 brands of low-sodium salt.
The table shows, for each brand, how much sodium is in a packet.
Brand Weight of packet Amount of sodium
(g) (g)
Low-salt 350 72
Salt-what-salt? 500 96
Salt Lite 1200 236
Which brand has the lowest proportion of sodium?
Show your working clearly. (OCR)
4 A triangle, square and pentagon have a total area of 48 cm2.

The areas of the shapes are in the ratio of their number of sides.
Work out the area of the pentagon. (AQA)
58
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 58 10/6/15 14:37:00

5 Harley has saved £210 towards the cost of buying a laptop computer.
She earns £140 per week from a part-time job.
Harley can only afford to save 12% of the amount she earns each week.
She sees an advertisement, shown below, for the laptop computer she wants to buy.
£340 Only for the next 6 weeks

15% off the marked price!
Remember this offer is only valid for
the next 6 weeks.
Will Harley be able to buy the laptop computer at the reduced price?
You must show all your working and give a reason for your answer. (WJEC)
6 Write these numbers in order of size starting with the smallest.
You must show your working.
2
__ 1
__ 3
__
           
273 643 42 (AQA)
1
2  __ 
7 Express 100 2as a fraction. (WJEC)
8 Simplify fully (3x2y4)2 (AQA)
1
__
   
9 Simplify (9x8y3)2 (EDEXCEL)
10 Each day a company posts some small letters and some large letters.
The company posts all the letters by first class post.
The tables show information about the cost of sending a small letter by first
class post and the cost of sending a large letter by first class post.
Small Letter Large Letter
Weight First Class Post Weight First Class Post
0–100 g 60p 0–100 g £1·00
101–250 g £1·50
251–500 g £1·70
501–750 g £2·50
One day the company wants to post 200 letters.
The ratio of the number of small letters to the number of large letters is 3 : 2.
70% of the large letters weigh 0–100 g.
The rest of the large letters weigh 101–250 g.
Work out the total cost of posting the 200 letters by first class post. (EDEXCEL)
11 During a very cold winter a glacier increased in volume by 32%.
At the end of the winter its volume was found to be 6864 km3
What was its volume at the start of that winter? (CEA)
59
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 59 10/6/15 14:37:01

12 Pedro has just moved to live on an island in Europe.
There is a choice of two different water companies.
Manana Water Channel Water

No Standing Charge Standing Charge: e30 every 3 months
Pay e0·06 per m3 of water used 1
e0·02 per m3 of water used
Special offer: 20% off your first bill
Pedro estimates that he uses 700 m3 of water every three months.

He wants to spend as little as possible on water.
Which company should Pedro buy his water from?
You must justify your answer by showing all possible costs. (WJEC)
13 Write this list of numbers in order of size, smallest first. Do not use a calculator.
___ ___
  17 ,  __
24 √3
5 , 62 , 4·001
√
14 Amir is mixing antifreeze and water.

He has 6 litres of a mixture of antifreeze and water in the ratio 1 : 3.
How much antifreeze must he add to make the ratio 1:1? (OCR)
15 Simplify 5c4d 2 3 c2d 3 (AQA)
16 Viv wants to invest £2000 for 2 years in the same bank.
The International Bank The Friendly Bank

Compound Interest Compound Interest
4% for the first year 5% for the first year
1% for each extra year 0·5% for each extra year
At the end of 2 years, Viv wants to have as much money as possible.

Which bank should she invest her £2000 in? (EDEXCEL)
1
17 (a) Solve (i) 3x 5 1 (ii) 3y 5 ___
   
3
81
2  __ 
(b) Evaluate 625 4 (CEA)
18 A farmer decided that he would gradually decrease the number of acres he
was using for growing wheat.
His plan was to reduce the number of acres each year by _ 4 of what it was the
1
previous year.
He now has 450 acres for growing wheat.
How many acres did he have for growing wheat two years ago? (WJEC)
19 Annie invests £3500 at 4% per annum compound interest. Tobias invests
£3000 at 5·5% per annum compound interest. After how many years will
Tobias have more money invested than Annie?
60
02-Ch_02_pp025-060.indd 60 10/6/15 14:37:01

GEOMETRY 1
3
– deal with basic angle problems, including the isosceles triangle
– find angles with parallel lines
– find angles in polygons
– deal with angle proof
– use circle properties, including cyclic quadrilaterals and tangents
– prove circle properties
– – save it in the home
M Finding angles
Key Facts
Reminder
35°
80°
130° 150°
80° 35°
30° 70°
The angles on a straight The angles at a Vertically opposite

line add up to 180° point add up to 360° angles are equal
30°
110°
40°
40° 40° 70° 50°
An isosceles triangle has two

equal sides and two equal angles. 60°
(The sides marked with a dash are
equal) The angles in a quadrilateral add up
to 360° (made from two triangles)
61
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 61 11/6/15 10:24:20

M3.1
Find the angles marked with letters.
1 2 3
70°
48°
50° 60° b
a 20°
71° c 80°
4 5 80° 40° 6
30°
75°
f
70° d e 100°
h
g
60°
7 8 j 9
100° 125° 117° 102°
k
i 63°
10 11 12 70°
l m
80° 85° m
n
105° m
13 14 15
q r
r
p r
80°
85° 150°
16 17 20° 18
108° 115°
u
s t x
75° 35° w
v
62
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 62 11/6/15 10:24:27

19 20 21 b
78° c
y 116°
109°
z
22 23 24
115° 42°
d 4d
e g
f
86°
h
M Finding angles with parallel lines
Key Facts
Reminder
In this diagram all the arrow
lines are parallel.
a
A B
The arrows all make the same angle with
the line AB. These angles are called Angle a 5 angle b
corresponding angles. These are called alternate angles.
(a) (b)
70°
72°
a b
101°
a
c
d b
a 5 70° (corresponding angles)

b 5 110° (a and b are angles
on a straight line a 5 72° (corresponding)
which add up to 180°) b 5 108° (angles on a straight line add up to 180°)
c 5 101° (alternate)
d 5 79° (angles on a straight line add up to 180°)
63
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 63 11/6/15 10:24:32

M3.2
1 2 3
60°
56° 40° e
a b
c d
4
156°
Mixed percentages
f
1. A petrol station increased all its prices by 3%
from October to November.
(a) In October a litre of unleaded petrol cost 80p.
What did it cost in November?
5
(b) In November a litre of diesel cost 80·34p.
42° What did it cost in October?
h i 2. In 2014 a school had 1200 pupils.
The following year it had 1260 pupils.
By what percentage did the number of pupils
increase over the year?
6
3. Find the original price of a motorbike which was
107°
sold at £2720 at a loss of 15%.
l
4. Hamish invests £1200 in a Building Society
k j offering 6% interest per year compound interest.
How much will Hamish have in his account after
(a) 2 years? (b) 10 years?
7 8 9
109° v
n p q 80° t u
x
143° m
r s 48°
w
153°
64
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 64 11/6/15 10:24:36

In questions 10 to 15 , find the angles marked with letters and give reasons for
your answers.
10 11 12
30° 40°
y b e
70° c d 75° f g
z
117°
a
13 14 15 p n
l q
85°
k 38° m
h
60° 35°
i j 42°
16 Q R PQRS is a parallelogram.
Calculate angle RQS giving
77° reasons for your answer.
54°
P S
17 ABCG is a square. D
CEFG is a rhombus.
C E
Calculate angle BCD.
B
Give reasons for your
answer.
56°
G F
A
M Angles in polygons
A polygon is a shape with straight sides. Each angle inside a polygon is called an
interior angle.
We can find the sum of the interior angles of
any polygon by splitting the polygon into
triangles (the triangles must not overlap).
A hexagon can be split into 4 triangles.
The angles in each triangle add up to 180°.
The sum of the interior angles of a hexagon is
4 3 180° 5 720°.
65
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 65 11/6/15 10:24:38

A polygon with 4 sides can be split into 2 triangles so interior angles add up to 2 3 180° 5 360°
A polygon with n sides can be split into (n 2 2) triangles so interior angles add up to (n 2 2) 3 180°
The sum of interior angles of a polygon with n sides is 180 (n 2 2)°
Find the value of angle a.

160°
135° The polygon has 6 sides,
100° so the sum of interior angles 5 180 3 (6 2 2) 5 180 3 4 5 720°
{
120°
180(n 2 2)
a
145° angle a 5 720° 2 (145° 1 120° 1 135° 1 160° 1 100°)
5 720° 2 660° 5 60°
M3.3
1 Copy and complete below:
An octagon can be split into ____
triangles.
Sum of interior angles 5 ____ 3 180°
5 ____°
2 Find the sum of the interior angles of:

(a) a nonagon (polygon with 9 sides). (b) a dodecagon (polygon with 12 sides).
3
x
Copy and complete below:
135°
130° This polygon can be split into ____ triangles.
95°
Sum of interior angles 5 ____ 3 180°
100°
5 ____°
Add up all the given angles:

95° 1 100° 1 130° 1 135° 5 ____°
angle x 5 ____°
66
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 66 11/6/15 10:24:39

In the questions below, find the
angles marked with letters.
4
110° a
Quadrilaterals
120° 130° 1. Use a ruler to sketch the 6 quadrilaterals below:

kite rectangle trapezium
140° 110°
rhombus square parallelogram
5 2. Which quadrilaterals above have 4 lines of

100° symmetry?
100°
3. Which quadrilaterals above have 2 diagonals of
b equal length?
75°
4. Which quadrilaterals above have 2 diagonals
which are perpendicular to each other?
6
c 5. If you put the equal sides
together from these two
130° 140° triangles, how many
different quadrilaterals
can you make? Name
85° 95° each quadrilateral.
7 8 65° 9
152° 96° 124°
143°
94° 114° f
148° d 218°
157° 103° 132°
e 138° 124°
161° 169°
149° 126°
10
g g
11 12
g 2h 2h i 112°
g
g g 2h 139°
g g 3h i
g g h
i
109°
13 Find the sum of the interior angles in a polygon with 23 sides.
14 A polygon has 30 sides. If each interior angle is equal, what is the size of
each interior angle?
67
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 67 11/6/15 10:24:41

M Regular polygons
Key Facts
a b Exterior angles of a polygon add up to 360°
c In a regular polygon, all exterior angles are equal.

360°
e d
If the regular polygon has n sides, each exterior angle 5 ____
  n
exterior angle (outside)

All the exterior angles add up to 360°. interior
There are 8 sides so 8 equal exterior angles. 135° angle
x One exterior angle 5 360 4 8 5 45°
45°
Interior angle 1 45° 5 180°
Interior angle x 5 135° exterior angle
M3.4
1 Each shape below is a regular polygon. Using any method, find the angles
marked with letters.

c
a b
(10 sides)
2 Find the angles marked with letters.
39°
b e

52°
114° f g 67°
120°
a k
h
j
c d 113° 58°
i
58°
95°
68
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 68 11/6/15 10:24:46

3 (a) Find the size of each exterior angle of a regular nonagon (9 sides).
(b) Write down the size of the interior angle for the same shape.
4 Find the exterior angles of regular polygons with
(a) 15 sides (b) 20 sides (c) 60 sides (d) 90 sides
5 Find the interior angle of each polygon in question 4 .
6 This diagram shows the interior and exterior interior angle
exterior
angles of a regular polygon. angle
168° 12°
How many sides has the polygon?
7 Find the size of the interior angle of a regular polygon with 45 sides.
8 The diagram shows part of a regular polygon
where O is the centre of the polygon. 24° 24°
24°
How many sides has the polygon? 24°
o
9 A nonagon (9 sides) has 8 equal interior angles x and one interior angle 4x.
10 Find each angle marked with a letter in this 20-sided
c regular polygon. O is the centre of the polygon.
b
d
a
11 C D ABCDE is part of a regular

B polygon with 15 sides.
Calculate angle BDC.
E
A
12 In a regular polygon each interior angle is 160° greater than each exterior angle.
How many sides has the polygon?
13 The diagram shown is formed by
joining regular pentagons.
Find the angles x and y.
y
x
69
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 69 11/6/15 10:24:47

14 Angle ADB is the interior A
angle of a 30-sided
regular polygon.
Angle ADC is the interior
angle of an 18-sided
regular polygon. D
Calculate angle BDC. B
15 R S PQRSTUVW is a regular
octagon.
Q T Calculate the value of
angle PRT.
P U
W V
16 Express y in terms of x x x

for the hexagon shown.
y y
x x
M Proof with angles
B
Prove that triangle ABC is isosceles.
30° Give all your reasons clearly.
105°
A C D
^
AC B 5 180° 2 105° 5 75° (angles on a straight line)
^
BA C 5 180° 2 30° 2 75° 5 75° (angles in a triangle add up to 180°)
^ ^
AC B 5 BA C so triangle ABC is isosceles.
70
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 70 11/6/15 10:24:50

M3.5
1 Q QR 5 PR.
Prove that triangle PQR is equilateral.
Give all your reasons clearly.
120°
P R S
2 T
56° Q
P R
Indices
1. Which of the statements below are

true?
68°
(a) 72 3 73 5 76 (b) (52)3 5 56
38
S
(c) 30 5 0 (d)  __4 5 32
3
Prove that triangle QRS is isosceles. 1
(e) 421 5 24 (f ) 322 5 __
   
Give all your reasons clearly. 9
2. Which of the expressions below
3 P U
simplify to 54?
Q
120°
(a) 56 4 52 (b) (52)2
V
X
( )
(c) ___
1 21
  24  
5
(d) 58 2 54
____ ____
(e)  √ (58)  (f ) 3√ (57) 
R
60° 3. Simplify the following:

a2 3 a26
T S W (a) (4m3)3 (b)  ________ 
(a3)2
Prove that triangle QRV is equilateral. _1
(c) (8m6n9) 3
Give all your reasons clearly.
4 n m
c c
b a b a
(a) Which angle is equal to angle m?

(b) Which angle is equal to angle n?
(c) Prove that the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.
71
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 71 11/6/15 10:24:52

^
5 B Prove that BC D 5 a 1 b (i.e. ‘an exterior
angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
b two opposite interior angles’).
a
A C D
6 D
2x Prove that triangle ABC is isosceles.

C
x A
B
7 Prove that opposite angles in a
parallelogram are equal
(hint: alternate and corresponding
angles).
8 A
^ ^
AC D is double the size of AC B.
x
Prove that triangle ABC is equilateral.
B C D
9 Express angle DEF C

in terms of x.
B x 1 40
G
2x D
A
10 F
x
Express y in terms of x.
x 1 30
y 2x
72
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 72 11/6/15 10:24:55

E Circle properties 1
In the circle work that follows, O is always the centre of the circle.
Key Facts
1. The angle in a semi-circle is 90°. 0
0
2. The angle at the centre of a

x
circle is twice the angle at the
0
circumference, if the angles
stand on the same arc. 2x
3. Angles at the circumference are equal, x

x
if the angles stand on the same arc.
Note A ‘chord’ is a straight line joining any two points

0 on the circumference of a circle.
x If a triangle is formed using two radii and a chord, the
x
triangle is isosceles.
We will prove these rules formally later in this unit.

B Q
N
b e
a O
P A C
35° 47°
d
M O c R
55°
D P
^ ^ ^
MN P 5 90° (angle in a DB C 5 DA C (angles at c 5 55° (isosceles
semi-circle) circumference are triangle OPR)
a 5 55° (sum of angles in equal. The angles d 5 70° (sum of angles in
a triangle 5 180°) stand on the same a triangle 5 180°)
arc DC.) e 5 35° (angle at the centre
b 5 47° d is twice the angle at
the circumference)
73
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 73 11/6/15 10:24:59

E3.1
1 2 3 4
c e
84°
O 41° 36° O
O
b a 68° d
5 6 7 8
f i
O g O O
O
86° 24° 53° h 268°
9 10 11 12
27° q
34°
38° l m 29°
p 52° O
j 69° n
k
13 14 15 16
s v 37°
126°
O 72°
O O
r O
28° w
u
t
17 B In this question, write down all the reasons for

your answers.
A
O Find
^
(a) AB D
^
42° C (b) AO D
^
D (c) AD O
74
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 74 11/6/15 10:25:05

18
^
Find UV T. Write down the reasons for U
your answer.
31°
R V
T
72°
19 Q
O
Indices
P 116°
1. Evaluate the following:
R
()
_1
9  2
(a) 224 (b) __
    
In this question, write down all 4
the reasons for your answers.
( ) (d) ( __
    )
_2 23
64 2  3 5
(c) ___
    
Find 27 2
^
(a) OP R
^
(b) PQ R 2. Solve
1
(b) 3x 5 ___
^
(c) RP Q (a) 23x 5 128    
^
27
(d) OP Q
(c) 8x 1 1 5 162x (d) 42x 2 1 5 8x
20 In this question, write down all the reasons A

for your answers.
Find
^
(a) BC D C
^
(b) AB C O
^
(c) OD C B 56°
^
(d) CD E
D
E
75
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 75 11/6/15 10:25:07

In questions 21 to 26 , find the value of each letter.
21 22 23
2b
3c 2 78
O
a O
68° O
b
c
24 25 26
3d 1 64 e
73°
O 21°
O 132°
f
2d 1 16 58° 46°
18°
E Circle properties 2 – Cyclic quadrilaterals
Key Facts
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose four vertices lie on
the circumference of a circle.
a
4. The opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral add up to 180°. b
a 1 b 5 180°
a
5. The exterior angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral equals the opposite
interior angle.
a
Again, we will prove these rules formally later in this unit.
76
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 76 11/6/15 10:25:11

R B
115° S d
Q 76° b T 20° O
A c
a C
e
P D
a 5 65° (opposite angles in a cyclic ^
AC O 5 20° (isosceles triangle ACO)
quadrilateral add up to 180°) c 5 140° (sum of angles in a triangle 5 180°)
^ ^
TSP 5 PQ R (exterior angle of a cyclic 1 ^
AB C 5  __  AO C (angle at centre is twice the
^
quadrilateral equals the 2

angle at the circumference)
opposite interior angle) d 5 70°
^ ^
b 5 76° AD C 1 AB C 5 180° (opposite angles in a
cyclic quadrilateral add up to
180°)
e 5 110°
E3.2
1 2 3 4
117° 95°
107° b 113°
c 69° 122°
a e
d
5 6 7 8
87° h i l
63° O
51° O 58°
j 36°
O k 35°
79° g
m
n
9 10 11 12
p s 43° v
O r 27° 38°
q 49° t
134° 108°
u
w
77
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 77 11/6/15 10:25:17

13 In this question, write down all the reasons C
for your answers.
Find
^
(a) AB O B 43°
O
^
(b) AD O
^ 27°
(c) AO D 38°
A D
14 In this question, write down all the reasons E

for your answers.
D
Find 68°
^
(a) AB C C A
^
(b) CO A
O
15 B
y Express y in terms of x.
x
O
16 17 18
a c 1 75
3b 1 25
4a b 1 19
3c 1 15
19 20 21
e 2f
36°
63° f
21° 41° 3f 1 19
116°
64° f
78
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 78 11/6/15 10:25:17

E Circle properties 3 – tangent to a circle
Key Facts
A tangent is a line which touches a circle at one point
tangent only (i.e. at point A).
A
6. The angle between a tangent
O
and a radius is 90°.
A
tangent
7. Tangents from a point to a

circle are equal in length.
We will prove these rules later in this unit.
E3.3
1 2 3 4
c
O O O
80°
70° b d 50° O
e
f 25°
a 18°
5 6 7 8
h j
O O l
g i
128° k
40°
O O
63°
30°
79
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 79 11/6/15 10:25:17

9 In this question, write down all the reasons for your answers. P
Find S
^
48°
(a) OQ S Q
^
(b) OSQ O
^
(c) QO S
R
10
C O
A Percentages
52° 1. The price of a camera fell from £150
B
to £112·50. Find the percentage
^ ^
decrease.
Find BA C and CA O.
Write down the reasons for 2. The price of a new car fell by 5% of
your answers. its value at the start of each month
for the first three months of the year
11 Q 2015. The car cost £16 800 at the
start of the year. What did the car
P O cost after three months?
3. Lucy buys a computer for £1524

S R including VAT (20%). What was
the actual VAT payable on this
computer?
76°
4. Simon invests £5000 at 4% per
T
annum compound interest. Claire
In this question, write down all the invests the same amount of money at
reasons for your answers. 4% simple interest each year. Who
Find will have more money after 8 years
^ ^ ^ and by how much?
(a) PO R (b) PQ R (c) PS R
^ ^ ^
(d) PR S (e) PR T (f ) SR T
12 D O is the centre of the circle.

Angle CED 5 78°
C
B
Angle BOC 5 38°
38° Prove whether the line AD
A
E is a tangent to the circle
O at C or not.
80
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 80 11/6/15 10:25:18

In questions 13 to 16 , you will have to use Pythagoras or trigonometry (this work
is reviewed/tackled in Unit 10). Give your answers to one decimal place.
13 14 R
C O
9 cm
Q
Calculate the O
B
length OA.
12 cm 14 cm
A 18 cm
Calculate the
length OQ.
P
15 F 16 A 19 cm B
5 cm 9 cm 7 cm
O O 19 cm
G
7 cm
C
H Calculate FÔG.
Calculate ABC.
17 18
O O
7b
7a
2a 3b
19 20
O e
5d
3c 2c O e
d
2c
21 B O is the centre of the circle.

EC is the tangent to the
O C
circle at D.
x Prove that angle BAD
is equal to x.
A D
81
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 81 11/6/15 10:25:21

E Circle properties 4 – alternate segment theorem
Key Facts
minor segment
major segment
8. The angle between a tangent and a chord

is equal to the angle at the circumference
in the alternate segment (known as the
alternate segment theorem).
0
9. The perpendicular bisector of a chord perpendicular chord
passes through the centre of the circle. bisector
We will prove these rules later in this unit.
E3.4
1 2 3 4
c
38° b e
O
f
d 61° 38°
a 72°
25°
5 6 7 8 r
g q
47° m
O k 47° O
O
h 41°
i 73° l j p
n
62°
82
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 82 11/6/15 10:25:25

9 10 11 12
t v
48° z
82° O y
s w
x
u
59°
80°
13 P S
67°
62°
Q W
Surds
R
1. Simplify
___ ___ ____
V (a)  √ 18  (b)  √ 45  (c)  √ 160 
In this question, write down all 2. Simplify
the reasons for your answers. ___ ___ __ __
(a)  √ 80 2 √
  20    3 )2
(b) ( √ 2 1 √
Find
^ ^ ^ __ ___
(a) SR W (b) QR V (c) QR S 3 2 15 √ 7 2 7 √ 10 
3. Prove that ___
  __ 2  ____
___ 5  ____________
   
  7 
√ √
  10  35
14 In this question, write down all the reasons for your answers.
Find A
^
(a) BA C
^
(b) CO D
^ O D
(c) BA D B
26°
37°
C F
E
15 In this question, write down all the reasons E

for your answers.
A
Find
^
(a) ED A D
^
(b) AD C 95°
^ B
(c) AC B 56°
F C
83
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 83 11/6/15 10:25:28

16 P In this question, write down all the reasons
for your answers.
75° Find
^
Q S (a) QSR
^
(b) QPS
^
(c) PSQ
^
54° (d) PQ S
In questions 17 to 21 , find the angles marked with letters.
17 b c 18
88°
O
O 22°
65° a
d
f e
19 20 n
i
j m
54° l
38°
O O
h
25° 35°
g k
21
p
71°
O
q
37°
22 B C DF is a tangent to the

3x circle at E.
D Express angle AEF in
terms of x.
x
A E
F
84
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 84 11/6/15 10:25:31

E Circle properties 5 – proof
Prove that ‘the angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference in any circle’.
B B
Use algebra x y
O
O
C C
A A
^
OA B 5 x (triangle OAB is isosceles)
^
AO B 5 180 2 2x (sum of angles in a triangle 5 180°)
^
OCB 5 y (triangle OCB is isosceles)
^
BO C 5 180 2 2x (sum of angles in a triangle 5 180°)
B ^
AO C 5 360 2 (180 2 2x) 2 (180 2 2y)
180 � 2y
180 � 2x x y (sum of angles at a point add up to 360°)
y ^
AO C 5 360 2 180 1 2x 2 180 1 2y
x O
C ^
AO C 5 2x 1 2y 5 2(x 1 y)
A
^ ^
B This proves that AO C 5 2 3 AB C
x�y i.e. the angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference.
O
2(x � y) C
A
The questions in the Exercise below will guide you through the proofs of many of the
circle properties used in this unit. You should become familiar with these proofs for your
GCSE exams.
E3.5
D
1 Copy and complete the following proof that ‘opposite
p
angles in a cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180°’.
x5 (angle at centre is twice angle at circumference) y
O
y 5 2q ( ) x
x1y5 (sum of angles at a point 5 ) A C
q
1 2q 5 B
p1q5 so opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180°.
85
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 85 11/6/15 10:25:33

2 B Copy and complete the following proof for the
alternate segment theorem.
A O ^
AC O 5 (angle between tangent and radius is 90°)
^
CA O 5 (triangle CAO is isosceles)
x ^ ^ ^
E AO C 5 180° 2 CA O 2 AC O (sum of angles in a
D C
triangle is 180°)
^
AO C 5 180° 2 ( ) 2 ( )
^
AO C 5 180° 2 1 2 1
^
AO C 5
1
AB C 5  __ 3
^
(angle at centre is twice angle at
2
circumference)
^ ^
ABC 5 5 AC D This proves the alternate
segment theorem.
^ ^
3 Prove that AB C 5 CD E
(i.e. the exterior angle of a cyclic
quadrilateral equals the opposite
interior angle).
Mixed
C
B
Work out
1. 3 _8 2 5 _3 2. (20·7)2 3. 2 _2 4 (23 _2 )
1 2 1 1
A . .
D
4. Express 0·5 13 as a fraction.
E ___ _____
3
√ 28 1 √
  24·6 
5. Estimate ____________
    
 
0·503
6. Express the ratio _ 8 :  _7 in its simplest

7 2
form m : n where m and n are

integers.
_______
7. Simplify √
  36a6b10 
4 B Copy and complete the following proof that ‘the angle in a

semi-circle is 90°’.
O C ^
AO C 5 2 3 (angle at centre is angle at circumference)
A
^
AO C 5 (a straight line)
1
AB C 5  __ of
^
2
^
AB C 5 so the angle in a semi-circle is 90°.
86
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 86 11/6/15 10:25:34

R
5 Copy and complete: Q
^
PQ S 5 (angle at centre is twice angle at circumference)
^ O
PR S 5 (angle at centre is angle at circumference)
2x
S
^ ^
so PQ S 5 PR S so angles at the circumference are P
if the angles stand on the same arc.
6 A Copy and complete:

x
^
B BC E 5 (alternate segment theorem)
^
O AB C 5 (angle in a semi-circle is )
^
AC B 5 (sum of angles in a triangle is 180°)
^ ^ ^
AC E 5 AC B 1 BC E
D C E ^
AC E 5 1
^
AC E 5 This proves that ‘the angle
between a tangent and a radius
is 90°’.
7 Use this diagram to prove that ‘the angle at the B

centre is twice the angle at the circumference’.
(Look at the earlier example if you need to but x y
try to avoid it if possible. You need to learn
this proof ). O
A C
8 A Find the following angles in terms of

x and y.
B ^
G (a) GD F
^
x (b) DB F
C ^
O y (c) CBD
F ^
(d) BG F
D
87
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 87 11/6/15 10:25:37

9 Q QR and SR are
P tangents to the circle.
y O is the centre of
O the circle.
x R 1
Prove that y 5 90 2 __    x.
2
10 O is the centre of the circle.

P
Q Express angle OQS in
terms of x.
O
Give the answer in its
x simplest form.
R
S
11 90 � 2x O is the centre of
the circle.
x AB is a tangent to
the circle.
y
O
Express y in terms of x.
Give the answer in its
simplest form.
B
A
Use your maths! – Save it in the home
Everyone wants to save money. Most people understand that saving energy will
help planet Earth by reducing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions.
• heating – this accounts for around 60% of the money spent on energy in the home.
The other main uses of energy in the home are for:
• kitchen tasks • water heating

• washing clothes • lighting
88
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 88 11/6/15 10:25:38

Loft Loft
Task A – heating
insulation A insulation B
Loft insulation will cut down the (0–270 mm) (50–270 mm)
amount of heat escaping from your Saving
home. When the savings add up to more £144 £56
per year
than the cost of the insulation, you will Cost of
be saving money. Look at the table £312 £322
installing
opposite.
CO2
1 Exactly how long will it be before savings 852 kg 240 kg
you start saving money by using each year
loft insulation A?
2 Exactly how long before saving
money with loft insulation B? Tip
Turning your central heating
3 By the time you start saving money
down by one degree could
with loft insulation A, how many
save you up to 10% on
CO2 savings will have been made? your heating bill.
4 Put the five types of dwellings
opposite in order according to
which will have the greatest rate of
average heat loss. Give a reason for Bungalow Terrace
your answer. Detached
Flat Semi-detached
Task B – in the kitchen

If you see this energy saving
ne
rgy saving
™
e
logo when buying electrical

goods, the machines will be
recommended
amongst the most energy
efficient you can buy.
1 What will be the total
cost of running the
energy saving fridge,
Energy % cost % CO2 Cost CO2 dishwasher and fridge
saving reduction saving saving saving freezer in one year?
appliance per year per year per year per year 2 What will be the total
Fridge 22 21 £12·54 47·04 kg annual CO2 emissions
Dishwasher 20 19 £12 43·32 kg from one energy saving
fridge, dishwasher and
Fridge
17 18 £30·09 115·92 kg fridge freezer?
freezer
89
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 89 11/6/15 10:25:39

Tip: Washing clothes at 30°C instead of higher temperatures can save up to 40% of the energy.
The power of a light bulb is given by its wattage, e.g. 60 Watts.

An approximate calculation for the money saved per year by using an energy
saving light bulb is:
0·1254H
(old wattage 2 new wattage) 3 ________
    where H 5 number of hours
1000
of use per year
Task C – lighting
1 Calculate the annual money saved by replacing a 60W bulb with an
energy saving 15W bulb and using it for 1050 hours per year.
2 Calculate the annual money saved by replacing a 100W bulb with an
energy saving 20W bulb and using it for 745 hours per year.
Note – In reality the savings will be slightly less because the waste heat
generated by the different bulbs will affect the overall energy required for
heating (heat replacement effect).
1. Dealing with basic angle problems, including the isosceles triangle

(a) (b) (c)
38° j
81°
h
f 3h 93°
150°
3h 26°
i
g
90
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 90 11/6/15 10:25:40

2. Finding angles with parallel lines

(a) (b) k
63° j
f i
115°
e 56°
h g 51°
3. Finding angles in polygons
(a) Find the sum of the interior angles of a regular

octagon.
(b) What is the size of one interior angle in a regular octagon?

(c) Write down the size of each exterior angle of a regular pentagon.
(d) Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 165°. How many sides
has the polygon?
(e) Find the value of
159° 161° angle x.
154°
80° x
93° 172°
4. Dealing with angle proof
(a) Prove that the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
two opposite interior angles.
(b) C ABIH and DEFI
are kites.
D BCDI is a square.
FGHI is a rectangle.
B Prove that angle IDE
100°
is equal to (320 2 3x)°.
A
I Explain fully.
x
E
x
100°
H F
91
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 91 11/6/15 10:25:42

5. Using circle properties, including cyclic quadrilaterals and tangents
Find the angles marked with letters. O is always the centre of the circle.
(a) (b) (c)
32° 128°
d f
a O
O b c O
e
24°
(d) (e) (f )

110°
k
27° h O
g 16° i j
l 41°
74°
(g) C Explain why AC cannot be the diameter

of this circle.
D
B 40°
60°
6. Proving circle properties
(a) P
^
x Prove that PR S 5 90° (the angle between the
Q
O tangent and the radius 5 90°).
S
R
(b) Prove that the opposite angles in a cyclic Q
quadrilateral add up to 180°. x
O R
y
P
S
(c) Prove that the angles at the circumference are equal if the angles stand on
the same arc.
92
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 92 11/6/15 10:25:47

1 C
B R
x
35°
A Q D
ABC, PQR and AQD are straight lines.

ABC is parallel to PQR.
Angle BAQ 5 35°
Angle BQA 5 90°
Work out the size of the angle marked x.
Give reasons for each stage of your working. (EDEXCEL)
2 The diagram below shows part of a regular polygon.

Each interior angle is 156°.
156°
(a) Calculate the size of the exterior angle of the polygon.

(b) Calculate the number of sides of the polygon. (CEA)
A
3 The diagram shows a circle, centre O.
(a) Work out the size of angle x.
18° (b) Work out the size of angle y.
(AQA)
x
O
y 75°
B C
4 Prove algebraically that the angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle
at the circumference.
93
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 93 11/6/15 10:25:48

5 A
B
D
C
Diagram not drawn to scale
^ ^
The diagram shows a parallelogram ABCD with AD B 5 17° and ABC 5 40°.
Calculate the size of each of the following angles.
^ ^ ^
(a) AD C (b) DB C (c) BC D (WJEC)
6 A, B, C and D are points on a circle, centre O. A
BC 5 CD.
Angle BCD 5 130°.
(a) Write down the size of angle BAD. O
Give a reason for your answer.
(b) Work out the size of angle ODC. B D
Give reasons for your answer. 130°
C
(EDEXCEL)
7 This pentagon has a vertical line of B
symmetry.
The ratio of angles B : C : D 5 6 : 3 : 4 A C
Work out the size of angle B.
E D
(AQA)
8 The diagram shows a circle with centre O.
The points A, B, C and D all lie on the circumference of the circle.
A
B
O y
x
C
D
Find an expression for y in terms of x. (WJEC)
94
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 94 11/6/15 10:25:50

9 D A
O C
34°
A, B and D are points on the circumference of a circle, centre O.

BOD is a diameter of the circle.
BC and AC are tangents to the circle.
Angle OCB 5 34°.
Work out the size of angle DOA. (EDEXCEL)
10 (a) Calculate the size of the interior angle of a regular pentagon.

(b) Three regular pentagons are placed together as shown below.
Diagrams not
drawn accurately
Explain why you cannot cover a floor with regular pentagonal tiles. (CEA)
11 A circle is drawn around ABC. C

Give a reason why BC is a
y
diameter of the circle.
y
50°
B A (AQA)
12 Prove algebraically that opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral

add up to 180°.
95
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 95 11/6/15 10:25:50

13 (a) In the diagram below, AB is parallel to CD.
B D
q
p 70°
A
C 55°
Work out angle p and angle q.

Give a reason for each answer.
(b) The exterior angle of a regular polygon is 40°.
How many sides does the polygon have? (OCR)
14 The points P, Q, R, S and A lie on the

circumference of the circle with centre O. P Q
The lines PQ and SR are parallel.
^ ^
You are given that PQ O 5 x° and OR S 5 y°.
^
Express QA R in terms of x and y. O
A
You must give reasons in your answer.
S R
(WJEC)
15 The diagram shows part of a pattern

made from tiles. Tile A
The pattern is made from two types

of tiles, tile A and tile B. Tile B
Both tile A and tile B are regular

polygons. Tile A Tile A
Work out the number of sides tile A

has. Tile B
Tile A
(EDEXCEL)
96
03-Ch_03_pp061-096.indd 96 11/6/15 10:25:52

ALGEBRA 1
4
– substitute into expressions and formulas
– multiply out single brackets
– multiply out two brackets
– factorise by taking out common factors
– factorise quadratics with coefficient of x2 5 1
– use the difference of 2 squares
– solve quadratic equations by factorising
– multiply out two or more brackets
– factorise by grouping
– factorise quadratics with coefficient of x2 . 1
– solve quadratic equations by factorising (coefficient of x2 . 1)
– deal with problems leading to quadratic equations
– – which tent?
M Substitution
M4.1
In this Exercise find the value of each expression.
In questions 1 to 16 , x 5 3, y 5 0, z 5 8
_  _2 x 2 2y
1
1  1 z
4
2 4z 1 x 3 3z 1 7 4
5 y2 1 x2 6 xy 7 xyz 8 x2 1 y2 1 z2
5z
12  _____ 
9 3(2x 1 z) 10 x(z 2 y) 11 4x2
x12
z 2 2x
13  ______  16  _6 x 1 __
1 1
14 4(x2 1 z2) 15 (2x)2  16 z2
3x 2 7
97
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 97 10/6/15 14:40:05

In questions 17 to 32 , a 5 4, b 5 22, c 5 26
17 _1 bc 18 3b 19 c2 20 _2 c2
4 9
21 5a2 22 (4b)2 23 9b2 24 a2 1 c2

_1 bc 2 _1 a _1 abc 3a
___
25 ab 1 c 26 27 28
3 2 8 2b
c ___
__ 5a
(2a)2 2 _2 a2 _1 (a 2 b) 2 _1 c
1
29 1 30 31 b2(2a 2 c) 32
b 2b 2 3
In questions 33 to 48 , x 5 23, y 5 5, z 5 21
x2 2 _4 z _1 x2 1 2x _3 y2 2 2x2
1
33 z(2x 1 y) 34 35 3 36 5
2
4y 1 2x
________
37 z3 38 x2(2y 1 3z) 39 40 x2( y2 2 z2)
z2
2
_2 x3 1 z3 2y 2 5z x(x 2 z)
41 2
z 2 3z 1 2 42 43 _______ 44 ________
3 5x 3y
2
(2x) 1 z
________ _4 xy 1 _2 xz
45 y 46 (2x 1 4z)(3y 1 z) 47 x3 z3 (x2 2 z) 48 5 3
M Formulas
M4.2
1 The surface area A of a cone is roughly given by the formula
l A 5 3rl
Find the value of A when

(a) r 5 2, l 5 10 (b) r 5 5, l 5 3 (c) r 5 8, l 5 5
2 The position P of the middle value of some numbers is found from the formula
P 5 _2 (n 1 1)
1
where n is how many numbers there are.

Find P when (a) n 5 7 (b) n 5 99
3 The interest I made by some money P is given by

the formula
PTR
I 5 ____
100
where T is the time and R is the rate of interest. Find the value of I when
(a) P 5 800, T 5 2, R 5 5 (b) P 5 40, T 5 5, R 5 8
98
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 98 10/6/15 14:40:06

4 The volume V of an orange is roughly given by the formula
V 5 4r3
where r is the radius of the orange.
Find the value of V when (a) r 5 5 (b) r 5 10
5 A ball is dropped. The distance s it

travels is given by the formula
s 5 4.9t2
where t is the time taken. Mixed
Find the value of s when 1. Some chocolates are shared
(a) t 5 10 (b) t 5 2 between Gianna and Vitali in
the ratio 3 : 7. Gianna gets 12
6 The temperature in degrees chocolates less than Vitali. Vitali
Fahrenheit F can be changed eats two-thirds of his share. How
into degrees Centigrade C many chocolates does Vitali now
by using the formula have?
C 5 _ 9 (F 2 32)
5
2. Work out
Find the value of C when (27)2 1 11
__________
(a)    
(a) F 5 50 (b) F 5 68 1 2 (24)
________ (22 2 3)3 2 52
7 Using the formula h 5 √ 2
  (a 2 b ) 2 (b)  _____________
  
    
2·52 1 3·75
find the value of h when
3. An exterior angle of a regular
(a) a 5 13, b 5 12 polygon is 18°. Work out the sum
(b) a 5 25, b 5 24 of the interior angles.
8 4. Simplify
2 2
(4m )
(a)  ______
 
8m3
_______
r
h (b) 3√(8x12y9) 
he surface area A of a cylinder is

T (2y3)2
(c)  _____  
roughly given by the formula (2y2)3
A 5 6rh 1 3r2
Find the value of A when
(a) r 5 2, h 5 5
(b) r 5 4, h 5 20
99
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 99 10/6/15 14:40:07

In questions 9 to 12 , you may use a calculator if you wish.
________
9 The formula v 5 √   u2 1 2as gives the final
speed v of a car whose initial speed is u,
acceleration is a and displacement is s.
Find the value of v (to 3 significant figures
if necessary) when
(a) u 5 10, a 5 3, s 5 7
(b) u 5 23·6, a 5 9·8, s 5 15·3
The formula s 5 vt 2 _ 2 at2 gives the displacement s of a particle after time t.
1
10
The final speed is v and acceleration is a.
Find s (to 3 significant figures if necessary) when
(a) v 5 5, a 5 3, t 5 2 (b) v 5 0, a 5 9·81, t 5 1·03
___________________
11 The formula A 5 √   s(s 2 a)(s 2 b)(s
   2 c) gives the area A of a triangle with
sides a, b and c where s is half the perimeter.
Find the area A (to 2 significant figures if necessary) of the following
triangles (by first finding and stating the value of s).
(a) a 5 3, b 5 4, c 5 5 (b) a 5 7.8, b 5 18.72, c 5 20·28
12 The total resistance R in a circuit with resistors R1 and R2 in parallel is given
by the formula
1 1 1
 __ 5  ___ 1  ___ 
R R1 R2
Find R in the following cases (to 3 significant figures if necessary).
(a) R1 5 2 ohms and R2 5 2 ohms
(b) R1 5 3 ohms and R2 5 4 ohms
M Multiplying out brackets
Multiply out 2(a 1 b) means 2 3 a add 2 3 b 5 2a 1 2b Note that ‘expand’

means ‘multiply out’.
Expand 5n(2n 1 3) means 5n 3 2n add 5n 3 3 5 10n2 1 15n
M4.3
1 Simplify:
(a) 4y 3 2 (b) 6 3 8x (c) 2a 3 4b (d) c 3 5c
(e) 7a 3 2a (f ) 24x 4 4 (g) 42n 4 6 (h) 64p 4 8
(i) 6c 3 9c (j) 3a 3 2b 3 2c (k) 29y 3 4 (l) 24c 3 5d
(m) 26c 3 23d (n) 29y 4 3 (o) 28q 4 24 (p) 27p 3 25p
100
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 100 10/6/15 14:40:08

In questions 2 to 10 , answer ‘true or false’.
2 3 3 a 5 a 33 3 3a 2 a 5 3 4 8n 3 4n 5 32n2
5 4n 1 4n 5 8n2 6 2 3 3n 5 5n2 7 10a 4 2 5 5a
8 a 3 3a 5 3a2 9 a 1 a2 5 a3 10 12p 4 3 5 9p
Multiply out
11 2(a 1 3) 12 6(4x 2 2) 13 7(3x 2 5) 14 5(a 2 b)
15 7(3x 1 y) 16 6(3x 1 2) 17 4( p 1 2q) 18 9(4c 1 8d )
19 x(2x 1 y) 20 a(b 1 a) 21 c(2c 1 d ) 22 a(a 2 7)
23 a(3a 2 4) 24 5x( y 1 2) 25 4a(a 1 2b) 26 6a(4b 2 8c)
Expand
27 22(x 1 6) 28 23(a 2 2) 29 25(c 1 10) 30 24(3p 2 5)
31 23(2c 1 4) 32 2a(b 1 c) 33 2p(2p 1 q) 34 2a(a 1 b)
35 2x(2x 2 y) 36 2m(m 2 n) 37 2(2p 1 5q) 38 26a(4 2 2b)
Expand
39 a(a2 2 2b) 40 x2(4x 1 y) 41 5b2(2b 1 3) 42 3p(pq 1 2p2)
M Expanding and simplifying brackets
(a) Simplify 2(3n 1 1) 1 3n (b) Simplify 5(2a 1 1) 2 3(a 2 2)
{
{
multiply out brackets first 5 10a 1 5 2 3a 1 6
5 6n 1 2 1 3n ⇧
Note
now collect like terms 5 7a 1 11
5 9n 1 2
M4.4
Expand and simplify:
1 2(x 1 3) 1 5 2 5(2x 1 1) 1 3
3 4(3x 1 2) 1 2x 4 9(2x 1 3) 2 14
Mixed
5 3(2a 1 4) 2 2a 6 9(3y 1 2) 2 6
1 Simplify __ __
Expand and simplify: 4__ (5 1 √
  2 ) (5 2 √
  2 )
(a)  ___   (b)  __________________
__ __   
__   __  
7 5(a 1 2) 1 2(2a 1 1) √
  2  ( √3 1 √  2 )( √ 3 2 √   2 )
2 A population of 900 increases by
8 3(x 1 4) 1 6(x 1 2)
10% then decreases by 10% of
9 6(x 1 1) 1 3(2x 1 4)
its current size. How large is the
10 3(4a 1 8) 1 2(a 2 3) population now?
2  _ _
1 1
11 7(2x 1 3) 1 4(3x 1 1) 3 Evaluate (a) 622 (b) 9 2 (c) 643
 
12 4(2d 1 2) 1 6(3d 1 4)
101
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 101 10/6/15 14:40:09

Simplify
13 3(4a 1 2) 2 2(a 2 2) 14 5(3x 1 1) 2 3(3x 1 2) 15 6(2x 1 3) 2 4(2x 1 2)
16 5(3a 1 2) 2 3(2a 1 1) 17 3(4d 1 1) 2 2(6d 2 5) 18 7(2c 1 6) 2 4(c 1 5)

19 9y 2 5(y 1 2) 2 3 20 11x 1 2 2 3(2x 2 5) 21 6a 1 2(3a 1 1) 2 7 1 2a
22 15(n 1 m) 2 6(2n 2 m) 23 8(2a 1 b) 2 3(3a 1 2b) 24 8x 1 6(2 2 x) 1 2(3x 1 5)
Simplify:
25 a(3a 1 2) 1 5a(2a 1 1) 26 4x(3x 1 2) 2 3x(x 2 3)
27 2y(4y 1 5) 2 5y( y 1 2) 28 3a(a 1 2b) 1 2b(5a 1 2b)
29 4m(3m 1 2p) 2 3m( p 2 2m) 30 6x(2x 1 3y) 2 3x(x 2 4y)
31 5a(a 1 2b) 1 4b(3a 2 c) 32 7x(2x 1 3y 1 z) 2 3y(3x 2 2z)
M Multiplying out 2 brackets
Key Facts
Each term in one bracket must be multiplied by each term in the other bracket.
Consider (a 1 b)(c 1 d ).
F ( a 1 b) ( c 1 d ) multiply the First terms in each bracket ac
O ( a 1 b) (c 1 d ) multiply the Outer terms in each bracket 1 ad
I (a 1 b ) ( c 1 d ) multiply the Inner terms in each bracket 1 bc
L
(a 1 b ) (c 1 d ) multiply the Last terms in each bracket 1 bd
First
Outer Follow this order each
time to make sure you (a 1 b) (c 1 d ) 5 ac 1 ad 1 bc 1 bd
Inner
do not miss any terms
Last
102
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 102 10/6/15 14:40:09

(a) Expand (x 1 5)(x 2 2) (b) Expand (2x 1 3)(5x 2 1) (c) Expand (x 2 5)2
(x 1 5)(x 2 2) (2x 1 3)(5x 2 1) (x 2 5)(x 2 5)

F O I L 5 10x2 2 2x 1 15x 2 3 5 x2 2 5x 2 5x 1 25
2
5 x 22x 15x 210 5 10x2 1 13x 2 3 5 x2 2 10x 1 25
WARNING!
these middle 2 terms

can be collected together (x 2 5)2 is not
x2 2 25 or x2 1 25
5 x2 1 3x 2 10
Similarly
(x 1 4)2 is not x2 1 16
M4.5
1 Copy and complete the following.
(a) (b) (c) (m 2 7)2
(x 1 3) (x 1 4) (a 2 5) (a 1 3) (m 2 7) (m 2 7)
5 x2 1 4x 1 1 12 5 1 3a 2 5a 2 5 m2 2 2 1
5 x2 1 1 12 5 2 2a 2 5 m2 2 1
Expand the following:

2 (x 1 2)(x 1 6) 3 ( p 1 1)( p 1 5) 4 (a 1 3)(a 1 7)
5 (m 1 3)(m 2 1) 6 ( y 1 2)( y 2 6) 7 (n 2 5)(n 1 2)
8 (b 2 8)(b 1 3) 9 (x 2 6)(x 1 8) 10 (c 2 8)(c 2 3)
11 (q 2 2)(q 2 7) 12 ( f 2 2)( f 2 10) 13 (a 1 9)(a 2 4)
Multiply out the following:

14 (2x 1 1)(3x 1 4) 15 (5y 1 2)( y 1 3) 16 (4p 1 2)(2p 1 7)
17 (3a 2 4)(5a 1 2) 18 (6f 2 1)(2f 1 3) 19 (9y 2 4)(4y 2 2)
20 (3x 2 4)(7x 1 2) 21 (3q 2 4)(7q 2 1) 22 (4b 2 3)(5b 2 3)
23 (4z 2 6)(2z 2 3) 24 (x 1 7)(4x 2 9) 25 (6a 2 5)(5a 1 4)

26 (x 1 6)(x 1 6) 27 (x 1 5)2 28 (a 1 10)2
29 ( y 2 1)2 30 ( p 2 3)2 31 (b 2 9)2
32 (2a 2 1)2 33 (5x 1 4)2 34 (3y 2 5)2
103
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 103 10/6/15 14:40:10

Multiply out the following:
35 (3 1 2a)(4 1 a) 36 (2 1 5y)(3 2 2y) 37 (4 1 3x)(x 2 2)
38 (7 2 3p)(4 2 2p) 39 (x 1 3y)(2x 2 4y) 40 (3a 2 5b)(2a 2 3b)
Expand and simplify the following:

41 (x 1 1)2 1 (x 1 3)2 42 (a 2 4)2 2 (a 1 2)2
43 ( y 2 3)2 2 ( y 2 1)2 44 ( p 1 5)2 1 ( p 1 4)2 1 ( p 1 2)2
Find the area of each rectangle below:

45 a 3 46 5 x
1
x
a
Find the area of each red shape below:

n 5
47 48 m 2
n m
m
2 2
4
n
m 8
4
Key Facts
3m 1 4n2 is an algebraic expression containing two terms 3m and 4n2.
An expression contains no ‘5’ sign.
2x 1 5 5 11 is an equation.
Only one value of x works, i.e. x 5 3
x2 5 9 is an equation.
Only two values of x work, i.e. x 5 3 and 23
If a relationship works for all values of e.g. x, it is called an identity.
The symbol ‘≡’ means ‘is identical to’.
(x 1 2)(x 1 3) ≡ x2 1 3x 1 2x 1 6
(x 1 2)(x 1 3) ≡ x2 1 5x 1 6
Try any value of x and you will see both sides of this identity give the same value.
104
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 104 10/6/15 14:40:11

M4.6
1 x2 1 2 3x 1 2 5 1 4x2 2 3x 1 1 5a2 2 6ab x(x 1 3) ≡ x2 1 3x
A B C D E
(a) Which of the above boxes contain expressions only?
(b) How many terms does box C contain?
(c) How many values of x will work in box B?
(d) How many values of x will work in box E?
2 Show that
(x 1 7)(x 1 3) ≡ x2 1 10x 1 21
For how many different values of x is this true?
3 5n 2 3 5 2n 1 15
Explain why this is an equation and not an identity.
4 Expand (x 1 6)2.
How many terms does the final simplified expression contain?
5 Is 5(x 2 2) equal to (5x 2 10) or identical to (5x 2 10)?

Give a reason for your answer.
6 Copy all these boxes.

Use arrows to link each box on the left hand side to its correct name.
7x2 1 3x term
2x(x 2 4) ≡ 2x2 2 8x equation
7xy identity
5x 2 2 , 8 expression
5x 2 2 5 8 inequality
7 3x2(x 2 2) ≡ 3x3 2 6x2

For how many different values of x is this true?
8 Show that x3 2 4x ≡ x(x 1 2)(x 2 2).
105
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 105 10/6/15 14:40:11

Expanding 3 brackets (x 1 2)(x 1 3)(x 1 6)
Multiply 2 brackets first 5 (x2 1 5x 1 6)(x 1 6)
Multiply each term in one bracket by

5 x3 1 5x2 1 6x 1 6x2 1 30x 1 36
each term in the other bracket
5 x3 1 11x2 1 36x 1 36
E4.1
Expand, giving each answer in its simplest form.
1 (x 1 2)(x 1 3)(x 1 4)
2 (x 1 5)(x 1 2)(x 1 1)
3 (x 1 2)(x 2 1)(x 1 3) Using ratios
4 (x 2 5)(x 2 2)(x 2 4)
1.
5 (x 1 2)3 c
b
6 (x 2 3)3 a
100° 100°
7 (x 1 4)(x 1 2)2
8 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)2 100° 100°
4
9 (x 1 2)
The angles a, b and c above are in
10 (x 1 3)(x 2 2)(x 1 1)(x 2 5)
the ratio 14 : 3 : 1.
Prove that: Find the size of angle b.
11 (x 1 2)(x 2 1)2 ≡ x3 2 3x 1 2 2. Write the ratio 20 g : 0·16 kg : 0·1 kg
12 (x 2 4)3 ≡ x3 2 12x2 1 48x 2 64 in its simplest form.
13 (x 2 5)(x 2 2)2 ≡ x3 2 9x2 1 24x 2 20 3. 24 litres of paint are mixed using
blue and yellow in the ratio 3:5. Half
14 (x 1 6) 3 ≡ x3 1 18x2 1 108x 1 216 a litre of blue paint costs £4·50. One
15 Expand (2x 1 1)(3x 2 1)(2x 1 3) litre of yellow paint costs £8 but is
16 Expand (4x 2 3)(2x 1 1)2 discounted by 20%. How much do
the 24 litres of paint cost?
17 Expand (5x 1 2)(3x 1 5)(5x 2 3)
4. pub shop
18 house
1
x�1
5
8 km 3 km
Write down the ratio of the distance

x�4
x�3
between the house and pub compared
to the distance between the house
Write down an expression for the and shop. Write the ratio in the form
volume of this cuboid. m : n where m and n are integers.
Expand and simplify this expression.
106
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 106 10/6/15 14:40:13

19 Write down an expression
for the volume of this
triangular prism.
x�3
Expand and simplify this
expression. 2x � 1
4x � 2
20 1 This is Pascal’s triangle.

1 1 (a) Expand (x 1 y)2
1 2 1 (b) Expand (x 1 y)3
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1 (c) Try and spot a link with the answers
above and Pascal’s triangle.
Use Pascal’s triangle to expand (x 1 y)4.
(d) Expand (x 1 y)5.
Note. (x 1 y) is a binomial and (x 1 y)n is known as a binomial expansion.
M Factorising – common factors
Key Facts
We know that 3(a 1 b) is the same as 3a 1 3b so 3a 1 3b 5 3(a 1 b).
3 is the common factor of 3a and 3b.
Common factors can be extracted from algebraic expressions.
3a 1 3b ⇨ Take out common factor 3. ⇨ 3(a 1 b)

Write remaining terms
in a bracket.
‘Factorising’ an expression means writing it as a product of its factors.
Factorise each expression below:

(a) 8p 2 24 (b) xy 1 xz (c) 5ac 1 15bc (d) 4x2 2 6x
5 8( p 2 3) 5 x( y 1 z) 5 5c(a 1 3b) 5 2x(2x 2 3)
107
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 107 10/6/15 14:40:13

M4.7
Copy and complete:
1 6a 1 15 5 3(2a 1 ) 2 7n 2 35 5 7( 2 )
3 48b 2 40 5 8( 2 ) 4 ab 2 ac 5 a( 2 )
5 x2 1 6x 5 x(x 1 ) 6 3b2 2 12b 5 3b( 2 )
7 3xy 1 15xz 5 3x(y 1 ) 8 12x2 2 8x 5 (3x 2 )
9 6m2 2 m 5 (6m 2 ) 10 a3 1 5a2b 5 a2( 1 )
Factorise these expressions completely:
11 6m 1 42 12 25a 2 35 13 24m 2 20n 14 16x 2 4
15 56a 1 32b 16 27p 1 18 17 10a 1 15b 1 25c 18 28x 2 36y 1 16
19 ef 1 fg 20 x2 2 8x 21 a2 1 5a 22 2pq 1 4pr
23 8ab 2 12bc 24 6xy 2 9yz 25 5x2 2 15x 26 5st 1 35s
27 8pr 2 40pq 28 6ab 1 4b 29 3a2 1 8a 30 12x 2 16x2
31 3x2 1 21xy 32 a2b 2 a2c 33 a2 1 abc 34 5x2 1 6xy
35 20p2 2 30pq 36 36abc 2 16b2 37 49x2 1 42xy 38 63a2 2 35ab
39 9x2y 1 6xy2 40 10pqr 1 15pq2 41 16ab2 1 8abc 42 25fgh 2 20efg
43 8ab2 2 6ab 44 12x3 1 8x2 45 6p2q 1 15p3 46 18a2b2 2 12abc
47 9abc 1 15a2b 2 6ab2 48 12x2y2 2 9xy2z 2 18x2yz
49 42p3q2r2 1 28pq3r2 2 49p2q2r 50 32a2b3c3 2 24a3b2c3 1 40a2bc2
Prove that:
51 4(3x 1 2) 1 8 ≡ 4(3x 1 4) 52 3(2x 1 5) 1 2(5x 1 1) 2 7 ≡ 2(8x 1 5)
53 17 1 6(3x 2 2) 1 2x ≡ 5(4x 1 1) 54 4(5x 1 3) 2 12 1 4(2x 2 5) ≡ 4(7x 2 5)
M Factorising – quadratics
We have seen that (x 1 2)(x 1 5) 5 x2 1 5x 1 2x 1 10 5 x2 1 7x 1 10.
x2 1 7x 1 10 is a quadratic expression (x2 is the highest power).
Since (x 1 2)(x 1 5) 5 x2 1 7x 1 10, we can reverse the process to show that
x2 1 7x 1 10 5 (x 1 2)(x 1 5).
(x 1 2) multiplied by (x 1 5) gives x2 1 7x 1 10 so (x 1 2) and (x 1 5) are both
factors of x2 1 7x 1 10.
Expressing x2 1 7x 1 10 as (x 1 2)(x 1 5) is known as factorising the quadratic
x2 1 7x 1 10. The process is vital to solving many mathematical equations and
for making algebraic expressions simpler.
108
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 108 10/6/15 14:40:14

(a) Factorise x2 2 2x 2 8 (b) Factorise x2 2 8x 1 12
x2 2 2 x 2 8 2 numbers must x2 2 8 x 1 12 2 numbers must

multiply to make 28 multiply to make 112
and and
add to make 22 add to make 28
i.e. 12 and 24 i.e. 26 and 22

2
x 2 2x 2 8 5 (x 1 2) (x 2 4) x2 2 8x 1 12 5 (x 2 6) (x 2 2)
Check each answer by multiplying back out
M4.8
Copy and complete:
1 x2 1 10x 1 21 2 x2 2 7x 1 12 3 x2 1 3x 2 10
5 (x 1 3)(x 1 ) 5 (x 2 )(x 2 ) 5 (x 1 )(x 2 2)
Factorise the following quadratics:
4 a2 1 11a 1 30 5 y2 1 8y 1 15 6 b2 1 12b 1 20
7 p2 1 5p 1 6 8 x2 1 4x 1 4 9 f 2 1 10f 1 25
10 c2 1 5c 1 4 11 y2 1 3y 1 2 12 x2 1 12x 1 35
Factorise the following:
13 m2 2 6m 1 5 14 x2 2 17x 1 30 15 n2 2 9n 1 8
16 a2 2 8a 1 16 17 q2 2 14q 1 13 18 w2 1 5w 2 24
19 x2 2 3x 2 28 20 m2 2 2m 2 35 21 y2 2 4y 2 12
22 n2 1 5n 2 14 23 p2 1 p 2 6 24 x2 2 x 2 20
25 y2 2 7y 1 10 26 a2 1 3a 2 40 27 q2 2 q 2 42
28 x2 1 2x 2 24 29 n2 2 5n 1 6 30 y2 2 4y 2 60
31 Find the length of PQ in terms of x. 32 Find the length of FG in terms of a.
P Q H E
Area � x2 � 3x � 40 x�5
Area � a2 � 5a � 14 a � 2
S R
G F
109
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 109 10/6/15 14:40:15

33 x2 2 20x 1 99 34 y2 2 10y 1 25 35 m2 1 13m 1 42
36 p2 2 14p 1 24 37 n2 2 17n 1 70 38 z2 2 18z 2 40
39 h2 1 15h 1 26 40 m2 2 3m 2 130 41 q2 1 7q 2 60
Collect like terms then factorise:
42 2x2 1 5x 2 x2 1 12 1 2x 43 3x2 1 2(2x 2 3) 2 7x 2 4 2 2x2
44 5x2 1 4x 2 2(2x2 1 5x) 1 8 45 3x2 2 20 2 2(x2 2 1) 2 3x
M Factorising – the difference of 2 squares
(a 1 b) (a 2 b) 5 a2 2 ab 1 ab 2 b2 5 a2 2 b2
So a2 2 b2 can quickly be factorised into (a 1 b)(a 2 b).

Factorise the expressions below:
(a) x2 2 y2 (b) x2 2 9y2 (c) m2 2 25
5 (x 1 y)(x 2 y) 5 x2 2 (3y)2 5 m2 2 52
5 (x 1 3y)(x 2 3y) 5 (m 1 5)(m 2 5)
Always check answers at the end by multiplying back out.
M4.9
Factorise the following expressions:
1 m2 2 n2 2 p2 2 q2
3 a2 2 42 4 n2 2 72 Surds
5 n2 2 49 6 x2 2 4 Simplify
___ ____ ___
1.  √80  2.  √125 2 √
  80 
7 y2 2 81 8 m2 2 1 __ __ ___ __
3.  √2 3 √
  8  4.  √54 4 √
  6 
__ __ __ __
9 64 2 a2 10 100 2 y2
5. 6 √3 2 4 √ 3  6. (5 1 √
  2 )(3 1 √
  3 )
1
11 x2 2 ___
    12 4b2 2 c2 7. Find the area
16
of this
13 p2 2 16q2 14 25m2 2 4 triangle 62 2
(the units
15 9x2 2 1 16 36y2 2 25 are in cm). 61 2
110
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 110 10/6/15 14:40:15

17 Use the difference of 2 squares to evaluate 10032 2 9972 without using a calculator.
18 Find the value of 2000022 2 1999982.
19 Use the difference of 2 squares to evaluate 19.52 2 0.52 without using a calculator.
Factorise:
n2
20 81b2 2 4c2 21 49a2 2 16b2 22 100x2 2 49y2 23 25m2 2 __    
4
24 p 2 2 9 25 4p 2 2 25 26 e2 2 169 27 p 2e 2 2 1
28 (4x 1 1)2 2 (4x 2 1)2 29 (3a2 1 2)2 2 (3a2 2 2)2

__ __
30 (cos u)2 2 (sin u)2 31   3 )2 2 (m 2 √
(m 1 √   3 )2
Key Facts
Factorising completely
Always take out common factors first then try to factorise what remains in the bracket.
Examples
Factorise completely the expressions below:
(a) 4y2 2 16 (b) x3 2 9x (c) 4x2 2 8x 2 32
5 4( y2 2 4) 5 x(x2 2 9) 5 4(x2 2 2x 2 8)
5 4( y 1 2)( y 2 2) 5 x(x 1 3)(x 2 3) 5 4(x 2 4)(x 1 2)
Copy and complete questions 32 to 34 :
32 16a 2 a3 33 3n2 1 9n 2 30 34 4p2 2 4

5 (16 2 a2) 5 3(n2 1 2 ) 5 4( 2 )
5 (4 1 )(4 2 ) 5 3(n 1 )(n 2 ) 5 4( 1 )( 2 )

35 m3 2 25m 36 6p2 2 24 37 n3 2 n
38 5s2 1 10s 1 5 39 3t2 1 9t 1 6 40 27 2 12x2
41 10y2 2 20y 2 80 42 2x2 1 6x 2 56 43 7a2 2 49a 1 42
44 x3 2 6x2 1 8x 45 2x3 1 4x2 1 2x 46 x4 1 2x3 2 15x2
111
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 111 10/6/15 14:40:16

E Factorising by grouping
Key Facts
If an expression has 4 terms, it may be possible to pair off the terms and to factorise as follows:
Consider ac 1 bd 1 ad 1 bc
find pairs of terms with a common factor
common factor c
ac 1 bd 1 ad 1 bc
common factor d
5 ac 1 bc 1 bd 1 ad (group ‘pairs’ together)
{
{
5 c(a 1 b) 1 d(b 1 a) (take out common factors)
(a 1 b) is now a common
factor. Take this out.
(the expression is ‘factorised’)
5 (a 1 b) (c 1 d )
E4.2
Copy and complete:
1 ab 1 bc 2 ad 2 cd
5 b( 1 ) 2 d(a 1 ) Surds
5 ( 1 )(b 2 d ) Simplify
__ __ __ __ __
1. ( √7  )2 2. ( √7 2 √
  2 )( √7 1 √
  2 )
2 xz 1 yz 2 xy 2 y 2 ___
√
  30  __
5 z ( 1 ) 2 y ( 1 ) 3.  ____
__    5 )2
4. (3 2 √
√
  2 
5 ( 1 )(z 2 y) Rationalise the denominator for: __
1__
___ 4__
____ 1 2__ √5 
_______
5.     6.     7.    
√
  2  3 √3  √
  2 
3 ef 1 fh 1 eg 1 gh 4 mq 2 mp 1 nq 2 np 5 ab 2 cd 2 bd 1 ac
6 mn 1 xy 1 ny 1 mx 7 ad 2 ac 2 bd 1 bc 8 qr 1 ps 2 rs 2 pq
9 eh 1 ef 2 fg 2 gh 10 ac 2 3a 1 2c 2 6 11 3 2 d 2 3e 1 de
12 6ac 1 2bd 1 4ad 1 3bc 13 12yz 2 6wx 1 8xy 2 9wz
14 8mp 2 12mq 2 10np 1 15nq
112
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 112 10/6/15 14:40:16

E Factorising – quadratics with coefficient of x2 > 1
Factorise 6x2 1 11x 2 10
Part 1
6 x2 1 11x 2 10
middle multiply first and last
number numbers which equal
111
260
find 2 numbers which multiply to give 260

and add to give 1 11
i.e. 115 and 24.
Part 2 Rewrite the middle term using the 2 numbers 115 and 24.
6x2 1 11x 2 10 5 6x2 1 15x 2 4x 2 10
{
{
Part 3 Factorise by grouping.
6x2 1 15x 2 4x 2 10 5 3x(2x 1 5) 2 2(2x 1 5)
{
{
5 (2x 1 5)(3x 2 2)

(a) 2x2 1 5x 2 12 (b) 5x2 1 13x 1 8
Find 2 numbers which multiply Find 2 numbers which multiply
to make 224 and add to make 15 to make 140 and add to make 113
i.e. 18 and 23. i.e. 18 and 15.
2x 1 5x 2 12 5x2 1 13x 1 8
2
5 2x2 1 8x 2 3x 2 12 5 5x2 1 8x 1 5x 1 8
5 2x(x 1 4) 2 3(x 1 4) 5 x(5x 1 8) 1 (5x 1 8)
5 (2x 2 3)(x 1 4) 5 (5x 1 8)(x 1 1)
E4.3
Copy and complete:
1 3x2 1 11x 1 6 2 5q2 2 8q 2 4
5 3x2 1 9x 1 1 6 5 5q2 2 10q 1 24
5 3x( 1 ) 1 2( 1 ) 5 5q( 2 ) 1 ( 2 )
5 ( 1 )(3x 1 2) 5 ( 2 )(5q 1 )
113
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 113 10/6/15 14:40:16

Factorise the following
quadratics:
3 2x2 1 7x 1 6
4 3x2 1 14x 1 8 Angles
5 6a2 1 11a 1 4 Find the angles marked with letters.
6 4y2 1 20y 1 9
1. 2.
7 4z2 1 13z 1 3 71° 95° 82°
2
8 6q 2 11q 1 4
9 4p2 2 13p 1 9 b
33°
10 8h2 1 5h 2 3 a
11 10t2 1 13t 2 3
12 12r2 2 13r 2 4 3. c 4.
102° 118°
13 25e2 2 49
14 16s2 2 25
136°
135°
15 3x2 2 14x 1 8
116° d
16 2a2 1 a 2 21
17 4p2 2 15p 2 4
5. Express y in
18 15u2 2 17u 2 4 y
terms of x for
2
19 6x 1 19x 1 10 the diagram
x
20 4b2 1 12b 1 5 shown opposite.
21 4p2 1 20p 1 9
22 8w2 2 19w 2 15
23 42x2 2 5x 2 3
M Solving quadratic equations by factorising
Key Facts
Solve x 2 2 3x 2 18 5 0 Consider the equation A 3 B 5 0.
The only way A 3 B can equal 0
Factorise by taking out a common factor, is if A 5 0 or B 5 0 or both A and B 5 0
using the difference of 2 squares or
factorising into 2 brackets. Consider (x 2 6) 3 (x 1 3) 5 0
(x 2 6)(x 1 3) 5 0 x2650 or x1350
x56 or x 5 23
114
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 114 10/6/15 14:40:19

Solve the following equations:
(a) x2 2 7x 1 12 5 0 (b) 2y2 5 4y (c) n2 2 10n 1 25 5 0
2
(x 2 3)(x 2 4) 5 0 2y 2 4y 5 0 (n 2 5)(n 2 5) 5 0
x – 3 5 0 or x 2 4 5 0 2y( y 2 2) 5 0 n2 5 5 0 or n 2 5 5 0
x 5 3 or x 5 4 2y 5 0 or y 2 2 5 0 n 5 5 or n 5 5
y 5 0 or y 5 2 so n 5 5 only
M4.10
Copy and complete:
1 x2 1 9x 1 20 5 0 2 m2 2 6 5 5m 3 r2 2 6r 5 0
(x 1 5)(x 1 ) 5 0 m2 2 2 6 5 0 r( 2 ) 5 0
x 1 5 5 0 or x 1 5 0 (m 2 )(m 1 1) 5 0 r 5 0 or 2 50
x5 or x 5 m2 5 0 or m 1 50 r 5 0 or r 5
m5 or m 5

4 x2 1 7x 1 12 5 0 5 x2 1 5x 1 6 5 0 6 n2 1 8n 1 16 5 0
7 y2 1 9y 1 18 5 0 8 p2 2 6p 1 8 5 0 9 a2 2 10a 1 21 5 0
10 m2 2 10m 1 24 5 0 11 b2 2 7b 1 10 5 0 12 n2 2 n 2 6 5 0
13 q2 2 8q 2 20 5 0 14 x2 2 2x 2 15 5 0 15 m2 1 7m 2 30 5 0
Solve these equations:

16 x2 2 x 2 20 5 0 17 (n 1 9)(n 2 1) 5 0
18 ( p 2 3)( p 2 8) 5 0 19 (a 2 8)(a 1 7) 5 0
20 y2 1 2y 5 0 21 w2 23w 5 0
22 (b 2 2)(b 1 10) 5 0 23 z2 1 2z 1 1 5 0
24 k2 1 k 5 0
Rearrange then solve these equations:

25 x2 2 3x 5 22 26 a2 1 30 5 11a 27 n2 1 6n 5 7
28 2u2 5 u 1 10 29 r2 5 2r 30 c2 1 15c 5 236
31 z2 2 12 5 4z 32 h(h 2 4) 1 1 5 6 33 t(t 2 4) 2 14 5 t
115
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 115 10/6/15 14:40:19

E4.4
1 (7t 2 1)(4t 1 3) 5 0 2 (3x 1 2)(9x 1 5) 5 0 3 6x2 2 5x 2 4 5 0
4 3a2 1 13a 1 4 5 0 5 6g2 2 13g 1 5 5 0 6 2x2 2 5x 2 3 5 0
7 6y2 1 11y 2 10 5 0 8 20x2 1 21x 1 4 5 0 9 4x2 2 8x 2 21 5 0
10 9n2 1 7n 2 2 5 0 11 y 2 2 36 5 0 12 9p2 2 1 5 0
13 25a2 2 16 5 0 14 9n2 2 27n 1 20 5 0 15 49y 2 2 4 5 0

16 4h2 2 8h 5 5
Circle properties
17 4q2 5 20q 2 9
In these questions O is the centre of the circle..
18 4z(z 2 1) 5 3
1. C 2.
2 P
19 5u 5 4u
O
B 17°
20 9u2 5 4 82°
A D
2
21 8x 5 219x 2 6 E R Q S
1
22  __  y2 2
^ ^
y50 Find ABE. Find PQ R.
2
N
23 (3x 1 2)(2x 1 1) 5 1 3. B 4.
32°
P
24 (2t 1 3)(t 1 2) 5 3 O
31° O
C
25 The area of M
the rectangle A
below is 90 cm2. Q
Form a quadratic ^
Find AO C. Find MQ N.
^
equation involving
n and solve it G
5. 6. F
to find the Q
H
value of n. O
J 33°
n�4 R
70°
I
2n � 3
38° K
^ ^
Find IFH and FG H.
P
^
Find PQ R.
116
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 116 10/6/15 14:40:23

E Problems leading to quadratic equations
A right-angled triangle has a width of x. Its height is 2 cm more than its width.
The hypotenuse is 4 cm more than its width.
(i) Write down expressions for the height and the hypotenuse of the triangle.
(ii) Use Pythagoras’ theorem to write down a quadratic equation involving x (see Unit
10 if Pythagoras’ theorem not yet covered).
(iii) Solve this equation to find x and state the length of each side of the triangle.
(i) height 5 x 1 2
hypotenuse 5 x 1 4 x�4
x�2
x
(ii) x2 1 (x 1 2)2 5 (x 1 4)2 using Pythagoras.
x2 1 x2 1 2x 1 2x 1 4 5 x2 1 4x 1 4x 1 16
2x2 1 4x 1 4 5 x2 1 8x 1 16
x2 2 4x 2 12 5 0
(iii) (x 2 6)(x 1 2) 5 0
x 2 6 5 0 or x 1 2 5 0
x 5 6 or 22 x is a length so cannot be negative therefore x 5 6.
Hence the sides of the triangle are 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm.
E4.5
1 A triangle of area 30 cm2 is such that its height is 4 cm greater than its base.
If its base is x cm then:
(a) Write down an expression for the height in terms of x.
(b) Use the area of the triangle to write down an equation which x satisfies
and hence show that x2 1 4x 2 60 5 0.
(c) Solve this equation to find the base of the triangle.
2 The width of a rectangle is x cm. The length of

x the rectangle is 5 cm more than its width.
(a) Write down an expression for the length of the rectangle in terms of x.
(b) Write down an expression for the area of the rectangle in terms of x.
(c) If the area of the rectangle is 36 cm2, write down a quadratic equation
involving x.
(d) Solve this equation to find x.
117
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 117 10/6/15 14:40:24

x�1 x�3
3

x�1 These 2 rectangles 3
have the same area.
(a) Use the fact that they have the same area to write down an equation involving x.
(b) Show that this equation can be written in the form x2 2 3x 2 10 5 0.
(c) Hence find x.
4 (x 1 3) people each pay £x
to go rafting. They pay a
total of £108.
Form an equation in terms of x
then solve it to find out how
many people went rafting.
5 A right-angled triangle has a width of x cm. Its height is 7 cm more than its
width. The hypotenuse is 13 cm.
(a) Use Pythagoras’ theorem to write down a quadratic equation involving x
(see Unit 10 if Pythagoras’ theorem not yet covered).
(b) Solve this equation to find x.
6 x (a) All units are in cm. If the total area
of this shape is 33 cm2, write down a
2 quadratic equation involving x.
2 (b) Solve this equation to find x.
x x
2
2
7 (a) Write down the dimensions, in terms x

of x, of the larger rectangle.
8 cm
(b) Find the area, in terms of x, of the 4 cm
yellow area. x x
(c) If the yellow area is 64 cm2, find x. x
8 The length of the base of a rectangular box is 3 cm

longer than twice its width. The area of the base is 44 cm2.
(a) Let the width of the box 5 x. Write down a quadratic equation involving x.
(b) Find the width of the box.
9 A rectangle that measures x by x 2 1 has the same area as a rectangle that
measures x 2 3 by 10.
(a) Write down a quadratic equation involving x.
(b) Solve this to find two possible values of x.
118
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 118 10/6/15 14:40:25

10 12 cm A piece of paper measures 12 cm
x by 8 cm. A strip of width x cm is
cut off from each side. The pink
area is now 32 cm2.
8 cm
x x (a) Find the dimensions of the pink
x piece of paper in terms of x.
(b) Find the pink area of the new
piece of paper, in terms of x.
(c) Show that x2 2 10x 1 16 5 0.
(d) Solve this to find the value of x.
11 28 m of fencing is arranged so
that it encloses a rectangular field
of 40 m2. Let w be the width of
the field.
(a) Write down a quadratic equation
in terms of w.
(b) Solve this equation to find w.
12 Two positive numbers differ by 2. The sum of their squares is 244.

(a) If n is the smaller of the two numbers then write down the larger number
in terms of n.
(b) Hence write down an equation.
(c) Show that this can be re-written as n2 1 2n 2 120 5 0.
(d) Solve this to find n.
13 Find two consecutive integers so that the sum of their squares is 61.
n(n 1 1)
14 The sum of the first n positive whole numbers is ________
   .
2
(a) Find the sum of the first 20 positive whole numbers.
(b) If the sum of the first n numbers is 55 then write down a quadratic
equation involving n.
(c) Solve this to find n.
15 x�2 An open box is made by 1

1 1 cutting 1 cm squares from the
1 1 corners of a square sheet of
x cardboard and then folding.
1 1 The length of the sheet of
1 1 cardboard is x cm.
If the volume of the box is 81 cm3, find the value of x.
119
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 119 10/6/15 14:40:27

Use your maths! – Which tent?
Alisha, Tamsin, Freya and Jo want to go camping for six nights at the Belston
Park campsite.
They want electric hookup facilities.
Alisha has £115 available to spend as does Freya. Tamsin has half as much again
to spend as Alisha. Jo has the same amount as Tamsin to spend.
Task
Alisha and her friends have been able to borrow most things but they need to buy a large
enough tent. They must not exceed their budget. Using all the information that follows,
which is the most expensive tent they can buy? Your reasons must be clearly explained.
They will travel to the campsite in

Alisha’s car which travels on average Alisha and her
35·2 miles per gallon. friends estimate
that they will
Petrol costs 109·5p per litre. need £270 for
The return trip to the campsite is 416 km. food, drink and
other activities
1 mile 5 1·6 km
1 gallon 5 4·5 litres
Holiday dates available

Alisha 16th May to 22nd May, 6th June to 13th June, 22nd July to 29th July,
14th August to 20th August, 26th August to 29th August.
Tamsin 10th May to 17th May, 7th June to 13th June, 25th June to 28th June,
7th July to 13th July, 21st July to 29th July, 12th August to 20th August,
26th August to 29th August.
Freya 12th May to 19th May, 11th June to 17th June, 27th June to 29th June,
23rd July to 31st July, 11th August to 17th August, 26th August to 29th August.
Jo 11th May to 18th May, 28th May to 30th May, 12th June to 18th June, 9th July
to 15th July, 19th July to 29th July, 11th August to 17th August, 26th August to
29th August.
120
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 120 10/6/15 14:40:28

Campsite costs per 30th 11th May 21st June 20th July 1st 11th
night March to to 20th to 19th to 31st September October
10th May June July August to 10th to 15th
October November
Tent £9·25 £12·50 £13·75 £14·50 £12·50 £8·50
Patton
Electric £2·60 £2·60 £2·60 £2·60 £2·60 £2·60
Drive
Each dog £0·50 £0·50 £0·50 £0·50 £0·50 £0·50
Halby
Tent £8·25 £9·75 £11·25 £12·75 £9·75 £8·25
Coombe
Belston Tent £8·75 £10·50 £12·50 £13·50 £10·50 £8·50
Park Electric £2·85 £2·85 £2·85 £2·85 £2·85 £2·85
Tent £9·50 £11·50 £13·50 £14·75 £11·50 £9·50
Mowley
Electric £2·75 £2·75 £2·75 £2·75 £2·75 £2·75
Bush
Each dog £0·60 £0·60 £0·60 £0·60 £0·60 £0·60
Tent model Price

30% OFF
2 man Arlington £199·99
all shown
prices 4 man Carlton £203·99
4 man Paxton £226·25
5 man Rochester £239·99
5 Man Wyoming £289·45
7 man Carlton £349·99
9 man Paxton £369·99
9 man Barclay £410·50
1. Substituting into expressions and formulas
If x 5 6, y 5 22 and z 5 23, find the value of

1 1 1 (4y)2
(a)  __  x 1  __  y (b)  __  y2 1 z2 (c) 3y2 (d)  _________   (e) y 2(2x 2 z)
3 2 4 z2 1 x 1 1
(f ) The area A of a triangle with base b and height h is given by the formula
1
A 5 __     bh. Find the value of A when b 5 18 and h 5 7.
2
(g) Using the formula v 5 u 1 at, find the value of v when u 5 37, a 5 5 and t 5 6.
v2 2 u2
(h) Given that s 5 _______    , find s when u 5 60, v 5 80 and a 5 400.
______
2a
√
(i) If x 5   ______
py 1 q
  r  , find x when p 5 25, y 5 10, q 5 28 and r 5 2.
121
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 121 10/6/15 14:40:29

2. Multiplying out single brackets
Multiply out
(a) 5(x 1 3) (b) 3(2a 2 4) (c) y( y 2 5) (d) 4b(2b 1 1)
(e) 3(a 1 2) 1 5(a 1 3) (f ) 4(2x 1 3) 2 3(x 2 5)
(g) 14y 1 5 2 6(2y 1 3) (h) 3p(2p 1 4) 2 2p(2p 2 1)
3. Multiplying out two brackets

(a) (x 1 3)(x 1 7) (b) ( y 1 2)( y 2 6) (c) (a 2 3)(a 2 5)
(d) ( p 2 2)2 (e) (3b 2 2)(5b 1 3) (f ) (3x 1 2)2
4. Multiplying out two or more brackets

(a) Prove that (x 1 5)(x 2 3)(x 2 1) ≡ x3 1 x2 2 17x 1 15
(b) Expand (x 1 3)(x 2 4)2 (c) Expand (x 1 5)4
5. Factorising by taking out common factors

Factorise these expressions completely:
(a) 5x 1 15 (b) cd 2 ce (c) 35p 2 21 (d) x2 2 4xy
(e) 6pq 2 10qr (f ) 5a2 1 30ab (g) 8y2z 1 20yz (h) 18ab2 2 12a2b
6. Factorising quadratics with coefficient of x2 5 1

(a) x2 1 3x 1 2 (b) m2 2 7m 1 6 (c) b2 1 b 2 6
(d) u2 1 2u 2 8 (e) h2 1 15h 1 26 (f ) y2 2 13y 2 48
7. Using the difference of 2 squares

(a) y2 2 z2 (b) m2 2 16 (c) 9x2 2 25
(d) 36n2 2 49p2 (e) 100 2 81a2 (f ) x3 2 36x
8. Factorising by grouping
(a) km 1 kn 1 lm 1 ln (b) qx 1 py 2 xy 2 pq (c) 8a 2 3b 1 6ab 2 4
9. Factorising quadratics with coefficients of x2 . 1

(a) 3x2 2 8x 1 4 (b) 4y2 2 8y 2 5 (c) 4n2 2 11n 1 6 (d) 6p2 2 13p 2 5
122
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 122 10/6/15 14:40:29

10. Solving quadratic equations by factorising
(a) x2 1 9x 1 14 5 0 (b) n2 2 5n 1 6 5 0 (c) y2 2 10y 2 24 5 0
11. Solving quadratic equations by factorising (coefficient of x2 . 1)

(a) 4a2 1 4a 2 3 5 0 (b) 6x2 2 11x 2 10 5 0 (c) 15p2 5 p 1 6
12. Dealing with problems leading to quadratic equations

(a) A rectangular photograph of area 40 cm2 is 3 cm longer than it is wide.
(i) If its width is x cm then show that x2 1 3x 2 40 5 0.
(ii) Find the two solutions to this equation.
(iii) Write down the width of the photograph.
(b) All units are in cm.
Write down a quadratic equation
x � 18
x � 17 in terms of x.
Use this to find the length of
each side of the triangle.
x
(c) The rectangle and triangle

x have the same area. x
All units are in cm.
x�3 12
(i) Write down a quadratic equation involving x.

(ii) Use this to find the value of x.

1 (a) Expand and simplify:
(i) 6( y 1 3) 2 2(2y 1 3) (ii) (x 2 3)2 (CEA)
2 (a) Factorise 7x 1 49. (b) Factorise x2 2 10x.

(c) Expand 2x(x 1 6). (WJEC)
3 Factorise fully:
(a) 12p 1 8 (b) 25 2 a2 (CEA)
4 Factorise x2 1 7x 2 30 (OCR)
123
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 123 10/6/15 14:40:30

5 (a) Expand and simplify 3(x 1 4) 1 2(5x 2 1).
(b) Expand and simplify (2x 1 1)(x 2 4).
(c) Factorise completely 6y2 2 9xy. (EDEXCEL)
6 (a) Factorise 12x2 2 48x.

(b) Find the value of 2x3 when x 5 25.
a2b
(c) Given that a 5 25, b 5 23 and c 5 7, evaluate _____
  .
8c
Express your answer as a decimal. (WJEC)
7 Expand and simplify (3x 1 2)(2x 1 5) (AQA)
8 x2 2 16 ≡ (x 1 4)(x 2 4)
For how many values of x is
the above relationship true?
9 The breadth of a cuboid is 1 cm less than the length y cm.

The height is 6 cm.
The volume of the cuboid is 72 cm3.
(a) Show that y2 2 y 2 12 5 0.
(b) Solve the equation y2 2 y 2 12 5 0.
Explain why only one answer makes sense in the question. (CEA)
10 Factorise 6x2 1 5x 2 25. (WJEC)
11 Work out the value of u 1 5t when u 5 216·4 and t 5 3·5. (OCR)
12 B C D ABDE is a rectangle.
BC : CD 5 3:1
AF : FE 5 2:1
(x � 1) cm (a) Show that area BCEF is
given by
_
1
 2 (13x2 1 52x 1 39).
A F E (b) Find the value of x if area
(12x � 36) cm
BCEF is equal to 156 cm2.
13 Factorise x2 2 5x 2 14. (WJEC)
14 Factorise 2x2 1 x 2 3 and hence solve 2x2 1 x 2 3 5 0. (WJEC)
124
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 124 10/6/15 14:40:31

15 Prove that (x 1 4)(x 1 6)(x 2 3) ≡ x3 1 7x2 2 6x 2 72.
16 (a) Expand and simplify (x 1 6)2.

(b) Expand and simplify 9w(3x 2 4y) 2 5w(x 1 y). (AQA)
17 (a) Factorise 5x2 2 10x.

(b) Solve x2 2 6x 5 0. (WJEC)
18 North A yacht leaves point A and

sails on a bearing of 030° for
120° x kilometres.
It then sails on a bearing of 120° for
North
(x 1 3) kilometres to a point B.
30° The distance from A to B is 15 km.
B (a) Show that x2 1 3x 2 108 5 0.
A (b) Work out the total distance that
the yacht sailed to get from
A to B.
19 (a) Factorise (x 1 1)2 1 4(x 1 1).

(b) Factorise fully 2x2 2 50y2. (AQA)
20 Expand (x 1 3)3.
21 Solve 8x2 1 18x 2 5 5 0. (WJEC)
125
04-Ch_04_pp097-125.indd 125 10/6/15 14:40:31

NUMBER 3
5
– find products of prime factors, HCF’s and LCM’s
– write numbers in standard form
– use standard form numbers
– find upper/lower bounds
– recognise and use direct/inverse proportion
– calculate with upper/lower bounds
– construct and use equations for direct/inverse proportion
– – trim it
M Products of prime factors, HCF and LCM
Factor tree Dividing by prime numbers

36 split into 4 and 9 Divide by any prime number
because 4 3 9 5 36
4 9 2 36
split 4 into 2 3 2
split 9 into 3 3 3 2 18 36 4 2 5 18
2 2 3 3 3 9 18 4 2 5 9
3 3 94353
stop splitting when all numbers are prime
1 34351
numbers.
stop when you get to 1
We can say 36 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
{
prime factors These are the prime factors

We can say 36 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
2 3 2 3 3 3 3 is the product of its prime factors
(sometimes written as 22 3 32 known as index form).
126
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 126 10/6/15 14:41:01

5 1
M5.1
Work out:
(a) 2 3 2 3 5
(d) 2 3 3 3 7
(b) 2 3 3 3 5
(e) 3 3 5 3 11
(c) 3 3 3 3 5
(f ) 2 3 2 3 5 3 5
2 Using any method, write the following numbers as products of prime factors:
(a) 18 (b) 28 (c) 22 (d) 32 (e) 81 (f ) 96
(g) 200 (h) 120 (i) 196 ( j) 385 (k) 420 (l) 392
3 Write all your answers to question 3 in index form if you have not already done so.
Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

using a Venn diagram
Example 120 and 195 Find the prime factors:
120 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 5
195 5 3 3 5 3 13
Write the prime factors in a Venn diagram with the common prime factors in the
intersection part (i.e. the pink part where the rings for each number overlap).
120 195
2
3
13
2 5
2
• multiply all prime numbers inside the Venn diagram to give the LCM.
LCM 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 3 13 5 1560
• multiply all prime numbers in the intersection (pink) part of the Venn diagram to give
the HCF. HCF 5 3 3 5 5 15
M5.2
1 154 1365 Use this Venn diagram to find:
3 (a) the HCF of 154 and 1365
2
7 5 (b) the LCM of 154 and 1365
11 13
127
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2 975 550 Use this Venn diagram to find:
3 2 (a) the HCF of 975 and 550

5
(b) the LCM of 975 and 550
5 11
13
3 Draw factor trees and Venn diagrams to find the HCF and LCM of:
(a) 28 and 120 (b) 200 and 420 (c) 196 and 420
4 336 5 24 3 3 3 7 and 308 5 22 3 7 3 11.

Find the HCF and LCM of 336 and 308.
5 Two cars complete laps of a circuit.

One takes 315 seconds per lap,
the other takes 525 seconds per lap.
They start their circuits of the laps
at the same time.
(a) Express 315 and 525 as the
product of their primes.
(b) Use this to find how many laps
the faster car will do before the
cars first get to the starting point at the same time.
6 (a) Find the highest common factor and lowest common multiple of 210 and 550.
(b) Multiply the two numbers that you found in part (a) together.
(c) Multiply 210 and 550 together.
(d) What do you notice about the answers to parts (b) and (c)?
Can you explain why?
M Standard form
Key Facts
A number written in standard form will have the form:
A is a number between n is an integer

1 and 10, actually 1 < A , 10 A 3 10n (a whole number)
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Changing ordinary numbers into standard form
1980 5 1·98 3 1000 5 1·98 3 103 5 300 000 5 5·3 3 1 000 000 5 5·3 3 106
Numbers between 0 and 1
Quick method
0·0082 5 8·2 3 1023← the decimal point moves to the right 3 places from A to B.
↑ ↑
A B
M5.3
1 Copy each statement below and fill in the empty boxes.
(a) 400 000 5 4 3 10 (b) 82 000 5 3 10 (c) 6400 5 3 103
(d) 0·08 5 8 3 10 (e) 0·000 067 5 6·7 3 10 (f ) 0·052 5 5·2 3 10
(g) 0·4 5 3 1021 (h) 42 000 5 4·2 3 10 (i) 0·000 82 5 3 1024
2 Write the numbers below in standard

form.
Fractions. Do not
(a) 60 000 (b) 900 use a calculator
(c) 5800 (d) 690 000 1. A flower measuring 20 cm
(e) 850 (f ) 74 000 000 increases in length by four-fifths.
What is its new length?
(g) 47 000 (h) 4 million
2. A rectangular mat has dimensions
(i) 0·0008 ( j) 0·003 _
 5 m and __
4 17
 20 m. What is the area of
(k) 0·000 000 07 (l) 0·95 the mat?
(m) 0·2 (n) 0·0061 (
3. Work out __ )
3 2 1
   2  __   4 __
4 3
   
2
(o) 0·000 062 (p) 72 million
4. A large box weighs 47 _2 kg.
1
(q) 42 thousand (r) 0·0625 The box is full of packets each

weighing _ 8 kg.
5
(s) 0·812 (t) 213 million
How many packets are inside the
box?
3 150 000 tonnes of tea are consumed by
people in the UK each year. 5. A snooker club charges £4·50 per
Write this number in standard form. hour to play on a snooker table. If
Kye and Frances play for 1 _5 hours,
3
how much will it cost them?

4 The annual budget for the Holland
6. Tom keeps chickens. He increases
High School is £4 126 000.
the number of chickens by  _5 and
3
Write this in standard form.
now has 72. How many chickens
did he have before the increase?
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5 500 million litres of rain can fall from a
single thunderstorm.
6 The hairs on the knee of the common flea
are of length 0·000 007 m.
7 A hydrogen atom has a mass of
0·000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0017 grams.
8 Angling is the most popular participant sport
in Britain. There are 3 500 000 anglers in
Britain. Write this number in standard form.
9 In 1902, the cost of a pint of beer was
0·8 pence! Write this in standard form.
10 Write each number below as an ordinary number.
(a) 5 3 102 (b) 6·8 3 103 (c) 8·1 3 105 (d) 7 3 1022
(e) 9·8 3 1024 (f ) 6·12 3 104 (g) 3·7 3 1023 (h) 8·41 3 1022
(i) 2·5 3 106 ( j) 4·6 3 1021 (k) 1·72 3 1024 (l) 5·36 3 105
11 Write down which numbers below are not written in standard form.
(a) 7·1 3 1022 (b) 0·32 3 108 (c) 48 3 103
(d) 59 3 1023 (e) 5·6 3 1023 (f ) 0·02 3 107
12 Write the numbers below in standard form.
(a) 0·02 (b) 0·0006 (c) 209 (d) 31 600
(e) 5 800 000 (f ) 316·8 (g) 32·71 (h) 0·0065
(i) three thousand million ( j) 0·073 (k) five thousandths (l) 590 000
M Using standard form numbers without a calculator
Key Facts
To multiply standard form numbers: multiply the numbers, add the powers.
To divide standard form numbers: divide the numbers, subtract the powers.
To add or subtract: make sure the powers of 10 are the same before adding or subtracting.
130
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9 3 1014
(a)  ________ 5 4·5 3 1011 (b) (7 3 104) 3 (3 3 103) 5 21 3 107
2 3 103
5 (2.1 3 101) 3 107
5 2.1 3 108
(c) (3·6 3 108) 2 (7·1 3 107)
Convert 7·1 3 107 into 0·71 3 108
So (3·6 3 108) 2 (7·1 3 107) 5 (3·6 3 108) 2 (0·71 3 108)
5 2·89 3 108
M5.4
1 Write each number below in standard form.
(a) 36 3 105 (b) 21 3 109 (c) 47 3 1024 (d) 0·38 3 107
(e) 0·8 3 1012 (f ) 0·71 3 1026 (g) 586 3 1010 (h) 413 3 1029
2 Work out the following, leaving each answer in standard form.
(a) (4 3 103) 3 (2 3 105) (b) (3 3 108) 3 (3 3 104) (c) (2 3 107) 3 (3 3 105)
(d) (5 3 109) 3 (1.5 3 106) (e) (2 3 106) 3 (8 3 102) (f ) (4 3 107) 3 (3 3 106)
(g) (2·5 3 1024) 3 (3 3 109) (h) (9 3 1016) 3 (4 3 1028) (i) (3 3 1024) 3 (5 3 1014)
3 Evaluate the following, leaving your answers in standard form.
6 3 1021
(a) (8 3 1014) 4 (2 3 106) (b) (9 3 1017) 4 (3 3 104) (c)  ________ 
2 3 108
8·1 3 1042
(d) (3 3 1026) 4 (2 3 1013) (e)  _________   (f ) (8 3 107) 4 (4 3 1017)
3 3 1017
2 3 1027
(g) (4·5 3 1012) 4 (3 3 1026) (h)  ________  (i) (6·6 3 1028) 4 (2·2 3 10219)
4 3 109
4 The average speed of a plane is 2·3 3 107 metres

per hour. How long will it take to travel a distance
of 4·6 3 108 metres?
5 UK households produce 29 million tonnes of

general waste per year – half of which could be
recycled. How many tonnes could be recycled?
Give your answer in standard form.
6 3·6 � 10�9 m Work out the area of this triangle.

Give the answer in standard form.
3 � 10�8 m
131
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7 Every day, 2 3 107 text messages are sent in the UK.
How many text messages are sent in the UK in one year?
(Assume 1 year 5 365 days.)
8 The area of a country is given as 9·2 3 104 km2.

Express this in m2 in standard form (1 km2 5 106 m2).
9 Use Einstein’s formula E 5 mc2 to work out E when

m 5 2 3 106 and c 5 3 3 108.
10 Copy and complete:

(a) (4 3 107) 1 (3 3 106) (b) (8·6 3 1028) 2 (3 3 1029)
5 (4 3 107) 1 (3 3 107 3 10 ) 5 (8·6 3 1028) 2 (3 3 1028 3 1021)
5 (4 3 107) 1 ( 3 107) 5 (8·6 3 1028) 2 ( 3 1028)
5 3 107 5 3 1028
11 Work out the following, leaving each answer in standard form.

(a) (6 3 103) 1 (3 3 104) (b) (8 3 109) 1 (5 3 108)
(c) (3·1 3 1011) 1 (5·6 3 1012) (d) (5 3 103) 2 (4 3 102)
(e) (2 3 105) 2 (6 3 104) (f ) (3·5 3 103) 2 (2·1 3 102)
(g) (4 3 1027) 2 (8 3 1028) (h) (6·1 3 10212) 2 (2 3 10213)
12 Two electronic components have widths of (8 3 1027) m and (3·4 3 1026) m

respectively. What is their combined width if they are placed side by side?
13 What number belongs in each box below?

(a) (3 3 1025) 1 (4 3 10 ) 5 3·04 3 1025
(b) (6 3 1028) 2 (3 3 10 ) 5 5·7 3 1028
14 At a time when Jupiter, Pluto and the Sun are in a line, the distances of Jupiter
and Pluto from the Sun are respectively 7·9 3 108 km and 6 3 109 km.
7·9 � 108 km
Jupiter
6 � 109 km
Pluto
Sun
What is the distance (in standard form) between Pluto and Jupiter when the
two planets and the Sun are in line with:
(a) the planets on opposite sides of the Sun?
(b) the planets on the same side of the Sun?
132
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15 Town Population he populations of 4 places are shown
T
Hatton 3·6 3 104 in the table.
Rentwich 8·9 3 103 Write the names down in order of size,
Corbridge 9·2 3 104 starting with the smallest.
Sidwell 6·7 3 102
16 What standard form number must be subtracted from 83 000 to give the
answer 7·2 3 104?
17 What standard form number must be added to 0·016 to give the

answer 1·75 3 1022?
18 If m 5 5·6 3 108 and n 5 3·7 3 109, find the value in standard form
of 2m 1 3n.
M Using standard form numbers with a calculator
A number like 720 000 000 000 000 is too large to type into a calculator.
Write it in standard form as 7.2 3 1014.
Key Facts
7·2 3 1014 is typed in as 7 · 2 310 x 1 4
Example
Work out (5·1 3 1012) 3 (2·8 3 10238) leaving the answer in standard form.
5 · 1 310 x 1 2 3 2 · 8 310 x (2) 3 8 5
The answer is 1·428 3 10225.
M5.5
1 Use a calculator to work out the following and write each answer in standard form.
(a) (3 3 1016) 3 (5 3 1029) (b) (1.8 3 106) 3 (2·3 3 1014)
(c) (5·1 3 1028) 4 (1·7 3 10219) (d) (4·9 3 10211) 1 (2·6 3 10210)
133
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2 The distance of the Earth from the Sun is about
1·496 3 1011 m. The distance of Pluto from the
Sun is about 5·91 3 1012 m. How many times
further from the Sun is Pluto compared to
the Earth? (Give your answer to the nearest
whole number.)
3 m 5 7·1 3 1019 and n 5 3·6 3 1033. Work out the following, leaving each
answer in standard form correct to 3 significant figures.
(a) m 3 n (b) m 4 n (c) m2 (d) m2 4 n2
4 The radius of this circle is 4·7 3 1028 m.

r Calculate the area of the circle.
(Give your answer to 3 significant figures.)
5 The mass of an electron is 9·1 3 10228 grams.

What is the total mass of 5 3 1012 electrons?
6 Work out the following leaving

each answer in standard form
correct to 3 significant figures.
Mixed
9 16
(2·1 3 10 ) 3 (4·6 3 10 )
(a)  ______________________
    7     1 Ed invests £800 in a bank offering
4 3 10
4·5% interest per year compound
(2·7 3 1031) 3 (8·6 3 10214) interest. How much will Ed have in
(b)  ______________________
     
   his account after 3 years?
5.6 3 10212
9
(4·3 3 10 ) 3 (2·6 3 10 )24 2 Find A, B, C and D to make this
(c)  ______________________
    5 2 
   diagram correct.
(6.6 3 10 )
A 1
(3·7 3 10 ) 3 (2·6 3 10 )
29 218
(d)  ________________________
17    
    24   1
2
(5·3 3 10 ) 3 (1·8 3 10 ) �
3 �B
__________
√ 16
  (7·8 3 10 )  3
(e)  ________________________
  
      8
(3·2 3 1024) 3 (1·9 3 10217)
____________ �D 5
�
√
10 16
(3·7 3 10 )
(f )   ____________
      
   1
(1·8 3 1029)3 4 C
3 A girl sees a bike for sale with the

notice ‘price £384 including VAT
at 20%’. What was the price before
VAT?
134
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7 A book says that the Earth is known to be 149 600 000 km from the Sun.
It then says that the Earth is 1·58 3 1025 light years from the Sun. Use
these two pieces of information to find what distance (in km to 2 significant
figures) a light year represents. Leave your answer in standard form.
8 A thunderstorm is taking place 6 km away. Light travels 3 3 105 km in one
second. Sound travels 1·226 3 103 km in one hour.
(a) How long does it take for the light from
the lightning to travel 6 km?
(Give your answer in standard form.)
(b) Show that sound travels approximately
340 m in one second.
(c) How long (to the nearest second) does
it take for the sound of the thunder to
travel 6 km?
9 The centre of the Milky Way is 2·6 3 104 light years from Earth, and the
nearest Galaxy is 1·6 3 105 light years from the Earth.
(a) (i) Which of these distances is greater?
(ii) By how many light years?
(b) If one light year is 9·46 3 1012 km then find the distance of the nearest
Galaxy from the Earth in km. Leave your answer in standard form
10 Write down the reciprocal of 450, leaving the answer in standard form
M Measuring – upper and lower bounds
Key Facts
Truncation
Sometimes a number has to be shortened to become more manageable. A computer might
cut off all the digits of a number after the decimal point and display the number as an
integer (whole number).
A number is truncated when it is ‘cut off ’ after a certain number of decimal places.
2·1377641 becomes 2·13 when it is truncated after the 2nd decimal place. The last digit is
not rounded up. If x 5 2·13 (truncated to 3 decimal places) then we know that
2·13 < x , 2·14.
135
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Key Facts
Suppose the width of a book is measured at 16 cm to the nearest cm.
15 15·5 16 16·5 17
The actual width could be The actual width could be

as low as 15·5. This is the as high as ‘almost’ 16·5.
lowest number that rounds We say ‘almost’ 16·5 because
off to 16 cm. a width of 16·4999999……
would be rounded off to 16 cm.
The number 16·4999999… is
effectively 16·5
15·5 is called the lower bound 16·5 is called the upper bound
(the lowest the width could really be) (the highest the width could really be)
We can say 15·5 < width , 16·5

If a measurement of 16 cm is taken to the nearest cm, it could be in error by as much
as 0·5 cm in either direction.
(a) The temperature of a room is 23·5°C to 23·4 23·5 23·6

one decimal place.
23·45°C 23·55°C
If T 5 23·5 (to 1 d.p.) then 23·45 < T , 23·55
(b) If x 5 17·632851 is truncated after the 4th decimal place then x 5 17·6328.
If x 5 17·6328 (truncated to 4 decimal places) then 17·6328 < x , 17.6329
M5.6
1 The diameter of a one pound coin is 21·5 mm, measured to the nearest 0·1 mm.
Write down (a) the lower bound (b) the upper bound.
21·4 21·5 21·6
lower bound upper bound
2 The height of a church tower is 42 m, measured to the nearest metre.

Write down (a) the lower bound (b) the upper bound.
136
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3 A coin weights 10·3 g, correct to one decimal place. What is the least
possible weight of the coin?
4 A famous rock singer has a

fortune of £24 712 000, correct
to the nearest £1000.
What is the least amount of
money the rock singer might
have?
5 Truncate the numbers below to 3 decimal places:

(a) 6·31765 (b) 14·719248 (c) 2·0169468
6 Write down an inequality for the possible values of x if x 5 16·83 when

truncated to 2 decimal places.
7 Copy and complete the table.

Lower bound Upper bound
(a) length 5 79 cm, to nearest cm
(b) length 5 32·3 kg, to nearest 0·1 kg
(c) length 5 9·1 cm, to nearest 0·1 cm
(d) volume 5 15·7 m3, to nearest 0·1 m3
(e) width 5 6·32 cm, to nearest 0·01 cm
(f ) mass 5 8·17 g, to nearest 0·01 g
8 Write down an inequality for the possible values of m if m 5 7·612 when

truncated to 3 decimal places.
9 133 people turn up for a tug of war

competition.
There must be 8 teams with the same
number of people.
The organiser divides the number
of people by the number of teams
then truncates the answer to the
nearest whole number.
How many people miss out on the
competition?
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10 Copy and complete each statement. Part (a) is done as an example.
(a) A mass m is 48 g, to the nearest g, so 47·5 < m , 48·5
(b) A length l is 92·6 mm, to the nearest 0·1 mm, so 92·55 < l ,
(c) A diameter d is 16·2 cm, to the nearest 0·1 cm, so <d,
(d) A capacity c is 1200 l, to the nearest 100 l, so < c , 1250
(e) A height h is 3·86 m, to the nearest 0·01 m, so <h,
11 A card has length 14·5 cm

(to nearest mm).
Will the card definitely fit
inside an envelope of length
Mixed
15 cm (to nearest cm)?
Justify your answer fully. 1 The population of a small island decreases
each year by 10% of its value at the start
12 Jack rounds the number of the year.
7·48912 to 2 decimal places. At the start of 2013, the population is 200.
Rachel truncates the same How many people are there at the start of
number to 2 decimal places. 2015?
Who has the greater answer
and by how much?
2 Some money is shared between Yasmin,
Janet and Wayne in the ratio 4:7:6.
Yasmin gets £130 less than Wayne.
13 The volume of a liquid is
How much money does Janet get?
measured at 1·4 litres,
^ ^
correct to the nearest 0·2 litres. 3 Find FG H. 4 Find XY Z.
Write down the upper and G
lower bounds as an inequality. F
J O
X
14 The number 8·6 is obtained 58° 43°
164°
either from rounding off to
H Y
1 decimal place or truncating Z
to 1 decimal place. I
Copy and complete:
(a) the true value before
5 A company employs 1300 people.
rounding could be in error One day 156 are absent through illness.
by as much as ____. The following day the number of
absentees increases by one sixth.
(b) The greatest error from What percentage of the workers were
truncation could be ____ absent on this following day?
the maximum error after
rounding.
15 The length of a park is measured at 2·2 km, correct to the nearest 50 m.

Write down the upper and lower bounds as an inequality.
138
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E Calculations with upper/lower bounds
When measurements are used in calculations, any initial errors can become larger.
The base of this triangle is 10 cm to the nearest cm.

The height of this triangle is 7 cm to the nearest cm.
7 cm
Find the upper and lower bounds for the area.
10 cm
9·5 < base , 10·5 and 6·5 < height , 7·5

1
Area 5 __
   3 base 3 height
2
to find lower bound for area, use both lower bounds for base and height
1
Area 5 __
   3 9·5 3 6·5 5 30·875 cm2
2
to find upper bound for area, use both upper bounds for base and height
1
Area 5 __
   3 10·5 3 7·5 5 39·375 cm2
2
So 30·875 < area , 39·375
E5.1
1 he length and width of a field are measured to
T
71·8 m the nearest 0·1 m.
(a) Write down the lower and upper bounds
156·3 m for the length of the field.
(b) Write down the lower and upper bounds for the width of the field.
(c) Calculate the lower and upper bounds for the area of the field, giving
your answers to 2 decimal places.
2 Find the lower bound for the 9·2 cm

perimeter of this shape. 3·8 cm
Each length has been measured
to the nearest 0.1 cm. 5·8 cm
6·7 cm
7·3 cm
139
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3 he length, width and height of the cuboid
T
4 cm are measured to the nearest cm.
Volume 5 length 3 width 3 height.
What is the greatest possible value of the
9 cm volume of the cuboid?
7 cm
4 If a 5 3·1, b 5 8·6 and c 5 7·9, all measured to one decimal place, calculate:
(a) the greatest value of a 1 b
(b) the smallest value of ab
a
(c) the largest value (to 3 s.f.) of  __
c
bc
(d) the smallest value (to 3 s.f.) of  ___
a
(e) the largest value of c 2 a
5 The area of a rectangle is given as 6950 cm2, correct to 3 s.f. The length of
the rectangle is given as 95 cm, correct to 2 s.f.
(a) Find the upper and lower bounds for the area of the rectangle.
(b) Find the upper and lower bounds for the length of the rectangle.
(c) Use these to calculate the upper and lower bounds for the width of the
rectangle (to 2 d.p.).
6 7m A rectangular piece of metal measures 7 m

by 6 m (to the nearest metre). A circle of
radius 2 m (to the nearest metre) is cut out
6m 2m from the sheet.
Work out the upper and lower bounds for the
red area A (to 3 s.f.). Write the final answer
as an inequality.
7 A person runs a 100 m race in a

measured time of 10·3 s.
If the track length is accurate to
the nearest metre and the time
is accurate to the nearest 0·1 s,
find the upper and lower bounds
(to one decimal place) for the
person’s average speed
(average speed 5 distance 4 time).
140
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8 The cost of running a company car is £1260 each year. The company has 70
cars (to the nearest ten). What is the maximum possible total cost of running
all these cars for one year?
9 The total resistance R in an electrical

circuit in which there are two resistors in
parallel (of resistance R1 and R2 respectively)
is given by the formula
1
R 5  ________ 
___1 1
   1  ___ 
R1 R2
R1 is measured as 7·16 6 0·005 ohms (this means 7·155 < R1 , 7·165),
R2 is measured as 4·8 6 0·05 ohms.
(a) What is the least possible value for R (to 3 s.f.)?
(b) What is the greatest possible value for R (to 3 s.f.)?
10 The circumference of a circle is 23.6 cm (to the nearest mm).

(a) Write down the upper and lower bounds for the circumference, giving
the answer as an inequality.
(b) Calculate a lower bound for the diameter (to 3 s.f.).
(c) Calculate an upper bound for the diameter (to 3 s.f.).
(d) Keep rounding off the answers for the lower and upper bounds until
they are the same. Write down this answer. This answer for the diameter
is considered to be to an ‘appropriate degree of accuracy’ because it
matches both the lower and upper bounds.
11 The area of a car wheel is 2209 cm2

(to nearest cm2).
(a) Find an upper and lower bound for
the radius of the car wheel (to 4 s.f.).
(b) Write down the radius of the car wheel
to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
Explain why your answer is to an
appropriate degree of accuracy.
141
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 141 10/6/15 14:41:14

3P
12 Consider the formula V 5 ___
   2 R.
Q
(a) If P 5 7·1, Q 5 4·6 and R 5 0·6, measured correct to 1 decimal place,
calculate the maximum and minimum possible values for V (to 3 s.f.).
(b) Write down the value of V to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
13 The area of a rectangular

rugby pitch is 8830 m2
(to 3 s.f.). The width is
64.2 m (to nearest tenth
of a metre). Calculate
the length of the rugby
pitch to an appropriate
degree of accuracy.
Justify your answer fully.
M Recognising direct proportion
Key Facts
The ‘proportional’ symbol is ‘’.
If y is ‘directly proportional’ to x we write ‘y  x’.
Two quantities are ‘directly proportional’ if one quantity is a multiple of the other.
This means that if one quantity is doubled so is the other.
If y  x we say that y 5 kx where k is a positive number.
x plotted against y will always produce y

a straight line graph passing through
the origin.
142
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m is directly proportional to p.
When m 5 8, p 5 18.
Work out the value of p when m 513.
__p 18
 m 5 ___
   5 2·25 so p 5 2·25m
8
When m 5 13, p 5 2·25 3 13 5 29·25
M5.7
1 The distance d travelled on a cycle
rickshaw is directly proportional to
the time t spent on it.
d 5 15 km when t 5 2 hours.
Work out the value of d when t 5 3 hours.
2 The mass m of a metal is directly proportional to its volume V.

m 5 2750 g when V 5 250 cm3. Find:
(a) m when V 5 300 cm3 (b) V when m 5 4675 g.
3 The voltage V in a circuit

is directly proportional
to the current I. Sketch a
graph of V against I. Indices
4 y is directly proportional to x. 1 Simplify

52 3 59
y 5 7 when x 5 4. Find: (a) (32)4 (b)  _______
 
54
(a) y when x 5 12 9m2n
(c)  _____2  (d) (3a2)3
(b) y when x 5 6 6mn
(c) x when y 5 28 2 Evaluate
_1
(d) x when y 5 24.5 (a) 323 (b) 25  2
() ( )
_2
(e) y when x 5 22 1 21 8  3
(c) __
     (d) ___
    
4 27
5 £1 5 $1·26. 3 Solve
Convert $81·90 into pounds. 1 1
(a) 5x 5 ____
    (b) 492x 5 __
   
125 7
143
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6 Which graph below shows that y is directly proportional to x?
y y y y
x x x x
A B C D
7 A force F on an object is directly proportional to its acceleration a.

F 5 7 when a 5 3.
Work out the acceleration when F 5 2·8
8 Which equation below shows that m is directly proportional to V ?

4
(a) m 5 4V 2 (b) m 5  __ (c) m 5 4V (d) m 5 4V 3
V
9 Carter returns from New York

to London. He still has $213·72
and changes them back into
pounds. He is charged 2% of
his money to do this.
The following week he is going
to Paris to watch the Marathon
so changes all the above money
into euros. Again he is charged 2%.
How many complete euros will
he take to Paris if the exchange
rates opposite are used?
£1 5 $1·37
£1 5 N1·19
10 Jocelyn says that two of the equations below indicate that y is directly
proportional to x. Is she correct? Explain your reasons fully.
__
(a) y 5 9x (b) y 5 3x2 (c) 2y 5 x (d) y2 5 x (e) y 5 4 √ x
11 The volume V of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature T.

V2T1
If V 5 V1, when T 5 T1 and V 5 V2 when T 5 T2, prove that V1 5 ____   
T2
144
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 144 10/6/15 14:41:16

E Equations for direct proportion
y  x means y 5 kx.
k is known as the ‘constant of proportionality’ or the ‘constant of variation’.
If we know a pair of values for x and y, we can substitute them into y 5 kx to find the
value of k. The formula can then be used to find other values for y and x.
Note
‘y varies as x’ means the same as ‘y is directly proportional to x’.
A force F on an object is directly proportional to its acceleration a. When F 5 9, a 5 2.
Find:
(i) the relationship between F and a.
(ii) the force when a 5 12.
(iii) the acceleration when F 5 72.
(i) F  a so F 5 ka [write a formula involving k first]

F 5 9, a 5 2 so 9 5 2k [substitute the F and a values in the formula]
9
k 5 __ 5 4·5 [leave k as a fraction unless it is a simple decimal]
2
F 5 4.5a [this is the relationship between F and a]
(ii) a 5 12 so F 5 4·5 3 12 5 54
(iii) F 5 72 so 72 5 4·5a
72
a 5 ___ 5 16
4·5
E5.2
1 When a car is accelerating from rest at a constant
rate its speed, v, is directly proportional to time, t.
(a) Write down this statement using the symbol .
(b) Rewrite this statement using the symbol 5.
(c) After 5 seconds the car is travelling at 15 m/s.
How fast will the car be travelling after 7 seconds?
(d) After how long will the car be travelling at 42 m/s?
2 y is directly proportional to the square of x so y 5 kx2 for some constant k.

Find the value of k then copy and complete the table.
x 2 4 8
y 8 50
145
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 145 10/6/15 14:41:16

3 The mass m of a block is directly proportional to the cube of the side length l.
(a) Write down an equation involving m, l and a constant k.
It is given that a block of side length 3 cm has mass 54 kg.
(b) Calculate k.
(c) What is the mass of a block of side length 8 cm?
(d) What is the side length of the block which has mass 250 kg?
4 The energy, E, stored in a spring
is directly proportional to the
square of the extension, e.
(a) Write down the relationship Factorisation
between E, e and a constant k.
(b) When the extension is 5 cm, Copy and complete
the energy stored is 150 joules. 1 2x2 1 4x
Find k.
5 2x ( 1 )
(c) How much energy is stored
when the extension is 3 cm? 2 x2 2 4x 2 21
(d) What is the extension in the
spring when the energy stored 5 ( x 1 )( x 2 )
is 384 joules?
3 x2 2 25
5 y is directly proportional to the 5 ( x 1 )( x 2 )
cube root of x.
(a) Write down a formula relating 4 x3 2 4x
x and y. 5 x ( 2 4 )
(b) Copy and complete the table. 5 x ( x 1 )( 2 2 )
x 8 216
Factorise completely the expressions
y 12 24 60 below:
5 x2 1 5x 1 6 6 x2 2 6x
7 x2 1 3x 2 18 8 x2 2 81
9 x3 2 36x 10 4x2 2 49
6 The number of arrests, A, in a town is directly

proportional to the number of policemen, P, on
patrol. It is recorded that when there were 16
policemen on patrol the number of arrests was 48.
(a) Write down an equation giving A in terms of P,
having calculated the constant of proportionality.
(b) How many arrests will be made when there are 24 policemen on patrol?
(c) How many policemen are there on patrol if 72 arrests are made?
146
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 146 10/6/15 14:41:17

7 It is known that the time, T, taken for a pendulum to swing back and forth
once is proportional to the square root of its length, l.
If the time taken for a pendulum of length 9 cm to swing back and forth once
is 2·4 seconds then:
(a) find the time for a pendulum to swing back and forth once if the
pendulum has length 16 cm.
(b) find the length of the pendulum which takes 5·6 seconds to swing back
and forth once.
8 The table shows some values of x and y. x 2 3 4 5
(a) Write down a relationship between y 24 81 192 375
x and y using the symbol .
(b) Write down an equation involving x and y.
(c) What will x be when y 5 3993?
9 The current I in an electrical circuit varies as the square root of the power P.
If the current is 18 amps when the power is 25 watts, find the current when
the power is 144 watts.
10 H is directly proportional to the cube root of r. When r 5 27 it is known that H 5 15.
(a) Find H when r 5 1000. (b) Find r when H 5 20.
M Recognising inverse proportion
Key Facts
Two quantities are ‘inversely proportional’ if one quantity is directly y
1
proportional to the reciprocal of the other (‘reciprocal’ of x 5 __
 x ).
This means that if one quantity is doubled, the other is halved.
1 1 k
If y  __
 x we say that y 5 k 3 __
 x so y 5 __
 x 
x
m is inversely proportional to p.
When m 5 3, p 5 16.
Work out the value of p when m 512.
12
m increases by a factor of ___
   5 4
3
16
so p decreases by a factor of 4 ⇒ p 5  ___ 5 4.
4
147
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 147 10/6/15 14:41:17

M5.8
1 The volume V of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure P.
P 5 400 N/m2 when V 5 8m3.
(a) Find P when V 5 2m3.
(b) Find V when P 5 50 N/m2.
2 y is inversely proportional to x such y

that one of the equations below is true.
(a) y 5 5x2
5
(b) y 5 __ x
(c) y 5 5x
Which of these equations describes
the inverse proportion graph shown opposite?
x
3 The speed S of an object is inversely

proportional to the time taken, t.
S 5 5 m/s when t 5 6s
Indices and
(a) Find S when t 5 2 s.
factorising
(b) Find t when S 5 2·5 m/s.
1 Simplify
(c) Find t when S 5 2 m/s.
57
(a)  __3  (b) 3xy 3 4y
(d) Find S when t 5 120 s. 5
______
(c)  √ (36n4)  (d) 80
4 The wavelength w of sound waves
is inversely proportional to the 2 Factorise
frequency f. (a) x2 2 7x 2 18 (b) x2 2 1
f 5 350 when w 5 0·6 (c) x2 2 7x 1 10 (d) 8x2 1 6x
(a) Find f when w 5 1·5
3 Evaluate
(b) Find w when f 5 1050
() ( )
_1
_1 1 22 9 2  2
2 (b) __
(a) 812        (c) ___
    
(c) Find f when w 5 0·125 3 25
4 Factorise 3x2 1 14x 1 15
5 Which equation below shows that R is inversely proportional to d 2?

3 3
(a) R2 5 __
    (b) R 5 3d 2 (c) R 5 __
  2  (d) R 5 (3d )2
d d
148
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6 Which graph below shows that y is inversely proportional to x?
y y y y
x x x x
P Q R S
7 How many equations below show that M is inversely proportional to H?

4 4 7 7 4
(a) M 5 ___
  2  (b) M 5  __ (c) M 5 __
  (d) M 2 5 __
  (e) H 5 __
 
H H H H M
8 The resistance R in a circuit is inversely proportional to the current I.

R2I2
If R 5 R1 when I 5 I1 and R 5 R2 when I 5 I2, prove that R1 5 ____    
I1
E Equations for inverse proportion
E5.3
1 y is inversely proportional to the square of x. When y 5 3, x 5 4.
(a) What happens to y when x is doubled?
k
(b) y 5 __
  2 . Find the value of k.
x
(c) Find y when x 5 2.
(d) Find x when y 5 192.
2 The volume V of a given mass of gas varies

inversely as the pressure P.
When V 5 2 m3, P 5 400 N/m2.
(a) Write down an equation for V in
terms of P.
(b) Find the volume when the pressure
is 200 N/m2.
(c) Find the pressure when the volume
is 16 m3.
149
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3 The force of attraction F between 2 magnets is
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance d between them.
When the magnets are 3 cm apart the force of
attraction is 12 N.
(a) Write down an equation for F in terms of d.
(b) What is the attractive force when they are 1 cm apart?
(c) How far apart are they if the attractive force is 27 N?
4 It is known that the quantity Q is inversely proportional to the square root

of t. It is also found that Q 5 12 when t 5 9.
(a) Find an equation to express Q in terms of t having first found the
constant of proportionality.
(b) Use this to find Q when t 5 16.
(c) Find also the value of t when Q 5 18.
5 (a) If y is inversely proportional to x then by what factor does y increase/

decrease when x doubles?
(b) If y is inversely proportional to x2 then by what factor does y increase/
decrease when x trebles?
6 Given that y is inversely proportional to the square of x, copy and complete

the table below:
x 2 3 10
y 100 25
7 It is known that the quantity P is inversely proportional to r3. It is also found

that P 5 8 when r 5 5.
(a) Find P when r 5 10.
(b) Find r when P 5 125.
(c) Plot a graph to show the relationship between P and r.
8 In a set of similar shapes the length l is inversely proportional to the cube

root of the volume V. When the length is 10 cm, the volume is 27 000 cm3.
(a) Find the length of the shape which has a volume of 1000 cm3.
(b) Find the volume of the shape which has a length of 12 cm.
9 It is known that H is inversely proportional to the cube root of u. It is also

known that H 5 12 when u 5 27. Find u when H 5 18.
10 It is found that, when x 5 5, y is 8 and that when x 5 10, y 5__2. Given __ that
3
y is inversely proportional to one of the following: x, x2, x3, √
  x or √x , write
down an equation for y in terms of x.
150
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 150 10/6/15 14:41:19

Use your maths! – Trim it
Body mass index (BMI) is used to consider what a healthy weight is for a given height.
Weight (in kg)
BMI 5 ____________
     
(Height in m)2
Example: if a person’s weight is 74 kg and height is 1·73 m, the person’s

74
BMI 5 _____
   5 24.7
1·732
This body mass index 200

graph is used to underweight
examine whether a healthy overweight
190
person has a healthy weight
weight.
Height (cm)
180
obese
170
160
150
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Mass (kg)
Task A
Jasmine is 5 feet 5 inches tall and weighs
11 stone 2 pounds.
Rosy is 6 feet tall and weighs 9 stone 1 kg 5 2·2 pounds
10 pounds.
1 stone 5 14 pounds
Mark is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weighs
1 pound 5 16 ounces
15 stone 10 pounds.
1 inch 5 2·54 cm
1 Work out the BMI for each person.
1 foot 5 12 inches
2 Use the chart above to decide if
each person is underweight, healthy
weight, overweight or obese.
151
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A person will lose 400 g of fat from exercise if the person burns about 3000 extra calories.
Jasmine would burn the number of Mark would burn the number of calories
calories shown below for each hour shown below for each hour of the activity.
of the activity.
Swimming 446 Football 724

Mowing lawn 419 Circuit training 735
Aerobics 532 Aerobics 592
Cycling 630 Rowing machine 836
House cleaning 274 Gardening 272
Walking the dog 386 Golf 397
Badminton 608 Cycling 680
Yoga 196 House cleaning 314
Rowing machine 827 Swimming 462
Gardening 248 Fishing 273
Jasmine does the following extra Mark does the following extra activities
activities each week. each week.
Football (1 hour), Cycling ( _2 hour)

1
Sat House cleaning (2 hours) Sat
Gardening (1 _2 hours), Yoga ( _2 hour)
1 1
Sun Sun Golf (3 hours), Gardening (1 hour)
Mon Walking the dog ( _2 hour) Mon Swimming ( _2 hour)
1 1
Tue Swimming (1 hour) Tue House cleaning (1 hour)

Aerobics ( _hour) Wed Swimming ( _4 hour)
1 3
Wed 2
Swimming ( _2 hour), Cycling ( _2 hour) Gardening ( _2 hour)

1 1 1
Thu Thu
Fishing (3 _2 hours)
1
Fri Badminton (1 hour) Fri
Task B
1 Who will burn off more extra calories
during one week? Show all your
working out.
2 If Mark does the extra activities each
week, how long will it take him to
drop down to a healthy weight?
3 Design a program of extra activities
that would enable Mark to get down to
a healthy weight in around 25 weeks.
152
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 152 10/6/15 14:41:21

1. Finding products of prime factors, HCF’s and LCM’s

(a) 936 5 2x 3 3y 3 z. Find the values of x, y and z.
(b) Write 105 and 330 as products of their prime factors.
Use a Venn diagram to find the HCF and LCM of 105 and 330.
(c) Find the HCF and LCM of 84 and 490.
2. Writing numbers in standard form

Write the numbers below in standard form.
(a) 273 000 (b) 380 (c) 52 thousand (d) 0·8
(e) 0·0018 (f ) 9 million (g) 34 3 107 (h) 0·07 3 1019
Write each number below as an ordinary number.
(i) 7·2 3 102 ( j) 5·21 3 1022 (k) 5·9 3 1024 (l) 6·14 3 106
3. Using standard form numbers without a calculator

Evaluate the following, leaving your answers in standard form.
(a) (2 3 109) 3 (1·5 3 103) (b) (3 3 107) 3 (5 3 106)
(c) (6·9 3 1016) 4 (2·3 3 105) (d) (6·6 3 104) 4 (1·1 3 1027)
(e) (5 3 107) 1 (3 3 106) (f ) (7·2 3 1026) 2 (9 3 1027)
4. Using standard form numbers with a calculator

Work out the following, leaving your answers in standard form (to 3
significant figures if necessary).
(a) (5·7 3 1027) 4 (1·9 3 10218) (b) (7·8 3 1012)2
________________________
(4·2 3 108) 3 (3·6 3 1011)
√
9 8
(5·1 3 10 ) 1 (6·3 3 10 )
(c)  ______________________
     
   (d)   ________________________
       
   
   
(2·7 3 105)2 (3·8 3 1027) 2 (5·8 3 1028)
(e) The speed of light is approximately 300 000 km/s. Calculate how far in km
(standard form to 2 significant figures) light travels in one year (365 days).
5. Finding upper/lower bounds

Copy and complete the table.
Lower bound Upper bound
(a) mass 5 58 kg, to nearest kg
(b) width 5 3·7 m, to nearest 0·1 m
(c) height 5 72·6 cm, to nearest 0·1 cm
(d) capacity 5 8·12 l, to nearest 0·01 l
(e) Write out an inequality to show the possible values of x if x 5 8·573
(truncated to 3 decimal places).
153
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6. Calculating with upper/lower bounds
If x 5 5, y 5 7 and z 5 2, all measured to the nearest whole number, calculate:
x
(a) the smallest value of __  z
(b) the smallest value of x 1 y 2 z
(c) the largest value of y(x 2 z)
(d) Carl measures a piece of wood as 2·31 m 2·31 m
(to the nearest cm). He cuts off a piece and 0·83 m ?
measures it as 0·83 m (to the nearest cm).
What is the largest possible length of wood Carl has left?
(e) The area of a triangle is 13·8 cm2 (to 3 s.f.). The base of the triangle
is 3·7 cm (to 2 s.f.). By finding the upper and lower bounds for the
height, give the height of the triangle to an appropriate degree of
accuracy.
7. Recognising and using direct/inverse proportion

(a) d is inversely proportional to V.
d 5 12 when V 5 5. Find d when V 5 20.
(b) y y y y
x x x x
P Q R S
(i) Which graph above represents inverse proportion?
(ii) Which graph above represents direct proportion?
(c) Which equation below represents direct proportion?
__
6
A y 5  __
x  B y 5 6x C y 2 5 6x D y 5 6 √x 

8. Constructing and using equations for direct/inverse proportion

(a) The distance s travelled by an object is directly proportional to the
square of the time t for which it has been travelling: s 5 75 when
t 5 5.
(i) Write down an equation for s in terms of t.
(ii) Find s when t 5 7.
(iii) Find t when s 5 363.
154
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(b) The speed of a particle v is directly proportional to the square root of its
potential energy P. The potential energy of a particle travelling at 10 m/s is
found to be 400 joules. Find the potential energy of the particle with speed
18 m/s.
(c) The resistance R in a wire of fixed length is inversely proportional to the
square of the diameter d. The resistance is 0·09 ohms when the diameter is
15 mm.
(i) Write down an equation for R in terms of d.
(ii) Find the resistance when the diameter is 9 mm.
(iii) Find the diameter when the resistance is 0·81 ohms.
1 (a) The number 1200 can be written as a product of prime factors in the form
1200 5 2p 3 3q 3 5r.
Find the values of p, q and r.
(b) The highest common factor of two numbers is 12.
The lowest common multiple of these numbers is 72.
Both numbers are greater than 12.
What are the two numbers? (OCR)
2 A jug has a capacity of 600 ml measured correct to the nearest 10 ml.

(a) Write down the least and greatest possible values of the capacity of the jug.
Least possible capacity 5 _____ ml. Greatest possible capacity 5 _____ ml.
(b) A tank has a capacity of 73 litres measured correct to the nearest litre.
Explain, showing all your calculations, why it is not always possible for
the tank to hold water poured from 120 full jugs without overflowing. (WJEC)
3 y is directly proportional to the square of x.

When x 5 3, y 5 36.
Find the value of y when x 5 5. (EDEXCEL)
4 Which statement below is true if n 5 1·87 when truncated to 2 decimal places?

(a) 1·865 < n , 1·875 (b) 1·87 < n , 1·88 (c) 1·87 < n , 1·875
5 (a) Write down the value of 100.

(b) Write 6.7 3 1025 as an ordinary number.
(c) Work out the value of (3 3 107) 3 (9 3 106).
Give your answer in standard form. (EDEXCEL)
155
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 155 10/6/15 14:41:22

A warehouse stores electrical goods in boxes. The boxes are all cuboids.
6
(a) One of the boxes has a depth of 46 cm, a width of 55 cm and a length of
62 cm, where all the measurements are correct to the nearest centimetre.
(i) Write down the greatest and least possible values for each of these
measurements in the table below.
Dimensions Least value Greatest value
Depth 46 cm _______ cm _______ cm
Width 55 cm _______ cm _______ cm
Length 62 cm _______ cm _______ cm
(ii) Hence, calculate the greatest possible volume of the box.

(b) Another box has dimensions x cm by y cm by z cm.
Each of these measurements is correct to the nearest cm.
Find an expression for the least possible volume of this box in terms
of x, y and z.
You do not need to simplify your expression. (WJEC)
7 (a) Express 84 as a product of its prime factors in index form.

(b) Find the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of 63 and 84. (CEA)
8 One sheet of paper is 9 3 1023 cm thick.

Mark wants to put 500 sheets of paper into the paper tray of his printer.
The paper tray is 4 cm deep.
Is the paper tray deep enough for 500 sheets of paper?
You must explain your answer. (EDEXCEL)
9 The pressure P, in a weather balloon is inversely proportional to the square

root of the height h, at which it is flying.
At a height of 25 m, the pressure is 1·44 atmospheres.
__
(a) Find a formula connecting P and √   h .
(b) What will the pressure be at a height of 36 m?
(c) At what height will the balloon be flying when the pressure is
1·6 atmospheres?
(d) If the height quadruples (becomes four times greater), what effect will
this have on the pressure? (CEA)
1
10 (a) Write down the value of ________
   in standard form.
2 3 1026
(b) Find, in standard form, the value of (2·3 3 1025) 1 (7·8 3 1026),
giving your answer correct to two significant figures. (WJEC)
156
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11 Matt knows the value of a is 6 or 7 and the value of b is 24 or 25.
Work out the largest and smallest possible values of 3a 2 2b. (AQA)
12 y y y y
x x x x
A B C D
Which graph above shows that y is inversely proportional to x?
13 A handrail alongside a straight path is 60 metres long, measured correct to the
nearest 10 cm.
Thin strips of metal of length 40 cm, measured correct to the nearest centimetre,
are attached, end to end, along the top of the handrail.
These metal strips must cover the whole length of the handrail.
What is the minimum number of metal strips required to guarantee that the
whole length of the handrail is covered? (WJEC)
14 (a) Write 16 000 in standard form.
(b) Here are some facts about four planets.
Mercury Venus Earth Mars
Mass (kg) 3·30 3 1023 4·87 3 1024 5·97 3 1024 6·42 3 1023
Volume (m3) 6·08 3 1019 9·28 3 1020 1·08 3 1021 1·63 3 1020
(i) Complete this sentence, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
The volume of Venus is _______________ times the volume of Mercury.
(ii) Show that the Earth has the greatest density. Make all your working
clear. (OCR)
15 Buses to Acton leave a bus station every 24 minutes.
Buses to Barton leave the same bus station every 20 minutes.
A bus to Acton and a bus to Barton both leave the bus station at 9.00 am.
When will a bus to Acton and a bus to Barton next leave the bus station
at the same time? (EDEXCEL)
_
s
√
16 m 5 ___
t
s 5 3.47 correct to 2 decimal places
t 5 8.132 correct to 3 decimal places.
By considering bounds, work out the value of m to a suitable degree of accuracy.
You must show all your working and give a reason for your final answer. (EDEXCEL)
157
05-Ch_05_pp126-157.indd 157 10/6/15 14:41:22

ALGEBRA 2
6
– solve linear equations
– set up linear equations
– change the subject of a formula
– draw graphs of straight lines and quadratic curves
– draw graphs of cubics and reciprocals, including real-life
graphs
– find gradients (rates of change) of straight lines
– use the equation of a straight line y 5 mx 1 c
– use function notation
– find inverse and composite functions
– solve problems using iteration
– find gradients of perpendicular lines
– estimate areas under graphs
– find average and instantaneous rates of change
– use distance/time and velocity/time graphs
– use equations of motion
– – hidden car costs
M Linear equations
M6.1
x
1 5x 5 4 2  __ 5 7 3 x 2 4 5 28 4 x 2 12 5 22
8
m
___
5 4x 5 220 6 25n 5 30 7 a1750 8    5 22
22
c
9 2b 5 29 10 4n 5 3 11  __ 5 23 12 y1954
5
n
13  ___ 5 4 14 p 2 7 5 23 15 29x 5 27 16 2f 5 21
25
158
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 158 10/6/15 14:42:11

6 Solve the following equations:
17
20
7n 1 6 5 34
4b 1 9 5 5
18
21
3x 2 8 5 22
6w 1 10 5 5
19
22
8p 2 4 5 84
9a 1 4 5 232
23 8 5 33 1 5x 24 26 5 9 1 3c 25 20 5 48 2 7x
26 10n 1 2 5 7n 1 14 27 7b 2 3 5 4b 1 12 28 8x 2 22 5 2x 1 8
29 5a 1 2 5 3 2 2a 30 2p 2 8 5 12 2 3p 31 9m 1 4 5 3m 2 1
b
34  __ 1
32 11 2 5y 5 26 2 2y 33 23 2 7x 5 35 2 13x 9 5 19
2
w a n
35  __ 1 12 5 19 36  __ 2 2 5 3 37  __ 1 3 5 22
3 5 6
3x 3c m
38  ___ 5 6 39  ___ 2 4 5 2 40 9 5 3 2 __    
4 5 2
a x 2 3 n
41 7 5 4 1 __     42  __ 5  __  43  __ 5  __ 
5 4 3 5 7
21
44  ___
x 5 23
M Equations with brackets

(a) 5(2x 2 1) 5 45 (b) 4(x 2 2) 5 3(x 1 3) 2 4
10x 2 5 5 45 4x 2 8 5 3x 1 9 2 4
[multiply out brackets first] [multiply out brackets first]
10x 5 45 1 5 [add 5 onto both sides] 4x 2 3x 5 9 2 4 1 8 [subtract 3x
10x 5 50 [divide both sides by 10] x 5 13 from both sides
and add 8 onto
x55 both sides]
M6.2
1 4(x 1 2) 5 20 2 9(2n 1 1) 5 27 3 3(3n 2 4) 5 33
4 3(3b 2 7) 5 24 5 5(a 1 3) 5 10 6 2(2p 1 3) 5 5
7 5(2w 1 4) 5 0 8 33 5 3(2 2 3x) 9 5(2m 1 1) 5 2
10 5(4y 1 3) 5 8 11 7 5 2(6 2 3n) 12 25 5 8(4 1 5a)
159
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 159 10/6/15 14:42:11

13 Copy and complete 14 Copy and complete
3(3x 1 4) 5 4(2x 2 2) 5(2n 2 1) 2 6(n 1 1) 5 1
9x 1 12 5 28 10n 2 2 6n 2 51
9x 2 5 28 2 12 10n 2 6n 5 1 1 1
x5 5
n5
15 7(x 2 1) 5 2(2x 1 4) 16 8(w 2 3) 5 4(3 2 w)
17 3(a 1 2) 5 4(1 2 a) 18 3(2n 1 1) 5 4(7 2 n)
19 5(2 2 p) 5 2(4 1 2p) 20 2(3 2 2m) 5 5(2 2 m)
21 4(a 2 2) 5 3(a 1 3) 2 4 22 3(2q 1 3) 1 4(q 2 2) 5 8
23 6(2x 1 5) 1 3(2 2 3x) 5 x 24 5(c 2 2) 1 1 5 3(c 2 1)
25 7(2h 1 1) 2 1 5 5(3h 1 2) 26 2(4w 2 3) 2 7(2w 2 7) 5 1
27 4(2y 1 1) 2 9(y 2 1) 5 3 28 3(x 1 1) 1 1 5 2(2x 1 1) 2 3
30  _6 (x
1
29 2(b 1 1) 1 1 5 3(3b 2 5) 2 10 2 14) 5 2(x 2 3)
31  _2 (4y 1 1) 2 _ 4 (2y 1 3) 5 _ 4 32  _3 (2w 2 5) 1 _ 6 (w 2 4) 5 1
1 3 3 1 1
Mixed linear equations

2x 2 1 5 x23
(a)  ______
 5 5 (b)  __
x 5 22 (c)  _____ 5 7 [multiply both
3 x12
sides by (x 1 2)]
2x 2 1 5 5 3 3[multiply 5 5 22x [multiply x 2 3 5 7(x 1 2) [multiply
both sides both sides out
by 3] by x] brackets]
5
2x 2 1 5 15 x 5  ___  [divide both x 2 3 5 7x 1 14
22
sides by 22]
2x 5 16 x 5 22·5 23 2 14 5 7x 2 x
x 5 8 217 5 6x
x 5 22 _6
5

160
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 160 10/6/15 14:42:12

M6.3
x15 n19
_____  _____  _3 a 1 2 5 7
1
1    5 5 2  5 7 3
4 3
x28 m 2 10
 _____  _6 w 2 8 5 1 2 5 _______
1
4  5 5 5 6    
2 3
3m 2 1
5 2 _ 4 z 5 2 _______ 8 5 _ 7 (6b 1 2)
1 1
7 8    5 4 9
5
Copy and complete:

16
10  ___5
12 3x 1 2
12  ______ 5
3 11  _____ 5 4 5
x x22 x14
16 5 12 5 (x 2 2) 3x 1 2 5 (x 1 4)
12 5 2 3x 1 2 5 1
x 5 ____
   
12 1 5 22 5 2 3x
x5  ____  5 2 5
x5 x5

15
13  ___5
24
14  _____ 5
36
15  _____ 5
3 6 4
a x11 x22
18
16  ______ 5
5 13
3 17 4 5 __
  18  ___5 6
m28 a m
9 3c 1 1
25 5 __ 20  ______ 21  _3 (4x
1
19    5 2 2 3) 5 7
n 5
x11
22  _____ 5
2a 1 1
23  ______ 5
3m 2 2
24  _______ 5
3 5 7
x23 a24 m26
5w 2 3
25  _______ 5
4b 1 1
26  ______ 5
5
27  __2
6 3 454
w22 b13 n
3
28  __1 6(a 2 2) 5 4(2a 1 1) 30  _9 x 1 7 5 10
1
759 29
f
7
32  ___5
31 5(2p 1 3) 1 2(3p 1 5) 5 33 1
3m
33 8(a 2 2) 5 5(2a 1 3) 1 3(a 2 4)
161
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 161 10/6/15 14:42:12

M Setting up linear equations
Many problems can be solved by writing them as linear equations first.

The unknown quantity is often chosen to be x.
The sum of four consecutive numbers is 42. Let the first number be x and write down the
other three numbers in terms of x. Find the four numbers.
Other three numbers are (x 1 1), (x 1 2) and (x 1 3).
Sum is 42 so x 1 (x 1 1) 1 (x 1 2) 1 (x 1 3) 5 42
4x 1 6 5 42
4x 5 36
x5 9
The four numbers are 9, 10, 11 and 12.
M6.4
1 (a) Write down an equation using the angles.
x 1 50
2x 1 30 (b) Find x.
2x (c) Write down the actual value of each angle in
this triangle.
2 The sum of four consecutive numbers is 78. Let the first number be x.
Set up an equation to find x then find the four numbers.
3 The perimeter of this rectangle is 58 cm. 3x 1 2
(a) Write down an equation using the perimeter.
(b) Find x. x13 x13
(c) Write down the actual length and width of the

rectangle. 3x 1 2
4 A rectangle has its length twice its width. If its perimeter is 42 cm, find the
width of the rectangle.
5 Work out the actual perimeter of this square.
(5x 2 2) cm
2(x 1 5) cm
6 £190 is divided between Jack and Halle so that Jack receives £72 more
than Halle. How much does each person get? (Hint: Let x 5 Halle’s money.)
162
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 162 10/6/15 14:42:13

7 (a) Write down an equation using the angles.
2x 1 40
(b) Find x.
4x 1 30
(c) Write down the actual value of each angle
in this quadrilateral.
3x 1 50
3x
8 The length of a rectangle is 3 times

its width. If the perimeter of the
rectangle is 32 cm, find its length
and width.
Mixed
9 A triangle has 2 angles which are each 1 Evaluate

1 2_
(c) ( _ 9  ) 2
1
4 times the size of the third angle. (a) 221 (b) 322
Find the size of each angle. 2 Factorise
(a) ac 2 bc 2 ad 1 bd
10 The sum of four consecutive odd (b) 12x2 2 x 2 6
numbers is 216.
3 Find the value of angle h.
(a) If x is the smallest number, write
down the other numbers in terms
of x. 36°
(b) Find the actual numbers.
11
2 cm h
AB 5 _ 4 cm and CD 5 _ 3 cm.

1 2
(3x 2 1) cm 4
The area of the rectangle is 46 cm2. Write down the ratio AB: CD in
Find the perimeter of the rectangle. the form m:n where m and n are
integers.
_x
12 You have three consecutive even 5 Solve 8  25 32
numbers so that the sum of twice
the smallest number plus three times
the middle number is four times the
largest number. Find the three numbers.
13 The area of rectangle P is five times (12 2 x)

2 Q
the area of rectangle Q. Find x.
x
P 5
163
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 163 10/6/15 14:42:14

14 Each side of the regular pentagon
is (x 2 1) cm.
Each side of the square is 4 cm
more than one of the pentagon
(x 2 1) cm sides.
Find the actual perimeter of the square if the perimeter of the square is equal
to the perimeter of the pentagon.
It is given that P 5 _ 3 (4x 2 8).

1
15
A value of x is used so that the value of P is equal to x.

Find this value of x.
16 There are 3 children in a family.

Each is 3 years older than the next and
the sum of their ages is 21.
How old is each child?
17 The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral

are 5(x 1 20)° and (3x 2 20)°.
Find the value of each angle.
18
Find the actual perimeter of
5(x 2 3) 2(x 1 6) this isosceles triangle.
All lengths are given in cm.
2x
19 Ricky leaves home at 18:00 and arrives at a pub at 18:54.

He travels a distance of 10 km. He cycles part of the way at 20 km/h but then
gets a puncture. He walks the rest of the way to the pub at 4 km/h.
How far did he have to walk?
164
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 164 10/6/15 14:42:16

M Changing the subject of a formula
M6.5
Copy and complete each statement below:
a
1 If a 5 6b then ____
   5 b
b
2 If a 5 __
    then a5b
8
n
3 If m 5 __
  then n 5 p
p
4 Make x the subject of each formula given below:

x
(a) y 5 x 2 9 (b) y 5 ___    (c) y 5 x 1 20 (d) y 5 8x
12
x
(e) y 5 __
    (f ) y 5 x 1 b (g) y 5 mx (h) y 5 x 2 w
3
5 Copy and fill each box below:

(a) x 5 3y 1 2 (b) x 5 4y 2 9
x2 5 3y x1 5 4y
x2 x1
 5 y  _______
 _______  5 y

(a) y 5 2x 1 8 (b) y 5 6x 2 5 (c) y 5 8x 2 10
x x x
(d) y 5 __
   1 2 (e) y 5  __ 2 6 (f ) y 5  __ 2 4
3 5 2
7 Make x the subject of each

formula given below:
(a) y 5 px1 q
(b) y 5 cx 2 h
(c) y 5 rx 2 2p
(d) q 5 cx 1 3s
(e) bx 1 5c 5 2f
(f ) y 5 ax 1 b 2 c
165
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 165 10/6/15 14:42:17

(a) c(x 1 d) 5 y (b) m(x 2 n) 5 q (c) r(x 1 5) 5 y
(d) a(x 1 7) 5 3b (e) y 5 f(x 2 g) (f ) 4b 5 s(x 2 t)

ax 1 d bx 1 3c ax 2 r
(a)  ______
 5 e (b)  _______
y 5 p (c)  ______  5 q
4 5
cx 2 2d ax 2 3c px 1 qr
(d) y 5  _______
  (e) y 5  _______ (f )  _______
 5 y
7 b 8
10 h 5 3g 1 m. Make g the subject of the formula.
11 x 5 u 1 fy. Make y the subject of the formula.
cx 2 3
12 Make x the subject of the formula y 5 ______
 
a
3(b 1 c)
13 Make b the subject of the formula y 5 ________
 
m
Powers and more fractions

(a) Make w the subject of the (b) Make x the subject of the
_______
formula w2 5 a 1 6. formula 3√ (x 2 b) 5 c
_______
w2 5 a 1 6 [square root 3√(x 2 b) 5 c [cube both sides of
both sides of the equation to
the equation] remove the cube root]
_______
w5√
  (a 1 6)  x 2 b 5 c3 [add b onto both sides
of the equation]
x 5 c3 1 b
4n3
(c) Make n the subject of the formula ___
  1 q 5 rx.
p
3
4n
 ___1 q 5 rx [subtract q from both sides of the equation]
p
4n3
 ___5 rx 2 q [multiply both sides of the equation by p]
p
4n3 5 p(rx 2 q) [divide both sides of the equation by 4]
p(rx 2 q)
n3 5 ________
    [cube root both sides of the equation to remove the cube]
4
_________
  √
3 p(rx 2 q)
n 5 ________
4
  
166
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 166 10/6/15 14:42:17

M6.6
(a) x2 2 w 5 z (b) 3c 5 p 2 m3
x2 5 z 1 1 m3 5 p
________
x5√
  (z 1 )  m3 5 p 2
_________
m 5 √(p 2
3
) 
__
(c) m √ y 5 4n
__ 4n
  y 5 ____
√    
( )
2
4n
y 5 ____
    

(a) x2 1 7 5 b (b) z 5 x2 2 t (c) q 1 x2 5 4p
(d) x3 2 a 5 c (e) r 5 qx3 (f ) bx2 5 n
__
x2 __
(g)  __5 c
3
(h)  √ x 5 m 2 n (i) p 1 2q 5 √x
b
__
3
√x __ __
( j)  ___5 y (k) a 5 b √ x (l) 2m 5 n 2 √
  x
w

__
_______ √
  A
(a) p 5 √
  (x 1 q) 2 r (b)  ___2 M 5 N
_______
3B
__
p1 5√
  (x 1 q)  √
  A
___
  5 N 1
2
3B
(p 1 ) 5x1q __
√
  A 5 (N 1 )
(p 1 )2 2 5x
A5( (N 1 ))2
4 Make n the subject of each formula given below:

______ _______ ________
(a)  √(n 2 r) 5 p (b)  √(n 1 2r) 5 3q (c) b 5 3√(n 1 5c) 
_______
(d) (n 1 t)2 5 w (e) (n 2 q)2 1 y 5 2p (f ) 8h 5 √
  (n 2 g) 1 m
__
_______ _______   n
√
(g) w 5 √
  (y 2 n)  (h)  √(n 2 h) 2 4k 5 3m (i)  ___ 1 c 5 d
5
__
√n n2 (n 2 w)3
( j) y 5 ___
  2 2w (k) b 5  __1 3c ________
(l)   5 y
z e xz
167
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 167 10/6/15 14:42:17

M
(a)  __1 Q 5 3R
N
M
__ Brackets
  5 3R 2
N Expand and simplify:
M 5 (3R 2 ) 1 6(3y 1 2) 2 5(2y 1 1)
M
_________
2 a(b 1 3) 1 b(a 2 2)
   5
3R 2 3 (n 2 4)(n 1 1)
v 4 (w 2 5)(w 2 2)
(b)  ______5 y
x2w 5
x21 x22
v 5 y(x 2 )
x16
x14
v 5 xy 2
The rectangles have the same area.
v1 5 xy Find the actual total area of the 2 rectangles.
All lengths are in cm.
v1 6 Show that
 _______5 x
y (x 1 5)(x 1 3)(x 2 1)  x3 1 7x2 1 7x 2 15
6 Make w the subject of each formula given below:

m n
(a)  __5 q (b) c 5 __  
w w
2m x
(c) 3a 5 ___  (d)  __2 z 5 m
w w
2a r
(e)  ___1 3c 5 b2 (f ) q 5  __1 5n
w w
3d t
(g)  ___1 4c 5 5a2 (h) 3r 5 q 2  __
w w
a
______ 3
c2
_______
(i)  w 1 c 5 b ( j)   5 f
3a 1 w
k m
(k) 5m 5 _______
  (l)  ______
n 1 w 5 6p
2
w 2 4n
f (e 2 h)
7  _______m 5 y. Make e the subject of the formula.
____
x
8 √( )
__
3
 y    5 w. Make y the subject of the formula.
_______
9 Make v the subject of the formula √
  (v2 1 n) 5 m
________
10 Make x the subject of the formula 3√(w2 2 x2) 5 n
168
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 168 10/6/15 14:42:19

Changing the subject of a formula when the required subject appears
M more than once
Key Facts
Collect all the terms containing the required subject on the same side of the
equation and all the other terms on the other side of the equation.
The required subject usually has to be extracted as a common factor before it is
finally isolated.
(a) Make m the subject of the (b) Make x the subject of the
formula km 1 n 5 p 2 qm mx 2 ny
formula  ________5 k
fx
km 1 n 5 p 2 qm [add qm onto mx 2 ny [multiply both sides
both sides of the  ________5 k
fx of the equation by fx]
equation and
subtract n from mx 2 ny 5 kfx [subtract kfx from both
both sides of the sides of the equation
equation] and add ny onto both
km 1 qm 5 p 2 n [take out m as a sides of the equation]
common factor] mx 2 kfx 5 ny [take out x as a
m(k 1 q) 5 p 2 n [divide both sides common factor]
of the equation by x(m 2 kf ) 5 ny [divide both sides
(k 1 q)] of the equation by
p2n
m 5 _____
  ny
(m 2 kf )]
k1q ______
x 5  
m 2 kf
M6.7
1 (a) Continue the working to make b the (b) Make x the subject of the
subject of the formula mx 2 k
formula _______
  5 r
a2b 2 c 5 f b 1 h2. p 2 qx
a2b 2 f b 5 h2 1 c [Begin by multiplying both sides
by ( p 2 qx)]
b(a2 2 f ) 5 h2 1 c
b 5 ….
mn
2 Make m the subject of the formula P 5 ______
 m 1 n
3ab
3 Make a the subject of the formula Y 5 _____
 
b2a
169
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 169 10/6/15 14:42:19

(a) fx 1 g 5 dx 1 e (b) xy 2 wx 5 wz 1 y (c) ax 2 b 5 3c 2 bx
(d) m(x 2 y) 5 n(x 1 z) (e) c(d 2 x) 5 b 1 fx (f ) y2x 5 3z 2 wx
a 1 bx f2x
(g) t 1 sx 5 p(x 2 r) (h)  ______5 c (i)  ______5 m
dx 2 a g 1 kx
yx 2 4 mx 1 c s 2 rx
( j) z 5 ______
  (k)  _______5 n (l) f 5 ______
 
x kx 1 d 5x 1 d
5 Make x the subject of the formula px 2 q 1 qx 5 r(q 2 x)
6 (a) Make n the subject of the (b) Make f the subject of the
_______
k f 1 2g
  √
m1n
formula   _______
2m 2 n
 5 p formula __
   5  ______
3 g2f
[Start by squaring both sides]
7 Make w the subject of each formula given below:

_______ _______ ______
√
3
 
w1y
(a) _______
w 1 2y
 5 z √ax 2 w
(b) q 5   _______
 
bw 1 c
  √ w
(c) 3y 5   _____
 w 2 z  
( a2w 2
(d) ______ )
 w 1 c   5 b (
b 1 cw 2
_______
(e) z 5  
b ______
2w )
 
mw
(f )  _______
2
__
n 2 pw 5  5 
_______
√ √
a dw 1 m 2p aw mw 1 1
(g)  __5 _______ (h)  ___5   ______
3 _______
  w 2 n     (i)     5 2n
b q w2b pw 2 1
c 2 tm
8 Make m the subject of the formula ______
  5 zm 1 4
3p
nx 1 r2 2 wx
9 Make x the subject of the formula p 2 qx 5 ____________
    
m
E Function notation
Key Facts
put in gives a
Consider y 5 3x 2 1 33 21 y-value
x-value
This y-value is known
as the ‘function of x’.
Another way of writing y 5 3x 2 1 is f(x) 5 3x 2 1
170
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 170 10/6/15 14:42:19

(a) If f(x) 5 x2 2 3x (b) If g(x) 5 5x 2 2, find
(i) f(3) 5 32 2 3 3 3 5 9 2 9 5 0 x if g(x) 5 18
(ii) f(22) 5 (22)2 2 3 3 22 5 4 1 6 5 10 g(x) 5 18 so 5x 2 2 5 18
(iii) f(4z) 5 (4z)2 2 3 3 4z 5 16z2 2 12z 5x 5 20
x54
E6.1
1 If f(x) 5 4x 2 1, find the value of:
(a) f(3) (b) f(10) (c) f(22) (d) f(0)
2 If g(x) 5 7x 1 5, find the value of:

(d) g( _2 )
1
(a) g(4) (b) g(22) (c) g(25)
3 If h(x) 5 x2, find the value of:

(c) h( _4 )
1
(a) h(7) (b) h(0) (d) h(24)
4 If f(x) 5 x2 2 4x 1 3,
find the value of:
(a) f(3) (b) f(0)
Mixed
(c) f(21) (d) f(24)
1 Express the following decimals as
fractions
. . in their lowest form:
..
5 If s(x) 5 (x 2 4)2, find the value of: (a) 0·7 8  (b) 0·26 3 
(a) s(4) (b) s(1)
2 Factorise completely:
(c) s(23) (d) s(w) (a) x3 1 2x2 1 x (b) 32x2 2 2
3 Solve
6 If h(x) 5 x3 1 x, find the value of: (a) 6x 5 __
1
36 (b) 92x 5 27x 1 1
(a) h(2) (b) h(21)
4 D
(c) h(5) (d) h( y)
63°
3 O C
7 If g(x) 5 __
  1 2, find the value of:
x
(a) g(3) (b) g(21)
(c) g(0) A
Discuss this answer B
with your teacher ^ ^
Find AOC and ABC.
171
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 171 10/6/15 14:42:20

x2 2 7
8 If h(x) 5 ______
, find the value of:
3x 1 1
(a) h(1) (b) h(0) (c) h(p)
9 If f(x) 5 6x 1 3, find the value of x when f(x) 5 45.
10 If h(x) 5 1 2 9x, find the value of x when h(x) 5 19.
11 If h(x) 5 x2, find the value of x when h(x) 5 25.
12 f(x) 5 x2 2 2x.
Copy and complete the following to find the values of q when f(q) 5 q.
f(q) 5 q so q2 2 2q 5 q
⎭
⎬
⎫
f(q)
q2 2 50
q(q 2 )50
q 5 0 or q 2 50
q 5 0 or q 5
13 g(x) 5 x2 1 6x – 18
Copy and complete the following to find the values of a when g(a) 5 3a.
g(a) 5 3a so a2 1 6a 2 18 5 3a
⎭
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎫
g(a)
a2 1 2 18 5 0
(a 1 ) (a 2 ) 50
a1 5 0 or a 2 50
a52 or a 5
14 If f(x) 5 x2 1 4x 2 8, find the values of p when f(p) 5 2p.

15 If h(x) 5 x2 1 3x 2 12, find the values of z when h(z) 5 4z.
16 If f(x) 5 x2 1 8x 1 9, find the values of x when f(x) 5 9.
3x 1 1
17 If g(x) 5 ______
   , find the value of x when g(x) 5 2.
x22
5x 1 7
18 If f(x) 5 ______
   , find the value of x when f(x) 5 3.
x23
19 If g(x) 5 2x 2 1, write down each function below:
(a) g(x) 1 7 (b) 3g(x) (c) 5g(x) 2 3 (d) 2g(x)
172
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 172 10/6/15 14:42:20

20 If h(x) 5 9x 1 4, write down each function below:
(a) 2h(x) (b) 2h(x) 2 7 (c) 2h(x) (d) 24h(x)
21 If h(x) 5 x2 2 2x 1 1, write down each function below:

(a) 4h(x) 1 1 (b) 3h(x) 2 6 (c) 22h(x) (d) 4 2 h(x)
22 If g(x) 5 x3 2 x, write down each function below:

(a) 22g(x) (b) g(x) 2 9 (c) 4 2 3g(x) (d) 25g(x) 2 3
23 Find the function f so that f(0) 5 3, f(1) 5 8 and f(2) 5 13.
24 If f(x) 5 2x 1 3 and g(x) 5 x 1 13, show that f(2x) 1 g(4x) 5 a(x 1 2)

where a is an integer to be found.
25 If f(x) 5 x2 and g(x) 5 3x2 2 3x 1 18, prove that

f(2x) 2 g(x) 5 (x 1 6)(x 2 3).
26 If f(x) 5 (3x 2 1)(3x 1 1) and g(x) 5 x2 2 1, prove that

g(3x) 5 f(x).
E Inverse functions
Key Facts
Consider f(x) 5 4x 2 5
x �4 �5 4x � 5
We can reverse this process by starting with x and using the inverse of
each operation.
x�5 �4 �5 x
4
x15
_____
   is known as the inverse function of x, written as f21(x).
4
x15
If f(x) 5 4x 2 5, then f 21(x) 5 _____
   
4
173
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 173 10/6/15 14:42:21

Flowcharts can be used to find inverse functions as shown earlier.
Rearranging to make x the subject can also be used.
Consider f(x) 5 4x 2 5
Let y 5 4x 2 5
y 1 5 5 4x
y15
 _____   5 x
4
Interchange x and y at the end.
x15 x15
 _____
 5 y ⇒ f 21(x) 5 _____
   
4 4
E6.2
Find f 21(x) for each function listed below:
4x 1 1
1 f(x) 5 7x 1 3 2 f(x) 5 5x 2 4 3 f(x) 5 ______
   
5
2(x 2 3) 3x 1 2
4 f(x) 5 ________
    5 f(x) 5 4(2x 2 1) 1 7 6 f(x) 5 ______
   2 6
5 4
3
7 f(x) 5 ___
    (5 2 x)
10
Find:
(a) f 21(x) Angles in circles
(b) f 21(6) In these questions O is the centre of the circle.
1 G 2 Q
2x 1 3
8 f(x) 5 ______
   2 2 F 100° 59°
5 O
Find P 26° R
125°
(a) f 21(x) H
E
(b) f 21(6) ^ S
Find OGF. ^
Find PSR.
9 Find f 21(66) if 3 P 4 B
f(x) 5 x3 1 2
O O
10 Find f 21(14) if S
3 104°
f(x) 5  __1 2 Q
x T 68° A C
R ^
U Find OA B.
^
Find PQS.
174
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 174 10/6/15 14:42:22

x x
11 Two functions are defined as f(x) 5 __
   1 3 and g(x) 5  __ 1 7
7 3
Prove that f (x) 2 g (x) 5 4x
21 21
12 f(x) 5 2x3 2 5 and g(x) 5 2x 2 5

Solve g(x) 5 f 21(49)
13 f(x) 5 2x 1 3 and g(x) 5 4x 2 1

Show that f 21(x) 2 g21(x) 5 a(x 2 7) where a is a number to be determined.
6
14 f(x) 5 __
  2 1 and g(x) 5 5x 1 3
x
Solve f 21(x) 5 g21(8)
12
15 f(x) 5 3x 1 14 g(x) 5 5x 2 1 h(x) 5 ___
  2 2
x
Work out the value of h21(x) when f(2x) 5 2g(x).
E Composite functions
Key Facts
If f(x) 5 2x 1 5 and g(x) 5 x3 2 1 then the composite function f(g(x)) is obtained by finding
g(x) first then using g(x) in place of x in f(x).
f(g(x)) 5 f(x3 2 1) 5 2(x3 2 1) 1 5 5 2x3 1 3
↑
g(x) replaces x in f(x)
f(g(x)) is written as fg(x).
f(x) 5 3x 2 7 g(x) 5 x3 1 2
gf(x) 5 g(3x 2 7) 5 (3x 2 7)3 1 2
ff(x) 5 f(3x 2 7) 5 3(3x 2 7) 2 7 5 9x 2 21 2 7 5 9x 2 28
fg(x) 5 f(x3 1 2) 5 3(x3 1 2) 2 7 5 3x3 1 6 2 7 5 3x3 2 1
175
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 175 10/6/15 14:42:23

E6.3
1 f(x) 5 2x 1 1 g(x) 5 x3 2 3 h(x) 5 4x 2 3
Find the following composite functions:
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (c) fh(x)
(d) hg(x) (e) ff(x) (f ) hh(x)
2 f(x) 5 5x 1 4
g(x) 5 x2
Mixed
Find: (a) fg(x)
In these questions O is the centre of the circle.
(b) gf(x) (c) ff(x)
1 2 G
3 f(x) 5 3x 2 2 B O
O H
g(x) 5 6x
x
h(x) 5 __
   1 1 64°
F
2 C D
Find: (a) fg(x)
(b) fg(1) (c) hg(x) A 50°
^
(d) hg(22) (e) gh(x) Find BOC if AB and AC
are tangents to the circle. E
(f ) gf(2) (g) hf(4) ^
Find FOH.
4 f(x) 5 x2 Expand
g(x) 5 1 2 4 x 3 (x 1 4)(x 2 6) 4 (5m 2 1)(3m 1 5)
h(x) 5 1 2 3 x
Simplify
Find: (a) gh(2) __ __ __ ___ __
  2 2 √
5  √ 2 (√   8 ) 6  √80 2 3 √ 5 
(b) fg(x) (c) fgh(x)
7 Express y in
5 If f(x) 5 2x 2 7 and terms of x.
g(x) 5 x 1 3,
y
solve fg(x) 5 g(x).
x
6 If f(x) 5 3x 1 4 and
g(x) 5 2x 1 9,
solve fg(x) 5 f(x).
176
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 176 10/6/15 14:42:24

7 If f(x) 5 x2 1 3 and g(x) 5 x 2 4,
solve fg(x) 5 gf(x).
4
8 If f(x) 5 5x 2 1 and g(x) 5 __
  1 3,
x
solve fg(x) 5 24.
9 If f(x) 5 6x 2 10 and
g(x) 5 2x, find
(a) f 21(x) (b) g21(x)
(c) g21f(x) (d) gf 21(x)
(e) gf 21(20) (f ) g21f 21(x)
10 If f(x) 5 2x 2 1 and g(x) 5 4x2, find the

values of x for which fg(x) 5 g(x).
11 If f(x) 5 x 1 2 and g(x) 5 x2 2 3x 2 4,

solve gf(x) 5 0.
12 Work out the value of f 21(9) y

based on the graph shown
opposite.
21 x
23
y 5 f(x)
7
13 If f(x) 5 x 1 2 and g(x) 5 __
  2 3,
x
solve g (x) 5 ff (1).
21 21
14 If f(x) 5 x2 and g(x) 5 x 2 4,

solve f(3x) 5 9fg(x).
15 f(x) 5 3x g(x) 5 x 2 3 h(x) 5 5x 1 4

Solve fgh(x) 5 f21hg(2x).
177
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 177 10/6/15 14:42:25

M Iteration
Key Facts
Sometimes an equation cannot be solved algebraically.
We can get accurate answers by using an iterative method.
This involves repeatedly using the same method to get closer and closer to the
required answer.
Each time we repeat the method it is known as an ‘iteration’.
We stop when the answer is accurate enough for our purposes.
1. Trial and improvement

The area of this rectangle is 325 cm2. Use trial and
x improvement to find x to 2 decimal places.
(x 1 4) area 5 x(x 1 4) 5 325
Trial Calculation Too large or too small?

x 5 10 10 3 14 5 140 too small
x 5 20 20 3 24 5 480 too large
x 5 15 15 3 19 5 285 too small
x 5 17 17 3 21 5 357 too large
x 5 16 16 3 20 5 320 too small
so x is between 16 and 17
x 5 16·2 16·2 3 20·2 5 327·24 too large
x 5 16·1 16·1 3 20·1 5 323·61 too small
so x is between 16·1 and 16·2
x 5 16·15 16·15 3 20·15 5 325·4225 too large
x 5 16·14 16·14 3 20·14 5 325·0596 too large
x 5 16·13 16·13 3 20·13 5 324·4969 too small
so x is between 16·13 and 16·14
Test the ‘halfway’ value to choose the correct answer.
x 5 16·135 16·135 3 20·135 5 324·878225 too small
16·13 16·135 16·14 x is closer to 16·14

Answer: x 5 16·14 to 2 decimal places.
178
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 178 10/6/15 14:42:26

E6.4
1 x16 The area of this rectangle is 270 cm2. Use trial and
improvement to find x to 1 decimal place. Show all
x
your working out.
2 Solve these equations by trial and improvement. Give each answer to

1 decimal place.
(a) x2 1 x 5 24 (b) x3 2 x 5 85 (c) x3 1 2x 5 170
3 A cube has a volume of 650 cm3. Use trial and improvement to find the
length of a side to 2 decimal places.
4 A triangle has an area of 50 cm3. Its height is 3 cm more than its base. Use
trial and improvement to find the height of the triangle to 2 decimal places.
5 Solve these equations by trial and improvement. Give each answer to 2

decimal places.
(a) x3 1 x 5 90 (b) x3 2 2x 5 120 (c) x(x2 1 3) 5 374
6 The total area of this shape is 74 cm2.

x cm
Use trial and improvement to find x.
x cm
Give your answer to 2 decimal places. 6 cm
x cm
7 Solve the equations below by trial and improvement giving your answer to
1 decimal place.
(a) 5x 5 62 (b) 8x 5 200
8 The length of a cuboid is 5 cm more than both its height and width.
Use trial and improvement to find the dimensions of the cuboid if the
volume is 90 cm3. Give your answers to 1 decimal place.
9 The green area opposite is 100 cm2. x
(a) Write down an equation in terms x

of x for the green area.
(b) Use trial and improvement to find
x to 1 decimal place. 8
All measurements are in cm.
10
179
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 179 10/6/15 14:42:27

2. Interval bisection
This is effectively trial and improvement.
Consider x2 1 4x 5 325
Firstly make the equation 5 0 ⇒ x2 1 4x 2 325 5 0
x2 1 4x 2 325 is a ‘function of x’, written as f(x).
We aim to solve f(x) 5 0 to find the solution, called the root.
On a graph, f(x) 5 0 is the point y

where f(x) crosses the x-axis. y 5 f(x)
The value of x at this point
gives the root we are seeking.
a
b x
root
We can see that on one side of this point the y-value (f(x)) is negative and on
the other side of this point, the y-value is positive.
If f(a) , 0 and f(b) . 0 then a , root , b (the root is in this interval ).
(
a1b
We now take the midpoint of a and b _____ )
     and substitute this into f(x).
2
We examine if the new f(x) value is negative or positive which then gives
us a smaller new interval containing the root (i.e. the previous interval is
halved, ‘bisected’).
We continue this process until
we find a small interval which
gives us the value of the root
to our required accuracy.
180
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 180 10/6/15 14:42:29

f(x) 5 x2 1 4x 2 325 5 0
f(16) 5 162 1 4(16) 2 325 5 25
f(17) 5 172 1 4(17) 2 325 5 32 so 16 , root , 17
f(16·5) 5 13·25 so 16 , root , 16·5
f(16·25) 5 4·0625 so 16 , root , 16·25
f(16·125) 5 20·484 so 16·125 , root , 16·25
f(16·1875) 5 1·785 so 16·125 , root , 16·1875
f(16·15625) 5 0·649 so 16·125 , root , 16·15625
f(16·140625) 5 0·082 so 16·125 , root , 16·140625
f(16·1328125) 5 20·201 so 16·1328125 , root , 16·140625
f(16·13671875) 5 20·059 so 16·13671875 , root , 16·140625
To 2 decimal places, 16·14 , root , 16·14, so x 5 16·14 (2 decimal places).
E6.5
1 Use the interval bisection method to solve the equations below to
1 decimal place.
(a) x2 2 3x 2 6 5 0 (use initial interval x 5 4 to 5)
3
(b) x 1 5x 2 409 5 0 (use initial interval x 5 7 to 8)
2 The area of this rectangle is 500 cm2.

Use the interval bisection method to find x
the length and width to 1 decimal place.
x19
3 Use the interval bisection method to solve the equations below to

2 decimal places.
(a) x2 1 2x 5 83 (use initial interval x 5 8 to 9)
(b) x(x 2 5) 5 11
4
The volume of this cuboid is 300 cm3.
(a) Write down an equation in terms of x
for the volume of the cuboid.
7 cm x cm (b) Use the interval bisection method to
find x to 2 decimal places.
x cm
181
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 181 10/6/15 14:42:30

3. Fixed point iteration
In this method f(x) 5 0 is rewritten with x in terms of x.
E.g., solve x2 1 4x 2 325 5 0
x2 5 325 2 4x
__________
x5√
  (325 2 4x) 
Label left side as xn 1 1 and all x’s on the right-hand side are written as xn.
__________
xn 1 1 5 √
  (325 2 4xn) 
This is known as the iterative formula.
Estimate the x-value (x1).
Substitute this into the right-hand
side and it gives the answer x2.
Now use x2 in the right-hand side
and it gives x3 and so on.
Stop when the x-value stays the
same to the number of decimal
places required.
__________
xn 1 1 5 √
  (325 2 4xn)  Hint: get your
Let x1 5 13 teacher to show
____________ you how to use the
x2 5 √
  (325 2 4(13)) 
   5 16·523
________________ ANS button for
x3 5 √
  (325 2 4(16·523)) 
   5 16·091 these.
x4 5 16·144
x5 5 16·138
x4 5 x5 5 16·14 (2 decimal places) so root x 5 16·14
E6.6
1 The equation x2 2 7x 1 1 5 0 is rearranged to give the iterative
________
formula xn 1 1 5 √
  (7xn 2 1) .
Use fixed point iteration with x1 5 6 to find a value of x to 2 decimal places.
182
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 182 10/6/15 14:42:30

1
2 x3 1 2x2 2 1 5 0 ⇒ x2(x 1 2) 5 1 ⇒ x2 5 _____   
x12
_____ _____
√ 1
⇒ x 5   _____
 
x12 √ 1
  ⇒ xn 1 1 5   _____
 xn 1 2  
3 x3 1 5x2 2 3 5 0 ⇒ x3 5 3 2 5x2 _________

(a) Continue rearranging the above to show that xn 1 1 5 3√(3 2 5xn2) 
(b) Use fixed point iteration with x1 5 1 to find a value of x to 2 decimal
places.
xn 1 1 5 _ 5 (3x n2 2) is an iteration formula for 3 x 5 5x 1 2.

1
4
5 (a) Rearrange x3 2 6x 1 1 5 0 to obtain the iterative formula

________
xn 1 1 5 3√(6xn 2 1) .
(b) Use fixed point iteration with x1 5 2 to find a value of x to 2 decimal
places.
M Graphs of straight lines
M6.8
Check all your graphs with a computer or graphical calculator if your teacher
wants you to.
1 (a) Copy and complete the table opposite x 0 1 2 3
for y 5 3x 1 1.
y
(b) Draw an x-axis from 0 to 3 and a y-axis
from 0 to 10.
(c) Draw the straight line y 5 3x 1 1.
2 Using x-values from 0 to 5, complete a table then draw the straight line
y 5 6 2 x.
3 Copy and complete the table below then draw the straight line y 5 2x 1 4.
x 22 21 0 1 2
y 2
183
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 183 10/6/15 14:42:30

4 Draw y 5 3 2 2x using x-values from 23 to 3.
Draw y 5 _ 2 x using x-values from 24 to 4.

1
5
6 Draw an x-axis from 23 to 3 and a y-axis from 212 to 12.

Using the same set of axes,
draw y 5 4x y 5 2x 2 3
y 5 1 2 2x y 5 3x 2 4
Label each line clearly.
M Graphs of quadratic curves

Draw y 5 x2 1 3, using x-values from 23 to 3.
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3
Draw a table
y
Use y 5 x2 1 3 to find the y-values
When x 5 23, y 5 (23)2 1 3 5 9 1 3 5 12
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 When x 5 22, y 5 (22)2 1 3 5 4 1 3 5 7
y 12 7 4 3 4 7 12 and so on.
y Draw axes so that all the

y 5 x2 1 3
12 points can be plotted.
11 Plot each point.
10 Join up all the points with
a smooth curve.
9
8
Note
A curve should always be
7 smooth.
6
5
4
3
This indicates that an
2 incorrect point has been
1 calculated.
Label the curve with its
�3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 x
equation.
184
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 184 10/6/15 14:42:31

Note
The top and bottom of curved graphs should not normally be straight lines.
This lowest point is known as

No! Yes! a turning point of the curve
Intercepts – where the curve meets the x-axis or the y-axis
× turning points
M6.9
wants you to.
1 Find the value of these expressions when x 5 24:
(a) x2 (b) 3x (c) x2 1 2 (d) x2 2 6 (e) x2 1 x
2 Find the value of these expressions when x 5 21:

(a) 2x (b) x2 (c) x2 1 3 (d) x2 2 x (e) x2 1 2x
3 Complete the table below then draw the y

curve y 5 x2 1 1 using axes like those 10
shown opposite.
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3
y
23 3 x
4 Using x-values from 23 to 3, complete tables of values then draw graphs for
each of the following:
(a) y 5 x2 2 2 (b) y 5 2x2 [Note: 2x2 means x2
then ‘multiply by 2’]
(c) y 5 2x2 1 1 (d) y 5 3x2 2 7
5 For each graph in question 4 , (i) write down the co-ordinates of the turning
point, (ii) write down the co-ordinates of the y-intercept and (iii) write down
the co-ordinates of any intercepts with the x-axis.
185
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 185 10/6/15 14:42:34

6 (a) Complete the table below for y 5 x2 1 x 1 2.
x 24 23 22 21 0 1 2
⎭
⎪ x2 9
add to get y ⎬
⎪ 1x 23
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⎫
12
y 8
(b) Draw an x-axis from 24 to 2 and a y-axis from 0 to 14.

Draw the curve y 5 x2 1 x 1 2.
(c) Write down the co-ordinates of the turning point.
(d) Write down the co-ordinates of the y-intercept.
7 (a) Complete the table below then draw

the curve y 5 x2 1 x.
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3
2 Mixed
x 1 9
1x 21 3 Multiply out:
y 0 12 1 4(3a 2 2) 2 2p(p 2 3q)
Work out:
(b) Write down the co-ordinates of the
1 _2 2 3 _5 23 _3 3 1 _5
1 2 1 2
intercepts with the x-axis. 3 4
(c) Write down the co-ordinates of the 5 Expand and simplify

turning point. m(2m 1 1) 2 3m(5m 2 2)
8 (a) Using x-values from 24 to 2, complete 6 Express 90 as a product of its

a table then draw y 5 x2 1 3x 2 2. prime factors.
(b) Read off the value of y from your 7 m 5 7·3 (to 2 s.f.), n 5 1·87
curve when x 5 21·5 (to 3 s.f.). Write down the
m2
(c) Write down the co-ordinates of the interval within which ___
  lies.
2n
turning point.
9 Draw the graph of each function below using the given x-values.
(a) y 5 x2 2 3x 1 3 for x-values from 21 to 5
(b) y 5 2x2 1 x 2 6 for x-values from 23 to 3
(c) y 5 4 2 3x 2 x2 for x-values from 25 to 3
(d) y 5 3x2 2 5x 1 6 for x-values from 22 to 3
(e) For each graph in parts (a) to (d), write down the co-ordinates of the
turning point (also known as the vertex).
186
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 186 10/6/15 14:42:34

M Graphs of cubics and reciprocals
Key Facts
A cubic equation has an x3 term as the highest power of x,
for example: y 5 x3 1 5x2 1 3x 1 2 y 5 x3 1 x
A reciprocal equation has the x term in the denominator of a fraction,
7 3
for example: y 5  __ y 5 _____
   
x x22
Note
4
__
   5 4 4 0 gives no value. You cannot divide by 0. If you use’0’ in the denominator,
0
the graph will have a ‘break’ in it (see example below).
4
Draw the graph of y 5  __for x-values from 25 to 5.
x
Complete a table. Some y-values will have to be rounded off.
x 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 20·8 21 21·3 22 24 4 2 1·3 1 0·8

no value
What happens between y

x 5 21 and x 5 1? 10
Work out more y-values 8 4
y 5x
x 20·8 20·6 20·4 0·4 0·6 0·8 6
y 25 26·7 210 10 6·7 5 4
2
There is no value for y when x 5 0.
As x gets nearer to 0, the curve x
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
approaches the y-axis but never 22
touches it.
24
As x gets very large or very small,
26
the curve approaches the x-axis but
never touches it. 28
210
187
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 187 10/6/15 14:42:35

M6.10
wants you to.
1 Complete the table below then draw y 5 x3.
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 Remember to draw a
y 227 smooth curve
2 (a) Complete the table below then draw y 5 x3 1 x 1 1.

x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3
x3 28
1x 22
11 1
y 29
(b) Read off the value of y from your curve when x 5 1·5
3 Using x-values from 24 to 4.

(a) Complete a table then draw y 5 x3 2 5x 1 3.
(b) Write down the co-ordinates of the y-intercept.
(c) Write down the co-ordinates of the turning points.
4 Using x-values from 23 to 3 draw:

(a) y 5 x3 1 1 (b) y 5 x3 1 x
(c) y 5 x3 1 3x 2 4 (d) y 5 x3 1 x2 1 1
(e) For each graph in parts (a) to (d), write down the co-ordinates of the
turning points where they exist.
(f ) For each graph in parts (a) to (d), write down the co-ordinates of the
y-intercepts.
5 (a) Using x-values from 22 to 4, draw y 5 x3 2 3x2 1 2.

(b) Write down the co-ordinates of the turning points.
6 (a) Using x-values from 24 to 2, draw y 5 x3 1 2x2 2 3x 2 1.

(b) Write down the co-ordinates of the y-intercept.
7 Describe the general shape of all the curves you have drawn in questions
1 to 6 . All cubic curves (x3 term is the highest power) have this shape.
188
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 188 10/6/15 14:42:35

1
8 (a) Complete the table below then draw y 5 __
 x
x 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
y
no value
(b) Read off the y-value when x 5 2·5
8
9 (a) Using x-values from 210 to 10, complete a table then draw y 5 __
 x
(b) Read off the x-value when y 5 6·4
10 Draw the graph of:

4
(a) y 5 _____
   using x-values from 23 to 7
x22
10
(b) y 5 _____
   using x-values from 210 to 0
x15
5
(c) y 5 __
 x 1 2 using x-values from 210 to 10
10
(d) y 5 ___
  2 using x-values from 25 to 5
x
5
(e) y 5  _______2 using x-values from 27 to 3
(x 1 2)
11 Based on your earlier graphs, sketch the graph of any equation of the
a
form y 5 __
 x where a is a positive constant (fixed number).
12 For each curve below, write down if it is linear, quadratic, cubic or reciprocal.
(a) y (b) y (c) y (d) y
x x x x
(e) y (f ) y (g) y (h) y
x x x x
(i) y ( j) y (k) (l) y

y
x x x
x
189
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 189 10/6/15 14:42:39

13 Match each equation to its graph below. One of the equations does not have
a graph below.
1
(a) y 5 x2 2 4 (b) y 5  __2  (c) y 5 x3 2 2x2 2 3x 1 2
x
3
(d) y 5  __
x (e) y 5 6 2 2x
y y
x x
1 2
y y
x x
3 4
M Real-life graphs
M6.11
1 The cost, C, in £, of hiring a tile cutter is given by the formula C 5 15d 1 28,
where d is the number of days the tile cutter is hired for.
(a) Draw a graph of C against d for values of d from 0 to 6.
(b) What is the fixed charge before the number of days hire is considered?
2 Which of the graphs below shows:

(a) steady speed (b) car that speeds up (c) car that slows down.

distance
distance
distance
1
2 3
time time time
3 A ball is thrown into the air with an initial velocity of 6 m/s. Its velocity v is
given by the formula v 5 6 2 9·8t, where t is the time taken.
(a) Draw a graph of v against t for values of t from 0 to 1·5
(b) At what time is its velocity equal to 4 m/s?
(c) How long does it take to reach its maximum height (i.e. v 5 0)?
190
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 190 10/6/15 14:42:43

4 Which of the graphs below best fits each of the following statements:
(a) After a poor start, car sales have increased massively this year.
(b) The price of milk has remained the same over the past year.
(c) The world’s population continues to rise rapidly.
(d) The price of computers has fallen steadily over the last year.
(e) The number of visitors to a seaside resort rose in the summer then
dropped off towards winter.
(f ) The number of people going to the cinema in the UK has increased
steadily this year.
1 2 3
time time time
4
6
5
time time time
5 Water is poured at a
constant rate into each
of the containers A, B
and C. Which of the
graphs below fits each
container?
A B C
Water level
Water level
Water level
1
2 3

191
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6 A ball is dropped from rest. The distance, s, it has travelled is given by the
formula s 5 4·9t 2 where t is measured in seconds and s in metres.
(a) Draw a graph of s against t for values of t from 0 to 10.
(b) Use the graph to find out how long it takes the ball to travel 70 m.
(c) Use the graph to find out how far the ball has travelled after 5·5 seconds.
20
7 In an electrical circuit, the resistance R is given by the formula R 5 ___
 
I
where I is the current measured in amps and R is measured in ohms.
(a) Draw a graph of R against I for values of I from 1 to 10.
(b) Use the graph to find the value of R when I 5 2·5
(c) Use the graph to find the value of I when R 5 7·5
8 10 cm A square piece of cardboard is to be made

x x into a box by cutting out squares from
x l x each corner as shown then folding.
10 cm (a) Express l in terms of x.
(b) Prove that the volume, V, of the box

is given by V 5 x(10 2 2x)2
l (c) Draw a graph of V against x for
x values of x from 0 to 5.
l
(d) Use your graph to find the maximum possible volume.

(e) For what value of x does the maximum volume occur?
9 The total surface area of this cuboid

is 40 cm2.
20 2 x2
(a) Prove that h 5  _______
2x
h
( )
20 2 x2  
(b) Volume 5 x2h 5 x2  _______
2x x
x
x
so V 5  __  (20 2 x2)
2
Draw a graph of V against x for values of x from 0 to 4.
(c) Use your graph to find the value of x which gives the maximum volume.
(d) What is the maximum possible volume?
192
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 192 10/6/15 14:42:48

M Gradient of a straight line
Key Facts
Gradient is a measure of ‘steepness’ (the rate of change).
vertical distance vertical

Gradient 5 ________________
    
   
horizontal distance
horizontal
On a graph, the ‘vertical distance’ 5 difference between y co-ordinates

and the ‘horizontal distance’ 5 difference between x co-ordinates
Difference between y co-ordinates

so Gradient 5 ____________________________
      
Difference between x co-ordinates
Negative gradient Sloping downwards

to the right
If a line slopes downwards to the
right, it has a negative gradient.
(a) Find the gradient of this line. y

20 down 25
Gradient 5 ________
 2 across 
20
220
5 ____
  2  15
20 down 10
5 210
5
Rate of change of y as x
0
varies is 210. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
2 across
(b) Find the gradient of the line which passes
through (22, 3) and (2, 15).
2nd y-value 1st y-value
difference between y co-ordinates 15 2 3 12
Gradient 5 ______________________________
      5 ________
   5 ___
   5 3
difference between x co-ordinates 2 2 (22) 4
2nd x-value 1st x-value
193
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M6.12
1 Find the gradient of each line below:
y
A B
8
7
6
5
4
3 C
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
2 For each line below, find the rate of change of y as x varies.

y Q S
8
7 T
P
6
5 R
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
3 Find the gradient of the line joining each pair of points below:
(a) (1, 1) and (3, 5) (b) (2, 4) and (3, 7) (c) (3, 6) and (5, 2)
(d) (3, 1) and (5, 4) (e) (1, 4) and (3, 2) (f ) (0, 5) and (2, 4)
(g) (5, 2) and (7, 3) (h) (21, 2) and (2, 7) (i) (5, 22) and (9, 22)
( j) (22, 23) and (1, 25) (k) (24, 6) and (2, 5) (l) (1, 2) and (1, 25)
1
(m) __ ( ) 2
   , 2 and __
4 ( )
   , 4
3 (1 1
(n) 2  __ , __
3 2 )
     and __(
1 1
) (
2 1
   , 2  __   (o) __
2 4 5 3 ) (
1 1
   , 2  __   and 2  __ , __
4 5 )
     .
194
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 194 10/6/15 14:42:50

4 Find the gradient of the line B
joining: 6
(a) B and C 5
C
4
(b) C and D
3
(c) A and E.
A 2
1 D
22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
21
E
22
5 A line has a gradient of 6. One point on the line is (22, 5). A point P on the
line has an x-value of 1. What is the y-value at P?
6 A line shows that the rate of change of y as x varies is 24. One point on the line is (3, 7).
A point Q on the line has a y-value of 25.
What is the x-value at Q?
M y 5 mx 1 c
M6.13
Use a graphical calculator or computer if possible.
1 (a) Complete the table opposite x 1 2 3
then draw the straight line y 5 2x 1 3.
y
(b) Use another table to draw y 5 2x on the same grid.
(c) Draw y 5 2x 1 1 on the same grid.
(d) Draw y 5 2x 2 1 on the same grid.
(e) Find the gradient of each line.
(f ) What do you notice about the gradient of each line and its equation?
(g) Look at where each line cuts the y-axis. For each line what do you
notice about this value and its equation?
2 Draw the following lines using the same set of axes and repeat parts (e), (f )
and (g) from question 1 :
y 5 23x 1 1 y 5 23x 1 4 y 5 23x
y 5 23x 2 2 y 5 23x 2 5
195
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 195 10/6/15 14:42:50

Key Facts
The equation of a straight line may be written in the form
y 5 mx 1 c
m is the gradient c is the y-value at

of the line the point where the
line cuts the y-axis.
This is known as the
‘y-intercept’
y 5 mx 1 c is sometimes known as the ‘gradient–intercept’ form of the straight line.
 12  x 2 3
(a) Write down the gradient and y-intercept of y 5 __
 21  y-intercept 5 23
Gradient 5 __
(b) Write down the gradient of 2x 1 3y 5 1 and write down the co-ordinates of the
point where the line cuts the y-axis.
rearrange into form y 5 mx 1 c 2x 1 3y 5 1
3y 5 22x 1 1
write the x’s first
2  x 1  __
y 5 2  __ 1
3 3 
Gradient 5 2  __
3 ( )
2 and the line cuts the y-axis at 0, __
 31   .
(c) Find the equation of the line which passes through (3, 1) and (6, 13).
13 2 1 12
Find gradient m first m 5 ______
  6 2 3 5 ___
  3 5 4
We know y 5 mx 1 c so y 5 4x 1 c
x 5 3 when y 5 1
To find c, substitute one
so 1 5 4 3 3 1 c
pair of x and y values into
the equation of the line 1 5 12 1 c
c 5 211
Equation of line is y 5 4x 2 11.
196
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 196 10/6/15 14:42:52

M6.14
Write down the gradient and y-intercept of each of the following lines:
1 y 5 3x 1 4 2 y 5 2x 2 5 3 y 5 8x 2 1 4 y5x16
5 y 5 24x 2 2 6 y 5 24x 1 3 7 y 5 2x 2 2 8 y 5 25x 1 2
1
11 y 5 __
9 y532x 10 y 5 4 2 2x     x 2 7 12 y 2 5x 5 1
3
13 y 1 4x 5 5 14 6x 2 y 5 3 15 2x 1 5y 5 3 16 3x 2 4y 5 6
17 5x 2 3y 5 3 18 4y 2 2 5 5x 19 4x 1 y 2 6 5 0 20 5x 2 7y 2 2 5 0
Use your knowledge of y 5 mx 1 c to sketch each of the following lines:
21 y 5 2x 1 2 22 y552x 23 y 2 3x 5 1 24 2x 1 4y 5 3
25 Write down the equation of each of the 3 lines below:
y A
4 B
3
2
1
23 22 21 1 2 3 4 x
21
22
23
C
26 Which of the following lines are parallel?

(a) y 5 4x 1 1 (b) y 5 2 2 4x (c) y 5 2x 1 4
(d) y 2 4x 5 2 (e) 4x 2 y 5 2 (f ) y 5 4 2 3x
Find the equation of each line in questions 27 to 36 .
27 The line passes through (0, 4) with gradient 5 5.
Find the equation of the line passing through each pair of points below, giving the
answer in the form y 5 mx 1 c.
31 (3, 2) and (5, 8) 32 (6, 1) and (8, 9) 33 (23, 4) and (21, 10)
34 (5, 23) and (8, 29) 35 (22, 24) and (25, 225) 36 (1, 27) and (23, 5)
197
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 197 10/6/15 14:42:52

37 Find the equation of the line that is parallel to the line y 5 4x 2 3 and passes
through (3, 2).
38 Find the equation of the line that is parallel to the line 2x 1 y 5 1 and passes
through (1, 24).
39 Find the equation of each line below:

(a) y (b) y
(3, 5) (24, 2)
(1, 1)
x x
(23, 27)
E Gradients of perpendicular lines
E6.7
1 y
A
5
4
3 B Mixed
2 1 Carl and Dan earn the same
1 amount each week. Carl gets
a 5% pay rise and now earns
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x £477·75.
�1 Dan only gets a 3% pay increase.
�2 How much does Dan earn now?
___
4
2 Simplify ___
  __ 1 √
  18 
Line A and Line B above are √
  2 
perpendicular (at right angles). 3 P is directly proportional to the
(a) Find the gradient of line A. square root of Q.
P 5 12 when Q 5 9.
(b) Find the gradient of line B.
Find the value of P when Q 5 36.
(c) Multiply together the gradient of
line A and the gradient of line B. 4 Expand (x 1 4)2
5 Truncate 7·81932 to two decimal
places.
198
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 198 10/6/15 14:42:54

2 Line P and line Q are perpendicular y Q
(at right angles). 5
(a) Find the gradient of line P. 4
(b) Find the gradient of line Q. 3

P
2
(c) Find the product of the gradient
of line P and the gradient of 1
line Q.
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
�1
�2
�3
3 What do you notice about your answers to part (c) in both questions 1 and 2 ?
4 If a line has a gradient of 4, what is the gradient of a line perpendicular to this one?
5 y R
5
4 Line R has a gradient of 4.
S Line S is perpendicular to line R.
3
Find the gradient of line S
2
to check if your answer to
1 question 4 was correct.
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
�1
�2
�3
Key Facts
The product of the gradients of
two perpendicular lines is 21
1
m m1 5 21 so m 5 2  ___
m1 
gradient 5 m
Given a line with gradient 5 m1, to find the
gradient of a perpendicular line, find the reciprocal
gradient 5 m1
( 1
of m1 i.e. ___ ) ( 1
 m1   then change its sign i.e. 2  ___)
m1   .
199
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 199 10/6/15 14:42:55

 23 
Write down the gradient of a line which is perpendicular to a line of gradient (a) 25, (b) __
1 1 (33) 3
 m 5 ___
(a) 2 ___1
 25  51 
21 5 __ (b) 2 ___1
 21
 m 5 ___    __
2/3  (33)5 2  2 (the simplest way is to turn
the fraction upside down
and change the sign)
E6.8
1 Find the gradient of the line which is perpendicular to a line with each
gradient given below:
1 2
(a) 7 (b) 1 (c) 24 (d) 28 (e)  __  (f )  __ 
3 5
1
__ 3
__ 9
__
(g) 2     (h) 2     (i) 2     ( j) 20·5 (k) 0·2 (l) 0
6 4 2
2 Write down the gradient of any line which is perpendicular to:
2
(a) y 5 3x 2 2 (b) y 5 2  __  x 1 7 (c) 5x 1 8y 5 3
3
(d) 4y 5 x 1 7 (e) 6x 2 2y 5 3 (f ) 3x 1 5y 2 1 5 0
3 y Find the equation

5 of the line which
passes through
4 (2, 1) and is
perpendicular to
3 the line shown.
2
�5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
�1
4 Find the equation of the line which passes through the given point and is
perpendicular to the given line.
1 1
(a) (0, 3) y 5 __    x 1 6 (b) (0, 22) y 5 2  __  x 1 4
3 5
1
(c) (1, 1) y 5 8 2 __     x (d) (2, 5) y 5 2x 2 1
4
(e) (1, 4) 2y 2 x 5 3 (f ) (26, 2) 3y 1 x 5 5
(g) (23, 23) 3x 1 y 5 7 (h) (4, 21) 4x 2 2y 5 9
(i) (21, 6) x 1 y 2 6 5 0 ( j) (24, 23) 6x 1 3y 2 5 5 0
200
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5 A line passes through (3, 0) and is parallel to the line y 5 5x 2 3.
Find the equation of the line.
6 Line P has equation 5y 2 2x 5 13.

Line Q has equation 2y 1 5x 5 7.
Show that line P is perpendicular to line Q.
7 Without drawing any of these lines,

put them into pairs of lines which
are perpendicular to one another.
Mixed
(a) 3y 2 2x 5 7 1
(b) y 5 2  __ Do not use a
  x 1 5
3 calculator
(c) 2y 1 x 5 9 (d) 5y 1 x 5 9 1 Draw a Venn diagram to show

the prime factors of 42 and
(e) 3x 1 2y 5 11 (f ) y 5 2x 1 1 112. Use the Venn diagram to
find the HCF and LCM of 42
(g) y 5 x 1 3 (h) y 2 3x 5 10 and 112.
2 Work out
(i) y 5 5x 2 1 ( j) y 5 2x 1 5 (4 3 10219) 3 (8 3 107)
leaving the answer in standard
8 A line passes through (2, 5) and is parallel form.
to the line x 1 2y 5 1. Find the equation
of the line. 3 Find the
132° 109°
value of
76° x
angle x.
9 Line A has equation 7y 5 3x 2 4. 115°
Line B has equation 3y 5 5 2 7x.
Show that line A is perpendicular 4 Solve x2 2 6x 1 8 5 0
to line B.
1 1
5 Solve __
    (x 2 1) 5  __  x 1 2
3 6
6 Expand (x 1 2)3
10 Find the equation of the line which passes through (3, 2) and is
perpendicular to the line which joins (21, 0) to (3, 2).
11 The midpoint of the line joining (a, b) to (c, d ) has co-ordinates given by
( 1
2
1
)
 __  (a 1 c),  __  (b 1 d ) .
2
Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining:
(a) (6, 2) and (4, 6)
(b) (21, 3) and (4, 2)
(c) (2, 5) and (24, 3)
201
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E Areas under graphs
Key Facts
y Some areas under curves can be found
exactly because they are well known
shapes.
x
y Other areas under curves can only

be estimated.
Trapezium rule
y Cut the area up into strips of equal width h.
y 1 y2 y3
Treat each strip as a trapezium.
y0
h h h h y4
x
Work out the area of each trapezium

a b 1
using  __  h(a 1 b).
2
h
The sum of these areas will give an approximate area under the curve.
To shorten the calculation (using the 4 strips above):
1 1 1 1
Area   __  h( y0 1 y1) 1 __
    h( y1 1 y2) 1 __
    h( y2 1 y3) 1 __
    h( y3 1 y4)
2 2 2 2
1
  __  h( y0 1 y1 1 y1 1 y2 1 y2 1 y3 1 y3 1 y4)
2
1
 __
    h( y0 1 y4 1 2( y1 1 y2 1 y3))
2
This is the trapezium rule
1
Area  __
2
1st
   strip width     1    
(
last
y-value y-value
sum of middle
1 2      
y-values
   (
     ))
202
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 202 10/6/15 14:42:58

E6.9
1 y Use the trapezium rule
5 with 4 strips to estimate
the area under the curve
4 shown opposite.
(If you prefer, you can
3
work out the area of each
2 trapezium separately then
add them up.)
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
2 Use the trapezium y

rule with 5 strips 30
to estimate the
area under the
curve shown
20
opposite.
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 x
3 Draw the curve y 5 x2 for x-values from 1 to 4.

Use the trapezium rule with 3 strips to estimate the area under the curve
between x 5 1 and x 5 4.
4 Use the trapezium rule with 5 strips y

to estimate the area under the curve y 5x
4
4
y 5 __
 x between x 5 1 and x 5 6.
1 6 x
203
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 203 10/6/15 14:43:00

5 Use the trapezium rule with 4 strips y
to estimate the area under the curve
y 5 3x
y 5 3x between x 5 0 and x 5 4.
4 x
6 (a) Make a table of values and draw y 5 2x2 1 6x 2 5, between x 5 0 and

x 5 5.
(b) Use the trapezium rule with 4 strips to estimate the area under the curve
between x 5 1 and x 5 5.
7 Estimate the area under the curve y 5 x3 1 3 between x 5 0 and x 5 3 using

the trapezium rule with 6 strips.
E Instantaneous and average rates of change
Key Facts
The gradient of a curve at a point is equal to the gradient of the
tangent to the curve at that point.
It measures the ‘rate of change’ at that one point on the curve
(instantaneous rate of change).
tangent It is difficult to draw perfect tangents so the calculated gradient
is likely to be an estimate.
B
Average rate of
difference in vertical values
difference change between 5 _________________________
     
    
in vertical difference in horizontal values
A and B
values
A
difference
in horizontal
values
204
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 204 10/6/15 14:43:00

E6.10
1 y (a) Work out the gradient of
16 P the tangent at Q.
(b) Write down the gradient
14
of the curve at Q.
12 (c) Work out the average
rate of change between
10
P and R.
8 Q
4
R
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
2 Draw y 5 x2 1 1 for x-values from 0 to 3 then find the gradient of the curve
at x 5 1.
3 Draw y 5 x2 2 3x 1 2 for x-values from 22 to 3 then find the gradient at

x 5 2.
4 θ (°C) The graph shows

30
the rise and fall
in temperature u
of a liquid after t
minutes.
20
Work out the
average rate
of change of u
10 between 5 and 7
minutes.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time t (minutes)
205
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 205 10/6/15 14:43:02

5
5 (a) Draw y 5 __
 x for x-values from 1 to 5.
(b) Find the gradient of this curve at (2, 2·5).
(c) Work out the average rate of change between (2, 2·5) and (4, 1·25).
6 A container is slowly filled with water.

Its depth (in cm) is recorded in the table below.
Time (mins) 0 0·5 1 1·5 2 2·5 3 3·5 4
Depth (cm) 0 3·75 7 9·75 12 13·75 15 15·75 16
(a) Draw a graph of depth against time.
(b) Work out the gradient when the time is 2·5 minutes.
(c) Work out the rate of increase of the water level when the depth is 11 cm.
(d) Find the average rate of increase of the water level between a time of
1 minute and a time of 2·5 minutes.
E Distance/time, velocity/time graphs
Key Facts
Gradient at time t1 5 gradient of tangent
change in distance
distance
5  _______________
  
    
change in time
5 velocity at time t1
t1 time
velocity
velocity
t1 time time
Gradient at 5 rate of change area under a velocity/time graph

time t1 of velocity 5 distance travelled
5 acceleration at time t1
206
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 206 10/6/15 14:43:02

E6.11
1 This velocity–time graph
12 shows the motion of a
B
particle. Find:
A
10
(a) the acceleration from O
8 to A (in m/s2).
v (m/s)
6
(b) the acceleration from A
to B (in m/s2).
4
(c) the deceleration from B
2 to C (in m/s2).
O C (d) the total distance
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 travelled from O to C.
t (secs)
2 This velocity–graph shows

R the motion of a particle.
30
Find:
25
(a) the total distance
20 travelled from O to R.
v (m/s)
15
(b) the acceleration when
t 5 12 seconds.
P
10
Q (c) the distance travelled in
5 the first 2 seconds.
O
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
t (secs)
3 A skier starts from rest and accelerates

uniformly to a speed of 23 m/s in
20 seconds. He maintains this speed for
60 seconds then slows down uniformly
to a stop in a further 25 seconds.
(a) Draw a velocity–time graph for the
above information.
(b) Find the total distance travelled by
the skier.
(c) Find the acceleration when the skier
is speeding up.
(d) How long does the skier take to cover
the first 690 m?
207
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 207 10/6/15 14:43:04

4 v (m/s) A particle travels 336 m from A
v1 A to B.
Its velocity–time graph is shown
B opposite.
12
(a) Find the value of V1.
(b) What is its deceleration after
16 50 t (s) 4 seconds?
(c) How long does it take to
travel 444 m?
5 s is the distance (in km) from Maria’s house. Maria cycles such that
s 5 t3 2 t 1 2 where t is the time (in hours).
(a) Draw a graph of s against t for t-values from 0 to 3.
(b) Find Maria’s speed after 2 hours.
(c) Work out Maria’s average speed between 1 and 2·5 hours.
6
30
A
25
20
v (m/s)
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
t (s)
The graph above shows a car accelerating and decelerating quickly.

(a) Estimate the distance travelled in the first 80 seconds (hint: use
trapezium rule with 4 strips).
(b) Work out the deceleration at the point A.
(c) Work out the average acceleration between t 5 20 s and t 5 40 s.
7 A cyclist slows down from 22 km/h to 8 km/h in 2 minutes at a uniform rate.

Sketch a velocity–time graph and work out the distance travelled by the
cyclist.
208
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 208 10/6/15 14:43:04

8 The total distance travelled by a particle
is 882 m. Its velocity–time graph is
v (m/s)
shown opposite.
(a) Find the maximum velocity reached.
(b) Work out the deceleration shown.
(c) How far had the particle travelled 26 98
after 38 seconds? t (s)
9 A couple take their dog for a long walk.

If the walk time is measured from midday,
the table below shows how many kilometres
they have walked.
Time (hours) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance (km) 0 6·9 11·0 13·9 16·1 17·9
(a) Draw a graph to show the distance against time.
(b) Work out their speed after 2 hours.
(c) Work out their speed after 4 hours.
(d) Work out their average speed between 3 and 5 hours.
10 A particle moves such that its velocity v(m/s) is given by v 5 15 1 2t 2 t2

where t is the time in seconds.
(a) Draw the graph of v against t from t 5 0 to t 5 5.
(b) Estimate the distance travelled in the first 5 seconds.
(c) At what time is the acceleration equal to zero? Explain why you have
given this answer.
(d) Find the acceleration when t 5 2 seconds.
11 This graph shows

25 the velocity of a
motorbike.
20
Describe what
v (m/s)
15 is happening to
the motorbike
10 throughout this
time period.
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
t (s)
209
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 209 10/6/15 14:43:06

12 A van is travelling at a constant speed v
lorry
of 27 m/s. It passes a stationary lorry
which, 8 seconds later, accelerates
uniformly at 3 m/s2 up to a speed of Van
36 m/s. The lorry then travels at this
speed until it catches up with the van.
Find the time taken for the lorry to
catch up with the van. 8 ? t
E Equations of motion
Key Facts
Equations of motion for a particle moving in a straight line with constant acceleration a.
Initial velocity 5 u
v
Final velocity 5 v
Time taken 5 t
velocity
From graph, acceleration a 5 gradient u

v2u
a 5 _____
  t
at 5 v 2 u t
time
v 5 u 1 at
Area under graph gives displacement s
1
s 5 __
    (u 1 v)t (area of a trapezium)
2
Use v 5 u 1 at
1
s 5  __  (u 1 u 1 at)t
2
1
s 5 ut 1 __
    at2
2
v2u 1
Use t 5 _____
  a in s 5 __     (u 1 v)t
2
1 v2u
    (u 1 v) ( _____
s 5 __   a  )
2
v2 2 u2
s 5  _______
2a
v2 5 u2 1 2as
210
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 210 10/6/15 14:43:07

(a) A car decelerates uniformly at 3 m/s2 from a speed of 22 m/s until it is at rest.
Find the distance travelled.
u 5 22 v 5 0 (at rest) a 5 23 (deceleration)
v2 5 u2 1 2as
0 5 222 2 6s ⇒ 6s 5 484 ⇒ s 5 80 _23
Car travels 80 _23 m.
(b) A train has a constant acceleration of 6 m/s2.

How long will it take to cover 252 m if it starts at a speed of 15 m/s?
u 5 15 a 5 6 s 5 252
s 5 ut 1 _ 12 at2
252 5 15t 1 3t2 ⇒ 3t2 1 15t 2 252 5 0
t2 1 5t 2 84 5 0
(t 1 12)(t 2 7) 5 0
t 5 212 or 7
Time taken 5 7 seconds (time is positive value only).
E6.12
Assume constant acceleration for all questions in this Exercise.
1 s u v a t Use the equations of motion

5 8 3 to find the missing values
in the table opposite.
58 6 7
3 7 5
2 A horse accelerates at a constant rate

from 4 m/s to 10 m/s in 8 seconds.
Find:
(a) the acceleration of the horse.
(b) how far the horse runs.
3 A car accelerates uniformly at a rate

of 2 m/s2 from a starting speed of 18 m/s.
How far does the car travel during the
first 3 seconds?
211
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4 A dog is running at 8 m/s with a constant acceleration of 0·4 m/s2.
How long will it take the dog to run a further 100 m?
5 A particle has an initial velocity

of 10 m/s. It decelerates at a
constant rate of 9 m/s2 until
it reaches a velocity of 8 m/s.
Find the displacement of the Mixed
particle. 1 Bailey invests £2500 at 4% per
annum compound interest.
6 A cyclist travels for 5 seconds After how many years will Bailey
with constant acceleration have £3163·30 in her account?
1·5 m/s2. The cyclist then
travels for 8 seconds with
2 n 5 1·67 when truncated to
constant deceleration of 2 decimal places. Write down an
1·2 m/s2. Find the cyclist’s inequality to show the possible
initial velocity if the final values of n.
velocity is 3·9 m/s. 3 Factorise 9x2 2 4
7 A ball is thrown vertically

4 Make x the subject of the formula
upwards with initial velocity px 2 q 5 ax 1 b
7 m/s. If the constant acceleration 5 Prove that the
is 29·8 m/s2, how high does the x y angle at the centre
ball travel? O of a circle is twice
the angle at the
8 A water skier accelerates from circumference.
3 m/s to 8 m/s in 6 seconds then
travels at a constant speed for
another 20 seconds.
How far does the water skier travel in total?
9 A mad person is travelling at 2 m/s

before vertically diving for 25 m.
Find the time taken to reach the
bottom and the speed at that instant
(a 5 9·8 m/s2).
10 A particle has a constant acceleration of 4 m/s2.

How long will it take to cover 70 m if it starts
at a speed of 4 m/s?
212
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 212 10/6/15 14:43:08

uSE youR MATHS! – Hidden Car Costs
Most people want to learn to drive as soon as possible. How much it costs will
depend on how many driving lessons are taken or how much driving practice is
done with family members or friends.
You cannot drive on a road without a provisional driving licence.

This costs £50 (at the time of writing).
You must pass a theory test and a practical test.
Theory test £31 Practical test £62
If you drive with a family member

or friend, you must be insured for
driving the car. The cost of this will
depend on the car and other factors.
A one hour driving lesson will often
cost between £20 and £25.
Task A
Brooks Driving School Car insurance for one month
One hour lesson £23 Andrew for Uncle’s car £68
10 one hour lessons £220 Sneha for Mother’s car £57
1 (a) Sneha passes her test after 22 Brooks’ lessons plus two months
of extra practice in her Mother’s car. What is the total cost?
(Remember to include the cost of the tests and provisional licence.)
(b) Sneha’s grandparents offer to pay £400 of this total cost. For 12
months Sneha is able to put £25 in a savings account each month.
At the end of each month interest at 0·5% is added to her savings.
Will she have enough money to pay the total cost after 12 months?
How much more or less than the total cost has she got?
2 (a) Andrew practises for 4 months using his Uncle’s car. He passes
his theory test but fails his practical test. He now takes 14 Brooks’
lessons then does the practical test again. This time he passes.
What is the total cost?
(b) His grandparents loan him the entire money with no interest.
He agrees to pay them back £18 each month. How long will it take
him to pay back all the money?
213
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 213 10/6/15 14:43:09

You may want to buy and run a car after passing your driving test. There are many extra
costs apart from the price of the car.
e car
uranc pet x rep ser
ins
MO
T rol
car ta air
s vic
Car e
An MOT test each year checks the safety level of your car and costs £54·85 (at the time
of writing). The car’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are checked. You must pay car tax
each year. Your car is put in a band depending on its CO2 emissions. You pay a different
car tax for each band as shown below.
CO2 12 Task B
6 months
Band emission months 1 How much is the 12 months
rate
(g/km) rate car tax for a car with CO2
A Up to £100 £0·00 emissions of 193 g/km?
B 101–110 £20·00 2 Sneha buys a car which has
C 111–120 £30·00 CO2 emissions of 147 g/km.
D 121–130 £110·00 £60·50 She taxes the car every six
E 131–140 £130·00 £71·50 months. Her weekly car
insurance is £23·17. She has
F 141–150 £145·00 £79·75
an MOT which then leads
G 151–165 £180·00 £99·00 to £196 of repairs. Her car
H 166–175 £205·00 £112·75 service costs £98·99 and
I 176–185 £225·00 £123·75 she buys two new tyres for
J 186–200 £265·00 £145·75 £86·50 in total. Ignoring the
K 201–225 £285·00 £156·75 cost of the car and petrol,
what is the average amount
L 226–255 £485·00 £266·75
she spends each month on
M Over 255 £500·00 £275·00 driving during this first year?
1. Solving linear equations

3
(a) 3x 2 7 5 17 (b) 9x 1 6 5 36 2 x (c)  __  w 5 2
8
(d) 30 5 6(2n 2 1) (e) 3(4y 1 3) 5 2(3y 1 5) (f ) 2m 2 12 5 4(2 1 3m)
2a 1 5 1 10
(g)  ______
 5 1 (h) 9 5 __
    n 2 2 (i)  ___
x 5 4
3 4
214
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 214 10/6/15 14:43:09

2. Setting up linear equations
(a) A triangle has one angle 40° bigger than the smallest angle and the
other angle 50° bigger than the smallest angle. Find the size of each
angle. (Hint: let x 5 smallest angle.)
(b) 3x 2 1 The perimeter of this rectangle is
42 cm. Write down an equation
x12 involving x then work out the actual
area of this rectangle.
(c) Three consecutive odd numbers add up to 105. Find the three numbers.
3. Changing the subject of a formula

Make x the subject of each formula given below:
x a
(a) y 5 mx 1 c (b)  __
a 1 k 5 m (c)  __
x 5 m 1 p
_______
(d) x3 5 w 2 z (e) 3b 5 √
  (x 1 n)  (f ) m 2 nx 5 p 1 x
______
cx 2 d
(g) a 5 ______
 
b1x
√
fx 2 d
(h) k 5   ______
  x  
3
___________
(i) √a 1 kx 2  
mx 5 c
4. Using function notation

(a) Find the value of f(4) if f(x) 5 3 2 7x
(b) Find the value of h(23) if h(x) 5 x2 2 x
4
(c) Find the value of g( _2 ) if g(x) 5 __
1
 x
(d) If g(x) 5 4x 1 5, find the value of x when g(x) 5 29
(e) If f(x) 5 x2 2 5x 1 3, find the value of n when f(n) 5 3 1 2n
5. Finding inverse and composite functions

(a) Find f 21(x) if f(x) 5 7x 2 3
5
(b) Find f 21(9) if f(x) 5 __
 x 2 1
(c) If f(x) 5 3x 1 5 and g(x) 5 2x 2 9, find

(i) fg(x) (ii) gf(2)
3
(d) If f(x) 5 __
 x 1 2 and g(x) 5 6x 1 1, solve fg(x) 5 g21(31)
215
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 215 10/6/15 14:43:10

6. Solving problems using iteration
(a) The length of a rectangle is 4 cm more than its width. The area of the
rectangle is 80 cm2. Use trial and improvement to find the dimensions of
the rectangle, correct to 2 decimal places.
(b) The equation x3 2 4x2 2 3 5 0 is rearranged to give the iterative formula
_________
xn 1 1 5 3√(4xn2 1 3) 
7. Drawing graphs of straight lines and quadratic curves

(a) Using x-values from 23 to 3, complete a table then draw the straight
line y 5 2x 2 5.
(b) On the same axes as part (a), draw the straight line x 5 22.
(c) Using x-values from 24 to 3, draw y 5 x2 1 4x 2 3.
(d) Using your graph from part (c), write down the co-ordinates of:
(i) the turning point of y 5 x2 1 4x 2 3
(ii) the y-intercept and x-intercepts of y 5 x2 1 4x 2 3
8. Drawing graphs of cubics and reciprocals, including real-life graphs

(a) Complete a table then draw y 5 x3 2 5x 1 4 using x-values from 23 to 3.
40
(b) Complete the table below then draw y 5 ___
  x .
x 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
y
no value
(c) wall Two sides of a rectangular yard are made by a

wall. 20 m of fencing is used for the other two
sides. The length of the rectangle is x.
wall
x
(i) Show that the width of the rectangle is (20 2 x).
(ii) Show that the area A 5 20x 2 x2.
(iii) Draw a graph of A against x for values of x from 0 to 20.
(iv) Find the length and width when A 5 70 m2.
(v) Find the maximum possible area of the yard.
(vi) Write down the length and width of the yard with the maximum
possible area.
216
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 216 10/6/15 14:43:10

9. Finding gradients (rates of change) of straight lines
For each line below, find the rate of change of y as x varies.
y (a) (b)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
(c)
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
(d) A triangle has vertices (corners) A(1, 7), B(2, 11) and C(5, 21).
Calculate the gradients of the three lines which form this triangle.
10. Using the equation of a straight line y 5 mx 1 c

Write down the gradient and y-intercept of each of the following lines:
(a) y 5 2x 2 6 (b) y 5 2x 2 8 (c) 3x 1 5y 5 8
(d) y
3
Write down the equation of this
2
straight line.
1
�2 �1 0 1 2 3 x
�1
(e) Find the equation of the straight line which passes through (2, 4) and (5, 19).
11. Finding gradients of perpendicular lines

(a) Find the gradient of a line which is perpendicular to a line with a
1
gradient of 2  __ .
4
(b) Find the gradient of a line which is perpendicular to the line 5x 1 y 5 3.
(c) Which two lines below are perpendicular to each other?
x 1 4y 5 1 y542x y 5 4x 2 3 24x 2 y 5 4
(d) Find the equation of the straight line which passes through (12, 22)
and is perpendicular to the line 3x 2 y 5 2.
217
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 217 10/6/15 14:43:11

12. Estimating areas under graphs
y Use the trapezium rule with 6
y 5 8 1 2x 2 x2 strips to estimate the area under
the curve between x 5 1 and x 5 4
as shown opposite.
22 1 4 x
13. Finding average and instantaneous rates of change

(a) Draw y 5 x2 2 3 for x-values from 23 to 3.
(b) Find the gradient of this curve at x 5 22.
(c) Find the average rate of change of y as x varies between x 5 1 and x 5 3.
14. Using distance/time and velocity/time graphs
(a) y This distance/time graph

600 shows data for an athlete
training.
500 Work out the athlete’s
distance (m)
400 speed after 4 minutes,

giving your answer in
300 metres per second.
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
time (minutes)
(b) v (m) The velocity/time

graph shows the
15 motion of a particle.
(i) Find the
acceleration after
12 seconds.
30 75 100 t(s) (ii) Find the distance
travelled after
45 seconds.
218
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 218 10/6/15 14:43:11

15. Using equations of motion
Remember: v 5 u 1 at s 5 ut 1 _ 2 at2 v2 5 u2 1 2as

1
(a) A cyclist accelerates uniformly from a speed of 10 m/s to a speed of

16 m/s in 3 seconds.
Find the acceleration of the cyclist and the distance travelled.
(b) A person is running at 8 m/s. The person takes 16 m to slow down at
a constant rate of 1·5 m/s2.
The person then accelerates at a constant rate of 1·2 m/s2 for
4 seconds. Work out the total distance covered from start to finish.

22y
1 (a) Solve 3(x 2 2) 5 x 1 7 (b) Solve _____
   5 1 (EDEXCEL)
5
2 (a) Complete the table of values for y 5 3x 2 x2 2 1.

x 22 21 0 1 2 3 4
y 25 21 1 1 25
(b) Draw the graph of y 5 3x 2 x2 2 1 between x 5 22 and x 5 4. (CEA)
3 The diagram shows a triangle ABC.

AB 5 AC
B
5w cm (w 1 6) cm
A C
(3w 1 3) cm
Show that the triangle is equilateral. (AQA)
4 Make b the subject of the following formula

bc 5 bd 1 e (WJEC)
219
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 219 10/6/15 14:43:13

5 Work out the equation of the line shown.
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x (AQA)
6 f(x) 5 5x 2 3 and g(x) 5 2x 1 1

Find:
(a) fg(x) (b) g21(7) (c) fg21(7)
7 The diagram shows a cube and a cuboid.
x
2
x x
x 5
All the measurements are in cm.

The volume of the cube is 100 cm3 more than the volume of the cuboid.
(a) Show that x3 2 10x 5 100
(b) Use a trial and improvement method to find the value of x.
Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
You must show all your working. (EDEXCEL)
8 A farmer has just enough food to feed x pigs for y days.

(a) Write down an expression for the number of days the farmer could
feed z pigs with the same amount of food.
(b) Write down an assumption you have made in answering
part (a). (WJEC)
9 Rearrange 2(a 1 c) 5 5(a 2 b) to make c the subject. (AQA)
220
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 220 10/6/15 14:43:13

10 (a) Factorise xy 1 2x.
(b) Hence rearrange xy 5 3y 1 15 2 2x to make x the subject. (OCR)
11 y Diagram NOT accurately drawn.

C
D B
O A x
ABCD is a square.
P and D are points on the y-axis.
A is a point on the x-axis.
PAB is a straight line.
The equation of the line that passes through the points A and D
is y 5 22x 1 6.
Find the length of PD. (EDEXCEL)
12 Use any iterative method to solve x3 2 4x 5 225.

Give your answer correct to one decimal place.
13 Show that all sides of this quadrilateral could be equal.

7x 2 19
6(x 2 2) 4x 1 2
3(x 1 3) (AQA)
14 Find the equation of the line which passes through (6, 2) and is parallel to
the line joining (1, 4) to (4, 25).
221
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 221 10/6/15 14:43:15

15 (a) In an experiment, it was found that the velocity, v m/s, of a particle at time
t seconds was given by the equation v 5 5t 2 t2.
Draw the graph of v 5 5t 2 t2 for values of t from 0 to 5.
(b) A velocity–time graph for a different experiment is shown below.
6
5
velocity, v m/s
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4
Time, t seconds
(i) Based on this experiment, complete the following sentence.

“The acceleration of this particle is zero when t 5 _______”
(ii) Find an approximation for the acceleration of the particle in this
experiment when t 5 1. Give the units of your answer.
(iii) Find an approximation for the distance travelled by the particle
between t 5 0 and t 5 4. (WJEC)
16 Make t the subject of the formula

3 2 2t
p 5 ______
  . (EDEXCEL)
41t
17 A motorbike accelerates at a constant rate from 2u m/s to 8u m/s in

12 seconds. It then maintains a constant speed for 20 seconds. It finally
decelerates at a constant rate until it comes to rest after a further 4 seconds.
How far did it travel during the above period of time? Give your answer in
terms of u.
18 Julie and Phil rearrange E 5 mv2 Julie Phil

to make v the subject. E 5 mv2 E 5 mv2
Here are their answers. __
__E
Which student has rearranged  m 5 v2   E 5
√ mv
__ __
the formula correctly?   E
√  __E
 m  5 v
√
___
  5 v
m
What mistake has the other __ __
  E
v5√
student made? E √
  __
 m   ___
v 5   m
(AQA)
222
06-Ch_06_pp158-222.indd 222 10/6/15 14:43:15

WATCH YOUR MONEY 1
7
In this unit we will explore bank accounts and buying on credit.
WATCH YOUR MONEY! – Bank accounts 1
Most people have an account with a bank or a building society. Money is kept
safely in the bank. Bills can be paid directly from the bank or with a debit card.
Cash can be withdrawn or cheques can be used.
Writing a cheque
Name and Date needed State the amount Sort code – this
address of for the of the cheque number shows
the bank cheque using figures the bank branch
The name SMART BANK www.sb.co.uk 23–13–18

of who the 79 HIGH STREET
DATE 3rd March, 2006
EATON HE11 4PQ
cheque is for
PAY Jack’s Autos
Seventy four pounds – sixteen £74.16

State the
pence only TERRY JONES
amount of
the cheque
using words 202483 231318 51920384
Each cheque has The bank Signature needed The name of

its own cheque account for the cheque the bank account
number number to work holder
Note
• The amount in words must match the amount in figures.
• The cheque must be used within six months of the date.
• If you make a mistake when filling out a cheque, you may correct it so long as
you write your signature by the mistake.
• The bank will not pay the money for your cheque if you do not have enough
money in your bank account.
Cheque guarantee card N K

BA
RT
Once you are over 18, your bank may allow you a cheque SM A
11
21
1
guarantee card. If the cheque guarantee card number is 10
89
5 67 S /09
written on the back of the cheque, the bank will definitely 12
34
Y
JO
NE
THR
U
07
RR /14
pay the money (the maximum amount is usually £100). TE
VA
LID
07
223
07-Ch_07_pp223-230.indd 223 10/6/15 14:43:56

Being overdrawn
If you spend more money than is in your bank account without arranging with the
bank beforehand, you will go overdrawn. The bank will charge you extra money
and you will owe them even more money. You will then have to sort it out quickly
or could run into even greater difficulties.
Opening a bank account

You can open a bank account now if you have not already done so. Visit any bank
and they will help you to open an account but shop around. Some banks will pay
you extra money if you have some money in your bank account. This is called
‘interest on your bank account’. Also find out how ‘kind’ the bank is if you go
‘slightly’ overdrawn. Will the bank charge you lots of money?
WYM 7.1
1 Pat has £56 in her account. Her bank will charge her £30 if she goes
overdrawn. She pays out two cheques, one for £39.19 and another for £27.
How much will she now owe the bank?
2 Zak’s bank has agreed that he may go up to £50 overdrawn without paying a penalty.
If he breaks the agreement, he will have to pay a £35 charge.
Zak has £32 in his account. He makes 3 payments of £28, £16·29 and £34·96.
How much will Zak now owe the bank?
3 Chloe has the same agreement with her bank as Zak in Question 2 .
Chloe has £93 in her account. She makes 3 payments of £61·14, £73·06 and
£25·32. How much will Chloe now owe the bank?
4 Colin sends the following cheque to his phone company.
SMART BANK www.sb.co.uk 17–26–19

79 BRIDGE ROAD
POLDEN PO19 6XG DATE 9th April, 2006
PAY
£72.24
COLIN MAYS
419327 172619 32718425
By looking at the cheque earlier in this section, write down:

(a) the sort code (b) the bank account number
(c) the website address for the bank (d) the cheque number.
(e) The bank will not cash this cheque. Explain why.
224
07-Ch_07_pp223-230.indd 224 10/6/15 14:43:57

5 Lara has £128.16 in her bank account. She makes payments of £17·11,
£32·68 and £41·23. What is the biggest cheque she could now pay out without
going overdrawn?
6 Investigate different banks. Find out if they pay interest on bank accounts.
How much can you go overdrawn before you are charged? How much would
the bank charge you if you went too much overdrawn? Discuss as a class.
WATCH YOUR MONEY – Bank accounts 2
To keep track of your money, the bank or building society will send you a regular
‘statement’.
ATM (Automated Teller Balance brought forward D (Overdrawn) – this

Machine) – this shows cash – the amount of money in shows the account is
taken out of a cash machine the account at the start of overdrawn and money is
with a cash card this period owed to the bank
SMART BANK
CHQ – this shows
any cheques paid
Account Name
out (202485 is the
TERRY JONES
cheque number)
28 March to 27 April 2014 Sortcode Account Number
23-13-18 51920384
Date Payment type and details Paid out Paid in Balance
DD (Direct Debit) –
this is money taken 27 Mar Balance brought forward 278·10
out of the account by 28 Mar ATM Cash 50·00 228·10
an organisation to pay 30 Mar CHQ 202485 79·85 148·25
bills when permission 05 Apr DD BRITISH GAS 63·10 85·15
has been given 08 Apr DD HENTON DISTRICT COUNCIL 72·00 13·15
09 Apr CHQ 202486 25·51 12·36 D
12 Apr CR MY EMPLOYER 824·00 811·64
13 Apr MAE PIZZA STALL 42·83 768·81
CR (Credit) – this 17 Apr CR PAID IN AT SMART BANK 56·00 824·81
is any money paid
23 Apr SO CRUK 20·00 804·81
into the account
24 Apr MAE HENTON TANDOORI 64·72 740·09
27 Apr Balance carried forward 740·09
MAE (Maestro card) – this SO (Standing Order) – a Balance carried forward –

is money paid out with a regular payment of a fixed the amount of money in the
debit card amount account at the end of this
period
225
07-Ch_07_pp223-230.indd 225 10/6/15 14:43:58

WYM 7.2
SMART BANK
Account Name
COLIN MAYS
3 April to 2 May 2014 Sortcode Account Number
17-26-19 32718425
Date Payment type and details Paid out Paid in Balance
2 Apr Balance brought forward 416·25
3 Apr CHQ 419330 63·10 1
5 Apr DD POLDEN WATER 58·17 294·98
9 Apr CR MY EMPLOYER 750·00 2
14 Apr MAE PETROLGO 28·64 3
16 Apr DD MID ELECTRICITY 67·00 949·34
18 Apr CHQ 419331 4 823·74
19 Apr SO MR. S. JONES 38·45 5
22 Apr CR PAID IN AT SMART BANK 6 850·29
23 Apr MAE HORTON STORE 43·26 7
28 Apr MAE AQUAPLAY 21·95 8
2 May Balance carried forward 9
For questions 1 to 9 , write down the correct amount of money for each box
above.
10 Explain what ‘DD’ shows on a bank statement.
11 Explain what ‘ATM’ shows on a bank statement.
12 Explain what ‘D’ shows on a bank statement.
226
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WATCH YOUR MONEY! – Credit 1 – Hire purchase
If you do not have enough money to buy an item, you might buy on credit.
There are different ways of doing this such as hire purchase, credit cards, store
cards, bank overdrafts and personal loans.
Make sure you know the true cost of buying on credit.
This section deals with hire purchase.
Hire purchase allows you to buy items straight away but you pay for them in
instalments (usually monthly).
You probably will not own the items until all the instalments have been paid.
If you stop paying the instalments, the items could be taken back.
Computer £650
(or a 20% deposit plus 24 monthly payments of £27·50 each month.)
If you buy the computer on credit:

deposit 5 20% of £650 5 £130
24 monthly payments 5 24 3 £27·50 5 £660
total credit price 5 £130 1 £660 5 £790
How much extra does the hire purchase cost you?
extra cost 5 £790 2 £650 5 £140
↑ ↑
Credit Cash
price price
You would have to decide if you do not mind paying this
extra money to be able to get this computer.
GET WISE
If shops and other places offer interest-free periods, find out exactly what you
have to pay in the end. It may cost you a lot of extra money.
227
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WYM 7.3
1 A washing machine costs £420. You can buy it for a 10% deposit plus 36
equal monthly payments of £14.
(a) How much is the deposit?
(b) How much are the 36 monthly payments?
(c) What is the total credit price?
(d) How much extra does the hire purchase cost?
2 A TV costs £560. You can buy it for a 15% deposit plus 36 equal monthly
payments of £15·50.
(a) How much is the deposit?
(b) How much are the 36 monthly payments?
(c) What is the total credit price?
(d) How much extra does the hire purchase cost?
3 Copy and complete the table below:

Cash Number of Each Total Extra cost
Deposit
Item price monthly monthly (£) credit of hire (£)
(£)
(£) instalments instalment price (£) purchase
(a) Cooker 735 100 24 30
(b) Bike 390 80 24 15
(c) Car 12 400 3000 48 224
(d) Phone 230 40 12 17·50
(e) Dishwasher 465 55 36 14·99
4 New Pay a 20% deposit then nothing

windows for 2 years. Followed by 12 equal
£3250 monthly payments of £299.
How much extra does the hire purchase cost?
5
Boiler £4100
Pay a £1000 deposit then nothing for 1 year.
Finally 48 equal monthly payments of £85.
How much is saved by paying the cash price?
228
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WATCH YOUR MONEY! – Credit 2 – Credit cards and store cards
Make sure you know the true cost of buying on credit.

This section deals with credit cards and store cards.
Credit cards
• A credit card can be used to
buy items now and pay for
them at a later date. They can
be used to get cash but this can
be expensive to do.
• Credit cards are good if the
person pays off the bill within
a certain number of days. If
the bill is not paid off, interest
is charged which means the
person will owe even more
money.
• People usually have to be 18 or over to get a credit card (not everyone is able to
get a credit card).
• Each person has a credit limit. If the person tries to spend more than this, the
card will not work or the person will get a penalty charge.
Monthly payment
If a person cannot pay off the bill in full, at least £5 or 5% of the total bill
(whichever is the greater) has to be paid. The percentage may be different for
some credit cards. If the person does not pay this, there will be a penalty charge
and the person will owe even more money.
APR (annual percentage rate)

Look at the APR to compare the cost of borrowing for different credit cards.
The APR is given as a yearly percentage. It takes into account all the costs
involved and the method of repayment.
In general, the lower the APR, the better the deal.
Store Cards
Credit cards can be an expensive way to borrow money over a long period of time.
A store card often has a higher APR than a standard credit card so is even more
expensive. The advantage of a store card is that you can spread out the cost of
buying items and many stores give special offers with their cards at times.
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WYM 7.4
Richard’s tale
Richard has a credit card with a credit limit of £3000.
Each month the interest rate is 1·32%.
During the first year of his credit card he spends up to
his limit and at the end of January he owes £2998.
1 The credit card company want a payment of 5% of
£2998. How much is this?
2 Richard cannot afford this payment so ignores it.
The monthly interest of 1·32% of £2998 is added
onto his debt. How much does he now owe? (Give
your answer to the nearest penny.)
3 Richard did not make his monthly payment so has
a penalty charge of £20. How much does he now
owe?
4 The credit card company notice that Richard has
gone over his credit limit and decide to increase his
limit to £5000. How much money is Richard now
allowed to spend before reaching this limit?
5 Over the next 4 months Richard spends happily and
his credit card debt increases by another £1879.
How much does he now owe?
6 The monthly payment is due. This is 5% of what
Richard now owes. How much is the monthly
payment? (Give your answer to the nearest penny)
7 Richard can afford no more than £200.
How much more would he need to make the
monthly payment?
8 He fails to make this monthly payment.
The monthly interest of 1·32% of his debt is added
onto his debt. How much does he now owe? (Give
your answer to the nearest penny)
9 Richard gets a penalty charge of £20 for not making
his monthly payment. How much does he now owe?
10 Richard is now over his £5000 credit limit.
He is getting more and more into debt. Maybe
the credit card company will raise his credit limit
again? What would be your advice to Richard?
Discuss with your teacher the advantages and
disadvantages of credit cards.
230
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STATISTICS 1
8
– find relative frequencies
– find basic probabilities
– work out ‘expectation’
– list possible outcomes
– use Venn diagrams, including set notation
– deal with independent events – the ‘AND’ rule
– use the ‘OR’ rule
– use probability trees
– use the product rule for counting
– deal with conditional probability
– deal with mixed probability problems
– – electricity, gas and water
M Relative frequency
Sometimes it is useful to estimate the probability of something happening.
We collect data (maybe by doing an experiment). Each time the experiment is
done it is called a trial (e.g. throwing a dice).
We use these results to estimate the chance of something happening.
This estimate is called the relative frequency.
number of times ‘X’ happens
Relative frequency of ‘X’ happening 5 ________________________
          
total number of trials
Maggie thinks her dice is biased (not fair). She throws the dice 600 times.
The table below shows how many 3’s she has in total after every 50 throws.
Number of throws 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Number of 3’s 22 35 45 62 75 96 105 124 144 155 165 186
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08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 231 10/6/15 14:44:37

number of times a ‘3’ is thrown
Relative frequency of throwing a ‘3’ 5 __________________________
     
     
total number of throws
22
so after 50 throws, relative frequency of throwing a ‘3’ 5  ___ 5 0·44
50
35
after 100 throws, relative frequency 5  ____ 5 0·35
100
45
after 150 throws, relative frequency 5  ____ 5 0·3
150
and so on.
Plot the relative frequency against the number of throws.
After many throws the
relative frequency should
Relative frequency
0.5
of throwing a ‘3’
0.4 settle down to a fairly

0.3 constant number (around
0.2 0·31 in this example).
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Number of throws
If the dice is fair, Maggie would expect a ‘3’ 100 times for 600 throws ( _6 of the time).
1
The relative frequency of 0·31 from 186 3’s strongly suggests that Maggie’s dice is biased.
M8.1
1 Will thinks his dice is biased (not fair).
He throws the dice 300 times.
The table below shows his results.
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fractions
Frequency 51 46 47 54 53 49 Work out the following, leaving
answers in their simplest form:
(a) How many times should each
7 15 8 13 51
number come up if the dice is fair? 1.  __ 3  ___  2.  ___ 3  ___ 3  ___ 
9 28 17 24 39
(b) From Will’s results, use a calculator 1 3 7 1
to estimate the probability of 3. 2 __ 3  ___  4.  ___ 1  __ 
2 10 10 9
getting a ‘4’.
4 11 2 3
5.  ___ 1  ___  6.  __ 2  __ 
(c) Do you think the dice is fair? 25 30 3 8
Give reasons for your answer.
( )
3 1
7. __
10
   1  __   3 ___
4 5
   
11
8. ( 2 __ 3 3 __  )2 ( 1 __ 3 1 __  )

3 1 1 1
4 2 2 4
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2 Lola keeps throwing a shoe in the air to see if it will land the ‘right way up’
(i.e. ‘laces up’). The table below shows the total number of times the shoe
has landed ‘laces up’ after every 25 throws.
Number of throws 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375
Number of ‘laces up’ 6 19 34 44 56 63 72 86 92 105 121 129 143 150 161
(a) Work out the relative frequency of the shoe landing ‘laces up’ after
every 25 throws (round off to 2 decimal places if necessary).
(b) Plot a graph of the relative frequency of ‘laces up’ against the total number
of throws (refer to the example before this exercise if necessary).
(c) Write down the number around which the relative frequency of ‘laces
up’ is settling.
3 Four friends are using a spinner for a game and they wonder if it is perfectly
fair. They each spin the spinner several times and record the results.
Number of Results
Name
spins 0 1 2 3
1 2
Hal 40 11 12 6 11
Rena 130 31 49 20 30
0 3
Maria 400 99 133 68 100
Ken 200 47 73 32 48
(a) Whose results are most likely to give the best estimate of the probability
of getting each number? Explain why.
(b) Collect together all the results into one single table. Use the table to
decide whether you think the spinner is biased or unbiased.
(c) Use the results to work out the probability of getting a ‘3’ with the spinner.
4 Do an experiment to investigate the

relative frequency of an event happening.
You might throw a shoe, use your own
spinner (maybe biased), use a drawing
pin, a biased dice or do anything that
you and your teacher agree on.
(a) Do the experiment many times,
working out a relative frequency
after every 10, 20, 25, ... trials
(agree with your teacher).
(b) Plot a graph to show the relative
frequency.
(c) Do the results settle down to a
particular value?
233
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M Finding basic probabilities
M8.2
1 bag contains 7 yellow discs, 4 red discs and 2 blue
A
discs. One disc is taken out at random. What is the
probability that it is:
Y R R (a) red (b) yellow
R
YB Y Y
Y (c) black (d) blue?
R Y Y B
2 Billy has 9 cards as shown below.
F F T
D I C U L
I
Billy picks a card at random.

What is the probability that he picks the letter:
(a) C (b) F (c) a vowel?
3 Rowan has a box of chocolates. There are 5 truffles, 4 toffees and 2 nuts.
Rowan picks a chocolate.
Find the probability that he chooses a:
(a) toffee (b) truffle (c) toffee or nut.
4 Thelma spins this spinner.

3
2 4 Find the probability that she gets a:
1 5 (a) 5 (b) even number (c) odd number.
5 Ten discs numbers 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 9, 9 are placed in a bag. One disc is

selected at random. Find the probability that it is:
(a) an even number (b) 2 (c) less than 6.
6 Phil has 15 pencils in his pencil case. 7 pencils

are red, 5 are blue and the rest are green.
Phil takes out a pencil at random.
What is the probability that he takes out:
(a) blue (b) green
(c) red or green (d) yellow
234
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7 Sarah is taking part in a TV Quiz Show. She must
choose one box from a choice of 10 to win a prize.
4 boxes are empty, 5 boxes contain prizes for the
home and 1 box has the ‘star’ prize.
What is the probability that Sarah will win:
(a) the ‘star’ prize (b) nothing
(c) a prize for the home
8 One card is picked at random from a pack of 52. Find the probability that it is:
(a) the Queen of clubs (b) a red card
(c) a spade (d) a picture card (i.e. a King, Queen or Jack)
9 A bag contains 12 balls. There are 5 red, 4 white and

3 yellow.
R
(a) Find the probability of selecting a red ball.
R R W Y
R W W Y (b) The 4 white balls are replaced by 4 yellow balls.
R W Y Find the probability of selecting a yellow ball.
10 I throw a dice once. What is the probability of getting:

(a) an odd number (b) a multiple of 3 (c) a prime number?
11 Bag A contains 7 red discs and 4 blue discs. Bag B contains 5 blue discs and
2 red discs. Tony takes out one disc from Bag A.
(a) What is the probability that Tony takes out a blue disc?
(b) Tony removes a blue disc from Bag A and puts it in Bag B. Charlene
now removes one disc from bag B. What is the probability that it is a red
disc?
12 All the Kings are removed from a pack of cards.

If one card is now removed at random from
the remaining cards, what is the probability of
getting:
(a) a Queen (b) a black card
(c) an odd number?
13 A bag contains 13 beads, x beads are yellow.

(a) How many beads are not yellow?
(b) If one bead is removed, what is the probability that it is yellow?
(c) If one bead is removed, what is the probability that it is not yellow?
235
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14 One ball is selected from a bag containing m white balls and n green balls.
What is the probability of selecting a white ball?
15 A bag contains 10 discs, x discs are red and the remaining discs are blue.
y white discs are added to the bag.
(a) How many discs are there in total?
(b) How many discs are blue?
(c) If one disc is removed, what is the probability that it is blue?
M Expectation
There are 3 red beads and 2 black beads in a bag. A bead is picked
from this bag 75 times and replaced each time.
R
R R How many red beads would you expect to get?
B B
3
Probability of picking ‘red’ 5 __
   
5
3
Expect to get __
   of 75 5 (75 4 5) 3 3 5 45 reds
5
M8.3
1 A bag contains one white bead and 3 yellow beads.
A bead is picked from the bag 80 times and replaced each time.
How many yellow beads would you expect to get? W
Y
Y Y
2 A dice is thrown 180 times.

How many times would you expect to get:
(a) a 4 (b) a 3 (c) an even number (d) a 2 or 3?
3 los n In a game this spinner is spun 60 times.

e wi
How many wins would you expect?
lose
win
lose
236
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1
4 The chance of Jim playing football in a Games lesson is __
   .
4
There are 16 lessons in a term.
How many times will Jim expect to play football?
5 A bag contains 7 red discs, 8 black

discs and 5 white discs. Sandra
pulls out one at random and then
puts it back. If she does this 80
Mixed
times, how many times would she
pick: Do not use a calculator.
(a) a red disc Work out:
(b) a white disc
(c) a black disc?
1 0·8 3 0·6 2 0·03 3 0·7
3 0·7 1 0·12 4 (20·6)3
6 The probability that a train will arrive
on time the next day at Swindon is Evaluate the following, leaving your
0·8. If 60 trains arrive at Swindon the answer in standard form:
next day, how many will be on time? 5 (5 3 108) 3 (1.5 3 104)
7 The probability of getting a grade 6 (8 3 10214) 4 (2 3 1029)
5 or better in an English GCSE is
0·6. If 300 young people take their 7 (5 3 103) 2 (2 3 102)
English GCSE, how many would you
8 (3 3 1011) 3 (6 3 105)
expect to get a grade 5 or better?
9 (7.2 3 1012) 4 (1.8 3 1026)
8 Ann keeps trying her luck in the
National Lottery. The probability that 10 (8 3 1019) 1 (7 3 1018)
6
the first ball chosen will be hers is ___
   . 11 Copy this square and fill in the
49
During one year, she plays 98 times. missing numbers or symbols
How many times would she expect (1, 2, 3, 4). The arrows act as
the first ball chosen to be hers? equal signs.
9 The probability of rain in November � 0·21 0·18

5
in Aberdeen is __
   . How many days �
6
would you expect it to rain in
November? 0·1 � 0·7
10 3 in 10 cars are red.

(a) What is the probability that the 0·49 �
next car you see on the road will
be red?
(b) Of the next 5000 cars to join the M25 motorway, how many would you expect to
be red?
237
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M Listing possible outcomes
When more than one event occurs, it is usually helpful to make a list of all the
possible outcomes. Use a system when making the list.
If you throw 2 coins, they could land as:

A list of all the possible
1st coin 2nd coin
}
outcomes is known as a
head head sample space. A sample
head tail space diagram is a diagram
There are 4
tail head or table which shows all the
possible
tail tail possible outcomes.
outcomes.
M8.4
1 Ivy throws a coin and a dice. She could get a ‘head’ and a ‘5’ (H5).
She could get a ‘tail’ and a ‘5’. List the 12 possible outcomes.
2 Three coins are thrown together.
(a) List all the possible outcomes for the three coins.
(b) What is the probability of getting 3 tails?
3 Jack has 2 spinners. He spins both spinners
and adds up the numbers to get a total.
2
1
4
3
For example a ‘4’ and a ‘3’ give a total of 7.
6 5
(a) Copy and complete this grid to show all the 1 1 3 5

possible outcomes and totals. 2 3
(b) Find the probability of getting a total of 7. 4 7
6
4 (a) List all the different ways of having had 4 children

in terms of boys and girls (for example, B B G B).
(b) If it is assumed that the probability of having a boy
or a girl is the same, what is the probability of
having just 4 boys?
5 3 4 Here are 2 spinners. If I spin both spinners,
I could get a 3 and a 9 (3, 9). List all the
2
1
5
possible outcomes.
7 16
How many possible outcomes are there?
238
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6 2 dice are thrown. The numbers are then added together to get a total.
(a) Copy and complete this grid to show 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
all the possible outcomes and totals.
1
Find which probability of getting a total
2
which is:
3 5
(b) 6 (c) an even number
(d) more than 9 (e) a square number 4
(f ) 5 or 6 5 7
6
Four coins are thrown together.
7
(a) List all the possible outcomes for the four coins.
(b) What is the probability of getting:
(i) 4 tails (ii) 2 heads and 2 tails
(iii) 1 head and 3 tails (iv) at least 1 head
8 Calli and Pete play a game in which 2 coins and 1 dice are thrown.
Calli wins if both coins land the same and the dice gives a multiple of 3.
Pete wins if the coins land on one head and one tail as well as the dice giving
a square number.
Any other outcome is a draw.
Is this game fair to both players? Give reasons for your answer.
E Product rule for counting
Key Facts
If there are m ways of doing one task and for each of these, there are n ways of doing
another task, then the total number of ways the two tasks can be done is m 3 n ways.
A code has 2 entries

The first entry is a digit between 0 and 9 inclusive.
The second entry is an odd number between 0 and 9 inclusive.
There are 10 options for the first entry and 5 options for the second entry (1, 3, 5, 7, 9).
Number of codes 5 10 3 5 5 50.
239
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E8.1
1 A code has 4 entries
(a) All entries are digits between 0 and 9 inclusive.
How many different codes are possible?
(b) How many different codes are possible if each code must be an even
number?
(c) How many different codes are possible if each code is divisible by 5?
2 Six children are going on a school trip.

There are six seats available on the bus.
In how many different ways can the six
children seat themselves on the six seats?
3 All phone numbers in the village of Henton contain 6 digits and start with
the digits 98. How many different phone numbers are available for the
Henton area?
4 Some computer coding contains bit strings of digits where each digit is a 0
or 1. How many different bit strings of length 7 are there?
5 (a) How many number plates could be made if each plate starts with 2
letters, followed by 3 digits and ending with 2 more letters?
(b) Repeat part (a) but this time no letter or digit is allowed to repeat itself ?
6 An exam paper consists of 3 sections.

Section Number of questions
A 5
B 5
C 4
One question from each section
must be chosen. Find the number of
different ways the three questions can
be chosen.
240
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7 A bike padlock combination lock uses the digits 1 to 6 inclusive.
There are 4 entries.
(a) How many different codes are possible?

(b) Jasmine wants to use a code which starts with her age 15 and is an odd
number. How many options does she have?
8 Callum has 2 jackets,

4 shirts and 5 pairs of
trousers. Each Friday
night he wears a jacket, a
Mixed
shirt and a pair of trousers
(fortunately!). How many O is the centre of the circle.
Friday nights can he
manage without having to 1 Express y in terms
wear the same combination of x.
O
of jacket, shirt and trousers
x
for a second time? y
9 Kelly can catch one of ^

2 B AEF 5 39°.
4 buses or 3 trains to
York then one of 5 buses Calculate the
^
or 2 trains from York to C value of AEC.
Scarborough. A 35°
Give reasons
(a) How many different D for your
choices of bus and train answers.
E
can she make to get all F
the way to Scarborough.
3 Make x______
the subject of the formula
(b) It is cheaper for Kelly
to pay for buses only √ a2b
m 5   _____
 y 2 x  
or trains only. How
many different choices 4 Solve 3x2 2 12 5 0
of buses only or trains
only can she now make 5 Simplify (5m2n3)3
to get all the way to
Scarborough?
10 How many numbers with 3 digits can be made from the digits 1 to 4 inclusive?
Digits may be used more than once.
241
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11 How many numbers with 3 digits can be made from the digits 1 to 4
inclusive? Digits may only be used once.
12 A car can travel from Colton to Henton

using any of 4 roads.
How many routes can the car travel from
Colton to Henton and back again if:
(a) it can take any road.
(b) it must return along the same road.
(c) it cannot return along the same road.
13 A three digit password can be made from the digits {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
(a) How many different passwords can be made?
(b) How many different passwords can be made if no digit is used twice?
(c) How many different passwords can be made if the first entry now has to
be a letter of the alphabet?
(d) How many different passwords can be made if the first entry is 6 and no
digit is used twice elsewhere?
14 Lucy and Anton are partying with 8 friends.

A photo of 6 people in a line is taken.
How many different photos are possible if:
(a) Lucy is always in the photo.
(b) Lucy and Anton are always in the
photo.
(c) Only one of Lucy or Anton are in
the photo.
15 800 5 25 3 52.
A number which divides into 800 is a divisor of 800.
Any positive divisor of 800 must have the form 2m 3 5n.
Work out how many positive divisors of 800 there are.
242
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M Venn diagrams, including set notation
Key Facts
A set is a collection of items, often written inside curly brackets, e.g. A 5 {2, 4, 6, 8}
Each member of a set is called an element.
The number of elements in set A is written as n(A)
If A 5 {2, 4, 6, 8} then n(A) 5 4
6 ‘is a member of’ A is written as 6  A
The set of all items in a situation is called the Universal set .
A B A  B means A ‘intersection’ B
(elements in both A and B)
A B A  B means A ‘union’ B
(all the elements in both A and B)
� A A9 is the ‘complement’ of A

(everything not in A so A  A9 5 )
 or { } is the ‘empty set’

A 5 {x : x is an integer, 22 < x , 4} means A 5 {22, 21, 0, 1, 2, 3}
i.e. A is the set of all elements x such that x is an integer and 22 < x , 4 (: means ‘such that’)
A If all the elements of B are contained in A then B is a ‘subset’ of A,
B written B  A
A  B 5 {6, 8} � A B
A  B 5 {2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11} 2 5
6
n(A  B) 5 2 11
3 8
B9 5 {2, 3, 7, 12, 20} 9 7
12 20
A9  B 5 {5, 9, 11}
243
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M8.5
1 � A B Find
1
4 3
(a) A  B (b) A9 (c) A  B
5 (d) B9 (e) n(A) (f ) B9  A
7 6
2 (g) A  B9 (h) (A  B)9 (i) A9  B9
2 X 5 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and Y 5 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}.

Find:
(a) X  Y (b) n(X  Y ) (c) Y9 (d) n(X  Y )
3 P 5 {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}, Q 5 {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} and R 5 {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

Find:
(a) P  R (b) Q  R (c) n(P  Q) (d) Q  R
(e) (P  Q)  R (f ) (P  Q)  R
4  5 {rugby, ice skating, ice hockey, polo, cricket, ice dancing}

A 5 {sports played on grass}
B 5 {team sports}
Which of the statements below are true?
(a) n(B) 5 4 (b) A  B
(c) rugby  A9 (d) n(A  B) 5 3
5 � P Q Find:
e i
o (a) n(P  Q) (b) P9 (c) (P  Q)9
p
a u (d) P  Q9 (e) n(Q  P9) (f ) (P  Q)9
m
(g) n(Q) (h) P9  Q (i) (P9  Q)9
n
6 A 5 {x : x is an integer, 10 , x < 15} and B 5 {10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}.
State which of the statements below are true?
(a) 10  A (b) 15  A  B
(c) A  B 5 {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20} (d) n(A  B) 5 2
(e) {16, 18, 20}  A9  B (f ) 10  A  B
7 Find: � A B
(a) A9  B (b) n(A  B) (c) B9 6 3
1 9
(d) n(A9  B) (e) (A  B)9 (f ) (A  B)9
2 7
(g) A  B9 (h) (A  B9)9 (i) A9  B 5
4 8
244
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 244 10/6/15 14:44:53

� A B � A B
C C
A9  C is shaded pink (A9  C)  B is shaded pink
M8.6
1 Draw 4 diagrams like the one shown opposite. � A B
Shade each of the following sets.
(a) A  B (b) A  B9 (c) B9 (d) (A  B)9
2 Draw 9 diagrams like the one shown opposite. � P Q

Shade each of the following sets.
(a) P  Q (b) (P  R)  Q
(c) P  R9 (d) P  (R  Q)
R
(e) P  (R  Q)9 (f ) R9  (P  Q)
(g) (P  Q  R)9 (h) (P9  Q)  R
(i) (P  Q)  (R  Q)
3 Copy each diagram and shade the sets indicated.

(a) � A
(b) � A B (c) � A C
B
B
A  B9 AB A  (B  C)9
4 Describe each pink region.

(a) � A B (b) � A B (c) � A B
(d) � A B (e) � A B (f ) � A B
C C C
245
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 245 10/6/15 14:44:59

59 people play musical instruments. 31 play a string instrument, 24 play percussion
and 12 do not play string or percussion. If one person is chosen at random, find the
probability that this person plays both string and percussion.
 5 {people who play a musical instrument} � S P
S 5 {people who play a string instrument}
P 5 {people who play percussion} 31 � x x 24 � x
Let x 5 number of people who play both string and 12

percussion.
We know that 31 2 x 1 x 1 24 2 x 1 12 5 59 (n() 5 59)
67 2 x 5 59
x58
8
p(person plays both string and percussion) 5 ___
   
59
M8.7
1 The Venn diagram shows � U A
 5 {people who holiday}
86 28 19
U 5 {people who holiday in UK}
A 5 {people who holiday in Australia} 110
If one person is chosen at random then find
(a) p(holiday in UK) (b) p(do not holiday in UK or Australia)
(c) p(holiday in UK and Australia) (d) p(do not holiday in UK)
2 155 people visit a Leisure Centre.

97 use the waterslide.
43 use the sauna.
43 do not use the waterslide or the sauna.
If one person is chosen at random, find the
probability that this person uses both the
waterslide and the sauna. Complete and
use the Venn diagram below if needed.
� W S
246
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 246 10/6/15 14:45:01

3 46 people attend an Arts day.
18 are writers
22 are artists.
5 are both writers and artists.
If one of these people is chosen at
random, find the probability that
this person is not a writer or an artist.
4 � T C The Venn diagram shows

26 4 49
 5 {people in a coffee shop}
2 T 5 {people who drink tea}
2 1 C 5 {people who drink coffee}
25 H 5 {people who drink hot chocolate}
32 H
If one person is chosen at random then find

(a) p(drink tea)
(b) p(drink tea and coffee)
(c) p(drink hot chocolate but not tea)
(d) p(drink no coffee)
(e) p(drink tea, coffee and hot chocolate)
(f ) p(drink coffee and hot chocolate but no tea)
5 All of 77 Year 11 students at Henton High School study at least one of three
languages. 16 study French only, 8 study German only and 19 study Spanish
only. 4 students study all 3 languages, x students study French and German
only (no Spanish), x students study German and Spanish only (no French)
and 3x students study French and Spanish only (no German). If one student
is chosen at random, find the probability that this student studies French.
6 135 people play at least one sport of tennis,

rounders and athletics. 65 play tennis,
41 play rounders and 68 play athletics.
14 play tennis and rounders, 8 play rounders
and athletics, 24 play tennis and athletics.
If one person is chosen at random, find the
probability that this person plays tennis,
rounders and athletics.
247
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 247 10/6/15 14:45:02

M Independent events – the ‘AND’ rule
Multiplying probabilities (‘AND’ rule)
If events A and B are independent.

p(A and B) 5 p(A) 3 p(B)
1
The probability that Jack walks to work is __
   .
4
3
The probability that Jack catches the bus to go home is __
   .
5
What is the probability that one day Jack does not walk to work and returns home by bus.
p(not walk and bus home to work) 5 p(not walk to work) 3 p(bus home)
3 3
5 __
   3  __ 
4 5
9
___
5    
20
M8.8
1 A coin and a dice are thrown. Find the probability of getting ‘tails’ on the
coin and a ‘4’ on the dice.
2 A coin and a dice are thrown. Find the probability of getting tails on the coin
and an even number on the dice.
3 2 5
These two spinners are spun.
What is the probability of getting:
1
2
3
(a) a ‘1’ and an ‘8’?

4 11
(b) two odd numbers?
4 A card is taken from a pack of playing cards and a coin is thrown.
What is the probability of obtaining:
(a) the King of Hearts and a ‘head’ on the coin?
(b) a picture card (J, Q or K) and ‘tails’ on the coin?
5 A bag contains 3 red beads and 5 green beads. If I remove
one bead at random, replace it then take another bead,
what is the probability that:
R
(a) both beads are red?
R G G G
(b) both beads are green?
R G G
6 If a dice is thrown three times, what is the probability of obtaining three sixes?
248
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 248 10/6/15 14:45:03

7 I
M U T P I
L I L C A T O N
Each letter above is written on a card. The cards are shuffled and a card is
chosen randomly. The card is replaced then another card is taken. What is
the probability that:
(a) both cards are the letter ‘C’?
(b) both cards are the letter ‘I’?
8 The probability that Sam

has toast for breakfast
is 0·3. The probability
that he has a cup of tea
Mixed
with his breakfast is 0·8.
On Tuesday morning 1 Pair off each ordinary number and standard
what is the probability form number below (beware: one number has
that Sam has: no pair):
(a) toast and tea?
2
(b) toast and no tea? 10 560
5·6 � 0.0065
(c) no toast and no tea? 6500
6·5 � 10�3 5·6 � 10�2
0·0
9 A card is taken from a pack 56 0·5
6 6·5 � 103
of cards, replaced then
another card is taken.
2 Expand (2a 1 5)(3a 1 4)
What is the probability that:
(a) both cards are Kings? 3 Write 0·86868686... as a fraction.
(b) both cards are red? 4 Use the formula v 5 at2 to work out v when
a 5 3·1 3 1026 and t 5 5·5 3 1024.
10 If a coin is thrown six times, Give the answer in standard form.
what is the probability that
the coin will land on tails 5 Factorise 10x2 2 x 2 2
each time?
11 A Every day Megan takes her dog for a walk.

She always reaches a crossroads and has three
choices of route. The probability of taking
route A, B or C is equal.
B
On Monday to Friday, what is the probability
that she takes route C every day?
C
12 A bag contains 7 white beads and 4 green beads. If I remove one bead at random,
replace it then take another bead, what is the probability that both beads are green?
249
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 249 10/6/15 14:45:05

M The ‘OR’ rule
Key Facts
p(A � B) � p(A) � p(B) � p(A � B)
A B A B A B A B
� � �
p(A or B) � p(A) � p(B) � p(A and B)
If p(A  B) 5 0 then A and B do not overlap.
A B Events A and B are mutually exclusive

– if one event occurs, the other cannot.
p(A or B) 5 p(A) 1 p(B) when A and B are mutually exclusive
M8.9
1 Which of the following pairs of events are mutually
exclusive.
(a) choose a club or an ace from a pack of cards.
(b) win or lose a football match.
(c) the sun shines or it rains.
(d) wear a blue tie or brown shoes.
(e) get a ‘3’ or a ‘4’ on a dice.
2 Emma has one drink for her breakfast. The table shows the probability of her
choosing each drink.
Tea Coffee Orange juice Grapefruit juice
0·4 x 0·3 0·1
(a) What is the probability of Emma choosing orange juice or grapefruit juice?
(b) What is the probability of Emma choosing coffee?
(c) During the month of April, how many days would you expect Emma to
choose tea?
250
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 250 10/6/15 14:45:06

3 In a Games lesson, students play football, basketball
or hockey.
The probability of playing football is 0·4.
The probability of playing basketball is 0·5.
(a) What is the probability of playing football or basketball?
(b) What is the probability of playing hockey?
4 In a football match the probability of Everton

winning is 0·5. The probability of losing is 0·3.
What is the probability of Everton drawing?
1
5 The probability of choosing a King from a pack of cards is ___
   .
13
1
The probability of choosing a club from a pack of cards is __   .
4
Work out the probability of choosing a King or a club when a card is
removed from a pack.
6 A car is selected
from a garage.
The probability of Finding angles
a red car is 0·5.
The probability of the 1 C 2 B
car being a Fiesta is 0·3.
67°
The probability of the D
85° 41°
car being a red Fiesta B A C
is 0·15.
Work out the 81°
probability of choosing E
68°
a red car or a Fiesta.
A D
7 Kerry has a drawer full ^ ^
Find ABE. Find CA D.
of blue, black or red
socks. 3 4
F
The probability of A B
choosing blue socks is E
110°
0·5. 106° H C
K
The probability of G
choosing black socks is
G D
0·3.
D 121°
(a) What is the F E
H
probability of
^ ^
selecting blue or Find FG H. Find BCK.
black socks?
(b) What is the probability of selecting red socks?
251
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 251 10/6/15 14:45:07

8 Four people play a game of poker. The probability of each person winning
the game is shown below in the table.
Darryl Simon Dan Mark
0·35 0·25 0·25 x
(a) What is the probability of Darryl or Simon winning?
(b) What is the probability of Mark winning?
(c) If they play 60 times, how many times would you expect Dan to win?
9 People at Hansen’s Kitchens work in the

factory or the offices.
If a worker is chosen at random from
Hansen’s Kitchens, the probability of
5
the person working in the factory is ___    .
18
The probability of the worker being female
4
is __
   . The probability of a female factory
9
1
worker being chosen is __    . Work out the
9
probability of a chosen worker being
female or working in the factory.
10 Each time Cassie visits her grandfather he gives her some money. The table
shows the probability of her getting a particular amount of money.
£2 £5 £10 £20
1
__ 1
__ 1
___
x            
4 8 16
(a) Find the probability of getting £5 or £10.
(b) Find the probability of not getting £20.
(c) Find the probability of getting £2.
(d) For every 16 visits to her grandfather, how many times would Cassie
expect to get £10?
11 It is found that in a car park the probability of a blue car is 0·2 and the
probability of a car only having 2 doors is 0·15. If a car is chosen at random,
which of the statements below are true?
(a) p(not 2 doors) 5 0·85
(b) p(blue car or 2 doors) 5 0·35
(a) p(not blue) 5 0·8
252
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M Probability trees
A bag contains 4 yellow balls and 3 blue balls. One ball is removed at random then
replaced. Another ball is then removed.
1st ball 2nd ball
4
yellow 7 Y, Y
yellow 4
7
This tree diagram shows all the possible
3 outcomes. If we want the probability of
blue 7 Y, B
getting one ball of each colour, we can see
4
that there are two ways this can happen, Y, B
yellow B, Y
7 or B, Y.
3
blue 7
3
blue 7 B, B
The probability of an outcome is found by multiplying together the possibilities on the
branches leading to that outcome.
4 3 ___ 12 3 4 12
p(Y, B) 5 __
 7 3  __
7 49
 5     p(B, Y) 5 __    3  __ 5  ___ 
7 7 49
The probability of getting one ball of each colour is P(Y, B or B, Y). ‘Y, B’ and ‘B, Y’ are
mutually exclusive so add the probabilities.
12 12
p(Y, B or B, Y) 5 p(Y, B) 1 p(B, Y) 5 ___   1  ___ 
49 49
24
p(one of each colour) 5 ___    
49
M8.10
1 A bag contains 8 green beads and 3 blue beads. One bead is removed at random then
replaced. Another bead is then removed.
(a) Copy and complete the tree diagram to show all the outcomes.
1st bead 2nd bead Find the probability that:
G ___ (b) both beads are green.
(c) the first bead is blue and the
8
G 11 second bead is green.
___ 113
___ ___
B ___
B ___
253
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2 A bag contains 15 balls, 7 of which are blue. The remaining balls are white.
One ball is removed at random then replaced. Another ball is then removed.
(a) Draw a tree diagram to show all the outcomes.
Find the probability that:
(b) both balls are blue.
(c) there is one ball of each colour.
3 The probability of Roger eating ‘Vital’ flakes for
breakfast is 0.6 or else he has a ‘fry-up’.
(a) Copy and complete the tree diagram
showing what he eats for breakfast on
Monday and Tuesday mornings (use ‘V’
for ‘Vital flakes’ and ‘F’ for ‘fry-up’).
(b) Roger has a ‘fry-up’ on both mornings. Monday Tuesday
(c) He has ‘Vital’ flakes one morning and
a ‘fry-up’ on the other morning. V 0·6
V 0·6
F ___
___ ___
F ___
4 ___ ___
3 out of 10 children in a primary

school are blonde haired. The tree
diagram below shows the hair
colour of the first child to get onto
the playground on a Wednesday
morning and a Thursday morning.
Wednesday Thursday
(a) Copy and complete the tree
blonde 103 diagram.
3
blonde 10 (b) on both mornings the first
___ ___ child out has blonde hair.
(c) the first child out has blonde
___ ___ hair one morning and not
not blonde ___
blonde hair on the other
morning.
not blonde ___
254
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5 A card is taken at random from a pack of cards then replaced. Another card
is then taken. Draw a tree diagram to help you find the probability that:
(a) both cards are Queens.
(b) one card is a Queen and the other is not.
A card is taken at random from a pack of cards then replaced. This is done 3 times in
total. What is the probability of getting:
(a) no clubs.
(b) at least one club.
(a) p(no clubs) 5 p(no club) 3 p(not club) 3 p(not club)

3 3 3 27
5 __
   3  __ 3  __ 5  ___ 
4 4 4 64
27
(b) p(at least one club) 5 1 2 p(no clubs) 5 1 2 ___    
64
64 27 37
5  ___ 2  ___ 5  ___ 
64 64 64
6 A coin is thrown three times.

(a) Draw a tree diagram to show all outcomes.
Find the probability that the coin lands showing:
(b) 3 ‘heads’.
(c) at least one ‘tail’.
(d) exactly 2 ‘heads’ and one ‘tail’.
7 The probability of a successful heart operation is 0·7.

On a particular day 3 patients have the heart operation.
(b) all three operations are successful.
(c) at least one operation is successful.
(d) exactly two operations are successful.
8 A dice is thrown three times. Find the probability that the dice lands on:
(a) at least one 5.
(b) exactly two 5’s.
255
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9 Chloe and Ellie play each other at tennis, badminton and squash. The probability
of Chloe winning at tennis is 30%, at badminton is 50% and at squash is 60%.
Draw a tree diagram to help you find the probability that:
(a) Chloe wins all 3 games.
(b) Chloe wins exactly one game.
(c) Chloe wins at least one game.
10 The probability of Dave 1st test 2nd test 3rd test

2
passing his driving test is __
   . pass 2
3
3
(a) Copy and complete pass 2
3
this tree diagram.
2
fail ___ pass 3
(b) Dave passes at the ___ ___
second attempt.
___ ___
(c) Dave passes at the third attempt.
(d) Dave passes within three tests.
Two cards are taken at random from a pack of cards. Find the probability that:
(a) at least one card is a King. (b) exactly one card is a King.
1st card 2nd card Note
3
Only 51 cards left in the pack when the
K 51
2nd card is removed.
4
K 52
The first branch that has been followed
48 determines how many cards of each type
not K 51
are left in the pack before the 2nd card is
removed.
4
K 51
48
not K 52
47
not K 51
48 47
(a) p(at least one K) 5 1 2 p(no K) 5 1 2 ___ () 33
   3  ___   5 ____
52 51
   
221
(b) p(exactly one K) 5 p(K, not K) or p(not K, K) 5 ( ___

   3  ___  )1 ( ___
   3  ___  )
4 48 48 4
52 51 52 51
16 16 32
5 ____
   1  ____ 5  ____ 
221 221 221
256
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 256 10/6/15 14:45:11

M8.11
1 A bag contains 9 red balls and 4 white balls. Two balls are taken out at
random, one at a time, without replacement.
(a) Copy and complete the tree 1st ball 2nd ball
diagram
R 128
(b) both balls are white. R 139
(c) exactly one ball is white. W ___
R 129
4
W 13
W ___
2 A box contains 6 packets of plain crisps and 5 packets of cheese and onion
crisps. Two packets of crisps are removed at random, one at a time, without
replacement.
(a) Using ‘P’ for plain crisps and ‘C’ for cheese and onion crisps, draw a
tree diagram to show all outcomes.
(b) both packets are plain.
(c) there is one packet of each flavour.
3 A box contains 10 toffees (T) and 5 mints (M).

Two sweets are removed at random.
(a) Draw a tree diagram to show all the
outcomes.
(b) both sweets are mints.
(c) there is one toffee and one mint.
4 There are 10 boys and 15 girls in a class.

Three children are chosen at random.
(b) all three children are girls.
(c) exactly one child is a girl.
(d) at least one child is a boy.
257
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5 Three cards are taken at random from a pack of cards. Find the probability that:
(a) all three cards are red.
(b) at least one card is red.
(c) exactly two cards are red.
6 Joshua buys a box of 12 eggs. Three of the

eggs are cracked (C) and nine are good (G).
Three eggs are chosen at random.
(b) all three eggs are good.
(c) exactly two eggs are good.
(d) at least one egg is good.
7 15 counters are in a bag of which 5 are green, 4 are blue and 6 are red.
Two counters are taken out, one after the other, without replacement.
(b) at least one counter is green.
(c) the two counters are different colours.
8 A group of 2 women and 4 men are going to travel in two taxis. Each taxi
can only take three people. What is the probability that the first taxi will take
2 women and 1 man?
9 A basket of fruit contains x peaches and

y nectarines. Two pieces of fruit are taken
at random. What is the probability, in terms
of x and y, of taking:
(a) two peaches.
(b) one peach and one nectarine.
10 A bag contains 20 balls. n balls are red and the remainder are green.
Two balls are removed at random.
What is the probability, in terms of n, of removing:
(a) two red balls?
(b) at least one green ball?
258
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E Conditional probability
Key Facts
The probability of an event occurring may depend on some other event.
For example, ‘will it snow?’ depends on whether it is winter or summer.
We might have
}
1
p(snow given Winter) 5 __    these are
5
conditional
1
p(snow given Summer) 5 ______    probabilities
10 000
Consider 2 balls removed from a bag containing 4 yellow balls and 3 blue balls.
1st ball 2nd ball
p(Y given Y) �
3
6
this probability is
p(Y given 1st ball was Y)
4
i.e. p(Y given Y)
p(Y) � 7
3
p(B given Y) � 6
p(Y given B) �
4
6
p(B and Y) 5 p(B) 3 p(Y given B)
p(B and Y)
hence p(Y given B) 5 _________
3
p(B) � 7    
p(B)
2
p(B given B) � 6
In general,
p(A and B)
p(A given B) 5 __________
   
p(B)
Independent events
If p(A given B) 5 p(A), the events are independent.
If events A and B are independent then p(A given B) 5 p(A).
The number of students taking History, Geography or neither is shown in the Venn
diagram below.
14
� H G p(not take G given H) 5 ___   
23
14 9 7 9
p(take H given G) 5 ___
   
20
16
259
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 259 10/6/15 14:45:13

60% of the population of a certain town are vaccinated against flu. The probability of
someone getting the flu given that they have had the vaccination is 0·2 but the probability
of someone getting flu given that they have not had the vaccination is 0·7.
flu 0·2 p(flu)
5 p(vaccinated, flu) or p(not vaccinated, flu)
vaccinated
0·6 5 (0·6 3 0·2) 1 (0·4 3 0·7)
not flu 0·8
5 0·12 1 0·28 5 0·4
p(being vaccinated given flu)
flu 0·7
0·4 p(vaccinated and flu)
not vaccinated 5 __________________
  p(flu) 
    
0·6 3 0·2
not flu 0·3 5 ________
  0·4 5 0·3
E8.2
1 There are 30 students in class 11H. � D G
The Venn diagram shows how many students
11 4 3
have dark hair (D) and how many wear glasses (G).
One of the students is chosen at random. 12
(a) Find the probability that the student wears glasses but does not have
dark hair.
(b) Given that the student has dark hair, find the probability that the student
does not wear glasses.
2 A football team plays 45% of its matches at home.

The probability of winning a match given that it
is at home is 0·7. The probability of winning a
match given that it is away is 0·6.
(a) Draw a tree diagram to represent the above
information.
(b) Find the probability that the team does not
win a match.
(c) Given that the team wins, find the probability
that it was an away match (give the answer to
3 decimal places).
260
08-Ch_08_pp231-273.indd 260 10/6/15 14:45:14

3 The probability of a speed camera being on is 0·75. If the camera is on, the
probability that a speeding driver will be caught is 0·4. If the camera is off
then the probability of a speeding driver being caught is 0·1.
(a) Find the probability that a speeding
driver does not get caught.
(Hint: use a tree diagram)
(b) Given that a speeding driver is caught,
find the probability that the camera is on
(give the answer to 3 decimal places).
4 The probability of there being

road works on Ronnie’s way to
work is 15%. If there are road
works then the probability of
Ronnie being late to work is Mixed
80%, otherwise it is 40%. 1 Arjun earns £434·60 after a 6% pay
(a) Draw a tree diagram rise. How much did he earn before
to represent the above the pay rise?
information (with road works
2 Q R
first).
48°
(b) Find the probability that, on a Find angle
day chosen at random, he was PQS.
late. S
5 30% of items in an antique P T

shop are fakes. The probability
of an expert declaring an 3 Solve x2 2 7x 2 18 5 0
item to be fake given that
4 The mass m of an object is inversely
it is genuine is 0·1 and the
proportional to the square root of its
probability of him declaring an
length L. m 5 15 when L 5 4.
item to be genuine given that it
Find the value of m when L 5 25.
is a fake is 0·05.
(a) Find the probability that 5 3x 5x
an item will be declared 5x 5x
genuine. 4x � 3 2x � 7
(b) Given that an item is 5x 5x

declared as genuine, find All lengths shown above are in cm.
the probability that the Find the actual perimeter of the
item is indeed genuine! pentagon.
(Give the answer to
3 decimal places.)
261
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6 � C M  5 {people at a cinema near Manchester}
M 5 {people from Manchester}
x2 � 2x x x � 28
C 5 {people who like cricket}
16
n() 5 80
A person is chosen at random. This person is from Manchester.
Find the probability that this person likes cricket.
7 Wes and Gill shoot at a target. Wes fires first

3
and the probability that he hits the target is __    .
4
Gill fires next and the probability of her hitting
2
the target given that Wes hit the target is __
   .
5
The probability of Gill hitting the target given
4
that Wes missed the target is __
   .
5
Find the probability that at least one of them hits
the target.
8 The probability of a motorist being in an accident on a Saturday night

given that he is over the legal alcohol limit is 0·1. The probability of being
involved in an accident on a Saturday night given that he is not over the legal
limit is 0·02. In a certain town it is estimated that 5% of the motorists on the
road on a Saturday night are over the limit.
(a) Find the probability that a randomly chosen motorist will be involved in
an accident.
(b) Given that a person is involved in an accident, find the probability
that this person was over the legal alcohol limit (give the answer to 3
decimal places).
9 People at a tattoo parlour are Design Male Female

asked which of 3 designs they Snake 32 57
prefer. The results are shown
Scorpion 48 16
in the table opposite.
Find the probability (to 3 decimal Dragon 30 53
places) that one of these people,
chosen at random,
(a) preferred the dragon.
(b) is male, given that this person
preferred the snake.
(c) preferred the dragon, given that
this person is female.
262
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E Mixed probability questions
E8.3
1 Box A contains 4 blue B
counters and 3 white counters. B W
B B B W
Box B contains 3 blue counters
and 5 white counters. B W
W
W B W W W
Lauren takes a counter A B
randomly from box A and puts
it in box B. She then takes a counter randomly from box B and puts it in
box A. What is the probability that each box then has the original number of
counters of each colour?
2 Helina needs to throw a six with a dice

in order to start a game. Work out the
probability that she will get a six on her
third throw.
3 100 members of the Caravan Club are asked where they have been during
the year. They have all been to England, Scotland or Wales.
7 have been to all three countries.
17 have been to England and Scotland.
20 have been to Scotland and Wales.
30 have been to England and Wales.
35 have been to Scotland.
The same number of members have been to England only as have been to
Wales only.
(a) Draw a Venn diagram for this information.
(b) One of the 100 members is selected at random. Find the probability that
this person went to Wales but not Scotland.
(c) Given that a person went to Scotland, find the probability that this
person also went to England.
4 A box contains n chocolates. 6 of the chocolates are soft-centred.

Two chocolates are chosen at random. The probability that the two
1
chocolates are soft-centred is __
   .
3
(a) Form an equation involving n and show that it simplifies to
n2 2 n 2 90 5 0.
(b) Find how many chocolates were in the box originally.
263
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5 People pay £1 for a turn on this spinner
at a local fete.
£1
The £5 win is a very small sector.
126°
50p The organiser wants to make an average of 30p
profit on each turn.
£5
Calculate the angle required for the £5 sector
to achieve this average profit.
6 A bag contains n red

beads and 5 blue
beads. Two beads
are taken randomly Mixed
from the bag. The
probability that the Simplify
two beads are both ________ ___ ___
10a2b3
1 1  √ (49m2n6)  2  ______ 3  √ 50 2 √
  18 
red is __
   . 5a3b
6
5__
4  ___ D E
(a) Form an equation   5
  5 
√
involving n and ^
show that is C F Find AF G
simplifies to
n2 2 3n 2 4 5 0.
B A G
(b) Find how many
red beads were 6 Electrical power 5 current 3 potential difference
originally in the So P 5 IV
bag? If I 5 23 (2 s.f.) and V 5 8·9 (2 s.f.), find the
interval within which P lies.
7 A box of crayons contains 6 red crayons, 8 blue crayons and 5 green crayons.
Find the probability that if three crayons are randomly taken, they will all be
of the same colour.
8 �  5 {people who watch TV}

C4 C5
C4 5 {people who watch Channel 4}
9
C5 5 {people who watch Channel 5}
24 n() 5 55
Three times as many people watch Channel 4 compared to Channel 5.
A person is chosen at random. The person watches Channel 4.
Work out the probability that the person also watches Channel 5.
264
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9 The probability of a pupil from a certain school getting a grade 9 in Maths
is 0·8. 56% of pupils get a grade 9 in both Maths and French.
(a) Draw a tree diagram (with Maths before French) with as much
information as possible on it.
(b) Find the probability that the pupil gets a grade 9 in Maths but not in French.
It is also known that 68% of pupils get a grade 9 in French.
(c) Find the probability of getting a grade 9 in French but not in Maths.
(d) Complete the tree diagram fully.
10 There are goldfish in two bowls P and Q.

During one minute the probability of one
2
goldfish jumping from bowl P to Q is __
   .
5
During one minute the probability of one
1
goldfish jumping from bowl Q to P is __
   .
3
Calculate the probability that:
(a) the number of goldfish in each bowl at the end of 1 minute is equal to
the number of goldfish in each bowl at the start of the minute.
(b) the number of goldfish in each bowl at the end of 2 minutes is equal
to the number of goldfish in each bowl at the start of this two minute
period.
11 � Each person in a group passed at least one

T P
of the driving theory test (T) or the practical
driving test (P). 73% passed the theory and
58% passed the practical. Complete a Venn
diagram.
One person is chosen at random from the group. Find the probability that
this person:
(a) passed both tests,
(b) passed the practical test, given that they passed the theory test.
12 A bag contains 9 counters. n counters are yellow and the rest of the counters
are blue. Two counters are taken randomly from the bag. The probability of
the first counter removed being yellow and the second counter being blue
5
is ___
   .
18
(a) Form an equation involving n and show that it simplifies to
n2 2 9n 1 20 5 0.
(b) Given that there are more yellow counters than blue, how many yellow
counters were there originally?
265
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Use your maths! – Electricity, gas and water
Some people say ‘you don’t get ‘owt for n’owt in this life’. Most things have to be paid
for and that includes the electricity, gas and water you use in your home.
The amount of electricity, gas (and water in some homes) used is recorded on a meter.
The meter is read every 3 months and a bill is sent. An electricity bill could look like
the one below.
reading on meter reading on meter units of electricity used
this time last time 5 present reading 2 previous
reading
Reading Present Previous Units Amount

Units 83757 81777 1980 at 7·600p £150·48
VAT at 5% on £150·48 £7·52
Total bill £158·00
Value Added Tax for cost of one unit number of units

the government is 5% of electricity multiplied by the
of the electricity bill cost of one unit
Payment
Some people simply pay their bill when it arrives, other people arrange to pay part of
their bill each month. They are often given a small discount if they arrange to pay the
bill each month.
Ally has received his electricity bill:

Present reading 5 61982 Previous reading 5 60732
Cost of one unit of electricity 5 7·6p
VAT is 5%
How much does Ally have to pay?
Units used 5 present 2 previous 5 61982 2 60732 5 1250
Cost of units 5 1250 3 7·6p 5 9500p 5 £95·00
5
VAT 5 5% of £95·00 5 ____
 100 3 95·00 5 £4·75
Total bill 5 £99·75
266
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Task
1 Nerys has received her electricity bill:
Present reading 5 53164 Previous reading 5 51083
Cost of one unit of electricity 5 9·3p
Copy and complete the bill below:
Units used 5 present 2 previous 5 53164 2 5
Cost of units 5 3 9·3p 5 p5£
5
VAT 5 5% of £ 5 ____
   3 5£
100
Total bill 5 £
Work out the cost of each electricity bill below. VAT is payable at 5% each time.
Cost of one unit of
Bill Present reading Previous reading
electricity
2 81659 80292 8·3p
3 23748 22095 7·6p
4 5186 4417 7·6p
5 63746 62640 9·4p
6 9187 8089 8·2p
7 5613 4688 11·4p
8 71248 69325 7·9p
9 During one year Marvin has bills of £138·17, £168·24, £171·38 and £138·21.
He pays the bills in 12 equal monthly instalments. He is given a £40 discount
each year for paying monthly. How much does Marvin have to pay each month?
10 How much is paid for electricity, gas and water in your home? Find out.
Get a ‘feel’ for how much these bills are before it is your turn to pay!
1. Working out ‘expectation’

(a) This pointer is spun 60 times. How many times
3 4
would you expect it to point to: 7 6
(i) 2 (ii) an even number (iii) a square number. 9 2
(b) A dice is thrown 270 times. 9 7
How many times would you expect to get a: 3 4
6 1
(i) 2 (ii) a multiple of 2 (iii) a 5 or 6?
267
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2. Finding relative frequencies
Ravi keeps throwing a button in the air to see which way up it will land the most.
The table below shows the total number of times the button landed with its
most curved surface showing after every 50 throws.
Number of throws 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Number of times the
23 58 93 136 170 186 210 252 288 310 352 378 416 448
curved surface is showing
(a) Work out the relative frequency of the button landing with its most
curved surface showing after every 50 throws.
(b) Plot a graph of the relative frequency of ‘curved surface showing’
against the total number of throws.
(c) Write down the number around which the relative frequency of ‘curved
surface showing’ is settling.
(d) If the button was thrown 2000 times, estimate how many times the
button would land with its most curved surface showing.
3. Finding basic probabilities

(a) Fiona has 8 cards as shown below:
R M E E R
E M B
Fiona picks a card at random.

What is the probability that she picks the letter:
(i) B (ii) E (iii) R (iv) a vowel
(b) 12 discs numbered 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 8, 9, 9, 10, 15 are placed in a bag.
One disc is selected at random. Find the probability that it is:
(i) a prime number (ii) 6 (iii) a multiple of 3
4. Listing possible outcomes

(a) Cath has to choose some of her school subjects from the option blocks below:
A B C
French History Art
Latin Geography DT
Spanish
(i) She must choose one subject from column A, one from column B
and one from column C. List all the different groups of choices she
could make (combinations).
(ii) How many combinations are there?
268
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5. Using the product rule for counting
(a) A code has 3 entries

How many different codes are possible if each entry is a digit between 0
and 9 inclusive?
(b) How many codes are possible in part (a) if the middle digit is restricted
to a prime number between 1 and 9?
6. Using Venn diagrams, including set notation

� A Find: (a) A  B B (b) A  B9

17 5 (c) (A  B)9 (d) (A  B)9
2 11 (e) A9  B (f ) n(A9  B)
7 3
13
(g) Copy the diagram below (h) Copy the diagram below
and shade A9  B9. and shade A9  B.
�
�
A B A B
7. Dealing with independent events – the ‘AND’ rule

(a) A dice is thrown and a card is taken from a pack of playing cards.
What is the probability of obtaining:
(i) a ‘3’ on the dice and a black card?
(ii) an even number on the dice and a Queen?
(b) A coin is thrown five times. What is the probability that the coin will
land on ‘heads’ each time?
8. Using the ‘OR’ rule

(a) Gwen likes a wide range of music. The table below shows the
probability of Gwen listening to a particular type of music.
Rock Opera Jazz Classical
0·5 0·15 x 0·05
(i) What is the probability of Gwen listening to opera or classical
music?
(ii) What is the probability of Gwen listening to jazz?
(iii) For the next 50 times that Gwen listens to music, how many times
would you expect her to listen to rock music?
269
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(b) Some people are on a weekend break.
If one person is chosen at random, the probability of this person going
to the cinema is 0·3
The probability of going to the restaurant is 0·5
The probability of going to the cinema and the restaurant is 0·1
Work out the probability of the chosen person going to the cinema or
going to the restaurant.
9. Using probability trees

(a) A bag contains 8 strawberry 1st chew 2nd chew
chews (S) and 3 blackcurrant
chews (B). One chew is taken at S 118
random then replaced. Another
chew is then removed. S 118
(i) Copy and complete the tree B ___
diagram to show all the
outcomes. S ___
B ___
(ii) both chews are blackcurrant.
B ___
(iii) one chew is strawberry and
one chew is blackcurrant.
(b) Five yellow balls and three red balls are placed in a bag and two balls
are removed, one at a time, without replacement.
(i) Draw a tree diagram to represent the above information.
(ii) both balls are red.
(iii) both balls are the same colour.
(iv) at least one ball is red.
10. Dealing with conditional probability
�
S D
The Venn diagram shows the starter/dessert
choices of some people in a restaurant.
18 8 26 S 5 {people who had starters}
34 D 5 {people who had desserts}
A person is chosen at random. Find the probability that:
(a) the person had a starter, given that they had a dessert.
(b) the person had a dessert, given that they only chose a starter or a dessert.
270
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1 Rhiana plays a game.

The probability that she will lose the game is 0·32
The probability that she will draw the game is 0·05
Rhiana is going to play the game 200 times.
Work out an estimate for the number of times Rhiana will win
the game. (EDEXCEL)
2 Amir sells laptops.

Before selling each laptop, he checks the hard drive and the screen.
1
The probability that the hard drive is faulty is ___   .
10
1
The probability that the screen is faulty is __
   .
5
These probabilities are independent.
(a) Complete the tree diagram to represent this information.
Hard drive Screen
___ faulty
faulty
1
10
___ not faulty
___ faulty
___
not faulty
___ not faulty
(b) Amir tests a laptop at random.

Find the probability that both the hard drive and the screen are
not faulty. (OCR)
3 There are 480 boys and 560 girls in Digby High School.
The probability that a boy has brown hair is 0·6
The probability that a girl has brown hair is 0·45
How many pupils in the school have brown hair? (CEA)
4 A bag contains 4 blue, 4 red and 4 white counters.

Two counters are chosen at random without replacement.
What is the probability that the counters are different colours? (AQA)
271
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5 In a supermarket, the probability that John buys fruit is 0·7
In the same supermarket, the probability that John independently buys
vegetables is 0·4
Work out the probability that John buys fruit or buys vegetables or
buys both. (EDEXCEL)
6  5 {group of children doing sports} � S R

S 5 {children who swim}
3x � 1 x x � 19
R 5 {children who run}
The total number of children who run is 2x � 3
equal to the total number of children who swim.
One child is chosen at random. Find the probability that:
(a) this child did not swim or run.
(b) this child swims given that he or she runs.
7 (a) A school has 400 boys and 500 girls.

The probability that a boy is vegetarian is 0·1
The probability that a girl is vegetarian is 0·2
Estimate the total number of vegetarians in the school.
(b) There are ten prefects in the school.
Four of the prefects are vegetarian.
Two of the prefects are chosen at random to have lunch with a visitor.
2
Show that the probability that they are both vegetarian is ___
    (AQA)
15
8 (a) A bag contains 5 red balls, 4 blue balls and one yellow ball.
Two balls are selected at random, without replacement, from the bag.
Calculate the probability that the two balls selected are not the same colour.
(b) A bag contains a very large number of ball bearings.
65% of the ball bearings are made of steel. The other ball bearings are
made of cast iron.
Two ball bearings are selected at random from the bag.
Calculate the probability that they are both made of cast iron.
Give your answer as a percentage. (WJEC)
9 Mike and Hannah are heading towards a campsite near Avignon in France. There
are five different ferry ports they can travel from, each heading to a different
place in France. They then catch a train or a bus to Avignon Train Station. There
are then three different routes they can walk which will get them to the campsite.
(a) Find the total number of different routes from the ferry ports to the campsite.
(b) On the return journey there are no convenient ferries back to two of the
British ferry ports. Find the total number of different routes from the
campsite to the ferry ports in Britain.
272
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10 A bag contains 21 raffle tickets, 16 of which are white, 4 are yellow and 1 is
purple.
Two raffle tickets are drawn at random without replacement from the bag.
Calculate the probability that at least one white raffle ticket is drawn.
You must give your answer as a fraction in its simplest form. (WJEC)
11 The table shows the probabilities that I am on time or late for work each day.
It also shows the amount of pay deducted for being late each day.
On time Up to 30 minutes
30 minutes late to 1 hour late
Probability 0·6 0·3 0·1
Amount deducted – £8 £16
Work out the probability that I have exactly £16 deducted over two days.
(AQA)
12 In a garage there are 30 cars made after 2013.

20 cars are blue and there are 28 Ford cars.
There are 6 blue Ford cars made after 2013.
There are 9 Ford cars made after 2013.
There are 13 blue cars made after 2013.
24 out of the garage total of 75 cars are neither blue, Ford or made after 2013.
One car is chosen at random. Find the probability that:
(a) the car is blue but not Ford or made after 2013.
(b) the car is not blue and not made after 2013, given that it is a Ford car.
13 (a) Robin is firing arrows at a target.

x12
The probability that he hits the target on the xth attempt is _____
   
x13
7
For example: Probability (hit on his 5th attempt) 5 __    
8
Work out the probability that he hits the target with both his 1st and 2nd
attempts.
(b) Work out the probability that he hits the target exactly once on his first
two attempts. (AQA)
14 � A B Use the Venn diagram to work out:

(a) p(A9  B)
8 3 10
(b) p(A  B9)
9 (c) p(A given B)
273
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GEOMETRY 2
9
– use reflection symmetry and rotational symmetry
– identify planes of symmetry
– translate shapes
– reflect shapes in mirror lines
– rotate shapes
– enlarge shapes
– prove that triangles are congruent

– enlarge with negative scale factors
– examine combinations of transformations

– – student finance
M Symmetry
Key Facts
Rotational symmetry
A shape has rotational symmetry if it fits onto itself when rotated
(turned) before it gets back to its starting position.
This shape fits onto itself three times when rotated through a
complete turn. It has rotational symmetry of order three.
If a shape can only fit onto itself in its starting position, it has
rotational symmetry of order one.
274
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9 1
M9.1
opy this shape and shade two more squares so
C
that it has a line of symmetry.
2 Sketch these shapes and draw on all the lines of symmetry.

(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f ) (g) (h)
3 For each shape below write down the order of rotational symmetry
(use tracing paper if you wish).
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f ) (g) (h)
(i) ( j) (k) (l)
(m) (n) (o) (p)
275
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M Planes of symmetry
Key Facts
A plane of symmetry divides a 3D-shape into two identical halves. One half must be a
mirror image of the other half.
A plane of symmetry must be shown fully as a clear slice
through the 3D-shape. Each half of the cuboid on each side
of the plane of symmetry is symmetrical.
Note: A 3D-shape may have more than one plane of symmetry.
M9.2
1 Draw each shape below and
show one plane of symmetry.
(a)
Mixed
1 1400 5 2p 3 5q 3 r. Find the

values of p, q and r.
2 Find the HCF and LCM of 165
(b) and 345.

a
3  __ 2 4 5 3
x
4  ___ 5 28
6 24
3w 2 2
5 4 5 _______
20
6  ___
    y  5 25
7
(c) 7 3(2n 1 5) 2 4(n 1 2) 5 19
8 Four consecutive even numbers

add up to 164. Set up an
equation then find the four
numbers.
276
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2 Write down how many planes of symmetry each shape below has.
(a) (b) (c)
3 Name a 3D-shape which has 9 planes of symmetry.
4 The plane of symmetry of a 3D-shape is shown

shaded. Half of the 3D-shape is also shown.
8 (a) Draw the complete 3D-shape.
(b) How many planes of symmetry does the
2
complete 3D-shape have?
4
4
4 4 4
2
5 Draw a solid of your own design which has 3 planes of symmetry only.
M Translation
Key Facts
A ‘translation’ means ‘movement in a straight line’ (no turning).
y
Use translation vectors to describe the
3
following translations:
2 (a) A to B (b) A to C (c) A to D (d) B to C
A
1
�3 �2 �1 0
C
1 2 3 x
( )
241 
(a)    ( )
(b) 23
  
21  ( )
(c) 23
  
24  ( )
(d) 24
  
3 
�1
The top number tells you how far to move
�2 right or left. The bottom number tells you how
D B
�3 far to move up or down.
277
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M9.3
1 y Use translation vectors to
6 describe the following
A translations.
5
B
4 (a) A to D (b) A to G
3 (c) A to H (d) A to I
C D
2 (e) B to E (f ) B to H
1
(g) C to D (h) C to A
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x (i) C to E ( j) D to B
�1
E F G (k) D to H (l) E to G
�2
(m) E to D (n) F to C
�3
H (o) G to I (p) G to B
�4
I
�5 (q) H to D (r) I to C
�6
2 y Copy the grid opposite and

6 draw shape A as shown.
5 (a) Translate shape A
A
4
()
through 51  . Label
3
the new shape B.
2
(b) Translate shape B
( )
1
232  . Label
through   
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
the new shape C.
�1
�2
(c) Translate shape C
�3 ( )
through 22
  
25  . Label
�4 the new shape D.
�5 (d) Translate shape D
�6 ( )
through 24
  
4  . Label
the new shape E.
(e) Translate shape E through 23
   ( )
25  . Label the new shape F.
(f ) Use a translation vector to describe the translation that moves shape E to shape B.
(g) Use a translation vector to describe the translation that moves shape A to shape F.
(h) Use a translation vector to describe the translation that moves shape D to shape B.
278
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M Reflection
M9.4
Draw each shape below and reflect in the mirror line.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 (a) Draw an x-axis from 25 to 4 and a y-axis from 27 to 6.

(b) Draw a triangle P with vertices (21, 25), (21, 27) and (22, 25).
(c) Reflect rectangle P in the line y 5 x 2 2. Label the image Q.
()
(d) Translate shape Q through 07  . Label the image R.
(e) Reflect shape R in the line x 1 y 5 1. Label the image S.
Write down the co-ordinates of the vertices of triangle S.
8 y For each pair of triangles below,

4 write down the equation of the line
3 of reflection.
2 (a) A to B
C B A
1 (b) B to C
�2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x (c) B to D
�1
E (d) C to E
�2
�3
D
�4
�5
�6
279
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(b) Draw a rectangle A with vertices (22, 2), (22, 4), (23, 4) and (23, 2).
(c) Reflect rectangle A in the line x 1 y 5 4. Label the image B.
(d) Reflect shape B in the line y 5 x 1 2. Label the image C.
(e) Shape C is reflected back onto rectangle A. Write down the equation of
the line of reflection.
10 (a) Draw an x-axis from

25 to 6 and a y-axis
from 26 to 5.
(b) Draw a rectangle A Mixed
with vertices (corners)
at (3, 1), (3, 3), (4, 3) 2a
1 Solve 6 2 ___
   5 10
and (4, 1). 5
(c) Reflect rectangle A in 2 Solve fg21(x) 5 15 if
the line y 5 x. Label f (x) 5 4x 1 5 and g(x) 5 2x 2 1
the image B.
3 x � 10
(d) Reflect shape B in
the y-axis. Label the 2x � 50
image C. 4x � 55
(e) Reflect shape C in the 155 � 2x
line y 5 2x. Label the
image D. (a) Write down an equation using the
angles above.
(f ) Describe the
transformation which (b) Find x.
maps (sends) shape D (c) Write down the actual value of each
back onto shape A. angle in this quadrilateral.
(g) Draw a rectangle E D
4 O is the centre
with vertices at (3, 21),
of the circle.
(3, 22), (6, 22) and 36°
(6, 21). O E Calculate the
A
value of angle
(h) Reflect shape E in the
ABC.
line y 5 2x. Label the
image F. B Give reasons for
C your answer.
5 £760 is divided between Rose, Imran

and Megan. Imran gets £75 more than
Rose and Megan gets £40 more than
Imran. How much does each person get?
280
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M Rotation
y
Describe fully the rotation which
5
C transforms:
4
(a) triangle A onto triangle B
3
B (b) triangle B onto triangle C
2
A (c) triangle B onto triangle D
1
�5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
�1
D
�2
For each answer, we must write down the angle, direction and centre of rotation.
(a) rotates 90° anticlockwise about (0, 0).
(b) rotates 90° anticlockwise about (24, 2).
(c) rotates 90° clockwise about (24, 1).
M9.5
You may use tracing paper.
1 Draw each shape and centre of rotation (C) below.
Rotate the shape as indicated and draw the image.
(a) (b) (c)
C
C C
90° clockwise 180° 90° anticlockwise
(d) (e) (f )
C C
C
90° clockwise 180°
90° anticlockwise
281
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2 In each question below the shaded shape rotates onto the other shape. Copy
each diagram and mark the centre of rotation.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
3 (a) Draw x and y-axes with values from 25 to 5. Draw rectangle A with
vertices at (0, 2), (0, 5), (22, 5) and (22, 2).
(b) Rotate rectangle A 180° about (22, 2). Label the image B.
(c) Rotate rectangle B 90° clockwise about (0, 21). Label the image C.
(d) Rotate rectangle C 180° about (2, 0). Label the image D.
(e) Rotate rectangle D 90° clockwise about (3, 22). Label the image E.
y
4 Copy the grid and shapes
5 opposite.
4
(a) Rotate shape A 90°
3 anticlockwise about
C B
2 (23, 24). Label the
image P.
1
(b) Rotate shape B 90°
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 clockwise about (1, 0).
�1
A Label the image Q.
�2
(c) Rotate shape C 90°
�3 clockwise about (2, 1).
�4 Label the image R.
�5
282
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5 Find the co-ordinates of the y
centres of the following 10
rotations: 9
(a) triangle A onto triangle B 8 E
B
(b) triangle A onto triangle C 7
(c) triangle A onto triangle D 6
D
(d) triangle C onto triangle E 5
4
3
2 A
1 C
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
y
6 Describe fully the rotation which
5 transforms:
4 A (a) shape A onto shape B
3
B (b) B onto C
2
C (c) C onto D
1
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
D �1
�2
Mixed algebra
1 (a) Work out the gradient of the line opposite.

15 (b) Find the equation of the line which is parallel to the
line opposite and passes through (2, 17).
3
2 Simplify (x 1 y)2 2 (x 2 y)2

3 Use iteration to solve x2 1 4x 5 18, correct to 1 decimal place.
4 Find the equation of the line which passes through (2, 21) and (23, 211).
283
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M Enlargement
A mathematical enlargement has a centre of enlargement and a scale factor.
Every length in the original shape must be multiplied by the scale factor.
This shaded rectangle is enlarged by

a scale factor 3 (each length is centre of
multiplied by 3). enlargement
The centre of enlargement is found

by drawing a broken line through
a corner of the new shape and the
same corner of the old shape.
Do this for each pair of points as shown in the diagram. The centre of
enlargement is the point where all the broken lines meet (intersect).
y Describe fully the enlargement which

4 transforms shape A onto shape B.
3 Draw broken lines through each corner of
2
the new shape and the same corner of the old
B shape.
1
The centre of enlargement is where the
�2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x broken lines meet (intersect).
�1 Answer:
1
�2
A Enlargement by scale factor __
   about (1, 3)
4
�3
�4
�5
Note:
Fractional scale factor
If a shape is reduced in size, the scale factor will be a fraction between 0 and 1. It is still
known as an enlargement.
284
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M9.6
For questions 1 to 5 , draw the grid and the 2 shapes then draw broken lines
through pairs of points in the new shape and the old shape. Describe fully the
enlargement which transforms shape A onto shape B.
1 y 2 y
5 4
4 3
A
3 B 2
2 1
A B
1
�1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
x �1
�1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
�1 �2
y
3
5
A
4
3
B
2
1
�5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
�1
�2
�3
4 y 5 y
4 5
3 4
A
2 3
A
1 2 B
B
x 1
�2 �1 0 1 2 3 4
�1 x
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5
�2 �1
�2
285
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For questions 6 to 11 , copy the diagram and then draw an enlargement
using the scale factor and centre of enlargement (C) given. Leave room for the
enlargement!
6 C 7 C 8
scale factor 2 scale factor 2 scale factor 3
9 C 10 11
scale factor 2
1
scale factor 2
1
C scale factor 3
y
12 Copy the grid and triangle A. Enlarge triangle
4 A by scale factor 2 about (0, 2). Label the
3 image B.
2
A
1
�1 0 1 2 3 4 x
�1

(b) Draw a square A with vertices (2, 22), (4, 22), (4, 24) and (2, 24).
1
(c) Enlarge square A by scale factor __
   about (0, 0). Label the image B.
2

(b) Draw a triangle A with vertices at (1, 3), (1, 4) and (3, 4).
(c) Enlarge triangle A by scale factor 2 about (1, 5). Label the image B.
1
(d) Enlarge triangle B by scale factor __
   about (23, 1). Label the image C.
2
(e) Enlarge triangle C by scale factor 3 about (22, 3). Label the image D.
286
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y
15 Copy the grid and rectangle A. Enlarge
rectangle A by scale factor 2 about (0, 0). 1
Label the image B. x
�1 0 1 2 3 4 5
�1
A
�2
�3
�4
�5

(b) Draw a shape A with vertices of (22, 2), (22, 3), (21, 3), (21, 4),
(24, 4), (24, 3), (23, 3) and (23, 2).
(c) Enlarge shape A by scale factor 3 about (26, 4). Label the image B.
1
(d) Enlarge shape B by scale factor __
3
1
__
(e) Enlarge shape C by scale factor    about (0, 0). Label the image D.
2
(b) Draw a triangle A with vertices of (2, 2), (2, 6) and (4, 6).
1
(c) Enlarge triangle A by scale factor __
   about (0, 0). Label the image B.
2
(d) Reflect triangle B in the y-axis. Label the image C.
(e) Enlarge triangle C by scale factor 3 about (21, 4). Label the image D.
(f ) Rotate triangle D 90° clockwise about (21, 25). Label the image E.
1
(g) Enlarge triangle E by scale factor __
   about (5, 1). Label the image F.
2
E Negative scale factors

Draw an enlargement of triangle A with (a) Join the centre of enlargement (in
scale factor 22 about centre of enlargement this case the origin) to one vertex
at the origin. with a dotted line.
y y

3 3
2 2
A A
1 1
�2 �1 0 1 2 3 x �2 �1 0 1 2 3 x
�1 �1
�2 �2
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(b) Multiply the length of the dotted line by the y
scale factor (i.e. 1 diagonal unit multiplied 3
by 22 gives 22 diagonal units). The negative 2
sign indicates that the longer dotted line 1
A
should be drawn from the centre in the
opposite direction. �2 �1 0 1 2 3 x
�1
�2
This shows where the new

vertex will move to
(c) The rest of the enlarged shape can be y

drawn from this new vertex (more dotted 3
lines can be drawn if necessary). 2
A
1
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 x
�1
�2
B
�3
�4
�5
�6
Key Facts
A negative scale factor leads to an image on the opposite side of the centre of enlargement
to the original shape (the original shape is turned ‘upside down’).
E9.1
(b) Draw a rectangle A with vertices at (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 4) and (2, 2).
(c) Enlarge rectangle A by a scale factor of 23 about (2, 1). Label the image B.
(c) Enlarge triangle A by a scale factor of 22 about (21, 0). Label the image B.
(d) Write down the translation vector which describes the movement of the
vertex of (23, 1) in triangle A to its new position in triangle B.
288
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1
(d) Enlarge triangle B by a scale factor of 2  __ about (2, 0). Label the image C.
2
(e) Write down the translation vector which will translate triangle C back onto
triangle A.
For questions 4 and 5 , describe fully the enlargement which transforms shape A
onto shape B (draw the grid and shape if necessary).
y y
4 5
3 3
A
2 2
B
1 1
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
�1 �1
�2 �2
�3 �3
B
�4 �4
�5 �5 B
�6 �6
�7

1
(d) Enlarge triangle B by a scale factor of __
3
(e) Reflect triangle C in the line x 5 21. Label the image D.
(f ) Describe where triangle D would move to if it was enlarged by a scale factor of
21 about (23, 21).
(b) Draw a shape A with vertices at (4, 1), (4, 3), (2, 3), (2, 5), (0, 5) and (0, 1).
1
(c) Enlarge shape A by a scale factor of 2  __ about (22, 21). Label the image B.
2
(d) Enlarge shape B by a scale factor of 23 about (24, 21). Label the image C.
2
(e) Enlarge shape C by a scale factor of __   about (24, 21). Label the image D.
3
(f ) Write down the translation vector which will return shape D to shape A.
289
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E Combinations of transformations
E9.2
Draw triangle A with vertices at (21, 22), (22, 22) and (22, 0).
(b) Rotate triangle A 90° clockwise about (0, 21). Label the image B.
(c) Rotate triangle B 180° about (1, 1). Label the image C.
(d) Reflect triangle C in the x-axis. Label the image D.
(e) Reflect triangle D in the line y 5 22. Label the image E.
( )
(f ) Translate triangle E through 25
  
1  . Label the image F.
(g) Describe fully the rotation which transforms triangle F onto triangle A.
2 Copy the grid and shape opposite. y
(a) Rotate shape A 90° 8

clockwise about (2, 3). 7
Label the image B. 6
A
(b) Rotate shape B 90° 5
anticlockwise about (6, 4). 4
Label the image C.
3
(c) Describe fully the translation
2
which maps shape C onto
shape A. 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
(b) Draw a shape A with vertices at (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 3), (5, 3) and (5, 2).
(c) Rotate shape A 180° about (3, 1). Label the image B.
(d) Enlarge shape B by scale factor 3 about (1, 1). Label the image C.
(e) Reflect shape B in the y-axis. Label the image D.
(f ) Reflect shape D in the line y 5 1. Label the image E.
(g) Describe fully the transformation which maps shape E onto shape A.
290
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(c) Reflect triangle A in the line y 5 x. Label the image B.
(d) Reflect triangle B in the line x 5 2. Label the image C.
(e) Rotate triangle C 90° anticlockwise about (4, 0). Label the image D.
(f ) Describe the single transformation that would map triangle A onto
triangle D.
5 (a) Draw x and y-axes from 28 to 8.

(b) Draw a rectangle A with vertices
at (2, 2), (6, 2), (6, 4) and (2, 4). Mixed
(c) Draw a rectangle B with vertices
at (24, 4), (24, 0), (22, 0) 1 If g(x) 5 x3 2 x, find the value of
and (22, 4). (a) g(4) (b) g(21)
(d) Describe fully the transformation
which maps A onto B. 2 If h(x) 5 7(x 2 3) find the value
of x when h(x) 5 21.
(e) Reflect rectangle A in the line
y 5 2x. Label the image C. 3 If g(x) 5 x2 2 5x 1 6, find the
(f ) Draw a rectangle D with vertices values of x when g(x) 5 0.
at (8, 24), (0, 24), (0, 28) and
4 If f(x) 5 x2 2 8x, find the value
(8, 28).
of z when f(z) 5 2z.
(g) Describe fully the transformation
which maps A onto D (the vertex 5 Find f 21(x) if f(x) 5 1 2 4x
(2, 2) in rectangle A is now at
(8, 24) in rectangle D).

(b) Draw a triangle P with vertices at (5, 3), (7, 4) and (6, 6).
(c) Enlarge triangle P by a scale factor of 21 about (3, 5). Label the image Q.
(d) Enlarge triangle P by a scale factor of 22 about (4, 3). Label the image R.
(e) Describe fully the transformation which maps triangle R onto triangle Q.
(f ) Rotate triangle P 90° clockwise about (2, 0). Label the image S.
(g) Draw a triangle T with vertices at (22, 26), (21, 28) and (1, 27).
(h) Describe fully the rotation which maps triangle P onto triangle T.
(i) Describe fully the transformation which maps triangle T onto triangle S.
291
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M Congruent triangles
Key Facts
Two shapes are congruent if they are exactly the same size and shape.
There are four ways of proving that two triangles are congruent:
1. SSS (side, side, side)
All 3 sides are equal.
2. SAS (side, angle, side)

Two sides and the angle between them are equal.
3. AAS (angle, angle, side)

Two angles and a corresponding side are equal.
4. RHS (right angle, hypotenuse, side)

Each triangle has a right angle.
The hypotenuse and one other side are equal.
Example
B D AB is parallel to ED. C is the midpoint of BE.
Prove that AC 5 CD.
A E
292
09-Ch_09_pp274-305.indd 292 10/6/15 14:46:36

^ ^
AB C 5 CED (alternate angles)
^ ^
BC A 5 ECD (vertically opposite angles)
BC 5 CE (C is midpoint of BE)
3 conditions AAS proof requires reasons

proves congruence to be given
ABC
So ’s          
 DEC are congruent (AAS)
write the triangles underneath each

other so that each angle corresponds
to its equal angle in the other triangle
So AC 5 CD because the triangles are congruent (we can see that the letters A
and C correspond to the letters D and C in the ‘congruent triangles’ statement
above).
M9.7
In questions 1 to 4 , state whether the pair of triangles are congruent.
Give the reason (e.g. SAS) if they are congruent.
1 2 3·5 cm
7 cm 4 cm
8 cm 80°
4 cm
9 cm 3·5 cm 80° 9 cm
8 cm 7 cm
3 4
45° 45°
85°
85° 5 cm 112° 112°
50° 50°
27°
5 cm 27°
293
09-Ch_09_pp274-305.indd 293 10/6/15 14:46:38

5 B ABC is an isosceles triangle.
(a) Prove that ABD is congruent to CBD.
^ ^
(b) Explain why AB D 5 CB D (this proves that the
^
perpendicular bisector BD cuts AB C in half ).
A D C
6 Draw a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB 5 AD and BC 5 CD (i.e. a kite).

Draw the line AC and state which two triangles are congruent. Hence prove
that the angle at B is equal to the angle at D.
7 D E C ABCD is a square. E is the midpoint of CD and F

is the midpoint of AD. Prove that triangles ADE
and BAF are congruent.
F
G
A B
8 ABCD is a rectangle. A 6 cm B
(a) Prove that triangles ABX 4 cm
and DCX are congruent. X
4 cm 4 cm
(b) Hence prove that DXA is
an isosceles triangle. 4 cm
D 6 cm C
9 Draw a quadrilateral ABCD (not a rectangle) such that AB is parallel to

CD and AD is parallel to CB. Draw the line AC. Use congruent triangles to
prove that opposite sides of this shape are equal.
10 PT and QT are tangents to the circle with centre O.

^ ^
O (a) Find OQ T and OP T.
P Q (b) Explain why OP is equal to OQ.
(c) Hence state, with reasons, a triangle which is
congruent to triangle PTO.
294
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11 Q Prove that s OQR and OPS are congruent.
R
O
12 In the diagram below ABCD is a rhombus, E is the midpoint of DC and F is

the midpoint of AD. Show that triangles AFB and ECB are congruent.
D E C
A B
13 Q O is the centre of the circle.

State, with reasons, which triangle
R is congruent to PRS.
O
P x
x
S
14 O is the centre of the circle. Use congruent

triangles to prove that the perpendicular line
D (DB) to the chord (AC) bisects the chord AC.
O A
15 PRSU is a rectangle. P Q R
Triangle PTU is isosceles.
Triangle QRS is isosceles.
Prove that triangles PQS and
PTS are congruent.
U T S
295
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16 P, Q and R are three points on P
the circumference of a circle.
MP and MR are tangents to the circle
from the point M. M Q
Angle QPR 5 angle PRQ.

Prove that triangles MPQ and MRQ
are congruent. R
17 In the diagram, PK 5 QK, PF 5 QG P F G Q

and the lines PQ and SR are parallel. x
The angle PQS is x.
E H
(a) Find, with reasons, the following K
angles:
^
(i) QPR
^
(ii) QSR S R
^
(iii) PRS
(b) Explain why SK 5 RK.
(c) Hence show that PR 5 QS.
(d) State, with reasons, which triangle is congruent to QSF.
18 Two identical circles touch

as shown opposite.
P and R are the centres of
Q
R the two circles.
PQ is a tangent to the
circle with centre R.
Triangle ABP is
equilateral.
C
P Prove that triangles ABC
B and PQR are congruent.
296
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uSE YOuR MATHS! – Student finance
If you choose to go to University/College, it will cost you money. Your main costs will be:
• tuition fees (the cost of your course)
• accommodation (where you live)
• living expenses (e.g. food, bills, books and going out)
How do I manage?
The main types of financial help available are:
• A student loan for tuition fees (up to £9000
in 2014–15)
• A maintenance grant – depends on parents’
household income (worth up to £3387 a
year in 2014–15)
• A student loan (up to £5555 a year in
2014–15 if you live away from home and
£7751 in London)
• A bursary from your University or College
This table shows how Household income Maintenance grant

much maintenance grant Up to 25 000 £3387
you could receive in £30 000 £2441
2014–15.
£35 000 £1494
You do not have to pay £40 000 £547
back any maintenance £42 620 £50
grant you get. Over £42 620 No grant
Task A
Research loans and grants at www.gov/uk/student-finance/loans-and-grants
Choose the student finance calculator.
Make up responses to the questions then try different household incomes,
e.g. £28 000, £40 000. This will give you estimates on loans and grants that
you might receive.
Discuss other issues with your teacher.
297
09-Ch_09_pp274-305.indd 297 10/6/15 14:46:43

Repaying student loans
When you have finished your course, you must start repaying the loan if you get a
job earning over £21 000.
You will repay with 9% of your earnings over £21 000 but can repay more if you want
to. The first repayment will be due at the end of April after you leave your course.
Example: if you earn £25 000 a year, you will pay 9% of £4000 (£25 000 2
£21 000). This would be around £6·92 each week.
The dreaded interest!
In 2014–15, the amount you owe on your student loan increases as shown below:
Your income per year Interest rate on your loan
While you are studying Rate of inflation plus 3%
£21 000 or less Rate of inflation
£21 000–£41 000 Varies between the rate of inflation and the rate of
inflation plus 3% depending on your income
£41 000 or more Rate of inflation plus 3%
Task B
1 David finishes his course with a student loan
of £37 350 and starts a job in September,
earning £25 470 per year. Exactly one year
later he gets a 4% pay rise.
(a) How much of his student loan does David
repay in the first year that he works?
(b) How much of his student loan does he repay
in the second year that he works?
(c) If 6% interest is added to his student loan at the end of April each
year, how much will David owe after he has worked for exactly
two years?
2 Sunita plans to do a History of Art course at Bristol University which
will last for 3 years. The course fee will be £9000 in the first year.
The course fees increase by 2% in each of the following years.
Sunita gets no grant and a student loan of £3575 each year.
(a) How much will Sunita owe at the end of her course?
(b) She does not get a job until two years after she finishes her course.
How much does she now owe for her student loan if 6% interest is
added to her loan at the end of each year?
3 RESEARCH: Choose a University/College town or city. Find out the likely
cost of accommodation. Estimate other weekly living costs. Assuming the
course lasts for 34 weeks each year, how much do you think you would
need for your accommodation and living expenses for one year?
298
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1. Using reflection symmetry and rotational symmetry

For each shape below, write down: (i) how many lines of symmetry it has and
(ii) the order of rotational symmetry.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2. Identifying planes of symmetry

(a) How many planes of symmetry does this
3D-shape have?
(b) This 3D-shape has two planes of symmetry.

Make two copies of the shape and
show each plane of symmetry clearly.
3. Translating shapes
y Copy the grid opposite and
5 draw shape A as shown.
4
(a) Translate shape A through
( )
3
A  232  .
  
2
1
Label the image (new shape) B.
�5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x ()
(b) Translate shape B through 32  .
�1
Label the image C.
�2
�3 (c) Describe fully the translation
�4 which moves shape C onto
shape A.
�5
299
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4. Reflecting shapes in mirror lines
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
�7 �6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
�1
�2
A
�3
�4
�5
�6
�7
Copy the grid and shape above.

(a) Reflect shape A in the line y 5 24. Label the image B.
(b) Reflect shape B in the y-axis. Label the image C.
(c) Reflect shape C in the line x 5 21. Label the image D.
(d) Translate shape D through    ( )
 223  . Label the image E.
(e) Reflect shape E in the line y 5 x. Label the image F.
(f ) How large is the area of overlap between shape F and shape A
(give your answer in square units)?
5. Rotating shapes
(a) y Copy the grid and shape A
4 opposite.
3 (i) Rotate shape A 90°
2 anticlockwise about (0, 0).
1
Label the image B.
(ii) Rotate shape A 180° about
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
�1
(21, 22). Label the image C.
�2
A
�3
�4
300
09-Ch_09_pp274-305.indd 300 10/6/15 14:46:47

(b) Describe fully the rotation which y
transforms: 3
(i) shape A onto B 2

A
(ii) shape A onto C 1
�3 �2B�1 0 1 2 3 x
�1
C
�2
�3
6. Enlarging shapes
(a) y Describe fully the enlargement
8 which transforms shape A
7
onto shape B.
(Draw the grid and 2
6
A shapes if you need to)
5
4
3
B
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
(b) y Copy the grid and shape A.

3
Enlarge shape A by scale factor
2 1
 __ about (21, 23). Label the
1
2
image B.
�2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
�1
A
�2
�3
301
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7. Enlarging with negative scale factors
y Copy this grid and shape P.

7
P Enlarge shape P by a
6
scale factor of 22 about
5 (21, 4). Label the image Q.
4
3
2
1
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
�1
�2
�3
8. Proving that triangles are congruent

(a) B ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB 5 BC. X and Y
lie on AB and BC respectively so that AX 5 CY.
x
X Y Label the angle ABC as x.
(a) Show, with reasons, which triangle is
congruent to ABY.
A C
(b) Hence prove that CX 5 AY.
(b) S O is the centre of the circle. RS 5 PS.

R
P State, with reasons, which triangle is

congruent to QSP.
O
9. Examining combinations of transformations

(a) Draw an x-axis from 28 to 8 and a y-axis from 28 to 10.
(b) Draw a triangle P with vertices at (0, 21), (2, 21) and (1, 2).
( )
 224  . Label the image Q.
(c) Translate triangle P through   
(d) Enlarge triangle P by scale factor 2 about (21, 22). Label the image R.
(e) Reflect triangle R in the line y 5 x 1 3. Label the image S.
302
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(f ) Rotate triangle S 90° clockwise about (22, 21). Label the image T.
(g) Translate triangle T through 22
   ( )
22  . Label the image U.
(h) Describe the single transformation which maps triangle R directly
onto triangle U.

1 y
6
5
4
3
2
P 1
Q
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
�1
�2
�3
�4
�5
�6
Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle P onto triangle Q.
(EDEXCEL)
y
2 Triangle P is drawn on a
6
co-ordinate grid.
5
The triangle P is reflected
4
P in the line x 5 21 and
3
then reflected in the line
2
y 5 1 to give triangle Q.
1
Describe fully the single
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x transformation which maps
�1
triangle P onto triangle Q.
�2
�3
�4
�5
�6
(EDEXCEL)
303
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3 (a) Copy the diagram then rotate triangle T, 90° clockwise, about the origin.
y
5
(b) Describe fully the
4
single transformation
3
which takes triangle T
2
R onto triangle R.
1
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
�1
T
�2
�3
(CEA)
y
4 (a) Describe fully the
6
single transformation
5
that maps shape A to
4
A shape B.
3
2 (b) Copy and draw the
B
1 reflection of shape B
in the line y 5 21.
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
�1
�2
(AQA)
5 y Enlarge the shaded shape

6 1
by scale factor 2  __ with
5 2
4 centre (21, 22).
3
2
1
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
�1
�2
�3
�4
�5
�6
(EDEXCEL)
304
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6 The perpendicular from a vertex to the opposite side of a triangle bisects this
side. Prove, by using congruent triangles, that the triangle must be isosceles.
7 Triangles A and C are drawn on the grid below.

y
6
5
4
3
2
A
1
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
�1
�2
C
�3
�4
�5
�6
(a) Triangle B is the image of triangle A after

• a reflection in the x-axis, followed by
( ) 212  .
• a translation of   
Copy the grid then draw and label triangle B on the grid.
(b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle A onto
triangle C. (OCR)
8 In the diagram, AT and BT are tangents to the circle, centre O.

Angle ATO 5 38°.
A
38°
T O
(a) Calculate angle AOT.

(b) Use congruent triangles to prove that tangents AT and BT are of
equal length. (OCR)
305
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GEOMETRY 3
10
– use units of measure
– calculate with speed, density, pressure and other compound measures
– use Pythagoras’ theorem
– use trigonometry in right-angled triangles
– deal with vectors

– use vectors in geometry
– – sand for the park
M Units of measure
Key Facts
length mass volume
10 mm 5 1 cm 1000 g 5 1 kg 1000 ml 5 1 litre
100 cm 5 1 m 1000 kg 5 1 tonne 1 ml 5 1 cm3
1000 m 5 1 km 1 m3 5 1000 litres
M10.1
1 Copy each sentence below and choose the most sensible estimate.
(a) A baby weighs (400 g/4 kg).
(b) A bottle of wine contains (7 ml/0·7 litres).
(c) The height of the door is (100 cm/2 m).
(d) A can of lemonade contains (330 ml/33 litres).
306
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0 2
3
One tin of baked beans weighs 270 g. How many kilograms do 9 tins weigh?
How many 400 ml plastic beakers can be filled from an 88 litre barrel of
beer?
4 Al has a 5·4 m piece of wood. He cuts it into small lengths of 45 cm.

How many small pieces of wood will he have?
5 A new stretch of road is 7 km long. Cat’s eyes are placed along the whole
road with a gap of 2·4 m between each cat’s eye. The first cat’s eye is placed
2·4 m from the start of the road. How many cat’s eyes are used in total if one
cat’s eye is 10 cm long?
6 A baby weighs 4·5 kg. Over the next

few weeks she puts on 3200 g in weight.
Her parents buy a travel cot. The cot and
blankets weigh 7·15 kg. By how much does
the weight of the baby, cot and blankets
exceed 12 kg?
7 A builders’ merchant has 2·3 tonnes of gravel. 238 kg of the gravel is used
on one job. Another job uses 1·008 tonnes and a final job uses 407 kg.
How many kilograms of gravel are left?
8 Many people still ‘think’ using the old imperial units.

For example, ‘Wendy weighs 10 stone’.
Copy each sentence below and choose the
most sensible estimate.
(a) A bag of sugar weighs
(2 pounds/2 ounces).
(b) A teapot contains (2 pints/5 gallons).
(c) A baby weighs (7 stone/7 pounds).
(d) The length of a cricket pitch is
(22 inches/22 yards).
If John drinks 2 pints of beer, he will have drunk _ 4 gallon of beer.
1
9
During her lifetime Jackie gives 54 pints of blood. How many gallons is
this?
307
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Key Facts
Converting between metric and imperial units
length mass capacity
1 inch  2·5 cm 1 ounce  30 g 1 litre  1·8 pints
1 foot  30 cm 1 kg  2·2 pounds 1 gallon  4·5 litres
1 yard  90 cm
1 mile  1·6 km
Examples
(a) 3 gallons into litres 3 4·5 13·5 litres
(b) 33 pounds into kg 4 2·2 15 kg
M10.2
1 On a journey, Tom’s car used 6 gallons of petrol and Sarah’s car used 26 litres of
petrol. Which car used more petrol?
2 On a hiking holiday, Maggie walked 32 miles and Ed walked 53 km.
Who walked further?
(a) 10 ounces  g
(b) 32 km  miles Mixed
(c) 66 pounds  kg 1 Find the equation of the line with a
(d) 7 yards  cm gradient of 4 which passes through (1, 7).
(e) 6 feet  cm
2 Write down the gradient and y-intercept
of each of the following lines:
(f ) 60 kg  pounds (a) y 5 3 2 2x (b) 3y 2 7x 5 6
(g) 14 miles  km 3 Evaluate:
( 27 ) ( 100 )
_1 _3
(h) 150 g  8 2  3 9  2
ounces (a) 4 23
(b) ___
     (c) ____
     
(i) 72 litres  gallons
4 Angelina invests £3500 for 4 years at
4·5% per annum simple interest. Tai
4 Jamie needs 6 ounces of bacon
invests £4500 for 4 years at 3·5% per
to put in a stew. He buys
annum compound interest. Who earns the
170 g of bacon. Will he have
most interest and by how much?
enough?
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5 Sandra fills up her car with 8 gallons of petrol.
How much will it cost if petrol costs
£1·43 per litre?
6 The distance from Leeds to York is about 24 miles.
How many km is this?
7 An exercise machine is only strong enough to take weights up to 16 stone.
Arnie weighs 100 kg. Should he use the exercise machine?
(1 stone 5 14 pounds)
8 Which weighs more, A or B?
A B
1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 5 0 1
kg pounds
9 Which weighs more, C or D?

C D
25 50 75 100 125 1 2 3 4 5
0 0
grams ounces
10 Which is larger, a yard or a metre?

11 On a building site, 50 kg of soil is moved every minute. How many tonnes of
soil will be moved in 1 hour?
M Speed
Key Facts
Distance Three important formulas can be remembered using a triangle
Speed 5 ________
    as shown below:
Time
D
To find S: cover S and you have  __ 
T
D D
To find T: cover T and you have  __ 
S
S T
To find D: cover D and you have S 3 T
309
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(a) A car travels 100 miles in 2 hours 30 minutes. Find the speed in m.p.h.
Time must be in hours only: 2 hours 30 minutes 5 2·5 hours.
D 100
S 5 __
   5 ____
   5 40 m.p.h.
D T 2·5
S T
(b) Hazel runs at a steady speed of 8 m/s.

(i) How far does she travel in 4·3 s? (ii) What is her speed in km/h?
(i) D 5 S 3 T (ii) Speed 5 8 m/s 5 8 3 60 3 60 metres per hour
8 3 60 3 60
D 5 8 3 4·3 5 ___________
    km/h
1000
S T 5 34·4 m 5 28·8 km/h
M10.3
1 A plane flies 480 km at 320 km/h. How long does the journey take?
2 A hiker walks 28·5 miles at 3 mph. How long does the hiker walk for?
3 Find the speed in mph for each of the following:
Distance Time Speed (mph)
30 miles 30 minutes
9 miles 15 minutes
15 miles 20 minutes
6 miles 5 minutes
30 miles 45 minutes
4 Terry cycles at 16 mph for 30 minutes then slows down to 12 mph for 15
minutes. How far does he travel in total?
5 John walks at 6 km/h for 1 hour 30 minutes then
4 km/h for 2 hours 15 minutes. How far does he
walk in total?
6 Sima drives 50 miles from Leeds to Manchester
at an average speed of 40 mph. If she left Leeds at
10:20, when did she arrive at Manchester?
7 The speed of light is 300 000 000 m/s. How long will
it take light to travel 6 000 000 km?
8 Convert the following speeds into km/h:
(a) 3 m/s (b) 20 m/s (c) 35 km/min (d) 78 cm/s
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9 Convert the following speeds into m/s:
(a) 18 km/h (b) 115·2 km/h (c) 61 200 m/h (d) 0·408 km/min
10 Two cyclists, Nerys and Ben, complete a race. Nerys has an average speed of
14·5 km/h and Ben has an average speed of 4 m/s. Who wins the race?
11 A car travels 80 km at an average speed of 50 km/h then travels 64 km at an
average speed of 80 km/h. Find the average speed for the whole journey.
12 A plane travels 920 km at an average speed of 800 km/h. It then increases its
speed by 50% and travels another 1020 km. Find the average speed for the
whole journey.
13 In a marathon race, Candice is 40 m behind Jess. Candice is running at
0·7 m/s but Jess is only running at 0.5 m/s. How long will it take Candice to
catch up Jess?
14 30 km B Brooke travels from A to B at a steady speed
A
of 45 km/h, from B to C at 60 km/h, from C
to D at 36 km/h and from D to A at 60 km/h.
20 km 50 km Find Brooke’s average speed for the whole
journey.
D
40 km C
15 The graph opposite y

shows the journeys of 120
2 cars from Manchester. A B
(a) How far from 100
Distance from Manchester (Km)
Manchester is
car B at 10:30?
80
(b) At what time is
car B 30 km from
Manchester? 60
(c) Find the speed of
car B in km/h
40
between 09:00
and 09:15.
(d) Find the speed of 20
car A in km/h
between 09:45 and
0
10:45. 0800 0900 1000 1100 x
Time (hours)
(e) Find the average
speed of car B in m/s for the entire journey.
(f ) Both cars travelled 108 km. Which car was the faster overall?
(g) Describe the journey of both cars.
311
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M Density, pressure and other compound measures
Key Facts
If the density of a substance is 30 g/cm3, it means that 1 cm3 of the substance has a mass
of 30 g.
We can use a triangle again to remember the formulas.
Mass
Density 5 _______
   
Volume
To find M: cover M and you have D 3 V
M M
To find D: cover D and you have  __ 
V
D V M
To find V: cover V and you have  __ 
D
Pressure is the force on an object that is spread over a surface area.
Force The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa). 1 Pa 5 1 N/m2.

Pressure 5 _____
   
Area
To find F: cover F and you have P 3 A
F F
To find P: cover P and you have  __ 
A
P A F
To find A: cover A and you have __    
P
(a) The density of copper is 8·9 g/cm3. The mass of a copper bar is 106·8 g. Find the
volume of the copper bar.
M 106·8
V 5 __
   5 _____
   5 12 cm3
M D 8·9
D V
(b) The pressure over an area of 28 m2 is 3·8 Pa.

Work out the force.
F 5 P 3 A 5 3·8 3 28 5 106·4 N
F
Force is measured in Newtons (N).
P A
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M10.4
Note: There is a difference between ‘mass’ and ‘weight’ but in this book you may
assume they have the same meaning.
1 Copy and complete the table below:
Density (g/cm3) Mass (g) Volume (cm3)
10 150
60 0·5
36 9
16 320
0·1 19
2 The density of brass is 8·2 g/cm3. The volume of a brass ring is 20 cm3.
Find the mass of the brass ring.
3 A gold bar has a volume of 80 cm3 and a mass of 1544 g. Find the density of
the gold.
4 A pile of money has a base area of 144 cm2.
The money weighs 1·296 Newtons
(i.e. force 5 1·296 Newtons) and is placed
on a table.
What pressure does the pile of money
exert on the table?
5 A piece of cotton has a volume of 250 cm3 and a mass of 385 g.

Find the density of the cotton.
6 A liquid weighs 500 g and has a density of 2·5 g/cm3.
Find the volume of the liquid.
7 A force of 101·5 Newtons is applied across an area of 3·5 m2.
Find the pressure.
8 Find the volume of some lead weighing 3 kg. The density of lead is
11·4 g/cm3. Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
9 A cup and saucer of weight 8 N exert a pressure
of 0·11 N/cm2 on the circular area of contact
with a table. Calculate the diameter of this
circular underside part of the saucer.
313
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10 The density of zinc is 7·14 g/cm2 and the density of copper is 8·96 g/cm2.
1·428 kg of zinc is mixed with 2·688 kg of copper to make a brass alloy.
Calculate the density of this brass alloy.
11 A box exerts a pressure of 1·5 N/cm2

on its area of contact with the floor.
Its area of contact is a rectangle
12 cm by 8 cm. Mixed algebra
Find the force creating this
pressure. 1 Use iteration to solve
x2(x 2 1) 5 85. Give the
answer to 2 decimal places.
12 A curtain material costs £38 per metre.
How much will 4·5 m cost? 2 Make x the subject
__ of the
formula p 2 √  ax 5 m
13 40 m2 of carpet costs £878. What is 3 Find the gradient of the line
the cost per m2 of the carpet? joining (2, 1) to (5, 13)
4 Factorise x2 2 16
14 The population of a country is 35 million
and the area of the country is 160 000 km2. 5 Factorise x2 2 5x 2 14
What is the population density of the 6 Factorise x2 2 7x 1 12
country (number of people per km2)?
15 A force of 32 Newtons provides a pressure of 800 Pa across a square area.

Find the perimeter of the square.
M Pythagoras’ theorem
Key Facts
a c The ‘hypotenuse’ is the longest side
a2 1 b2 5 c2
in a right-angled triangle (i.e. side c).
b
In a right-angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal
to the sum of the squares on the other two sides.
314
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(a) Find the length x. (b) Find the length y.
hypotenuse y
x 4 9
5
hypotenuse
8
x2 5 52 1 82 y2 1 42 5 92
x2 5 25 1 64 y2 1 16 5 81
x2 5 89 y2 5 81 2 16
___
x5√
  89  y2 5 65
___
x 5 9·43 (to 2 decimal places) y5√
  65 
y 5 8·06 (to 2 decimal places)
To find the hypotenuse, square the known sides, add then square root.
To find one of the shorter sides, square the known sides, subtract then square root.
M10.5
You will need a calculator. Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places where
necessary. The units are in cm.
1 Find the length x.
(a) (b) 10 (c) 6·4
26 x
x 7
8·7 x
10
(d) (e) (f )

71
58
14·3 9 13 x
x
x
7·5
315
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2 Find the length AB. 3 Find the length PQ.
B P Q
9·6 m 3·6 cm
15 cm
A C R
8m
4 Find the length MN.

M
61 m Mixed algebra
Make x the subject of each formula given
below:
N 48 m L mx 1 c
2  _______
1 y 5 ax 1 c y 5 z
_______
5 Find the length YZ. 3 x2 1 m 5 p 4  √(ax 2 b) 5 w
X
5 Solve 6x2 1 x 2 1 5 0
10·2 cm 6
7·1 cm (3, 13)
Z Y
(22, 3)
y Find the equation of this straight line.

6
6
P
5
4 Calculate the length PQ.
3
2
Q
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
7 Calculate the length of the line joining (2, 1) to (8, 9).
8 Calculate the length of the line joining (23, 2) to (3, 24).
316
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(a) A ladder of length 6 m reaches 4·8 m up a vertical wall.
How far is the foot of the ladder from the wall?
x is one of the shorter sides in a right-angled triangle.
Use Pythagoras’ theorem
x2 1 4·82 5 62
x2 1 23·04 5 36
6m
x2 5 12·96 4·8 m
_____
x5√   12·96  x
x 5 3·6 m
(b) Find the ‘exact’ length of the hypotenuse below.

__
42 1 ( √2 )2 5 x2
16 1 2 5 x2
x2 5 18 x 2 cm
___
x5√   18  cm
This can be simplified further. 4 cm
__ __
x5√   9 √
  2 
__
x 5 3 √2  cm
M10.6
You may use a calculator. Give your answers to 2 decimal places.
1 Which rectangle has the longer diagonal and by how much?
6m 7m
A B
3m 2m
2 A ladder of length 7 m reaches 5 m up a vertical wall.

How far is the foot of the ladder from the wall?
3 A rope attached to a flagpole is 12 m long.

The rope is fixed to the ground 6 m from the foot
12 m of the flagpole.
How tall is the flagpole?
6m
317
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4 Redford is 9 km due north of Hagshed. Peltsham is 7 km due west of
Hagshed. How far is Redford from Peltsham?
5 A rectangular TV screen is 21 inches long and 11 inches wide.

What is the length of the diagonal of the TV screen?
6 Find the ‘exact’ value of x for each triangle below.

(a) (b) (c)
x x 14 cm
1 cm 2 cm 30 cm
6 cm
1 cm x
7 Kat and Holly are sisters. They are Pizza 3·5 km Meg’s house
meeting friends at Pizza Pan. Kat Pan
drives directly to Pizza Pan.
Holly has to pick up Meg on the 6·2 km
way to Pizza Pan. How much further
does Holly drive than Kat?
Home
8 A clothes line is attached to 2 vertical walls

as shown. How long is the clothes line?
2m
1·5 m
5m
14 cm Find the ‘exact’ area

of this triangle.
10 cm
10 PQRS is a parallelogram. P is (4, 1), Q is (2, 22) and R is (6, 22).

(a) Draw the parallelogram using appropriate axes.
(b) Write down the co-ordinates of S.
(c) Write down the co-ordinates of the midpoint of diagonal QS.
(d) Calculate the length of the diagonal QS.
318
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11 ABCD is a rhombus. A is (24, 2), B is (1, 2) and C is (4, 22).
(a) Draw the rhombus using appropriate axes.
(b) Write down the co-ordinates of D.
(c) Write down the co-ordinates of the midpoint of diagonal BD.
(d) Calculate the length of the diagonal AC.
12 An isosceles triangle

has a line of symmetry
10 cm 10 cm which divides the 10 cm 10 cm
triangle into two h
right-angled triangles
8 cm as shown.
4 cm 4 cm
Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the height h of the triangle.
13 Find the height of each isosceles triangle below.

(a) (b) (c)
7 cm 7 cm 12 cm 12 cm 15 cm 15 cm
h h
3 cm 3 cm 10 cm 16 cm
14 y
7
6
Explain fully __why
PQ equals 4 √2 units.
5 P
4
3
2
1 Q
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
15 Calculate the area of an equilateral triangle of side 16 cm.
319
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16 Find the length x. The units are in cm.
(a) (b) (c) 3
6 3
13 12
10
5 3
x
9
10 x
x
17 The lengths of PR and QR are correct to the Q

nearest mm.
Find the lower bound for the length of PQ,
9·7 cm
correct to the nearest mm.
P 18·2 cm R
18
(x 1 3) cm
9 cm
x cm
M Trigonometry
Key Facts
Trigonometry is used to find angles and sides in triangles. All work in this section refers to
right-angled triangles.
Naming the sides
The longest side is the ‘hypotenuse’.
opposite
The side opposite an angle being
opposite
adjacent
hypotenuse used (u) is the ‘opposite’.
The other side (touching both
θ θ hypotenuse
u and the right angle) is the
adjacent ‘adjacent’.
320
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M10.7
In each triangle below, note the angle given and state whether side x is the
opposite, adjacent or hypotenuse.
1 x 2 3 x 4 x
38° 61°
x 49° 27°
5 6 84° 7 8 x
46° x 62°
x x 26°
Ratios of sides
The ratio of the opposite and adjacent sides for an angle u is known as the
‘tangent’ of angle u. We say that:
opp hyp
tan u 5 ____
    opp
adj θ
adj
There are two more important ratios:
opp adj
sin u 5 ____
    cos u 5 ____
   
hyp hyp
(sin u means the ‘sine’ (cos u means the ‘cosine’
of angle u) of angle u)
You must learn these three formulas. Some people memorise the word
S OH CAH TOA
or
O A O
S H C H T A
Some people learn a sentence:

e.g. Some Officers Have Coaches And Horses To Order About
Make up your own?
tan 45° is simply a number, i.e. 1. For example, sin 30° 5 0·5. The values of
sines, cosines and tangents are stored on calculators. Check you can find them on
your calculator.
Warning! Most calculators have 3 trigonometry modes:
‘Deg’, ‘Rad’ and ‘Gra’. Make sure you work in ‘Deg’ mode.
321
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Key Facts
Finding a side in a right-angled triangle.
1. Draw a diagram.
2. Label the sides opp, hyp, adj, according to the angle being used.
3. Decide whether to use the formula for sin, cos or tan.
4. Write down the formula from O A O
S H , C H or T A
then cover up the quantity you wish to find and substitute the numbers (alternatively
write down the formula, substitute the numbers then rearrange the formula).
5. Use a calculator to evaluate the answer.
(a) Find x (b) Find y

24 cm 6·2 cm
17°
x
38° y
hyp
24 cm opp
6·2 cm
17°
x
adj
38° y hyp
A O
C H S H
Opp
Adj 5 cos u 3 Hyp Hyp 5 _____
 
sin u
x 5 cos 17° 3 24 6·2
y 5 ______
   
sin 38°
x 5 23·0 cm (3 s.f.)
y 5 10·1 cm (3 s.f.)
M10.8
For each triangle below, find the sides marked with letters, correct to 3 s.f.
a b d
1 2 3 4
18° 38°
24
25° 14
12 7·2
51°
c
322
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 322 10/6/15 14:47:56

5 28° 6 7 8
e 33°
13·6 f 37
g h
47° 78°
21 6·4
9
m
68°
3·7
Mixed
10 7·8 1 If m 5 4 3 106 and n 5 6 3 1027 correct to
1 significant figure, find the upper and lower
m
bounds for __
 n .
n
2 Make y the subject of the formula
9° q(3x 1 y) 5 ky 1 4h
Work out 3 _3 4 _ 3

2 2
3
11 q
62·4° 4 Find the actual
length of a diagonal
5(x 2 1)
8·1
of the square shown
opposite. All lengths
3x 1 1 are in cm.
12 38° 31° 13

r 9
18 s 53° t
u 62°
14 15
20
18°
14°
24
25° 17°
v
323
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 323 10/6/15 14:48:02

Key Facts
Finding an angle in a right-angled triangle
Follow the same method as for finding a side until you have sin u, cos u or tan u equal to a
number.
For example,
3
O Opp 3
opp T A tan u 5 ____
    so tan u 5 __
   
θ Adj 7
7 adj
3
Since tan u 5 __
   , we need to go backwards on the calculator to find out what angle gives a
7
3
tangent equal to __    .
7
We do this by pressing the ‘inverse’ button INV before the tan button.
INV tan ( 3 4 7 ) 5 23·2° (to 1 decimal place).
On some calculators the ‘inverse’ button is SHIFT or 2ndF .
M10.9
For each triangle below, find the angles marked, correct to one decimal place.
1 2 3 3 4
19 c
13
6 b 14 8
28
a d
11
5 e 6 14 7 8
6·2 3·8
25 18 6 16
f
h
g
9·1
324
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 324 10/6/15 14:48:06

9 B (i) Find BD
^
(ii) Find BCD
17 cm 19 cm
52°
A D C
10 Q 8·2 cm R (i) Find QS

25° ^
(ii) Find QPS
P 11·6 cm S
11 Triangle PQR has a right-angle at Q.

PQ 5 14 cm and PR 5 21 cm.
Calculate the angle PRQ.
12 Triangle ABC has a right-angle at B. BC 5 4n cm and AC 5 7n cm where
n is an integer.
Work out the value of angle ACB.
13 L NM is twice as long as KN.

^
Find KLM.
16°
19 cm
K N M
14 B Find the value

9 cm of angle ADB.
A
39·6°
C
12 cm
48·2°
325
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 325 10/6/15 14:48:07

Key Facts
You are required to memorise the sine, cosine and tangent values for 30°, 45° and 60°.
The two triangles below will help you to remember them.
30°
2 2 2
1 3
45° 60°1 1
1 2
__ __
1
sin 45° 5 ___
√
√
(
  2 
  __  or ___
    
  2  2 ) 1
sin 30° 5 __
   
2
√
  3 
sin 60° 5 ___
   
2
__ __
1__
cos 45° 5  ___
√
√
(
  2 
  or ___
    
  2  2 ) √
  3 
cos 30° 5 ___
   
2
1
cos 60° 5 __
   
2
__
tan 45° 5 1
1
tan 30° 5 ___
√
  __  or ___
√
  3 
(
  3 
    
3 ) tan 60° 5 √
__
  3 
Knowing these will make you faster at working out trig values.
You will no longer always need a calculator.
Find the exact value of x.

__
x 6 6__ ___ 12 12 √3  __
6 cm O x 5 ______
   5  ___  5   __ 5  _____
 5 4 √3  cm
S H sin 60° ___ √
  3  √   3  3
   
60° 2
M10.10
For each triangle below, find the ‘exact’ value of x. All lengths are in cm.
1 2 3 60° 4
x 45°
4 x
30° 7
x
60° 10
x 4
326
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 326 10/6/15 14:48:10

5 6 7 8
30° 45° 7 2 2 2
x x 4
x
30°
2 x
5
7 14
x Mixed
10 12 1 Solve x2 2 x 5 12
x
2 Express 0·364364364. ... as a fraction.
8 3 3 Two numbers are in the ratio 3:2. If the first
number is (x 1 3) and the second number is x, find
the value of x.
11 Find the ‘exact’ area 4 O is the centre of the circle.
of the triangle below. B C
BC is parallel to AD.
O Find the value of angle
BAC if angle CAD 5 28°.
28°
A D Give reasons for your
answers.
E
30°
2 3 cm 5 A coin is thrown 4 times. Find the probability of
getting at least one tail.
12 (a) Find the ‘exact’ value of sin 30° cos 45° 1 cos 30° sin 45°.
Make the final answer as simple as possible.
(b) Use a calculator to find the inverse sine of your answer to part (a).
What do you notice?
M10.11
Mixed problems involving trigonometry
1 8 cm 2 Find b 3
b
7 cm
a 9 cm
32 cm
34°
Find a 12 cm c
Find c
327
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4 A ladder leans against a vertical wall so that it makes an angle of 31° with
the wall. The base of the ladder is 1·8 m from the wall. How high does the
top of the ladder reach up the wall?
5 1·9 m What angle does a diagonal make

with the horizontal?
0·7 m
6 P (a) Find PR.

(b) Find PS.
28°
5·3 m
R 7·9 m S
7 A ladder leans against a vertical wall so that its base is 1·15 m from the wall
and the top of the ladder is 3·6 m up the wall. What angle does the ladder
make with the vertical wall?
8 A B Work out the ‘exact’

30°
perimeter of triangle BCD.
10 cm
60°
D C
9 Find the value of the lettered angle in each triangle below:

(a) (b) (c) 8·2 cm
12 cm
a c
15 cm 15 cm
b 7 cm
12 cm
11 cm 11 cm
3 cm 3 cm
328
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 328 10/6/15 14:48:17

10 Find PR. 11 Find the length of the diameter AC.
P B
C
21 cm
6 cm
Q O
24°
63°
21 cm
A
R
12
A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle

x
x x of radius 5 cm.
x x (a) Find angle x.
5 cm
x x (b) Find the length of a side of the
x
octagon.
13 A ladder of length 4·5 m rests against a vertical wall so that it makes an angle of
25° with the vertical wall. How far up the vertical wall is the top of the ladder?
14 Find the length x. 15 Find the area of triangle ABC.
B
56°
14°
11 cm 8·5 cm 8·5 cm
52° A C
x
16
P
^
OP is a radius of 12 cm and PO Q 5 68°.
O
Find the length of the chord PQ.
Q
329
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 329 10/6/15 14:48:20

17 Find the length x.
10 cm
26 cm 130°
x
10°
18 ABCD is a rhombus. Find the lengths B

of the diagonals AC and BD. 9 cm
A 42°
C
19 Do not use a calculator in this question.

3
cos ABD 5 __
^
B C    
5
4
sin ABD 5 __
^
   
5
2
tan BCD 5 __
^
15 cm    
3
(a) Work out BD.
A D
(b) Work out BC.
20 15 wine bottles are stacked in a rack.

How high is the stack if each bottle has
a diameter of 8 cm?
height
21
Find x and h.
h
35° 50°
20 m x
330
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 330 10/6/15 14:48:21

22 P 7·8 cm Q The lengths of PQ and RQ are
measured correct to the nearest mm.
Calculate the smallest possible value
13·3 cm of angle PRQ.
23 A The perimeter of triangle ACD

B is 30 cm.
Triangle ABC is isosceles with
AB 5 AC.
x11
x Calculate the value of angle DAB.
2x 2 16
D x27 C
Equations of perpendicular lines
1 Write down the gradient of a line which is perpendicular to the line y 5 5x 1 2.

2 Find the equation of the straight line which passes through (3, 5) and is
perpendicular to the line 2y 1 x 5 5.
3 Find the equation of the line which is y
perpendicular to line PQ and passes 3
through (22, 3). Q
2
1
�3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 x
�1
P
�2
�3
4 A line l1 cuts the y-axis at (0, 3) and passes through (3, 2). Find the equation
of the line l2 which is perpendicular to the line l1 and cuts the y-axis at (0, 22).
331
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 331 10/6/15 14:48:22

M Vectors
A quantity which has both magnitude (size) and direction is called a vector.
A vector quantity may be represented by a line because a line has a length
(magnitude) and a direction.
B The vector begins at A and ends at B. We can write
_ __›
this vector as AB
. The arrow above the AB indicates
a that the vector begins at A and finishes at B.
___›
5a
AB
A
A vector can be identified with a single lower-case letter with a line underneath it.
In books this is shown by using a bold letter (the line is omitted).
If the vector is on a grid, it can be represented by
a column vector.
___
›
()
a 5 23 AB
5 24
   ( )
22
a
A
Common vectors
Force, velocity, acceleration and displacement (e.g. 9 km due south).
Scalar quantities
A quantity which has magnitude (size) only.
Finding the length (magnitude) of a column vector

___ ___
( )
› ›
Find the length of PQ 5 23
if PQ   
3 
Q
Use Pythagoras:
PQ2 5 32 1 32 5 18
___ ___›
PQ 5 √
  18  (length of PQ
)
P
Note: The magnitude of _ __› modulus of the vector.

_ __a› vector is known as the
can be denoted by ∣PQ∣.
The modulus of PQ
332
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 332 10/6/15 14:48:23

M10.12
› ___
1 ()
Write each vector as a column vector, e.g. a 5 13 or AB
5 21
  
2 . ( )
e
c
b d f
a
B
h D F G
g
N
A H
X
C E
R
Q P
M S Y
2 Draw and label each vector below on squared paper.
()
a 5 21 b 5 23
   ( ) ( ) ()
225 d 5 03 e 5 21
1 c 5      
21 ( )
_ __› › ___ _
_› _ __› _ __›
5 24
AB    ( ) 216
5   
2 CD ( ) 5   
EF ( )
243 5 22
GH    ( )
0 5   
MN ( )
254
3 Calculate the length (modulus) of each vector given in question 2 .

Leave your answers in surd form where appropriate.
333
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 333 10/6/15 14:48:23

(a) Minnie is searching for bones. She follows a route described
by these vectors.
 232 )then ( 30 )then ( 15 )then ( 22 )then (   

(     245 )then (   
 212 )then ( 21
24 ).
  
Look at the last page and find how many bones Minnie might have found?
(b) Meg also wants bones. She follows this route:
( )
23
   ( ) ( ) () () ()
24  then 17  then 71  then 32  then   
1  then 27
2  then 22
      ( ) ( )
 223  .
 251  then   
Look at the last page and find how many bones Meg might have found?
Key Facts
Equal vectors
Both vectors shown are equal to 21  . ()

Two vectors are equal if they have the same length and the same
direction (the position on the diagram is not important).
a 2a is a vector equal in length to a but in the opposite direction.
2a
3a is a vector in the same direction as a

but three times the length of a.
22a is a vector in the opposite direction to a
a but twice the length of a.
3a 3a and 22a are parallel to each other
22a
(both parallel to a).
Note
() () ()
If a 5 21  then 3a 5 3 21  5 63 
334
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 334 10/6/15 14:48:25

Adding vectors
___
› › ___
B
()
AB5 24  and BC  233 
5    ( )
Movement from A to B then B to C is the
same result as movement from A to C.
___›
5 51 
We have AC ()
___› ___›
C AB
1 BC 5    
2
() ( ) ()
 233  5 51 
 4   1   
___› ___› ___›
A So AB
1 BC
5 AC

In general, adding 2 vectors shows the result of

moving along one vector followed by the other.
b a 1 b is known as the resultant vector.
a
a�b
To add two vectors which are not already joined together, do the following:
Starting from the end of a,
draw a vector equal and b
b parallel to b (i.e. another b).
a b
a
Complete the triangle to b

show a 1 b. a
Subtracting vectors a�b

a 2 b is the same as a 1 2b.

–b
2b
b
⇨
a draw 2b ⇨
from the a–b
complete
end of a the a
a
triangle
335
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 335 10/6/15 14:48:29

( ) 2
 243  and q 5    
(a) If p 5    ()
 7   , find as a column vector
(i) q 2 p (ii) 5p (iii) 2p 1 q
() ( )
 243 
(i) q 2 p 5 27  2    ( )
 243 
(ii) 5p 5 5    ( ) ()
 243  1 27 
(iii) 2p 1 q 5 2   
5 ( 21
11 )
   5 (    )
15 
 220 5 (   
 286 )1 ( 27 )
5 (   
 218 )
___›
(b) Based on the given vectors a and b, CD

___›
3b
D has been drawn so that CD
5 2a 1 3b
a __›
and EF
has been drawn so that
b 2a __›
�2b 2a � 3b 5 a 2 2b.
EF
F a C
a � 2b E
M10.13
1 ()
If a 5 35  , b 5    ( )
 212  and c 5 24
   ( )
2  , find as a column vector:
(a) 2a (b) 3c (c) a 2 b (d) 2(a 2 b) (e) 2b 1 c
1
(f )  __  c (g) 2b 1 3a (h) a 1 b 2 c (i) a 2 3b 1 2c ( j) b 2 3c 2 2a
2
2 If A, B and C are the points (2, 5), (4, 22) and (21, 1) respectively, then
find the following as column vectors:
___› ___› ___› ___›
(a) AB (b) BC (c) BA (d) AC
___› _
__› ___›
(e) Find an equation connecting AB
, BC
and AC
.
› ___
5 65  .
(f ) Find the co-ordinates of the point D where AD ()
(g) Find the co-ordinates of the point E such that ABDE is a parallelogram.
3 If m 5    ( ) ()
 241  , n 5 34  and r 5 22
   ( )
2  , find as a column vector:
1 1 1
(a) m 1  __  r (b) 4n 2 3r (c)  __  m 1 2 n 2 __
    r
2 2 3
(d) Find the length (modulus) of 4n 2 3r
(e) Find the length (modulus) of m 1 n 2 r
4 a 5    ( )
 254  and b 5 21
  
26  ( )
Find x if 2x 1 a 5 b
336
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 336 10/6/15 14:48:30

5
q z
h m
b
p
n
c
s
f k
w
Name a vector equal to:

(a) p (b) 2m (c) 3w (d) 2k (e) 22h
1 1 1 1 2
(f ) 2  __  b (g) 2  __  m (h) 2  __  f (i) 2q ( j)  __  z (k)  __  f
4 2 3 3 3
6 Use this diagram to express the

vectors below in terms of a and b,
a E F O P Y
b
for example:
___› ___›
D G N Q X LN
5 2a and WK
5 22a 2 2b.
___› __› __› ___›
C H M R W (a) HM (b) PR (c) SP (d) CG
___› ___› ___› ___›
B I L S V (e) BN (f ) BG (g) LW (h) XS
__› ___› ___› ___›
A J K T U (i) JQ ( j) WI (k) PK (l) CX
7 Using the same diagram as question 4 , express the following __›

vectors in terms
___›
of
and a 2 2b 5 LC
the capital letters. Start at L each time, for example, 2b 5 LV .
(a) a 1 2b (b) 3a 1 b (c) 2a 2 2b (d) b 2 a
(e) 2b 2 a (f ) a 2 b (g) 2a 2 2b (h) 3a 2 2b
8 Write down a column vector equal to:

Q ___›
(a) QR
R __›
(b) RT
___› ___›
S (c) PQ1 QR

__› ___›
(d) RS1 SQ

P __› ___›
(e) PS1 SQ

T __› __›
(f ) SP1 PT

337
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 337 10/6/15 14:48:31

9 Express each vector in terms of a and b a
A B
(ABCD is a parallelogram).
___› ___›
(a) BC (b) CD b
___› ___›
(c) DB (d) AC
D C
10 Express
_ _› each vector_ in terms of p and q.
_›
(a) SP (b) PR
__› ___›
(c) RS (d) SQ
S
3p p Mixed
Q ___
√
  50 
q 1 Simplify ____
   
5
P
2 Each entry in a 3 digit combination lock
11 In the diagram below,
can be a digit from 1 to 8 inclusive.
P is the midpoint of BC.
How many different combinations are
Express each vector in
there?
terms___of m and n. ___
› ›
(a) CD (b) AC 3 Calculate the perimeter
___› __›
(c) AP (d) PE 40° of this isosceles triangle,
B correct to 1 decimal place.
m 2n
P 9 cm
A C
4 Make y the subject of the formula
n
E ay 1 bx
_______
2m   y 5 c
5 A 5 6·187
Find the value of A2 when A is truncated
D
to 1 decimal place.
12 B
b
a N
A C I n the diagram opposite, M is the midpoint
of AF and N is the midpoint of BC.
c c Express each vector in terms of a, b and c.
M ___› ___› ___› ___›
(a) BD (b) NE (c) FN (d) MN
F D
a
b
E
338
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 338 10/6/15 14:48:33

___› ___›
13 AB5 ( 32 )and CD
5 ( 64 ). Is AB parallel to CD? Explain why you gave your answer.
___› ___›
14 PQ5 2a 1 b and WZ
5 6a 1 3b. Is PQ parallel to WZ? Explain why you gave
your answer.
15 Copy the vectors below onto squared paper then draw the stated vector.
(a) (b) (c)
q p
q
p
p
q
p1q p 2 2q 2p 2 q
16 Based on these three

vectors a, b and c, draw
a on squared paper the
vector
c
a 2 2b 2 2c
E Vector geometry
Vectors can be used to prove geometrical results.
Note
___› ___›
5 a 2 b and CD
If AB 5 4(a 2 b) then CD is parallel to AB and the line
segment CD is four times the length of AB.
C ABDE is a parallelogram.
a BY : YE 5 3 : 1
Prove that___BY is parallel to CD.
B ›
Answer: BD
5 b (parallelogram)
a ___›
D 5 2a 1 b
CD
___› ___
A 3 › __ 3
Y 5 __
BY   5     (2a 1 b)
  BE
b 4 4
E ⇒ BY is parallel to CD.
339
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 339 10/6/15 14:48:35

E10.1
1 Q M R PQRS is a parallelogram.
___› __›
PQ
5 3a and PS
5 4b
M is the midpoint of QR and
N is the midpoint of PS.
Express the following vectors
in terms of a and b:
___› ___› ___›
(a) QM (b) PM (c) PN
___› ___›
P N S
(d) QN (e) NM
2 ABCDEF is a regular hexagon B b C

with centre O.
a
Express the following vectors in terms
of a and b:
___› ___› ___› A O
D
(a) AO (b) AD (c) CD
___› ___› __›
(d) BE (e) BD (f ) BF
F E
3 Which vectors below are parallel to each other?

B 3a 2 9b C 4a 2 12b
A 2a 1 3b D 2a 1 6b
F 4a 2 8b
E a 2 3b
H a 1 2b I 2a 2 10b
G 4a 1 5b
4 B C ABCD is a parallelogram.
_ __› _ __›
5 p and AD
AB 5 q.
N
M is the midpoint of AD, N is
R
the midpoint of AB and R is
one quarter of the way along
A M D AC from A.
(a) Express the following vectors in terms of p and q:
___› ___› ___› ___› ___› ___›
(i) AM (ii) AN (iii) AC (iv) AR (v) MR (vi) RN
(b) Hence show that M, N and R all lie on a straight line.
(c) Find the ratio MR : MN.
340
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 340 10/6/15 14:48:35

5 ABCD is a parallelogram. A B
___› ___›
5 r and AD
AB 5 s. Y
X is two thirds of the way along
BD from B and Y is one third of
the way along AD from A. X
(a) Express the following vectors
D C
in terms of r and s:
___› ___› ___› ___› ___› ___›
(i) BD (ii) AC (iii) BX (iv) AX (v) AY (vi) YX
(b) Hence show that YX is parallel to AC.
(c) What is the ratio of YX : AC?
_ __› _ __›
6 B AB5 p and AC
5 q.
D, E and F are the midpoints of AB, BC and
D CA respectively. G is two thirds of the way
G E along AE from A.
F
C
___› ___› ___› ___›
(i) BC (ii) BE (iii) AE (iv) AG
_ __› _
_›
1
__ 1
(b) Show that BG 5 __
5     (q 2 2p) and that BF     (q 2 2p).
3 2
(c) Hence show that B, G and F all lie on a straight line.
___› ___›
(d) Find expressions for CG
and CD
to show that C, G and D all lie on a straight line.
(e) The point G is the point of intersection of which three lines?
_ __› _ __›
7 C AB5 p and BC
5 q.
_ __›
(a) AB : BX 5 2 : 1. Find AX
in
terms of p.
q (b) Y lies on BC, between B and _C__
›
so that BY : YC 5 1 : 3. Find AY

in terms of p and q.
A ___›
p in terms of p and q.
(c) Find AC
B
X
___›
in terms of p and q.
(d) Given that Z is the midpoint of AC, find AZ
___› ___›
(e) Find XY in terms of p and q.
and YZ
(f ) Explain why X, Y and Z all lie on the same straight line.
341
10-Ch_10_pp306-350.indd 341 10/6/15 14:48:36

› ___
8 5 23  .
P is the point (1, 3). PQ ()
(a) Find the co-ordinates of Q.
R is the point (6, 3). PQRS is a parallelogram.
(b) Find the co-ordinates of S.
(c) Calculate the length of side PS, correct to one decimal place.
__› ___›
9 Q PR5 2p and PQ
5 2q.
L, M and N are the midpoints of
L PQ, QR and PR respectively.
___›
in terms of p
(a) Write down RQ
M and q.
P _ __›
in terms of p
(b) Write down NL
and q.
N
(c) Write down two statements
R showing the connection
between RQ and NL.
__› ___› ___› ___›
(d) Find PL
, LM
, NM in terms of p and q. Use these to explain why
and PN
LMNP is a parallelogram.
___› ___› ___›
10 B OA5 a, OB
5 b and OC
5 c.
P, Q and R are the midpoints of
P
Q AB, BC and AC respectively.
A
(a) Express the following vectors
in terms of a, b and c:
R C ___› ___› ___›
(i) AB (ii) AC (iii) BC
_ __› _
_› _ __›
(iv) BR (v) CP (vi) AQ
___›
O in terms of a, b and c
(b) Find OX
where X lies on CP and
CX : XP 5 2 : 1.
___›
in terms of a, b and c where Y lies on BR and BY : YR 5 2 : 1.
(c) Find OY
_ __›
(d) Find OZ in terms of a, b and c where Z lies on AQ and AZ : ZQ 5 2 : 1.
(e) The lines AQ, BR and CP are called medians. What can be said about
the three medians of a triangle?
(f ) The point of intersection of the three medians is called the centroid.
Find the centroid of the triangle which has co-ordinates (5, 3), (2, 7)
and (8, 2).
342
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11 M ABCD is a parallelogram.
A B
___› ___›
5 p and AD
AB 5 q.
N X
M lies on AB such that AM : MB 5 3 : 1
and N is on AD such that AN : ND 5 3 : 5.
The point X is on AC such that
AX : XC 5 1 : 3.
D C

_ __› _ __› _ __› _ __› _ __›
(i) AM (ii) AN (iii) AX (iv) MX (v) XN
(b) Hence show that M, N and X all lie on a straight line and find the ratio
MX : NX.
Use your maths! – Sand for the park

Wayne has offered to build 3 new sandpits for his local play park. He has a budget
of £1600 to complete the task.
For each sandpit he will dig the appropriate hole then lay a black polythene sheet
across the bottom. He will dig enough extra space around the edges to be able to
place treated timber. The timber will stretch from the bottom of the sandpit up
to ground level. The pieces of timber will be screwed together. He will finish by
filling each pit up to ground level with play sand.
Play Sand Sawn Treated Timber

1 tonne bag costs 3000 mm 3 100 mm 3 47 mm
£141·20 £6·12
BUY ONE GET ONE FREE
Black Polythene Sheet

6m 3 2m Screws
£8·79 Pack (250) £9·80

Pack (200) £8·25
Pack (150) £7·25
Density of Play Sand is Pack (100) £5·25
1538 kg/m3 Pack (50) £2·90
343
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The first sandpit is a 1·5 m square
40 cm dug into the ground. The timber is
1·5 m cut and put together in four layers
to give the 40 cm depth. The
1·5 m timber used for any side must be
a complete length (i.e. pieces of
timber cannot be attached in the
middle of an edge of the sandpit).
The second sandpit has a depth of 1m

30 cm. The top of the sandpit is a
regular hexagon as shown 1m 1m
opposite.
1m 1m
1m
The third sandpit has a depth

of 40 cm. The top of the
sandpit is shown opposite. 2·5 m
3m
1·5 m
1m
Task
Wayne’s budget is £1600. He uses just one pack of 150 screws. He can only
buy the play sand in one tonne bags.
Using the prices given on the last page, work out the least possible total cost
of the polythene sheets, timber, screws and play sand.
How much money is left from Wayne’s budget?
What volume of play sand is left over?
344
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1. Using units of measure
(a) Chas has 1·4 kg of flour and uses 638 kg. How much flour does he have left?
(b) Which is further – 6 miles or 10 km?
(c) A barrel contains 30 litres of beer. How many whole pints of beer would this
provide? (1 litre 5 1·8 pints.)
2. Calculating with speed, density, pressure and other compound measures
(a) Greg cycles 63 km at a speed of 14 km/h. How long does the journey take him?
(b) Wendy is cycling at 12 km/h. How many minutes does it take her to travel
300 m?
(c) A steel bar has a volume of 600 cm3. If the density of steel is 8·3 g/cm3, find the
mass of the steel bar.
(d) 12 cm3 of gold weighs 231·6 g. Find the density of gold.
(e) Calculate the force which exerts a pressure of 7·2 Pa on a triangular area with
base 6 m and height 9 m.
3. Using Pythagoras’ theorem
(Give your answers correct to one decimal place)

(a) (b) (c) 4 cm
y 8 cm
25 cm 24 cm
9 cm
15 cm z
find y
x
find x find z
(d) Calculate the length of the line joining (3, 1) to (7, 6).
(e) Q Prove that the ‘exact’

__
value of QR is 2 √5  cm.
35 cm
P R
15 cm
345
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(f ) 18 cm Calculate the area of this triangle.
18 cm
14 cm
4. Using trigonometry in right-angled triangles
(Give your answers correct to one decimal place.)

(a) B (b) Q
6·2 cm
R
8·4 cm
19°
A C
14·8 cm 28°
^
P S Find PS.
Find ACB.
(c) G Without using a calculator,

find the ‘exact’ value of FH.
30°
8 cm
A B
F H
(d) The length of one side of the regular pentagon

is 9 cm. What is the radius of the circle?
E C
5. Dealing with vectors D
(a) Make a copy of this grid then write on the

letters A to H so that:
___› ___›
(i) OA5 2m 2 n (ii) OB5 2m 1 2n
O ___› ___›
(iii) OC5 22m 2 n (iv) OD5 2n
_ __› _ __›
(v) OE5 2m 2 3n (vi) OF5 2m 2 2n
n ___› ___›
m (vii) OG5 3m 2 2n (viii) OH5 2m 1 2n
346
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() ( )
 275  , find as a column vector:
(b) If a 5 34  and b 5   
(i) 2b (ii) b 2 a (iii) 3(b 2 a) (iv) 3a 2 2b
(v) Calculate the length (modulus) of 2a.
___›
5 a, what are
(vi) If the co-ordinates of a point A are (4, 1) and AB
the co-ordinates of B?
6. Using vectors in geometry
(a) P a QY : YR 5 1 : 3.
Q
Express each vector below
Y
in terms of a and___b:
___› › ___›
b
(i) QR (ii) QY (iii) SY
(iv) If M is the midpoint of PQ,
___›
in terms of a
express RM
S R and b.
4a
(b) v
B C ABCD is a parallelogram.
P, Q, R and S are the
u midpoints of AB, BC, CD
and DA respectively. Y is
one third of the way along
BD from B.
A D
Express each vector below in terms of u and v:

___› ___› ___› __›
(i) AC (ii) AQ (iii) AR (iv) SR
___› ___› ___›
(v) SQ (vi) BD (vii) AY
(viii) Use the above results to prove that SR is parallel to AC.
(ix) Find the ratio SR :AC.

1 You are given that
1 kilometre 5 1000 metres
and
1 hour 5 3600 seconds
A lorry is travelling at 13·6 m/s. The speed limit is 50 km/h.
Show that the lorry is travelling below the speed limit. (AQA)
347
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2 The diagram shows a B C
40°
quadrilateral ABCD.
16 cm
AB 5 16 cm.
AD 5 12 cm.
Angle BCD 5 40°. A 12 cm D
Angle ADB 5 angle CBD 5 90°.

Calculate the length of CD.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. (EDEXCEL)
3 Two cars each travel 120 miles.

One of the cars travels the whole distance at an average speed of 50 mph.
The second car travels half the distance at an average speed of 40 mph and
half the distance at an average speed of 60 mph.
What is the difference in the times taken by the two cars, in minutes,
to complete the journey? (WJEC)
4 ABCD is a trapezium. A
AD 5 10 cm.
AB 5 9 cm. 10 cm
DC 5 3 cm.
Angle ABC 5 angle BCD 5 90°. D
9 cm
3 cm
B C
Calculate the length of AC.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. (EDEXCEL)
5 (a) A N B
___›
AB
5 5p
___›
5p
DC M
___›
5 2q 2 p
DA AB is parallel to DC.
D p C
___›
Show that CB
5 2q 1 3p
(b) M is the midpoint of AD.

_ __› _ __›
AN
: NB5 2 : 3
Show that MN is parallel to CB. (AQA)
348
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6 m 5    ( )
 274  and n 5 23
   ( )
1 
Write down the following column vectors:
(a) m 2 n (b) 2m 1 3n
7 Is this a right-angled triangle?
(5·8 3 102) mm (1·16 3 103) mm
580 5 mm
You must justify your answer. (AQA)
8 Teresa is moving packets of A4 paper using a trolley.

Each packet contains 500 sheets and each sheet measures 210 mm by 297 mm.
The paper has a density of 80 g per m2.
Her trolley has a maximum safe load of 60 kg.
How many packets can the trolley hold safely? (OCR)
9 OACB is a parallelogram.
A C D
a
N
O b B
_ __› _ __›
5 a and OB
OA 5b
_ __› _ __›
D is the point such that AC
5 CD

The point N divides AB in the ratio 2 : 1
___›
in terms of a and b.
(a) Write an expression for ON
(b) Prove that OND is a straight line. (EDEXCEL)
10 A flat part of a machine is circular with diameter 13·8 cm.

A force of 360 N is exerted on this part of the machine.
What pressure is applied across the circular area?
(Give the answer in N/cm2 to 1 decimal place.)
349
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11 The diagram shows the net of a
square-based pyramid.
The area of the square base is 36 cm2.
70°
Work out the area of one triangular face.
(AQA)
12 Nicola used her car to travel from her home to her friend’s house.
It took her two and a half hours, driving at an average speed of 30 mph.
Her return journey home, along the same route, took three hours.
Calculate her average speed on her journey home. (WJEC)
13 ABC is a triangle. B
M is the midpoint of AB and N
is the midpoint___of BC. 2p
___› ›
AB
5 2p and AC 5 3q.
(a) Find, terms of p_and q. M
_ __in
N
› __›
(i) BC (ii) AN.
(b) What type of quadrilateral
is AMNC?
You must use vectors
to justify your
A 3q C
answer. (OCR)
__
14 (a) Show clearly that (3 √ 3 )2 5 27
(b) ABC is a triangle. A
AD is perpendicular to BC.
__
AB 5 3 √3  cm, 3 3 cm
__
BD 5 3 √2  cm,
__
DC 5 √
  2  cm.
B 3 2 cm D 2 cm C
Work out the area of triangle ABC.

__
Give your answer in the form a √2 where a is an integer. (AQA)
350
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STATISTICS 2
11
– use two-way tables
– use pie charts
– use scatter diagrams and lines of best fit
– examine trends
– take samples
– – maximising and minimising
M Two-way tables
70 students from years 10 and 11 were asked what sport they played in their last
Games lesson. The information is shown in the table below.
Football Rugby Badminton Total
Year 10 18 14 2 34
Year 11 14 16 6 36
Total 32 30 8 70
The row totals and column totals must all match up to give the final grand total in
the bottom right-hand corner.
M11.1
1 200 pupils were asked what their favourite school subjects were. The
information is shown in the two-way table below.
Art PE Maths Science Total
Boys 53 28 119
Girls 28 14
Total 51 32 200
(a) Copy and complete the two-way table.
(b) One of these pupils is picked at random. Write down the probability that
the pupil likes Maths best.
351
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2 400 students in Years 10 and 11 were asked if they smoked or drank alcohol
on a regular basis. The information is shown in the two-way table below.
Smoke
Drink
Smoke Neither and drink Total
alcohol
alcohol
Year 10 21 40
Year 11 23 38 227
Total 198 62 400
(a) Copy and complete the two-way table.
(b) One of these students is picked at random. Write down the probability
that the student will not smoke or drink alcohol.
(c) What percentage of students in Year 11 claim to drink alcohol but not
smoke? Give the answer to one decimal place.
(d) One of these students is chosen at random. Given that the student
smokes only, what is the probability that the student is in Year 11?
3 125 children go swimming,
cycling or to the cinema.
22 girls swim. There are 70
girls in total. 25 boys cycle. Mixed
There are 42 children who
go to the cinema, of which 1 There are 4 taxi firms in a town:
12 are boys. ‘Abbey’, ‘Pronto’, ‘Slim’ and ‘Catcha’.
If one child is chosen The table shows the probability of
at random, what is the each taxi firm being chosen.
probability that this child Abbey Pronto Slim Catcha
cycles?
0·25 0·4 x 0·2
4 At the end of Year 11, all (a) What is the probability of ‘Slim’
the 220 students either stay taxis being chosen?
at school, go to College (b) What is the probability of ‘Abbey’
or do an apprenticeship. or ‘Catcha’ taxis being chosen?
34 out of 115 females do (c) For every 40 times a taxi is chosen,
an apprenticeship. Half of how many times would you expect
the 58 students who go to ‘Pronto’ taxis to be chosen?
College are male. 51 males
2 Find the HCF and LCM of 252 and 468.
stay at school.
If one student is chosen at 3 Make y the subject of the formula
_______
random, find the probability
that this student does an √
3 py + zx
______
 
y
 = m
apprenticeship.
4 What is the probability of getting
3 ‘tails’ if 3 coins are tossed?
352
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5 1800 people were asked if they had been in a car accident. The responses were
broken down into the different age groups ‘17 to 25’, ‘26 to 60’ and ‘over 60’.
123 out of the 286 car accidents were in the
‘17 to 25’ group. 65 out of the 702 people
in the ‘26 to 60’ group had been in a car
accident. 481 people in the ‘17 to 25’ group
had not been involved in a car accident.
(a) What percentage of the people asked
had been in a car accident?
(b) What percentage of each age group had
been in a car accident? Comment on
your answers.
(c) One person is chosen at random.
Given that this person had been in a
car accident, find the probability that the
person was in the ‘over 60’ group.
M Pie charts
Drawing pie charts

Some people were asked what they had for breakfast. The data is recorded below:
Breakfast Frequency
(number of people)
Cereal 18
Toast 8
Egg 4
Nothing 15
To draw a pie chart:
(a) Add up the number of people. Total frequency = 18 + 8 + 4 + 15 = 45
(b) Whole angle in a pie chart = 360°
This must be split between 45 people.
Angle for each person = 360° 4 45 = 8°
Nothing Cereal
(c) Angle for ‘cereal’ = 18 3 8° = 144° 120° 144°
Angle for ‘toast’ = 8 3 8° = 64°
Angle for ‘egg’ = 4 3 8° = 32° 32° 64°
Angle for ‘nothing’ = 15 3 8° = 120° Egg
Toast
353
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Remember
Always find the total frequency then divide it into 360° to find out what angle
is needed for each item in the pie chart.
Alternatively, express each frequency value as a percentage of the total
frequency then find percentages of 360°.
M11.2
In questions 1 , 2 and 3 , work out the angle for each item and draw a pie chart.
1 Favourite football team 2 Most popular Briton 3 Favourite snack

Team Frequency Briton Frequency Snack Frequency
Arsenal 15 Shakespeare 15 Crisps 60
Liverpool 15 Churchill 18 Fruit 35
Chelsea 20 Newton 7 Nuts 10
Manchester Utd 25 Elizabeth I 12 Biscuits 18
Everton 6 Brunel 8 Chocolate 34
Aston Villa 9 Other 23
4 Hal carries out a survey of 120 Year 10 students. He asks them their
favourite cartoon. Measure the angles and complete the table.
Cartoon Frequency Angle
Scooby
Doo Simpsons 50
Bugs Bunny
Jungle Book 20 60°
Tom and Tom and Jerry
Simpsons
Jerry
Scooby Doo
Total 120
Jungle
Book Bugs
Bunny
5 Jack Jones runs a pub.

He makes his money from 3 main things: food, hiring out
a room food
drink and hiring out rooms. 60°
The pie chart shows what fraction of his money
he gets from each of these things.
If Jack makes £900 one week, 210°
how much did he make from: drink
(a) food (b) hiring out a room (c) drink
354
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6 Penny delivers 240 newspapers each Sunday.
The pie chart shows the different newspapers which Penny delivers.
The
Observer
Sunday Mixed number work
75° Times
Sunday 45° 135°
1 How many complete small ribbons
of length 5 _4 cm can be cut from a
Mirror 1
60°
27° 18° piece of ribbon 2·8 m long?
Mail on
Sunday 2 Evaluate (8·4 3 1012) 4 (4 3 1023)
Others
3 Expand and __simplify
Sunday Telegraph __
( √5 2 2) ( √5 1 2)
How many of the newspapers were:
4 P is inversely proportional to the
(a) The Observer
square root of Q. P = 2 when
(b) Sunday Mirror Q = 36.
(c) Sunday Telegraph (a) Express P in terms of Q
(d) Sunday Times (b) Find P when Q = 16
(e) Mail on Sunday (c) Find Q when P = 8
(f ) Others 4
5 Rationalise the denominator in ___
  __ 
  5 
√
7 Donna asks 180 people who their favourite ‘Simpsons’ character is.
She draws this accurate pie chart. Measure the angles and complete the
table.
Simpson’s
Frequency Angle
character
Homer
Bart
Mr. Burns 64°
Marge Homer
Lisa Lisa
Bart
Total 180 Marge
Mr. Burns
355
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8 The students at 2 different Holland Bank School Hatton Green School
schools were asked to state 10% 30% 15% 25%
their favourite children’s film. Mary
Star Wars Harry
Poppins Star Wars
Here are the results. Potter
20% 20%
(a) Carl says ‘more students in Harry Mary 40%
Holland Bank School like Potter 40% Poppins
Jungle Book Jungle
Star Wars than the students Book
in Hatton Green School’.
Use both charts to explain There were 800 students. There were 1000 students.
whether or not Carl is right.
(b) Yasmin says ‘less students in Holland Bank School like Harry Potter
than the students in Hatton Green School’.
Use both charts to explain whether or not Yasmin is right.
9 People in the North and South of England were asked how many hours of
exercise they took each week. The information is shown in the pie charts
below.
The North The South
11 or
more
hours 0 hours
4 to 6 hours 7 to 10
0 hours
hours
7 to 10 1 to 3 hours
hours
re
4 to 6 hours
s o
ur r m
1 to 3 hours
ho 1 o
1
Which of the statements below is correct

A) ‘Less people in the North do some exercise than people in the South’.
B) A smaller percentage of people in the North do some exercise than
people in the South’.
C) ‘More people in the North do some exercise than people in the South’.
Explain why you chose your answer.
10 The pie charts below show the ages (in years) of people in the UK and Kenya.
UK Which of the statements below are correct?
Kenya
A) ‘There are more 0 to 18 year-olds
over in Kenya than in the UK’. over
65 0 to 18
B) ‘There are less 0 to 18 year-olds 65
in Kenya than in the UK’. 0 to 18
46–65
46–65 19–45 C) ‘A greater percentage of the
people in Kenya are 0 to 19–45
18 year-olds than in the UK’.
Explain why you chose your answer.
356
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M Scatter graphs
• Here is a scatter diagram showing the number of
Number of hours
hours without sleep for a group of people and their
without sleep
reaction time.
• We can see a connection. The longer people went
without sleep, the greater their reaction time (i.e. people
reacted more slowly as they went without sleep).
Reaction time
Correlation
The word ‘correlation’ describes how things co-relate. There is a ‘correlation’
between 2 sets of data if there is a connection or relationship. The correlation
between 2 sets of data can be positive or negative and it can be strong or weak.
Strong positive correlation Weak positive correlation
no correlation Strong negative correlation Weak negative correlation

(points are completely
spread out)
Line of best fit

y This scatter diagram shows the
7000 number of bottles of water sold by
Number of bottles of water
6000 a supermarket each week and the

5000 average weekly temperature.
4000 (a) A line of best fit is drawn (try to get
3200 3000 the same number of points above the
line as below).
2000
1000 (b) How many bottles of water are likely
to be sold if the average weekly
0
10 15 20 25 30 temperature is 19°C?
19°C
Temperature (°C)
Draw a line up from the temperature axis to the line of best fit and then across to the
vertical axis (as shown). We can estimate that 3200 bottles of water will be sold if the
average weekly temperature is 19°C.
357
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M11.3
1 Describe the correlation, if any, in the scatter graphs.
A B C D
2 The table below shows the marks of 10 students in a Maths exam and a
Science exam.
Maths 74 60 40 80 52 66 50 84 58 70
Science 70 62 44 76 54 56 46 70 56 64
(a) Copy and complete the scatter

graph to show the data in the table. 90
(b) Draw the line of best fit. 80
Science mark
(c) A student scored 72% in the 70
Maths test but missed the Science 60
test. Use your line of best fit to
50
find out the Science mark that
the student would have been most 40
likely to get. 30
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Maths mark
3 Describe the type of correlation

you would expect if you drew
a scatter graph for each pair of
variables below:
(a) ‘adult ages’ against ‘time to
run 100 m’
(b) ‘neck size’ against ‘height’
(c) ‘amount of snow’ against
‘sales of sledges’
(d) ‘weekly income’ against
‘number of cups of tea drunk
each week’.
358
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The 100 m race times of a top athlete are
recorded against the months of training 11
completed. The information is shown on
Time for 100 m

the scatter graph.
10
The line of best fit can be used to
estimate the race time within the 24
month period shown. 9
We can only predict a time within the
range of values plotted. It would be 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
dangerous to extend the line of best fit Months of training
and to read off values. For example, a
100 m race time of 9 seconds would be
considered impossible.
M11.4
1 16 people were given a short term memory test where they could achieve a
maximum score of 20. The table below shows their ages and marks.
Age 55 65 75 50 45 64 70 59 67 80 50 72 48 80 57 60
Score 17 12 10 16 18 13 15 15 15 20 17 12 19 10 15 12
(a) Copy and

20 complete
18 the scatter
16 diagram to
14 show the data
12 in the table.
Score
10 (b) Draw the line

8 of best fit.
6
4
(c) What score would you expect a
63 year-old to get?
2
0 (d) One of the points does not
40 50 60 70 80
Age
follow the trend. Write down the
values of this point (called an
outlier).
(e) Why can the line of best fit

not be used to estimate the test
score of a 20 year-old?
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2 Information was recorded about 13 smokers. The table shows how many
cigarettes they smoked each day and their age when they died.
Age 65 51 58 80 46 72 45 61 80 75 48 52 68
Number of
37 42 40 10 44 23 12 35 20 26 49 44 32
cigarettes per day
(a) Draw a scatter graph to show this data.

Use the x-axis for ages from 40 to 90.
Use the y-axis for the number of
cigarettes per day from 0 to 50.
(b) Describe the correlation in this scatter graph.
(c) Write down the values of the point
which does not follow the trend.
(d) If a person smoked 38 cigarettes
each day, what age would you
expect that person to live to?
(e) Can the line of best fit be used to estimate the expected age for a person
who smokes 100 cigarettes a day. Justify your answer.
3 WHOLE CLASS ACTIVITY
(a) If your teacher allows, each person in your class must do as many step-
ups onto a chair as possible in one minute. When a person finishes, that
person must find his/her pulse rate by counting how many beats in one
minute. Also each person needs to find out his/her height (to the nearest
cm) and record his/her shoe size.
Enter all the data in a table, either on the board or on a sheet of paper.
Height Shoe size Number of Pulse rate
step-ups
(b) Draw the scatter graphs shown below.

(i) (ii)
Number of step-ups
Height
Pulse rate Pulse rate
(c) Describe the correlation, if any, in the scatter graphs you drew in part (b)?
(d) (i) Draw a scatter graph of 2 sets of data where you think there might
be positive correlation.
(ii) Was there indeed a positive correlation?
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M Trends
The table below shows how many DVD’s were sold in each month of a year by a
large store.
Month Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Number
860 700 640 680 920 640 780 1000 1060 840 640 540
of DVD’s
This information is shown in the graph below.
1100
1000
900
800
Number of DVD’s
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Month
The line graph shows the monthly figures. The general trend can be shown more
clearly by using mean averages.
Choose at least the first 3 months. We will in fact choose the first 4 months.
Find the mean average for these 4 months.
Apr, May, Jun, July: mean = (860 + 700 + 640 + 680) 4 4 = 720.
Plot this on the same graph at the midpoint of midpoint
the 4 months: (see point A on next graph).
Now move on one month and find the mean Apr May Jun Jul
average for these 4 months.
May, Jun, Jul, Aug: mean = (700 + 640 + 680 + 920) 4 4 = 735.
Plot this on the graph at the midpoint of the 4 months.
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Now move on one month and find the mean average for the 4 months Jun, Jul,
Aug, Sep (i.e. 720). Plot the point then keep moving on one month and repeating
the process (i.e. 755, 835, 870, 920, 885 and 770). We call these averages the
moving average.
1100
1000
900
800
Number of DVD’s
A
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Month
The moving average (joined by the blue line) gives a better idea of the trend. We
can see that there is a steady rise in the number of DVD’s sold towards December
then a steady fall after December.
Note
The moving average gives a clearer idea of the trend for a set of data. It deals
with short-term differences.
Groups of 4 months were used in the example but 3, 5, 6 or more months could
also have been used. We say a group of 4 months gives a ‘4-point moving average’.
M11.5
1 The table below shows how many cars a garage sells during one year.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Number of cars 8 9 7 20 8 29 27 28 12 29 27 28
(a) Draw a line graph for the information in this table.
(b) Find the 4-point moving average (i.e. use groups of 4 months). Plot the
new moving average on the graph each time.
(c) Join up the moving average points with a dotted line. Comment on the
trend of car sales.
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2 The table below shows the weekly wage bills for a centre forward at a
football team during the years shown.
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Wage
50 52 55 31 34 60 63 67 30 52 59 67
(£1000’s)
(a) Draw a line graph for the

information in this table.
(b) Find the 4-point moving
average.
(c) Plot the moving average
points on the graph and
join them up with a dotted
line.
(d) Comment on the trend shown.
Can you suggest any reasons
for the lower wage bill in 2007,
2008 and 2012?
3 The table below shows how many people went to a nightclub on a Friday
night over a 15-week period.
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Number
of 800 680 1720 760 840 720 1640 800 1720 880 1080 1920 1520 1400 1720
people
(a) Draw a line graph for the

information in this table.
(b) Find the 6-point moving
average (i.e. use groups
of 6 weeks).
(c) Plot the moving average
points on the graph and
join them up with a dotted
line.
(d) Comment on the trend shown.
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4 A company announces its profits every quarter (i.e. every 3 months).
Profits (in £ million’s) over a 4-year period are shown in the table below.
First quarter Second Third quarter Fourth
quarter quarter
2012 4·5 4·6 1·4 4·7
2013 4·3 4·5 4·1 0·9
2014 4·2 2·3 1·5 1·6
2015 1·4 3·2 4·3 4·5

(b) Find the 5-point moving average (i.e. use groups of 5 quarters). Plot the
new moving average on the graph each time.
(c) Join up the moving average points with a dotted line. Comment on the
profits trend for this company.
Probability trees
1 Harry passes through two sets of traffic lights on his way to work. The probability
of the first set of lights being red is _ 5 . If the first set of lights is red, the probability
2
of the second set of lights being red is _ 4 . If the first set of lights is not red, the
1
probability of the second set of lights being red is _ 8 . Copy and complete the tree
3
diagram.
1st set of lights 2nd set of lights
red___
red___
not red___
red___
not red___
not red___
(a) Find the probability that both lights will be red.

(b) Find the probability that only one set of lights will be red.
2 There are 11 red cards and 8 black cards remaining in a pile of playing cards.
Beth has to take 3 cards. What is the probability that:
(a) all 3 cards are red. (b) at least one card is black.
(c) exactly 2 cards are red. (d) the 2nd card is red, given the 1st card is
black.
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M Sampling
Surveys often have to be undertaken to gather information, for example: a
supermarket wants to improve the service it offers, a person wants to start a
business and needs to find out the likely sales or the Government wants to
discover the eating habits of people so that it can advise.
Key Facts
The whole group of whatever is under investigation is called the population.
The whole population is often very large so not every member of the population
can always be surveyed. A sample of the population is surveyed (a small part of the
population). This sample must be representative of the whole population.
The sample size is affected by the cost of collecting the data and the precision of the
findings required. If a large sample size is taken, the precision of the findings should be
greater.
Every effort should be made to avoid bias. It is not likely to be very reliable to survey
people entering Old Trafford (Manchester United’s ground) to find out what percentage of
people like each football club in the whole country!
Primary data
Raw data which you collect yourself, e.g. pulse rates of students in your class.
Secondary data
Data which is already in place, e.g. trading figures on a spreadsheet or on the internet.
M11.6
1 Tom wants to find out how much each person
in his town earns. He selects a sample of people.
Which methods below are likely to give
representative samples?
(a) Asking every 5th adult at the local swimming
pool.
(b) Asking people at random on the High Street.
(c) Asking each person in the ‘Dog and Duck’
pub on a Friday night.
(d) Selecting people at random from the electoral
register.
(e) Asking people in every 10th house on every street.
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2 Write down which samples below are likely to
be representative. For any sample which is
not representative, give a reason why it is not.
(a) To test the contents of tins of baked Equations
beans made in a factory. The sample is
chosen by selecting the first 30 tins made Solve
each day and the last 30 tins. m
1 11 = __    2 3
(b) To find out the average amount of 4
homework given in a secondary school. 2
2 y + 6y + 8 = 0
The sample is chosen by selecting at 5b 2 4
random 20 pupils from each year group. 3  ______
 = 13
2
(c) To find out the average amount of time 4 n2 2 6n = 0
people spend gardening each week.
The sample is chosen by asking people 5 a2 2 6a = 16
as they enter a local garden centre. 6 2(3x 2 1) = 4(2x + 4)
(d) To survey people about the local train
services. The sample is chosen by 7 10x2 2 13x 2 3 = 0
selecting at random 8% of the town’s
8 12y2 2 23y + 10 = 0
population from the town’s telephone
directory.
(e) To survey the nation’s favourite food. The sample is chosen by sending
questionnaires to randomly selected Indian restaurants throughout the
country.
(f ) To investigate the level of pollution on Britain’s beaches. The sample is
chosen by selecting at random 5% of the beaches from a complete list of
Britain’s beaches.
(g) To check the contents in boxes of ‘Quality Street’ chocolates in a
supermarket. The sample is chosen by selecting every 15th box of
‘Quality Street’.
(h) To find out the most popular television programmes. The sample is
chosen by selecting at random 10% of over-60s on the electoral register.
3 Describe how you would select a representative

sample for each of the following:
(a) To investigate the most popular colour of
sock owned by people in Cheltenham town.
(b) To find out the most popular cars owned by
people in Wales.
(c) To investigate the smoking habits of students
in a secondary school.
(d) To survey people about their favourite
pastimes.
(e) To survey opinion about a new TV comedy programme.
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Key Facts
Sampling methods
Simple random sampling – every member of the population has the same chance of being
chosen.
For example, we could assign each member of the population a number, write each
number on an identical disc then put all the discs in a container. We could then take out a
disc from the container to select a member of the population at random.
We could also use a random number table (your teacher may wish to illustrate this).
A random number generator such as a computer or a calculator may be used.
On some calculators SHIFT RAN # will generate random three-digit numbers between
0·001 and 0·999. The decimal point can then be ignored.
Systematic sampling – every nth item is chosen (for example, every 5th item or every
100th item).
Stratified random sampling – the population is divided into groups where the groups have
something in common. Every member of the population should belong to one and only
one group. Simple random samples are then taken from each group. The numbers in each
sample must be proportional to the numbers in each group making up the population.
800 people attend an athletics match. 210 people are Scottish, 328 are English, 149 are
Irish and 113 are Welsh.
Sabby wants to survey 50 people on the sports provision in their home towns.
She decides to take a stratified sample of 50 people.
What should be the sample size for each of the Scottish, English, Irish and Welsh people?
There are 800 people in total.
210
Fraction of Scottish people to be chosen = ____
   
800
210
____ 328
So Scottish sample size =    3 50 = 13 (rounded off ) English sample size = ____
   3 50 = 21
800 800
Total sample size
149 113
Irish sample size = ____
   3 50 = 9 Welsh sample size =  ____ 3 50 = 7
800 800
An appropriate method would then be used to take each random sample. The total sample
chosen should then be representative of all the people attending the athletics match.
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M11.7
1 347 people work for a finance company called ‘Loothold’. 138 people are
male. A survey is to be undertaken to find out about the working conditions
at ‘Loothold’. A stratified sample of 40 people is to be taken from the male
and female workers. How many females will be chosen in the sample?
2 The list below shows the numbers of students in each year group in a certain
school. It is wanted to take a sample of 50 students from the school to
question them about their attitudes to exams.
Year Number of students
9 137
10 121
11 118
12 95
13 89
(a) Explain why you would want to use a stratified sample.

(b) Work out how many students you would want from each year group.
3 A restaurant wants detailed feedback from its customers. The owner decides
to ask every 10th customer.
(a) Name this type of sampling.
(b) Will the owner’s sample provide a representative view?
4 Marcus needs to survey people who go to the local cinema. Explain how
Marcus could take a simple random sample.
5 Students in a certain school were asked to list their favourite sports. Their
choices are shown below. A sample of 100 students is to be taken from the
school to question them about their attitudes to sport.
Sport Number of students
Football 302
Rugby 128
Hockey 95
Basketball 45
Cricket 140
Netball 62
None 59
(a) Explain why you would want to use a stratified sample.

(b) Work out how many students you would want in your sample from each category.
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6 A breakdown of the people attending a rock concert is shown below.
Mel wants to find out about the musical backgrounds of the people at the
rock concert.
Age
Male Female Total
group
12–18 32 18 50
19–25 71 70 141
26–45 93 112 205
46–55 62 93 155
Over 55 24 27 51
602
She takes a sample of 60 people.
(a) How many people should she have sampled in the 19–25 age group?
(b) Explain whether Mel should sample the same number of males and
females in the 26–45 age group.
(c) How many people in the over 55 age group should she have sampled?
7 The height of one hundred trees is shown below (in cm) in the position in
which they were planted.
55 84 91 86 76 67 88 89 97 47 43 58 57 49 57 45 51 28 65 90 82 91 83 74 82
81 80 70 81 75 39 91 57 80 78 96 88 92 87 79 62 69 72 60 50 41 50 35 26 36
71 82 45 37 41 45 56 47 38 37 80 63 77 70 63 75 79 68 95 60 54 83 77 82 55
47 42 42 95 87 92 91 80 91 76 91 80 71 66 87 83 40 92 87 85 82 95 92 89 86
(a) Use a systematic sample to find an estimate for the mean height of the trees
(use the 1st, 6th, 11th etc. value), writing down the 20 values that you use.
(b) Now use only the 1st, 11th, 21st etc. to find another estimate for the
mean height of the tree.
(c) Which estimate is more reliable?
(d) What other method of sampling might be more reliable?
8 Mehm investigates the health history of common pets in his town. He takes a
total stratified sample of 10% of all the pets.
(a) What is the greatest possible number of dogs in his town if his sample
contains 33 dogs?
(b) What is the least possible number of cats in his town if his sample contains 21
cats?
(c) Describe how he might have taken a simple random sample for each category of
pet.
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Forming and solving equations
1 All units are in cm.

(a) Write down a quadratic equation involving x.
x16
x14 (b) Solve this equation to find x and state the length of
each side of the triangle.
x12
2 All units are in cm.
n 5
(a) Write down an expression for the red area in terms of n.

(b) Given that the red area is 65 cm2, write down a quadratic equation involving n.
(c) Solve this equation to find the value of n.
USE YOUR MATHS! – Maximising and Minimising

People in business need to maximise profit or minimise costs. They need to save
on raw materials. A great deal of maths is used to assist in this task.
Choose one task and try to create the best possible solution. A spreadsheet will
often help.
TASK A – the box of chocolates

A box is to contain 48 chocolates.
Each chocolate is a sphere of volume
9·2 cm3.
Design a box for the 48 chocolates which
will use the least amount of card. Show all
your calculations.
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10 cm
TASK B – the open box
4 squares are cut out of the
corners of a 10 cm square
piece of card.
The remaining piece of card
is folded along the dotted 10 cm
lines to make an open box.
How large must each of the
4 squares be so that the box
has the maximum volume
possible?
Extension 1: for any square
piece of card, investigate
how large each of the 4
squares must be so that
the box has the maximum
volume possible.
Extension 2: for any
rectangular piece of card,
investigate how large each
of the 4 squares must be
so that the box has the
maximum volume possible.
TASK C – the largest field

Phil owns some land. He
has 100 m of fencing to
create a field.
1 Describe the four-
sided shape which will
give the greatest area.
2 Describe the five-sided
shape which will give
the greatest area.
3 Which shape will
give the greatest area?
You must justify your
100 m
answer.
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1. Using two-way tables

120 people went to Australia, India or the USA.
32 out of the 71 females went to India.
33 people went to the USA.
24 out of the 47 people who went to Australia were male.
(a) One of these people is picked
at random. Write down the
probability that the person
went to India.
(b) What percentage of the
females went to the USA?
(c) One person is chosen at random.
Given that this person is male,
write down the probability that
he went to India.
2. Using pie charts

(a) In a list of the 120 richest people in the country, their backgrounds
are listed below:
Background Number of people
Inherited 23
Business 38
Music 28
Sports 19
Other 12
Draw a pie chart to show this information.

(b) 108 people were asked what their
lager
favourite drink is. The results are shown
spirits in the pie chart. How many people said:
120° 40°
(i) beer
60°
beer (ii) lager
140°
(iii) spirits
wine
(iv) wine?
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3. Using scatter diagrams and lines of best fit
The table below shows the engine sizes (in litres) of 15 cars and how
many miles per gallon they operate at.
Engine size 1·8 1·1 2 1·6 1 1·8 1·5 2·6 2·8 1·2 2 1·6 1·4 2·4 2·1
Miles per
35 53 24 33 47 31 33 49 16 46 30 40 42 20 22
gallon
(a) Copy and complete the scatter
diagram to show the data in
the table. 60
(b) One of the points does not

follow the trend. Circle this 50
point on your graph.
Miles per gallon

40
(c) Describe the correlation for
the points that do follow the
trend. 30
(d) Use the line of best fit to

20
estimate how many miles
per gallon a 1·3 litre car
would do. 10
(e) Roughly with what engine

size would you expect the 0
1 2 3
car to do 23 miles per gallon? Engine size (litres)
4. Examining trends
The table below shows how many umbrellas are sold by a store during
one year.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Number of
420 440 400 380 200 360 100 120 300 420 460 480
umbrellas sold
(b) Find the 4-point moving average.
(c) Plot the moving average points on the graph and join them up with a
dotted line.
(d) Comment on the trend shown. Suggest reasons for this trend.
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5. Taking samples
(a) Calli wants to find out what leisure facilities the people in her town
would like. She stands outside the main supermarket in the town one
Thursday morning and asks the first 100 people she sees. Criticise
this method of taking a sample of the people who live in her town.
(b) People who work for a certain firm were asked to list their favourite
holiday destination. Their choices are shown below. A sample of
80 people is to be taken from the firm to question them about their
requirements for a satisfying holiday.
Holiday destination Number of people
Spain 61
Greece 49
USA 82
Australia 37
Thailand 28
France 79
India 21
China 17
(i) Explain why you would want to use a stratified sample.
(ii) How many people would you want in your sample from each
category?
(c) A local council wishes to survey the students in three different
secondary schools about their attitudes to education. Suggest how
the council should obtain a representative sample.

1 The manager of a company wants to survey his employees.
He decides to sample 20% of them, stratified by the type of job they do.
The table shows the number of employees.
Office staff Drivers Mechanics Total
12 24 4 40
Copy and fill in the table below to show how many of each group he should
survey.
Office staff Drivers Mechanics
(AQA)
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2 The scatter graph shows information about the height and the arm length of
each of 8 students in Year 11.
110
100
Arm length (cm)
90
80
70
60
120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Height (cm)
(a) What type of correlation does this scatter graph show?

A different student in Year 11 has a height of 148 cm.
(b) Estimate the arm length of this student. (EDEXCEL)
3 The table gives some information about the birds Paula sees in her garden
one day.
Bird Frequency
Magpie 15
Thrush 10
Starling 20
Sparrow 27
Draw an accurate pie chart for the above information. (EDEXCEL)
4 There are 900 students in the school.

This table shows the number of students in each year group.
Year 7 8 9 10 11
Number of students 210 190 175 175 150
Lewis decides to interview a representative stratified sample of 120 students.
How many students should he interview from Year 11? (OCR)
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5 There are 130 adults at a language school.
Each adult studies one language of either French or Spanish or German.
96 of the adults are women.
12 of the women study French.
73 of the adults study Spanish.
55 of the women study Spanish.
9 of the men study German.
How many of the adults study French? (EDEXCEL)
6 (a) Explain what is meant by simple random sampling.

(b) Explain how a simple random sample can be taken from some people at
a theatre.
(c) There are 800 people Age Male Female
at a theatre.
Under 21 years ? ?
The table shows the
ages of these people. 21–45 years 146 116
A stratified sample of Over 45 years 138 164
80 of these people is taken.
There are ten males under 21 years old in the sample.
Work out the greatest number of the 800 people who might be females
under 21 years old.
7 In one constituency 53 520 people voted in the 2010 General Election.

This pie chart summarises the results.
(a) What fraction of
the votes were
for the Liberal Other
Democrats?
(b) How many
Labour
people voted
for the Liberal
Democrats?
(c) How many Conservative
people voted
Conservative? Liberal
Democrats
(OCR)
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ALGEBRA 3
12
– use the ‘cover-up’ method for drawing straight lines
– solve simultaneous equations on a graph
– solve simultaneous equations algebraically
– explore sequences
– solve equations graphically (interpret roots)

– find rules for sequences
– complete the square to solve quadratic equations and find turning points
– solve quadratic equations by using the formula
– solve linear and quadratic simultaneous equations
– find simple equations of circles and tangents to circles
– use exponential functions
– – feed the dogs
M ‘Cover-up’ method for drawing straight lines
Draw 2x 1 3y 5 6
use x 5 0 so 2x 5 0 ‘Cover up’ 2x in the equation. y
3
2x 1 3y 5 6 becomes 1 3y 5 6 so y 5 2
2
2x 1 3y 5 6
use y 5 0 so 3y 5 0 ‘Cover up’ 3y in the equation. 1
2x 1 3y 5 0 becomes 2x 1 5 6 so x 5 3 0
x
0 1 2 3
Always use x 5 0 then y 5 0
Plot the points x 5 0, y 5 2 and x 5 3, y 5 0 on the graph and join them up to get
your straight line.
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M12.1
1 (a) Draw these axes. y
5
(b) If x 1 2y 5 4, find the value of y when x 5 0.
4
(c) If x 1 2y 5 4, find the value of x when y 5 0.
3
(d) Plot 2 points from (b) and (c) and join them up 2
to make the straight line x 1 2y 5 4.
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
2 (a) Draw the same axes as in question 1 .
(b) Use x 5 0 then y 5 0 to find 2 points for 3x 1 y 5 3.
(c) Draw the straight line 3x 1 y 5 3.
3 Draw each line below with the ‘cover-up’ method. You need to find the 2
points first then draw the axes big enough.
(a) 5x 1 3y 5 15 (b) 2x 1 5y 5 10 (c) 9x 1 y 5 18
(d) 3x 1 4y 5 12 (e) 6x 1 5y 5 30 (f ) 2x 1 7y 5 28
M Simultaneous equations on a graph
Key Facts
Solve the simultaneous equations: y
3x 1 y 5 6 8
x1y54 7
6
(a) Draw the line 3x 1 y 5 6 3x 1 y 5 6
5
When x 5 0, y 5 6
The x and y values
When y 5 0, 3x 5 6, so x 5 2 4
fit both equations
3 where the 2 lines cross
(b) Draw the line x 1 y 5 4
2
When x 5 0, y 5 4 x1y54
When y 5 0, x 5 4 1
0
(c) The lines intersect at (1, 3) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
The solutions of these simultaneous equations are x 5 1, y 5 3

There is only one pair of values of x and y which satisfy both equations at the same time
(simultaneously)
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M12.2
1 Use the graph to solve y
the simultaneous equations: 8
x 2 y 5 25
7
(a) 2x 1 y 5 8
6
x1y55
5
(b) x 2 y 5 25 2x 1 y 5 8
4
x1y55
3
(c) 2x 1 y 5 8
2
x 2 y 5 25 x1y55
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
2 (a) Draw x and y axes from 0 to 9.

(b) Use the ‘cover-up’ method to draw the line 3x 1 4y 5 24.
(c) Use the ‘cover-up’ method to draw the line 3x 1 2y 5 18.
(d) Write down the solutions of the simultaneous equations
3x 1 4y 5 24
3x 1 2y 5 18
3 (a) Draw x and y axes from 0 to 6.
(b) Draw the lines x 1 y 5 6 and y 5 x 1 3.
(c) Solve the simultaneous equations x 1 y 5 6
y5x13
(a) Draw x and y axes from 0 to 5.
4 5 (a) Draw x and y axes from 0 to 13.
(b) Solve graphically (b) Solve graphically
x 1 y 5 5 x 1 2y 5 11
y 5 x 1 2 2x 1 y 5 13
6 Use the graph to y
solve the simultaneous 10
2x 2 y 5 22
equations 9
(a) x 1 y 5 11 8
x 1 3y 5 13 7
(b) 2x 2 y 5 22 6
x 1 y 5 11 5
x 1 y 5 11
4
(c) x 1 3y 5 13
3
2x 2 y 5 22 x 1 3y 5 13
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
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M Using algebra to solve simultaneous equations
Solve the simultaneous equations Sometimes we cannot eliminate either

x or y terms unless we multiply one
(a) 5x 1 y 5 17 … (1)
equation or both equations by a suitable
3x 1 y 5 11 … (2) number or numbers first.
Label the equations (1) and (2) and (b) 2x 1 5y 5 22 … (1)
use these to explain the working out 3x 2 4y 5 20 … (2)
(1) 2 (2) Multiply both equations to get the

same number of x’s in both equations
5x 1 y 2 (3x 1 y) 5 17 2 11
5x 1 y 2 3x 2 y 5 6
(1) 3 3
2x 5 6
6x 1 15y 5 26 … (3)
x53
(2) 3 2
Subtracting equation (2) from 6x 2 8y 5 40 … (4)
equation (1) eliminates the y terms
(1) 2 (4)
Substitute x 5 3 in (1) 6x 1 15y 2 (6x 2 8y) 5 26 2 40
(5 3 3) 1 y 5 17 6x 1 15y 2 6x 1 8y 5 246
15 1 y 5 17 23y 5 246
y52 y 5 22
Check in (2)
3x 1 y 5 (3 3 3) 1 2 5 11 ✓ Substitute y 5 22 in (2)
3x 2 (4 3 22) 5 20
The solution x 5 3, y 5 2 works in
equation (2) so is likely to be correct 3x 1 8 5 20
3x 5 12
Solution: x 5 3, y 5 2.
x54
Note Check in (1)
If the signs in front of the letter to be
eliminated are the same we subtract 2x 1 5y 5 (2 3 4) 1 (5 3 22) 5 8 2 10
but if the signs are different we add 5 22 ✓
Solution: x 5 4, y 5 22
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M12.3
Solve the simultaneous equations:
1 4x 1 y 5 13 2 7x 1 3y 5 26 3 2x 1 4y 5 18
2x 1 y 5 7 3x 1 3y 5 18 2x 1 2y 5 8
In questions 4 to 6 , add the

equations to eliminate the y terms.
4 5x 2 y 5 17
2x 1 y 5 11 Mixed
5 8x 1 3y 5 19 1 Solve x2 2 9x 1 20 5 0
3x 2 3y 5 3
2 The probability of Joe eating an apple
6 7x 2 4y 5 22 or an orange or a peach is equal.
4x 1 4y 5 0 Joe eats one of these pieces of fruit
on each of Tuesday, Wednesday and
Solve the simultaneous equations: Thursday.
7 3x 1 2y 5 24
(a) Joe will eat 3 peaches.
x 1 2y 5 12
(b) Joe will eat the same fruit each
8 2x 1 6y 5 14 day.
2x 2 2y 5 22
(c) Joe will eat at least one apple.
9 7x 2 2y 5 31
5x 2 2y 5 21 3 Solve m2 5 m
10 5x 2 y 5 216 4 Find the ‘exact’

3x 2 y 5 210 2 cm 2 cm area of this
triangle.
11 3x 2 4y 5 20
2 cm
6x 2 4y 5 32
12 4x 2 3y 5 23
4x 1 5y 5 227
M12.4
Multiply one equation first to solve each of the simultaneous equations below.
1 5a 1 3b 5 13 2 4c 1 5d 5 17 3 9x 1 2y 5 31
7a 1 6b 5 20 8c 1 3d 5 27 3x 1 y 5 11
4 11p 1 2q 5 63 5 3u 1 2v 5 10 6 11p 1 3q 5 71
6p 1 4q 5 46 7u 2 v 5 29 5p 2 q 5 37
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7 9a 1 2b 5 41 8 5m 1 3n 5 27 9 2p 1 7q 5 3
5a 2 4b 5 33 m 1 n 5 7 p2q56
Multiply both equations first to solve each of the simultaneous equations below:
10 5g 1 3h 5 27 11 9m 1 7n 5 43 12 8b 1 3c 5 46
4g 1 5h 5 32 5m 1 2n 5 22 5b 1 2c 5 29
13 6x 1 5y 5 13 14 8r 1 5s 5 41 15 7p 2 3q 5 15
7x 1 2y 5 19 9r 1 11s 5 30 5p 1 2q 5 19
16 13b 2 7c 5 47
7b 2 9c 5 41
17 6x 2 5y 5 232
5x 1 4y 5 6
18 9m 2 2n 5 223
5m 2 9n 5 3
19 2x 1 3y 2 17 5 0 20 6x 2 3y 1 27 5 0 21 3a 2 5b 5 2
5x 1 2y 2 15 5 0 5x 1 4y 5 10 8a 2 2b 1 6 5 0

22 2x 2 3y 5 2 23 4a 1 5b 5 17 24 10r 2 12s 5 13
4x 2 8y 5 5 6a 2 2b 5 23 5r 1 4s 5 21
Mixed problems involving simultaneous equations

Brendan buys 3 ‘fries’ and 2 hamburgers for £6·75. Kate buys 5 ‘fries’ and 3 hamburgers
for £10·55. Find the cost of one portion of ‘fries’ and the cost of one hamburger.
Let the cost of one portion of ‘fries’ be x pence.
Let the cost of one hamburger be y pence.
Form two equations
3x 1 2y 5 675 … (1) Note: All the money is now written in pence so that the
5x 1 3y 5 1055 … (2) units are the same throughout each equation.
Solve the simultaneous equations x 5 85, y 5 210
One portion of ‘fries’ costs 85p and one hamburger costs £2·10 (these answers can be
checked in the original paragraph of information).
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M12.5
Answer these questions by forming a pair of simultaneous equations then
solving them.
1 Ted buys three ties and two shirts which cost him £132. Keanan buys four
ties and three shirts for £190. Find the cost of a tie and the cost of a shirt.
2 A shop sells ‘Gello’ pens and ‘Inko’ pens. A ‘Gello’ pen costs £5 and an
‘Inko’ pen costs £7. One day the shop sold 17 pens and received £109.
How many of each type of pen were sold?
3 Nasser buys 3 first class tickets and 5 second

class tickets for a plane journey. These cost
him £1264.
Mary buys 7 first class tickets and 3 second
class tickets for the same journey. These cost
her £1827.
Find the cost of one first class ticket and one
second class ticket.
4 A man had £1·75 in his pocket made up of 2p and 5p coins. If he had 50

coins in his pocket then find the number of 2p coins he had.
5 Three times one number plus the other number adds up to 45. The difference
between the two numbers is 7. Find the values of the two numbers.
6 A straight line has an equation y 5 mx 1 c. It passes through the point (1, 2).
It also passes through the point (5, 14). Find the values of m and c.
7 A mother is six times as old as her daughter. Let the mother’s age be m and
the daughter’s age be d.
(a) Write down an equation involving m and d.
(b) Write down an expression for the mother’s
age in two years’ time.
(c) Write down an expression for the daughter’s
age in two years’ time.
(d) In two years’ time, the mother is five times
as old as her daughter. Write down a second
equation involving m and d.
(e) Solve the equations of (a) and (d) to find the
present age of the mother and daughter.
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8 Sinead buys 4 tickets in stand A and 5 tickets in stand B for a football match
which cost her £144. Terri buys 6 tickets in stand A and 7 tickets in stand B
and these cost her £207. Find the cost of one stand A ticket and one stand B
ticket.
9 Two sheets of metal need to be cut into

12 larger rectangles and 4 smaller
rectangles.
One sheet is 3 m long and is cut into 8 larger
rectangles and one smaller rectangle.
The second sheet is 2 m long and is cut into 4

larger rectangles and 3 smaller rectangles.
Calculate the width of one of the larger rectangles.
10 A curve has an equation y 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c. The curve passes through the

points (0, 2), (1, 10) and (2, 24). Find the values of a, b and c.
11 The heights of the logos on two T-shirts

are in the ratio 7 : 5. Both shirts shrink
in the wash. The height of the larger
logo reduces by 3 cm and the smaller
one decreases by 2 cm. The heights Mixed
are now in the ratio 5 : 4. Find the
original height of each logo.
1 Write down the gradient
of a line perpendicular to
2x 1 5y 5 1.
12 A curve with equation y 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c
passes through (1, 3), (2, 10) and 2 Simplify (5m3n2)3
(21, 25). Find the equation of the curve.
3 Expand (m 1 3n)2
Work out _ 3 2 3 _7

1 2
4
5 Expand (x 1 4)3
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M Sequences
M12.6
In questions 1 to 6 , write down the next 2 numbers. What is the rule for each sequence?
 _2 , 1, 1 _2 , 2, …
1 1
1 2, 6, 18, 54, … 2
3 150, 140, 120, 90, … 4 1.3, 1.7, 2.1, 2.5, …

1 1 1 1
6  __ ,  ___ ,  ___ ,  ____ , …
5 300, 30, 3, 0.3, …
2 10 50 250
shape 1 shape 2 shape 3 shape 4
7 How many small squares are
needed for:
(a) shape 5?
(b) shape 6?
In questions 8 to 15 , find the next 2 numbers in each sequence (it may help
you to work out the 2nd differences).
8 6, 7, 10, 15, 22, … 9 3, 5, 12, 24, 41, …
10 1, 4, 10, 19, 31, … 11 2, 3, 7, 14, 24, …
12 1, 9, 25, 49, 81, … 13 5, 6, 11, 20, 33, …
14 4, 9, 19, 34, 54, … 15 7, 8, 11, 16, 23, …
16 Find the next 2 numbers in the sequence below. Try to explain the pattern.
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …
17 Find the next 2 numbers in the sequence below.
0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 4, 7, 13, …
18 This is Pascal’s triangle. 1
(a) Look carefully at how the triangle 1 1
is made. Write down the next row. 1 2 1
It starts: 1 7 … 1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
(b) Work out the sum of the numbers
1 5 10 10 5 1
in each row of Pascal’s triangle.
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
What do you notice?
(c) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, … are known as triangular numbers. Explain why.
19 Again find the next 2 numbers in each sequence below.
(a) 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, … (b) 3, 10, 29, 127, …
(c) 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, … (d) 3, 15, 75, 375, …
(e) 5, 210, 20, 240, … (f ) 3, 3, 6, 12, 21, 39, …
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20 Each term in a sequence may be called the nth term. If the nth term 5 3n 1 4 then
1st term 5 (3 3 1) 1 4 5 7 (using n 5 1)
2nd term 5 (3 3 2) 1 4 5 10 (using n 5 2)
⋮ ⋮
10th term 5 (3 3 10) 1 4 5 34 (using n 5 10)
Write down the first 6 terms of the sequence which has nth term 5 n2 1 5
21 Write down the first four terms of the sequence which has an nth term equal to:
(a) 4n 2 3 (b) n2 2 1 (c) n2 1 8
2n 2 1 1
(d) 2n (e)  ______  (f )  __  n(n 2 1)
2n 1 1 2
Key Facts
Geometric progressions
Consider 4, 12, 36, 108, ...
Each term is obtained by multiplying the previous term by the constant number 3.
This constant number is called the common ratio, r
24, 12, 6, 3, ... Geometric progression with common ratio _ 2
1
Fibonacci sequence
Consider 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...
New terms are formed by adding previous terms.
M12.7
1 Write down the common ratio for each geometric progression below.
(b)  _2 , 2, 8, 32, …
1
(a) 405, 135, 45, 15, …
(d)  __ _
2 2
(c) 2, 26, 18, 254, … 25 ,  5 , 2, 10, …
2 Find the 6th term in the geometric progression 3, 12, 48, …
3 At the end of each year the population of a

town forms a geometric progression with
common ratio 1·03. The population at the
end of the first year is 60 000.
Find the population at the end of the 5th
year if the value is truncated to the nearest
whole number.
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4 The 4th term of a geometric progression is 49.
The 5th term is 245. Find the common ratio.
5 The first two terms of a geometric progression are 2 and 12. Find:
(a) the 3rd term (b) the 6th term
6 Find the number of terms in each geometric progression below.

(a) 1, 6, 36, 216, …, 279 936
(b) 2, 8, 32, 128, …, 2048
(c)  _4 , 2  _4 , _ 4 , 2  __ ___
1 3 9 27 2187
4 , …, 2   4
7 On each day from Monday to Friday,

Ken likes to spend time sitting inside
a bottle. The time spent each day
increases by 10% on the day before.
The daily times therefore form a
geometric progression.
Ken spends 2 hours inside the bottle
on Monday. Work out, to the nearest
minute, the total amount of time spent
in the bottle from Monday to Friday.
8 The 3rd term of a geometric

progression is 18 and the 4th
term is 108.
Find the common ratio and Mixed Algebra
the first term of the sequence.
1 Simplify 4(3x 1 1) 2 2(5x 1 6)
9 2, 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, …
2 Factorise completely 8n2 2 2
(a) Explain why the next term
in the above sequence is 26. 3 B O is the centre of the
O circle.
(b) Find the 9th term in the A ^
above sequence. ABC 5 (2x 1 30)°

^
C Express OAC in terms
10 The expression n2 1 n 2 12 of x.
can be used to generate a 4 Solve 15x2 1 14x 2 8 5 0
sequence of numbers. w
Work out the difference between 5 Solve 8 5 5 2 __   
3
the 4th term and the 1st term of 6 Rearrange v2 5 u2 1 2as to make u the
this sequence.
subject of the formula.
7 Solve fg(x) 5 19 if f (x) 5 5x 2 1 and
g(x) 5 2x 1 3.
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11 Write down the first four terms of the sequence which has an nth term
equal to:
(a) n2 1 n (b) n2 2 n 2 3 (c) 3n 2 1
(d) 2n2 1 n 2 5 (e) 6(2n 2 1) (f ) 2(5n 2 1)
12 Find the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 20, …
13 The 2nd term of a geometric progression is 3 and the 4th term is 48. Find:
(a) the common ratio (b) the 5th term.
14 Explain why 5, 30, 180, 900, 5400, … is not a geometric progression.
M Arithmetic sequence rules
Key Facts
A sequence is arithmetic if the difference between successive terms is always the same
number.
This number is called the common difference d.
e.g. 7, 11, 15, 19, ... has a common difference d 5 4
22, 17, 12, 7, ... has a common difference d 5 25
nth term 5 a 1 (n 2 1)d for all arithmetic progressions.
a 5 first term so entire sequence is a 1 (a 1 d ) 1 (a 1 2d ) 1 ...
5, 8, 11, 14, … a55 d53

nth term 5 a 1 (n 2 1)d 5
5 1 (n 2 1) 3 3
5 5 1 3n 2 3
nth term 5 3n 1 2
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M12.8
1 Find the nth term for each arithmetic sequence below.
(a) 3, 9, 15, 21, …
(b) 13, 23, 33, 43, …
(c) 1, 9, 17, 25, …
(d) 12, 10, 8, 6, … Mixed
(e) 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, …
(f ) 4, 11, 18, 25, …
4
3 ()  242 
1 Find 3a 2 2b if a 5   and b 5    ( )
(g) 8, 13, 18, 23, … y
2
(h) 7, 16, 25, 34, … 4
(i) 17, 13, 9, 5, … 3
A
( j) 40, 31, 22, 13, … 2
1
2 (a) Find the nth term of
5, 11, 17, 23, … �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
F
(b) Find the 40th term of �1
B E
5, 11, 17, 23, … �2
C D
(c) Which term of �3
5, 11, 17, 23, … �4
is equal to 479?
Describe fully the transformation that
3 (a) Find the nth term of
maps the triangles as shown.
3, 10, 17, 24, …
(a) A onto B (b) B onto C
(b) Find the 71st term of
3, 10, 17, 24, … (c) C onto D (d) D onto E
(c) Which term of (e) E onto F (f ) F onto A
3, 10, 17, 24, …
is equal to 710?
4 Here is a sequence of shapes made from sticks.

Let n 5 shape number and s 5 number of sticks
n51 n52 n53

s55 s59 s 5 13
(a) Draw the next shape in the sequence.

(b) Find a formula for the number of sticks s for the shape number n.
(c) Use your formula to find out how many sticks are in shape number 50.
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For each of the sequences in questions 5 to 7 :
(a) Draw the next shape in the sequence.
(b) Find a formula for the number of sticks s for the shape number n.
(c) Use the formula to find out how many sticks are in shape number 50.
n51 n52 n53
n51 n52 n53
n51 n52 n53
8 The nth term of an arithmetic sequence is 4n 1 3.

(a) Find out whether 79 is a term in this arithmetic sequence.
(b) Find the 7th term.
(c) Find an expression for the (n 1 1)th term.

Find an expression for the difference between the (n 1 1)th term and the
nth term.
10 A Spanish teacher gives his class a set of words

to learn each week. On the first week of the
term he asked them to learn 25 words and
then increased this by 5 words each week.
(a) How many words would the class have
to learn in the nth week of the term?
(b) How many words would the class have
to learn in the 9th week of the term?
(c) In which week would the class have to learn 90 words?
390
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11 Which sequences below are arithmetic and which are geometric?
(a) 6, 3, 0, 23, …
(b)  _2 , 1, _ 2 , 2, …
1 3
(c) 18, 9, _ 2 , _ 4 , …

9 9
(d) 20.6, 20.2, 0.2, 0.6, …

(e) 8, 24, 72, 216, …
(f ) 100, 250, 25, 2  __
25
2 , …
12 A football club had 35 000 supporters at its

first home match. The attendance increased
by 250 at each home game.
(a) How many supporters would be at its nth
home game?
(b) If there were 40 750 at its last home game
of the season, then how many home
games did it play?
13 (a) Find the nth term of 38, 30, 22, 14, …

(b) Find the nth term of 93, 82, 71, 60, …
(c) After how many terms will the nth term of 93, 82, 71, 60, … be smaller
than the nth term of 38, 30, 22, 14, …?

(a) Find an expression for the sum of the (n 2 1)th term, nth term and
(n 1 1)th term.
(b) Three consecutive terms in this sequence add up to 87. Find the 3 terms.
Show all your working out.
E Subscript notation for sequences
Key Facts
The general term or nth term of a sequence is often written as un.
e.g. 1, 8, 27, 64, … un 5 n3
Substitute n 5 1 to get 1st term u1 5 13 5 1.
Substitute n 5 2 to get 2nd term u2 5 23 5 8 and so on.
391
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Key Facts
Previous terms in the sequence can be used.
e.g. un 1 1 5 3un 1 1
un is the nth term so un 1 1 is the (n 1 1)th term.
This formula can be used repeatedly so is called an iterative formula.
Substitute n 5 1 gives u2 5 3u1 1 1
Substitute n 5 2 gives u3 5 3u2 1 1
If u1 5 4, then u2 5 3(4) 1 1 5 13
If u2 5 13, then u3 5 3(13) 1 1 5 40, and so on.
E12.1
1 Write down the first four terms of each sequence below using the nth term
formula.
(a) un 5 5n 2 3 (b) un 5 n2 2 3n (c) un 5 42 2 4n
n21 2
(d) un 5 4 (e) un 5 n 1 5n 2 4 (f ) un 5 7(2n 2 1)
2 Write down the first four terms of each sequence below using the iterative
formula.
(a) un 1 1 5 un 1 4, u1 5 6 (b) un 1 1 5 7 2 un, u1 5 4
2 un
(c) un 1 1 5 __
 un , u1 5 4 (d) un 1 1 5 __    , u1 5 256
4
2
(e) un 1 1 5 un , u1 5 3 (f ) un 1 1 5 un2 2 3un 1 2, u1 5 4
3 un 1 1 5 4 1 3un and u3 5 34.

Find u2 and u1.
4 xn 1 1 5 7 1 xn and x4 5 26.
(a) Find x1
(b) Find x50
5 A sequence is defined by
un 1 1 5 4un 2 3
If all the terms in the sequence
are the same, find u1.
392
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6 un 1 1 5 un 1 un 2 1
Given that u1 5 1 and u2 5 2, find the first seven terms of this sequence.
Describe this sequence.
7 A sequence is defined by wn 1 1 5 3wn

Describe which type of sequence this iterative formula will generate.
8 xn 5 n2 2 4n
(a) Prove that xn 1 1 2 xn 5 2n 2 3
(b) Explain why the difference between successive terms in this sequence is
always an odd number.
Transformations

(c) Enlarge triangle A by a scale factor of 2  _2 about the origin.
1
Label the image B.
( )
 215  . Label the image C.
(d) Translate triangle B through   
(e) Enlarge triangle C by a scale factor of 3 about (24, 4).

Label the image D.
(f ) Reflect triangle D in the line x 5 3. Label the image E.
(g) Rotate triangle E 90° anticlockwise about (3, 2). Label the image F.
(h) Write down the co-ordinates of all the vertices of triangle F.
y
2 Shape P is transformed into shape Q.
2
P
Antonia says that shape P is enlarged by scale
1 factor 22 about (1, 0).
�3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 x Copy the diagram and show clearly whether

�1 Antonia is correct or not. Explain your answer
fully.
�2
Q
�3
�4
393
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E Quadratic sequence rules
Key Facts
If the nth term 5 22 1 3n 2 2
Sequence 3 12 25 42 63
First difference 19 113 117 121
Second difference 14 14 14
If the second differences are the same, the sequence is quadratic
with nth term 5 an2 1 bn 1 c
The coefficient of n2 (i.e. a) is in fact half the second difference.
This confirms that a 5  _2 (4) 5 2
1
nth term 5 2n2 1 bn 1 c

Now use n 5 1 with 1st term 5 3 ⇨ 3 5 2 1 b 1 c
Also use n 5 2 with 2nd term 5 12 ⇨ 12 5 8 1 2b 1 c
Solving the simultaneous equations gives b 5 3, c 5 22
This confirms that the nth term 5 2n2 1 3n 2 2
E12.2
Find the nth term of each sequence below:
1 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, … 2 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, …
3 23, 0, 5, 12, 21, … 4 11, 14, 19, 26, 35, …
5 Find the nth term of 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, …
6 Find the nth term of 21, 0, 3, 8, 15, …
7 Here is a sequence of shapes made from dots.

Let n 5 shape number and d 5 number of dots
n51 n52 n53 n54
(a) Find a formula for d in terms of n. (b) How many dots in shape number 30?
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8 For the sequence 4, 10, 18, 28, 40, …
Find: (a) the nth term (b) the 20th term
9 Find the nth term of each sequence below:

(a) 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, … (b) 2, 8, 16, 26, 38, …
(c) 3, 10, 21, 36, 55, … (d) 8, 21, 40, 65, 96, …
10 Here is a sequence of shapes made from paving slabs.

Let n 5 shape number and s 5 number of slabs
n51 n52 n53 n54
(a) Find a formula for s in terms of n.

(b) How many slabs in shape number 20?
11
n51 n52 n53 n54 n55

Find a formula for the nth term of the triangular numbers above.
__
A sequence is defined by un 1 1 5 ( √3 )un and u1 5 2.
__ __ __ __ __
u2 5 ( √3 )u1 5 2 √3  u3 5 ( √3 )u2 5 ( √3 )(2 √3 ) 5 6
__ __ __ __ __
u4 5 ( √3 )u3 5 6 √ 3  u5 5 ( √3 )u4 5 ( √3 )(6 √3 ) 5 18
__ __ __
Sequence is 2, 2 √ 3 , 6, 6 √3 , 18, … Geometric progression with common ratio √
  3 
Mixed sequences
E12.3
__ __ __
1 un 5 3( √5 )n 2 1 generates the sequence 3, 3 √ 5 , 15, 15 √5 , …
__ __
(a) Find un for 1, √
  7 , 7, 7 √7 , …
__ __
(b) Find un for 2, 2 √ 2 , 4, 4 √2 , …
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2 Write down the first 3 terms of the sequences given by each nth term below.
n 4
(a) un 5 _____
    (b) un 5 n(n 1 1) (c) un 5 _______
   
n13 (n 1 1)2
3 Find the nth term of each sequence below:

3 3 3 3
(a)  __2 ,  __2 ,  __2 ,  __2 , … (b) (5 32), (5 3 4), (5 3 8), (5 3 16), …
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
(c)  __3 ,  __3 ,  __3 ,  __3 , … (d) (1 3 22), (2 3 32), (3 3 42), (4 3 52), …
2 3 4 5
4 Find the nth term of each

sequence below:
(a) 4, 16, 64, 256, … Angles
(b) 0, 7, 26, 63, 124, …
(c) 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, … O is always the centre of the circle.
(d) 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, …
1 2
57°
73°
c
5 Describe the sequences b 38°
given by each nth term
below: 112°
(a) un 5 2 2 3n
(b) un 5 n2 1 5n
3 4 g g
(c) un 5 3n
d 100° 100°
(d) un 5 5(4)n 2 1 79°
100°
58°
6 un 1 1 5 5un and u1 5 2
(a) Write down an nth term 5 6
formula for this sequence. h
17°
(b) Explain why no term of O i
this sequence is an odd 95°
number. 20°
__
7 un 5 2(p√3 )n 2 1
(a) Describe fully the sequence
generated by the above nth
term formula.
(b) Write down an iterative
formula for this sequence.
396
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Completing the square to solve quadratic equations and finding
M
turning points
(x 2 3)2 and (x 1 5)2 are examples of ‘perfect squares’.

(x 1 5)2 5 (x 1 5)(x 1 5) 5 x2 1 10x 1 25
So (x 1 5)2 2 25 5 x2 1 10x
If we rewrite x2 1 10x as (x 1 5)2 2 25, we say we are ‘completing the square’.
Key Facts
Consider x2 1 8x. Complete the square.
Method
1. Halve the coefficient of x, i.e. ‘14’.
This indicates that the perfect square will be (x 1 4)2
2. Subtract the square of ‘14’ from above, i.e. ‘16’
So x2 1 8x 5 (x 1 4)2 2 16 This has completed the square.
(Check: (x 1 4)2 2 16 5 (x 1 4)(x 1 4) 2 16 5 x2 1 8x 1 16 2 16 5 x2 1 8x)
Quadratic equations – these can be solved by completing the square.
Solve x2 2 4x 1 1 5 0
This does not factorise so we try completing the square for the part of the
equation which contains the x’s.
x2 2 4x 1 1 5 0
{
(x 2 2)2 2 4 1 1 5 0
22 is half the (22)2

coefficient of x
remember the negative
(x 2 2)2 5 3 square root
__ __
x225√
  3  or 2√3 
__ __
x521√
  3  or 2 2 √
  3  The answers can be left as ‘exact’ surds
or worked out if a calculator is available.
Note
If the coefficient of x2 in the quadratic equation is greater than 1, divide the whole equation to
make the coefficient of x2 equal 1. It is then easier for you to solve by completing the square.
397
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(a) x2 2 5x (b) x2 2 6x 2 10 (c) 3x2 1 12x 1 1
(
5 x 2 __ )
5 2 25
     2 ___
2
   
4
5 (x 2 3)2 2 9 2 10 ( 1
5 3 x2 1 4x 1 __
    
3 )
5 3( (x 1 2) )
1
5 (x 2 3)2 2 19 2
2 4 1 __     
3
5 3( (x 1 2) )
11
2
2 ___
    
3
E12.4
Write the following in the form (x 1 p)2 1 r where p and r are numbers to be determined:
1 x2 1 8x 1 7 2 x2 2 12x 1 25 3 x2 1 18x 1 75
4 x2 2 6x 1 5 5 x2 2 10x 2 17 6 x2 1 12x 1 3
7 x2 1 3x 1 1 8 x2 1 7x 1 3 9 x2 1 x 1 1
10 Copy and complete below: 11 Copy and complete below:
x2 1 8x 2 9 5 0 x2 2 2x 2 9 5 0
(x 1 4)2 2 2 9 5 0 (x 2 1)2 2 2750
(x 1 4)2 5 (x 2 1)2 5
____ ____ ____ ____
x145√
  or 2√
  x 2 4 5√
  or 2√
 
____ ____
x5 or x 5 1 1√
  or 1 2√
 
Solve the following quadratic

__ equations by completing the square (leave your
answers in the form p 6 √
  q where appropriate):
12 x2 1 4x 1 1 5 0 13 x2 2 6x 1 7 5 0 14 x2 2 10x 1 20 5 0
15 x2 1 8x 1 11 5 0 16 x2 1 2x 2 7 5 0 17 x2 1 12x 1 25 5 0
18 x2 1 11x 1 1 5 0 19 x2 1 7x 2 3 5 0 20 x2 1 x 2 3 5 0
21 2x2 2 12x 1 28 5 a((x 2 b)2 1 c). Find the values of a, b and c.
22 3x2 2 12x 2 9 5 p((x 2 q)2 1 r). Find the values of p, q and r.
23 5x2 1 10x 2 35 5 a((x 1 b)2 1 c). Find the values of a, b and c.
24 6x2 1 24x 1 5 5 a(x 1 b)2 1 c. Find the values of a, b and c.
25 3x2 2 30x 1 10 5 p(x 1 q)2 1 r. Find the values of p, q and r.
398
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Solve the following equations by completing the square. First write__them
in the form x2 1 bx 1 c 5 0 (leave your answers in the form p 6 √   q where
appropriate).
27 3x2 1 6x 2 12 5 0 28 2x2 1 10x 1 1 5 0 29 7x2 2 3x 2 1 5 0
Finding turning points

P is the turning point of the curve with equation
y 5 x2 2 6x 1 1. It is a minimum point but a turning point
can be a maximum.
Complete the square in order to find the position of the turning point.
y 5 x2 2 6x 1 1 5 (x 2 3)2 2 9 1 1 5 (x 2 3)2 2 8
The lowest value of (x 2 3)2 is zero so x 5 3 gives this value.
The turning point must be at x 5 3.
When x 5 3, y 5 (3 2 3)2 2 8 5 28
Position of turning point is (3, 28).
Note: – a quadratic curve is symmetrical either side of
the turning point.
In the above example the curve has a line of
symmetry x 5 3.
P
x53
E12.5
1 Write down the co-ordinates of the turning point of each function below.
(a) y 5 (x 2 2)2 1 9 (b) y 5 (x 2 3)2 1 4
(c) y 5 (4 2 x)2 2 2 (d) y 5 (2x 1 1)2 2 7
2 (a) Complete the square for the function

shown opposite.
y 5 x2 1 10x 1 21
turning point A.
A
(c) Write down the equation of the line
of symmetry for y 5 x2 1 10x 1 21.
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3 Find the co-ordinates of the turning points of the following functions:
(a) g(x) 5 x2 2 10x 1 3 (b) h(x) 5 x2 2 4x 1 1
(c) f(x) 5 x2 1 14x 1 39 (d) g(x) 5 2x2 2 4x 2 1
4 Write down a possible equation

for y 5 f(x).
y 5 f(x)
(5, 23)
5 (a) Find the minimum value of the function f(x) 5 x2 1 4x 1 5.

(b) How many solutions are there to the equation x2 1 4x 1 5 5 0?
(c) Explain what happens when you try to solve the equation
x2 1 4x 1 5 5 0 by completing the square.
E Quadratic equations – solving with the formula
Solve ax2 1 bx 1 c 5 0 by completing the square.

bx c
x2 1 ___
 a 1  __
a 5 0
bx c
x2 1 ___
 a 5 2  __
a
( x 1 ___
   ) 2 ( ___
   ) 5 2 __
2 2
b b c
 a (completing the square)
2a 2a
( x 1 ___
   ) 5 ( ___
   ) 2 __
2 2
b b c
 a
2a 2a
( x 1 ___
   ) 5 ___
2 2
b b c
   2  __
a
2a 4a 2
( x 1 ___
   ) 5 ___
2 2
b b 4ac
   2  ____ 
2a 4a 2
4a 2
________
2a
b
 
4a2√
b2 2 4ac
x 1  ___5 6 ________
  
________
b 6√b 2 4ac 2
x 1 ___
  5 ___________
 
2a 2a
________ ________
2b √ 2b 6 √
  b2 2 4ac ______________
  b2 2 4ac
x 5 ___
  6 _________
  5     
2a 2a 2a
400
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Key Facts
The quadratic equation ax2 1 bx 1 c 5 0 can be solved by using the formula
________
2b 6 √   b2 2 4ac
x 5  ______________
  
 
2a
Note You must learn this formula for the exams.
Solve 2x2 2 5x 2 8 5 0 by using the formula. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
2x2 2 5x 2 8 5 0
(match to ax2 1 bx 1 c 5 0)
a 5 2, b 5 25, c 5 28 _____________________
________
2b 6 √
  b 2
2 4ac 2(25) 6 √
  {(25)2 2 (4 3 2   
3 28)} 
x 5  ______________   5  _______________________________
        
2a 232
_________ ___
56√   {25 1 64}  ________
56√   89 
x 5 ______________
     5  
   
4 4
5 6 9·434 Require answer to 3 significant

x 5  _________
 
4 figures so work to 4 significant
figures to ensure appropriate
accuracy in the final answer.
5 1 9·434 5 2 9·434
x 5 _________
    or  _________
 
4 4
14·434 24·434
x 5  ______
  or  _______
 
4 4
x 5 3·61 or 21·11 (to 3 significant figures)
Note ___ ___
56√   89  __
________  √89 
5 ____
If an ‘exact’ answer is needed, it can be left in surd form, i.e.    or    6    .
4 4 4
The quadratic formula is usually used if you cannot solve the equation by factorising.
In a calculator exam, you can be sure you need to use the formula if the question wants a
quadratic equation solved to one or two decimal places.
E12.6
Use the formula to solve the following quadratic equations, giving each answer to
3 significant figures.
1 x2 1 7x 1 5 5 0 2 x2 1 2x 2 1 5 0 3 x2 2 3x 2 7 5 0
401
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4 5x2 1 x 2 2 5 0 5 4x2 2 3x 2 11 5 0 6 3x2 15 x 1 1 5 0
7 7x2 1 10x 2 1 5 0 8 5x2 2 2x 2 3 5 0 9 2x2 1 x 2 4 5 0
10 4x2 1 9x 1 3 5 0 11 13x2 1 20x 1 5 5 0 12 9x2 1 7x 2 8 5 0
13 5x2 1 12x 2 33 5 0 14 11x2 5 7x 1 10 15 x(7x 1 1) 5 5
2
18 5 1 __
16 (x 1 1) (x 1 3) 5 7 17 5 2 7x 2 2x2 5 0  x 5 x
Find the solution to the following quadratic equations, leaving your answers in
__
p 6 √
  q
the form _______
  r .
19 x2 1 5x 1 1 5 0 20 x2 1 3x 2 2 5 0 21 5x2 2 3x 2 11 5 0
22 3x2 1 x 2 1 5 0 23 7x2 1 5x 2 7 5 0 24 11 – 8x 2 x2 5 0
E More problems leading to quadratic equations
E12.7
In this exercise you will formulate quadratic equations then solve them by any
appropriate method (factorising, using the formula or completing the square).
1 A right-angled triangle is such that its hypotenuse is 3 metres longer than
twice its shortest side.
(a) If the length of the shortest side is x metres and the other side (i.e. not
the hypotenuse) is 4 metres then, by using Pythagoras’ Theorem, write
down an equation involving x.
(b) Show that this can be written as 3x2 1 12x 2 7 5 0.
(c) Use the formula to find x to 3 significant figures.
2 The shortest side of a right-angled triangle is 2 cm shorter than its next
shortest side. If its area is 7 cm2, then find the shortest side of the triangle
(give your answer to 3 significant figures).
3 A field is 25 m longer than it is wide. The diagonal of the field is 85 m.
What is the width of the field?
4 The difference between a positive number and its reciprocal is 4. What is the
number (give your answer to 3 significant figures)?
5 A hang glider travels 25 km at a speed of x km/h.
It then travels 49 km with its speed reduced by
5 km/h. It travels for a total time of 2 hours
1 _2 minutes (2 __
1 1
40 hours). Find the value of x.
402
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6 The diagonal of a rectangle is 1 cm longer than twice its length.
Its width is 7 cm. Let x be the length of the rectangle.
(a) Write down an expression for the diagonal involving x.
(b) Write down an equation involving x.
(c) Solve this to find the length of the rectangle.
7 A rectangular box is 23 cm longer

than it is wide. Its diagonal is 65 cm.
If x is the width of the box then:
(a) Find an expression for the Mixed Geometry
length of the box in terms of x.
(b) Show that x2 1 23x 2 1848 5 0. Give each answer in this section to
(c) Solve this equation to find the one decimal place.
exact value of x. 1
3 cm Find x.
8 The rectangular base of a box is
such that its length is 17 mm longer 32°
than its width. The diagonal is x
305 mm. Let x be the width of the

2 A ladder leans against a vertical
box.
wall so that its base is 1·6 m
(a) Find an equation involving x. from the wall and the top of
(b) Solve this equation to find x. the ladder is 4·3 m up the wall.
What angle does the ladder
9 A rectangle is 7 cm longer than its make with the vertical wall?
width. The largest possible circle
is cut out of the rectangle and the 3 Calculate the length of the line
remaining area is 40 cm2. What are joining (2, 5) to (4, 10).
the dimensions of the rectangle,
giving your answers to 3 significant
figures? (Hint: call the width of the
rectangle 2x)
10 (a) Given that the red area in the diagram

opposite is 50 cm2, write down an
equation involving d (leave p in
your equation).
d cm 4 cm
(b) Solve this quadratic equation to
find d, giving your answer to
3 significant figures.
11 A garage is 4 m longer than it is wide and 1 m higher than it is wide.

The longest pole which can fit inside the garage is 7·5 m long.
How wide is the garage (to 3 significant figures)?
403
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E Linear and quadratic simultaneous equations
Earlier in this unit we solved linear simultaneous equations by ‘elimination’.

Another method involves ‘substitution’.
Use the method of substitution to solve simultaneous

equations involving one linear and one quadratic
equation. Always rearrange the linear equation first.
Solve the simultaneous equations x 2 y 5 1

x2 1 y2 5 13
x2y51 … (1)
2 2
x 1 y 5 13 … (2)
From (1):
x5y11
Substitute for x in (2):
( y 1 1)2 1 y2 5 13
( y 1 1)( y 1 1) 1 y2 5 13 (remember: ( y 1 1)2 is not y2 1 12)
y2 1 2y 1 1 1 y2 5 13
2y2 1 2y 2 12 5 0
y2 1 y 2 6 5 0
( y 1 3)( y 2 2) 5 0
y 5 23 or 2
These are simultaneous equations so for each y-value we must give the corresponding
x-value.
We know x 5 y 1 1
When y 5 23, x 5 23 1 1 5 22
When y 5 2, x521153
Solution: x 5 3, y 5 2 and x 5 22, y 5 23
E12.8
Solve the following linear simultaneous equations by using the method of
‘substitution’:
1 2x 1 3y 5 30 2 a 5 3b 1 1 3 10p 1 11q 5 21
y 5 3x 2 1 7a 1 2b 5 53 p 5 5q 2 4
4 2a 1 3b 5 123 5 c 5 7d 2 2 6 2w 1 7x 5 41
a 5 3 1 5b 3c 2 4d 5 28 w 5 3x 1 1
404
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Solve the following simultaneous equations, leaving your answers as fractions
where necessary (all the quadratics can be solved by factorising):
7 xy 5 2 8 y(x 1 1) 5 10
y 5 x 1 1 y 5 2x 1 3
9 xy 1 x 1 y 5 21 10 xy 2 2y 2 x 5 2
y 5 3x 1 1 x1y57
11 y
(a) The co-ordinates of A and B
B can be found by solving the
y 2 3x 5 6
y 5 3x2 simultaneous equations:
y 5 3x2
A
y 2 3x 5 6
x Find these co-ordinates.
(b) Calculate the length AB.
Solve the simultaneous equations

12 y2 2 x2 5 60
y 5 3x 1 2
13 The line x 1 y 5 9 meets the curve x2 2 2xy 1 y2 5 1 at the points P and Q.
Calculate the length of PQ.
Key Facts
Equation of a circle y
r
x2 1 y2 5 r2 is the equation of a circle of radius r
with its centre at (0, 0).
2r O r x
y
2r
4
x2 1 y2 5 16 is a circle
with its centre at (0, 0).
24 O 4 x
r2 5 16, so radius r 5 4.
24
405
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x2 1 y2 5 13 is a circle with centre (0, 0). y
___ 3·6 x2y51
r2 5 13 so radius r 5 √
  13 5 3·6
approximately. x 5 3, y 5 2
x 2 y 5 1 is a straight line as shown

opposite (x 2 1 5 y) 23·6 O 3·6 x
Solving x2 1 y2 5 13 and x 2 y 5 1
x 5 22, y 5 23 x2 1 y2 5 13
simultaneously gives the co-ordinates 23·6
of the points where the line meets the
circle, i.e. at (3, 2) and (22, 23).
E12.9
1 Find the points of intersection of the circle x2 1 y2 5 169 and the line
y 5 x 1 7 by solving the equations simultaneously.
2 Write down the equation of each circle with centre at the origin (0, 0) and
the following:
__
(a) radius 5 7 (b) radius 5 2 √3  (c) diameter 5 12
y
3 (a) Find the points of intersection of the
10 Q y5x12 circle and the line shown opposite.
(b) Calculate the length of PQ.
(c) Find the co-ordinates of the midpoint
210 O 10 x of line PQ.
P
x2 1 y2 5 100
210
4 Find the points of intersection of the circle x2 1 y2 5 13 and the line y 2 x 5 1.

5 The line AB opposite has gradient 22.
Work out the ‘exact’ length of AB. A
(4, 2) x2 1 y2 5 25
6 A circle with centre at (5, 5) has equation x2 1 y2 2 10x 2 10y 1 25 5 0.

Find the points of intersection of this circle with the line 4x 2 3y 5 5.
406
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E Tangents to circles
Key Facts
An earlier circle theorem states that the angle between a
tangent and a radius is 90°.
To find the equation of a tangent to a circle, we make use O
of the rule for the gradient of perpendicular lines,
i.e. mm1 5 21.
Firstly find the gradient of the
x2 1 y2 5 34
radius joining (0, 0) to (3, 5).
tangent
(3, 5)
Gradient 5  _
5
3
Perpendicular gradient 5 2  _5

3
(0, 0)
i.e. tangent gradient 5 2  _5
3
y 5 mx 1 c ⇒ y 5 2  _5 x 1 c
3
(3, 5) is a point on the tangent so substitute into the

equation.
5 5 2 _5 (3) 1 c ⇒ 5 5 2  _5 1 c
3 9
c 5 5 1 _ 5 5 __
9 34
 5
Equation of tangent is y 5 2  _5 x 1 __
3 34
 5
i.e. 5y 5 23x 1 34 or 3x 1 5y 5 34
E12.10
1 Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 1 y2 5 5 at the
point (2, 1).
2 Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 1 y2 5 10 at the

point (23, 1).
407
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3 Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 1 y2 5 104 at the point (210, 2).
4 Find the equation of the tangent
to the circle at the point shown
x2 1 y2 5 272
opposite.
(�4, 16)
Leave the answer in the form
y 5 mx 1 c.
5 Show that the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 1 y2 5 45 at the point
(3, 26) is given by x 2 2y 5 15.
6 x 1 6y 5 37 is
the equation of a
tangent to the circle
x2 1 y2 5 37. Find Mixed
the equation of the
circle radius from Give each answer to one decimal place.
the point of contact Find the value of x in each triangle.
between the tangent
1 2 x
and the circle.
57°
7 The tangent to the 19 cm 12 cm
8 cm
circle x2 1 y2 5 90 at
(3, 9) meets the line
2x 2 5y 5 26 at the x
point P. Find the co-
ordinates of P. 3 A force of 500 Newtons (correct to the nearest
10 N) is applied to a circular area of diameter
8 x2 1 y2 5 20 1·89 m (correct to the nearest cm). Calculate
the least possible value for the pressure
exerted.
O
5 2 2x
4 If g(x) 5 ______
  , find the value of w when
3x
A (4, �2)
g(w) 5 1.
B
(a) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 1 y2 5 20 at (4, 22).
(b) Show that the point B(2, 26) lies on the tangent.
(c) Find the area of triangle OAB.
9 A circle has its centre at (3, 2).
Find the equation of the tangent to this circle at (1, 5).
408
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E Exponential functions
Key Facts
Exponential growth – the rate of increase of a quantity is y
proportional to the amount of the quantity currently present.
y 5 ax is an exponential function where a is a positive number.
Exponential decay – the rate of decrease of a quantity is y

proportional to the amount of the quantity currently present.
y 5 a2x is an exponential function where a is a positive number.
This generates a ‘decay’ curve.
E12.11
1 Some bacteria grew so that after t minutes, the number of bacteria, N,
was given by the formula:
N 5 2t
(a) Copy and complete the table below:
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
N
(b) Using appropriate axes, draw the graph of N 5 2t

(c) Use your graph to find the value of t when N 5 25
(d) Explain what will happen to the curve as t continues to increase.
2 (a) Using a table of values, plot the graph of y 5 4x for x-values from 23 to 3.
(b) Use your graph to solve 4x 5 30
(c) Use your graph to find the value of 41·5
(d) Find the gradient of the tangent at x 5 2
409
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3 A radioactive substance decays so that the amount of radioactive substance
present, y, after t centuries is given by the formula:
y 5 10(22t) this means 22t
then multiply by 10
(a) Copy and complete the table below:
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
y
(b) Using appropriate axes, draw the graph of y 5 10(22t)

(c) Use your graph to find the value of t when y 5 4.
(d) Will the curve ever drop below the horizontal axis? Explain why you are
giving your answer.
4 A population of rabbits increases exponentially at a rate of 30% per year.

There were 1500 rabbits at the end of the year 2012.
(a) How many rabbits would there be at the end of 2015?
(b) At the end of which year would there be 15 907 rabbits?
(c) Write down a formula of the form R 5 a(b)t where R is the number of
rabbits and t is the number of years.
5 £100 is invested in a bank at 6% per annum

compound interest. The amount of money,
M, in the account after t years is given by
the formula
M 5 100(1·06)t
Find the amount of money (to the nearest
penny) in the account after:
(a) 4 years (b) 10 years
(c) Plot a graph showing the amount of money in the account over the first
10 years.
(d) After how many years will there be £140 in the account (give your
answer to 1 decimal place)?
6 (a) Using a table of values, plot the graph of y 5 32x for x-values from 22
to 3.
(b) From your graph find the approximate solution of 32x 5 5.
(c) Find the gradient of the curve at x 5 0·5
410
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7 A summer pudding is placed in a freezer. The temperature, u °C, of the
pudding after t hours is given by the formula
u 5 40(22t) 2 25
(a) Plot a graph showing the temperature during the first 3 hours.
(b) After how many hours will the temperature have dropped to 210°C?
(c) Use a tangent to estimate the rate at which the temperature is dropping
after 1.5 hours.
(d) If the summer pudding remains in the freezer for three months, what is
the lowest temperature that can be reached?
8 The value, V (in £’s), of a house in Henton

after t years is given by the formula
V 5 90 000(1·05t )
The value, W (in £’s), of a house in Rowton
after t years is given by the formula
W 5 120 000(0·96t )
Using the same axes, draw a graph for each
equation and use them to find out after how
many years the houses have the same value.
9 A population increases exponentially from the start of February at a rate of

15% per month.
At the start of August the population has reached 1897.
How large was the population at the start of February?
10 y The curve y 5 abx passes

y 5 abx through (0, 3) and (1, 15).
Find the values of a and b.
411
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M Solving equations graphically (interpreting roots)
Key Facts
An equation such as x2 2 3x 5 5x 1 1 can be solved by drawing the graph of y 5 x2 2 3x
and the graph of y 5 5x 1 1 then finding the points at which the two graphs intersect.
At the point of intersection, the x-value fits both equations hence the value of x2 2 3x must
equal the value of 5x 1 1. Graphical solutions are often approximate because it is difficult
to draw graphs to perfection or to read off values accurately.
Roots
The solutions of an equation are known as the roots of the equation. For example,
the roots of x2 2 3x 2 18 5 0 are 6 and 23 because 62 2 3(6) 2 18 5 0 and
(23)2 2 3(23) 2 18 5 0.
The roots of a quadratic equation can be found algebraically, numerically or graphically.
Draw the graph of y 5 x2 2 3x 2 1 using x-values from 22 to 4.

Use the graph to solve: (a) x2 2 3x 2 1 5 0 (b) x2 2 2x 2 2 5 0
y 5 x2 2 3x 2 1
y
x 22 21 0 1 2 3 4
9
y 9 3 21 23 23 21 3
8
we need
7
}
to find
(a) To solve x2 2 3x 2 1 5 0 6
out where
compare graph x2 2 3x 2 1 5 y y 5 0 on 5
the curve
4
y � x2 2 3x 2 1
Read off the x-values at A and B where y 5 0 3
x 5 20·3 and 3·3 2
C
x 5 20·3 and 3·3 1
These are the two approximate A B
�3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
roots of x2 2 3x 2 1 5 0
�1
D
�2
�3
y�x11
412
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 412 10/6/15 14:51:03

(b) To solve x2 2 2x 2 2 5 0, we need to rearrange the equation into the form of
the graph x2 2 3x 2 1 5 y
x2 2 2x 2 2 5 0 ⇨ x2 2 2x 2x 22 11 5 2x 11
}
x2 2 3x 2 1 5 2x 1 1 we need to draw the line
y 5 2x 1 1 to find out where
compare the graph x2 2 3x 2 1 5 y the curve meets this line
Read off the x-values at C and D where y 5 x2 2 3x 2 1 meets the line

y 5 2x 1 1
x 5 20.7 and 2.8
x 5 20·7 and 2·8

These are the two approximate
roots of x2 2 2x 2 2 5 0
M12.9
1 (a) Copy and complete the table below for y 5 x2 2 2x 2 4
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 4
(b) Using appropriate axes, draw the curve y 5 x2 2 2x 2 4

(c) Use the graph to find the roots of x2 2 2x 2 4 5 0 (to 1 decimal place)
(d) Use the graph to find the roots of x2 2 2x 2 4 5 5 (to 1 decimal place)
2 (a) Copy and complete the table below for y 5 x2 1 4x 1 3
x 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2
y 8
(b) Using appropriate axes, draw the curve y 5 x2 1 4x 1 3

Use the graph to solve:
(c) x2 1 4x 1 3 5 0
(d) x2 1 4x 1 3 5 5 (to 1 decimal place)
(e) x2 1 4x 2 7 5 0 (to 1 decimal place)
413
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 413 10/6/15 14:51:03

3 y Use this graph to find the roots
y � x2 2 4x 1 2
7 (to 1 decimal place) of:
6
(a) x2 2 4x 1 2 5 0
5
(b) x2 2 4x 1 2 5 4
4
3
(c) x2 2 4x 1 1 5 0
2
1
�2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
�1
�2
�3
4 If we have a graph of y 5 2x2 1 5x 2 1, work out what line needs to be

drawn to solve each of the following equations:
(a) 2x2 1 4x 2 1 5 0 (b) 2x2 1 4x 2 5 5 0
(c) 2x2 1 2x 1 3 5 0 (d) 2x2 1 7x 2 4 5 0
5 Use this graph to find the y � x2 1 x 2 4 y

roots (to 1 decimal place) of: 8
(a) x2 1 x 2 4 5 0 6
y�x12
4
(b) x2 1 x 2 4 5 3
2
(c) x2 2 6 5 0
�4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x
(d) x2 1 x 2 1 5 0 �2
�4
�6
6 y Use this graph to find the roots

y � 22x 4 (to 1 decimal place) of:
2 (a) 3 1 x 2 x2 5 0
y�x�4
�3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 x (b) 7 2 x2 5 0
�2
(c) x 2 x2 5 0
�4
�6
(d) 3 1 3x 2 x2 5 0
�8 (e) 6 1 2x 2 2x2 5 0
�10
y � 3 1 x 2 x2
414
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 414 10/6/15 14:51:06

7 Using x-values from 24 to 4 draw y 5 x2 2 5 and y 5 2x 2 4 on the same axes.
Use this graph to find the roots (to 1 decimal place) of:
(a) x2 2 1 5 2x (b) x2 2 7 5 0
8 Using x-values from 22 to 4 draw y 5 x2 2 2x 1 3 and y 5 6 2 x on the

same axes.
Use this graph to find the roots (to 1 decimal place) of:
(a) x2 2 2x 2 4 5 0 (b) x2 2 x 2 3 5 0
9 Draw the graph of y 5 x2 2 3x 1 6 for x-values from 22 to 5. By drawing

suitable straight lines, solve each of the following equations (to 1 decimal place):
(a) x2 2 2x 2 1 5 0 (b) x2 2 5x 1 4 5 0
10 Draw the graph of y 5 x2 1 5x 1 3 for x-values from 26 to 1. By drawing

suitable straight lines, find the roots (to 1 decimal place) of:
(a) x2 1 6x 1 1 5 0 (b) x2 1 3x 2 1 5 0
Use your maths! – Feed the dogs

Alex and Kate own 8 dogs. They have worked out that it costs about £50 each
week to deal with the dogs.
Use all the information provided to find out if Alex and Kate are correct.
Make sure you show all your working out.
The dogs
Breed Age (years) Weight (pounds) 1 kg 5 2·2 pounds
Scottish Terrier 3 20
Chihuahua 7 6 Each dog must have a booster
once each year which costs
Labrador 6 65
£32.
Springer Spaniel 2 42 Each dog must be wormed and
Yorkshire Terrier 3 8 have flea drops which cost
£11·45 each month.
Labrador 11 70
Alex and Kate insure each dog
Great Dane 6 112 against unexpected illness or
injury. The total cost for all the
Golden Retriever 9 69 dogs is £76 each month.
415
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 415 10/6/15 14:51:06

The dogs are fed either with dry food only or
with dry food mixed with can food.
The amount of food given each day depends
on the weight of the dog as shown in the table
below.
Weight of Dry food mixed

Dry food
dog (kg) with can food
Up to 4·5 _2 cup _1 can and _1 cup

3 4 2
4·5 to 11 2 cups _1 can and 1_1 cups

2 4
3_2 cups
1
11 to 23 1 can and 2 cups
4_2 cups 1_2 cans and 3 cups

1 1
23 to 34
Over 34 8 cups 2 cans and 5 cups
The Scottish Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua and Great Dane each have dry
food only. The other four dogs have dry food mixed with can food. The costs of
the food are:
Packet of
Can
dry food
food
£4·50
42p
(36 cups)
416
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 416 10/6/15 14:51:10

1. Using the ‘cover-up’ method for drawing straight lines

(a) (i) Draw x and y axes from 0 to 6
(ii) Use x 5 0 then y 5 0 to find 2 points for x 1 3y 5 6
(iii) Draw the straight line x 1 3y 5 6
(b) On the same axes as above, use the ‘cover-up’ method to draw 4x 1 5y 5 20
2. Solving simultaneous equations on a graph

(a) Use the graph to solve the simultaneous y
equations: 6
2y � x 5 4
2y 2 x 5 4 5
x1y55 4
3
2
x1y�5
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
(b) Draw x and y axes from 0 to 8.
Solve graphically the simultaneous equations:
2x 1 y 5 8
2x 1 3y 5 12
3. Solving simultaneous equations algebraically

(a) 3x 2 2y 5 8 (b) 2a 1 3b 5 15 (c) 3m 2 4n 5 13
x 2 2y 5 0 5a 2 2b 5 229 7m 1 2n 5 36
(d) A cinema has 30 rows of seating. Some of the rows have 25 seats and
the rest have only 18 seats. If the cinema holds 659 people then find
out how many rows have 25 seats and how many have 18 seats.
4. Exploring sequences
(a) Find the nth term of the sequence 5, 8, 11, 14, …
(b) Find the 8th term of the sequence 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, …
(c) Find the 6th term of the sequence 90, 30, 10, __
10
 3 , …
(d) Find the 9th term of the sequence 3, 3, 6, 9, 15, 24, …
417
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 417 10/6/15 14:51:10

(e) A farmer has to put fence posts in a straight line. The fence posts are
initially in a pile. The first fence post is put into a hole 50 m from the
pile and there is a gap of 3 m between the posts so the second post is
53 m away from the pile, the third is 56 m away, etc.
(i) How far from the pile will the nth post be?
(ii) Which post is 83 m from the pile?
5. Finding rules for sequences

(a) Find the nth term of the sequence 23, 24, 23, 0, 5, …
__
(b) Describe fully the sequence generated by un 1 1 5 ( √3 )un
when u1 5 4.
__ __
(c) Find the nth term of the sequence 3, 3 √7 , 21, 21 √7 , …
(d) Here is a sequence of shapes made from triangles.
Let n 5 shape number and t 5 number of triangles.
n51 n52 n53 n54
Find a formula for t in terms of n.
6. Completing the square and finding turning points

(a) Solve x2 2 8x 1 __ 9 5 0 by completing the square (leave the answer in
√
the form a 6   b ).
(b) Express 2x2 2 20x 1 56 in the form p(x 1 q)2 1 r.
(c) Write down the co-ordinates of the turning point of
y 5 2x2 2 20x 1 56.
7. Solving quadratic equations by using the formula

Solve the following equations, giving your answers to 2 decimal places.
(a) 5x2 1 2x 2 4 5 0
(b) x(3x 2 1) 5 1
418
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 418 10/6/15 14:51:10

8. Solving linear and quadratic simultaneous equations
x2 1 2y 5 12
3x 2 y 5 2
9. Finding simple equations of circles and tangents to circles

(a) Write down the__equation of a circle with its centre at (0, 0) and
diameter of 6 √ 3 .
(b) y (i) Solve the simultaneous
x2 1 y2 59 equations:
x2 1 y2 5 9
x 2 y 5 3
Q

O x to find the points of intersection
of the circle x2 1 y2 5 9 and the
line x 2 y 5 3.
P
x 2 y 5 3 (ii) Find the ‘exact’ length of the
chord (line) PQ.
(c) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 1 y2 5 20 at (4, 2).
10. Using exponential functions

A car is bought for £16 000. Its value, V (in £’s), after t years is given by
the formula
V 5 16 000(0.9)t
Find the value of the car (to the nearest £10) after:
(a) 2 years
(b) 5 years
(c) 10 years.
(d) Plot a graph showing the value of the car over the first 10 years.
(e) After how many years is the car worth £10 000 (give your answer to
1 decimal place)?
(f ) Use a tangent to estimate the rate at which the value of the car is
decreasing after 4 years.
419
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 419 10/6/15 14:51:11

11. Solving equations graphically (interpreting roots)
y Use this graph to find the roots
8 (to 1 decimal place) of:
y � 2x 1 1
7 (a) x2 2 x 1 2 5 5
6 (b) x2 2 x 2 4 5 0
5 (c) x2 2 x 1 2 5 5 2 x
y � x2 2 x 1 2
4 (d) x2 2 3x 1 1 5 0
3
y�52x
2
1
�2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
�1
�2
1 The first five terms of a sequence are 9, 13, 17, 21, 25.
Find an expression, in terms of n, for the nth term of this sequence. (CEA)
2 y
5
4
3
2
1
�1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
�1
�2 The graph of the straight line
x 1 2y 5 8 is shown on the grid.
x
(a) On the grid, draw the graph of y 5 __
   2 1
2
(b) Use the graphs to find estimates for the solution of
x 1 2y 5 8
x
y 5  __ 2 1 (EDEXCEL)
2
420
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 420 10/6/15 14:51:11

3 Solve x21 8x 1 6 5 0 by completing the square.
__
Give your answer in the form a 6 √
  b , where a and b are integers. (AQA)
4 Solve the following simultaneous equations using an algebraic method.

3x 1 2y 5 27
2x 2 5y 5 37 (WJEC)
5 The graph of the equation y 5 x3 2 6x2 2 x 1 30 is shown on the graph

paper below.
y
30
20
10
�2 0 2 4 6 x
�10
Use the graph above to answer the following questions.

(a) Solve x3 2 6x2 2 x 1 30 5 0.
(b) By drawing a suitable straight line, solve the equation
x3 2 6x2 2 x 1 30 5 25x 1 10. (WJEC)
6 Draw the graph of x2 1 y2 5 4. (EDEXCEL)
7 Calculate the values of

3y x and y. (WJEC)
4y
7x 17x
8 Solve the simultaneous equations.

y5x14
y 5 2x2 1 3x 2 1
Give your answers to 2 decimal places. (AQA)
421
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 421 10/6/15 14:51:13

9 The expression x2 2 8x 1 21 can be written y
y 5 f(x)
in the form (x 2 a)2 1 b for all values of x.
(a) Find the value of a and the value of b.
The equation of a curve is y 5 f(x) where
f(x) 5 x2 2 8x 1 21.
The diagram shows part of a sketch of the M
graph of y 5 f(x). O x
The minimum point of the curve is M.

(b) Write down the co-ordinates of M. (EDEXCEL)
10 The population of the world can be estimated using the formula

P 5 6·9 3 (1·012)n
where P
is the population of the world in billions
n is the number of years after 2010.
(a) Write down the population of the world, in billions, in 2010.
(b) Write down the estimated annual percentage increase of the world population.
(c) Find the year in which the world population is expected to reach 7·5 billion.
You must show your working. (OCR)
11 A rectangular piece of card has a length of

x x
(2x 1 3) cm and a width of (3x 1 1) cm.
2x
A rectangle of length 2x cm and width 3x 1 1
x cm is cut from it as shown in the diagram.
The remaining piece of card, shown
shaded in the diagram, has an area of 25 cm2. 2x 1 3
(a) Show that 4x2 1 11x 2 22 5 0

(b) Solve the equation 4x2 1 11x 2 22 5 0 to find the value of x.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures. (CEA)
12 Find an expression for the nth term of the sequence 0, 7, 18, 33, …
13 Here are the equations of two graphs.

y2 5 x2 2 2x 1 10
y 5 3x 1 2
(a) Show that the point of intersection of these graphs satisfies the
equation 4x2 1 7x 2 3 5 0.
(b) Solve the equation 4x2 1 7x 2 3 5 0, giving your answers correct
to 2 decimal places. (OCR)
422
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 422 10/6/15 14:51:14

14 The graph of y 5 22x2 1 5x 1 25 for values of x from 23 to 6 is shown below.
y
30
20
10
�3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
�10
�20
Use the graph to solve each of the following equations.

(a) 22x2 1 5x 1 25 5 0
(b) 22x2 1 5x 1 20 5 0 (WJEC)
15 Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 1 y2 5 26 at the point (5, 21).
16 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph of y 5 x2 1 ax 1 b

The graph crosses the x-axis at (2, 0) and (4, 0).
y 5 x2 1 ax 1 b
y
O (2, 0) (4, 0) x
Work out the value of b.

You must show your working. (AQA)
423
12-Ch_12_pp377-423.indd 423 10/6/15 14:51:15

GEOMETRY 4
13
– find areas
– find lengths of arcs
– find areas of sectors and segments
– find volumes of prisms and convert between units of area and volume
– find volumes of spheres, pyramids and cones
– find surface areas of cylinders, spheres and cones
– use similar shapes, particularly triangles
– find lengths, areas and volumes of similar shapes
– – car insurance
M Areas
Key Facts
Area of triangle 5 _ 2 bh Area of trapezium 5 _ 2 h(a 1 b)
1 1
a
h
h
b
b
2
r Area of circle 5 pr Area of parallelogram 5 bh
h
M13.1
Give answers to one decimal place if necessary. 4 6
1 Find the shaded area. All lengths are in cm. 3

6
5
2
7 3
424
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 424 10/6/15 14:51:46

3 Find the area of each shape below. All lengths are in cm.
2
7 5
10 3
0·6
7
2·3 7·8
10
4 5 28 cm
31 cm
6 17 7 7
14
16
8 Which of the 2 shapes below has the larger area?

13
12 B
A 10
9 9
Find each shaded area in questions 9 to 13
9 10
3 cm
6 cm
9 cm
7 cm
2 cm
425
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 425 10/6/15 14:51:51

11 8 cm 2 cm
6 cm
3 cm
16 cm
12 13
6 cm 6 cm
3 cm 9 cm
14 A triangle has an area of 102 cm2. What is the height of the triangle if the
base is 17 cm?
15 One parallel side in a trapezium is twice as long as the other parallel side.
If the distance between the two parallel sides is 9 cm and its area is 135 cm2,
what are the lengths of the two parallel sides?
16 Find the area of this parallelogram. 13 cm
5 cm
17 Find the area of this parallelogram.

30°
8 cm
12 cm
18 ABCD is a square. 19 Find the area of this regular

Find the shaded area. octagon.
A B 6 cm
8 cm
8 cm
D C
426
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 426 10/6/15 14:51:56

M Area of a triangle if 2 sides and the angle between them are known
Key Facts
h
sin C 5 __
^ ^
B a so h 5 a sin C
1
Area of triangle ABC 5 __ bh
c a
2
h 1
5 __
^
ba sin C
2
A b C
12 ab sin C
area of triangle 5 __
^
(The angle C must be between two sides a and b)
8 cm 47° is between the two sides 8 cm and 14 cm.

47° 1
Area of triangle 5 __
   3 8 3 14 sin 47°
14 cm 2
5 41·0 cm2 (to 1 decimal place)
M13.1
Find the area of each triangle below, giving the answer to one decimal place.
1 2 3 6·3 cm
15 cm 78° 39°
9 cm
17 cm
64° 8·2 cm
21 cm
4 5 6 22 cm
42° 3x x
27°
16 cm
81° 8·7 cm 15 cm
5x
94°
9 cm
5·9 cm
427
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 427 10/6/15 14:52:00

7 Find the value of u
(to 1 decimal place)
in each triangle below.
(a) Mixed
12 cm
θ 1 Write these numbers in order of size

(smallest first):
18 cm
3 11
area 5 50 cm2 0·595  __   ___ 
5 20
112
58·2%  ____  0·563
200
(b)
θ 2 A y
19 cm 3
10 cm
2
1
area 5 36 cm2
�3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 x
�1
�2
(c)
θ �3
B
42° 7·6 cm
Find the equation of the line which is
24 cm perpendicular to line AB and passes
through (0, 22).
area 5 70 cm2 ___ ___
2 Simplify √
  48 2 √
  12 
8
6·4 cm ind x if the area of this triangle

F
is 51 cm2. Give your answer to
1 decimal place.
52°
x
9 A 15 cm B 10 Q R
59° 68°
24°
8 cm 8·6 cm
14 cm
D C 48°
P 9 cm S
Calculate area ABCD. Work out area PQRS.
428
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 428 10/6/15 14:52:03

M Arcs of circles
Key Facts
arc An arc is part of the circumference.
r θ
Circumference 5 pd where d 5 diameter
O r
360° in a whole circle
u
O is centre of circle so arc length 5 ____
   of the circumference
360
u
arc length 5 ___
360 3 pd
B Find the perimeter of this shape, leaving the answer in terms of p.

70
Arc AB 5 ____
   3 p 3 12 (diameter 5 12 cm)
6 cm 360
1
70 p 12
5 ____
   3  __ 3 ___
   
A 70° 3 360 1 1
6 cm
O 7p
5 ___
    cm
3
Perimeter 5 arc AB 1 AO 1 OB
7p
5 ___
   1 6 1 6
3
7p
5 ___ (
   1 12 cm
3 )
This is an ‘exact’ answer in terms of p. If a calculator is used, the answer is 19.3 cm
(to one decimal place).
M13.2
In questions 1 to 3 , use a calculator to work out the length of arc MN to one
decimal place.
1 N 2 M 3
M 11 cm
50° 6 cm O
O
O
32° 58° 14 cm
M
11 cm N
N
429
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 429 10/6/15 14:52:04

In questions 4 to 6 , use a calculator to work out the perimeter of each shape
to one decimal place.
4 N 5 O 6
M
5·6 cm 95° N
M 3 cm 120°
29° N 21 cm
M
O
O
7 P Find the perimeter

of the shaded area.
N
75°
Q M O
3 cm 7 cm
4p
8 O The arc MN 5 ___    cm.
9
^
4 cm Find the value of MON.
M N
9 The arc PQ 5 15 cm. Find the P

length OP to 1 decimal place.
O 39°
10 M N 11 P
5 cm
40° 10 cm
O O 86°
20p Q
Show that arc MN 5 ____
    cm.
9 43p
Show that arc PQ 5  ____  cm.
18
430
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 430 10/6/15 14:52:06

12 13
42° 9 cm
16 cm
110°
Find the perimeter of this shape, Find the perimeter of this shape,
leaving the answer in terms of p. leaving the answer in terms of p.
14 Find the perimeter of the shaded 15 A D

area below, giving the answer to 12 cm
x
1 decimal place. 50°
30°
12 cm
x
7 cm 53° B C
Arc AB is equal to arc CD. Find x.

O
M Areas of sectors and segments
Key Facts
minor minor
sector segment
major major
sector segment
A Area of circle 5 pr2

r
u
O
θ
area of sector AOB 5 ___
360 3 pr 2
r B
Area of minor segment 5 area of sector AOB 2 area of triangle AOB

A
u
r So area of minor segment 5 ____    3 pr2 2 area AOB
360
θ
O 1 1
r Area AOB 5 __     r2 sin u (from area  5 __
^
    ab sin C)
B 2 2
431
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 431 10/6/15 14:52:09

Find the area of the shaded segment, giving your answer to
5 cm 1 decimal place.
80° 80
O Area sector 5  ____ 3 p52
5 cm 360
1 1
Area  5    3 52 sin 80° (from area  5 __
__ ^
    ab sin C)
2 2
80 1
Area segment 5  ____ 3 p52 2  __ 3 52 sin 80° 5 5·1 cm2
360 2
M13.3
In this Exercise, give the answer to one decimal place when necessary.
In questions 1 to 3 , find the area of each sector.
1 2
3 cm
100°
O
37°
18 cm
3 Find the shaded area. 4

115°
21 cm
55°
3 cm
2 cm
5 6
O 3 cm
2 cm
70°
40°
Show that the sector Show that the sector

4p 7p
area is ___
    cm2. area is ___
    cm2.
9 4
7 Find the total area of this

shape, leaving your answer
in terms of p. 6 cm 6 cm
35° 6 cm
11 cm
432
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 432 10/6/15 14:52:13

8 A circle has radius 6 cm with centre O. A and B are points on the
circumference such that the angle AOB is 30°. Show that the area of the
sector AOB is exactly 3p.
9 10
r
θ 58°
7 cm
Find the value of u if the sector Find the value of r if the sector
area is 10·7 cm2. area is 32 cm2.
11 Find the ‘exact’ area of the P

sector opposite if the length 9 cm
3p
of arc PQ is ___
    cm.
2
12 Part of a drain cover is in the

shape of a sector as shown 30 cm
opposite. The 3 holes shown 10°
are also sectors, each with an 10°
angle of 10° and a radius of 70°
10°
20 cm. Find the area of this
20 cm
part of the drain cover.
13 Work out the pink area shown

opposite. The three circles shown
each have a diameter of 8 cm.
M13.4
1 Find the area of each triangle.
(a) 8 cm (b)
13 cm 125° 13 cm
35°
8 cm
433
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 433 10/6/15 14:52:15

2 B (a) Find the area of triangle AOB.
3 cm (b) Find the area of the sector AOB.
75°
O (c) Use the answers from (a) and (b) above to
A 3 cm
find the area of the shaded segment.
3 Find the area of each

shaded segment below.
Mixed algebra
(a)
1 Factorise
O
(a) x2 1 5x (b) 4x2 2 1
A 84° 9 cm
(c) x2 2 7x 1 10 (d) 6x2 1 11x 2 10
B
2 Solve
(a) 5(2x 1 1) 5 3(3x 1 4)
(b)
x
(b) 8 5 __
   1 4
O
3
4·5 cm (c) x2 2 5x 5 24
144° 1
M N (d) 3x 5 ___
   
27
3 Find the value of f(3) if f(x) 5 5x2
(c) O
4 Simplify
100° 15 cm
x4 3 x5 _1
(a)  ______ (b) x 33 x24
(x3) 2
P Q ________
(c)  √(16x10y4)  (d) (3x4y3)5
4 A (a) Find OX and AX.

10 cm (b) Find the area of triangle AOX.
50°
O X B (c) Find the area of the sector AOB.
(d) Find the area enclosed between the lines AX,
XB and the circle.
5 Find the area of the shaded

segment opposite.
O 78°
12 cm
434
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6 A regular octagon fits inside the circle of radius
7 cm as shown. Find the shaded area.
7 Two circles of radius 10 cm have centres P and Q where PQ is horizontal and

has length 16 cm. The two circles intersect at A and B. The line AB intersects
the line PQ at a point X. Y is the point on the circle with centre P which lies
on the line PQ.
(a) Find the angle APX.
(b) Find the area of the triangle APX.
(c) Find the area of the sector APY.
(d) Hence shown that the area enclosed between the two circles and which
lies above the line PQ is 16·4 cm2.
8 O is the centre of the circle opposite.

Calculate the pink area.
7 cm 7 cm
O
120°
9 Two circles of radius 13 cm have centres P and Q where PQ is horizontal

and has length 24 cm. Show that the area which is common to both circles is
13·4 cm2.
10 R 12 cm S This diagram shows

the base of an iron.
Arc PQ has the
centre of its circle
Q 8 cm
at R and arc QR
has the centre of its
circle at P.
P T
Find the area of the iron base PQRST.
435
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M Prisms and units of area/volume
Key Facts
1m 5 100 cm 1m 100 cm
5
1m 100 cm 1m 100 cm
1m 100 cm
1 m 3 1 m 5 100 cm 3 100 cm 1 m 3 1 m 3 1 m 5 100 cm 3 100 cm 3 100 cm
Area: 1 m2 5 10 000 cm2 Volume: 1 m3 5 1 000 000 cm3
A prism has the same cross-section throughout

its length.
Volume of prism 5 (area of cross section) 3 (length)
length V 5 Al
cross section
Capacity
1 litre 5 1000 ml 1 ml is the same as 1 cm3 1 m3 5 1000 litres
(a) (b) The capacity of

this container is
0·8 m
45 cm 226 litres. Find
30 cm 1·6 m the radius to one
decimal place.
How many litres of water will fill Let radius be r.
this trough? 226 l 5 0·226 m3 (1 m3 5 1000 litres)
V 5Al pr2 3 0·8 5 0·226
1
V 5 __
2 (
   3 45 3 30 3 160 )  
0·226
r2 5 _______  
p 3 0·8
1·6 m changed into r2 5 0·0899
160 cm so all units
are the same r 5 0·3 m (1 decimal place)
V 5 108 000 cm3
V 5 108 litres (because 1000 cm3 are the
same as 1000 ml so divide
by 1000 to convert into litres)
436
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M13.5
In this Exercise give answers to 1 decimal place where necessary.
1 (a) Work out the volume of this 2m
solid in m3.
4m
(b) What is the volume of this
solid in cm3?
3m
5m
8m
2 The capacity of this rectangular tank is

72 000 litres.
4m
Find the missing value x.
x
9 cm

(a) 1 m3 5 cm3 (b) 2 m3 5 cm3 (c) 4·7 m3 5 cm3
(d) 1 m2 5 cm2 (e) 3 m2 5 cm2 (f ) 80 000 cm2 5 m2
(g) 35 000 cm2 5 m2 (h) 9·25 m2 5 cm2 (i) 1 m3 5 litres
( j) 7 m3 5 litres (k) 5600 litres 5 m3 (l) 3·9 m3 5 cm3
4 Find the volume of each prism.

(a) (b)
12 m
6 cm
9 cm 4m 24 m
8 cm
5m
5 Find the total surface area of each prism.

(a) (b)
6 cm
9 cm
5 cm
4 cm 20 cm
10 cm
3 cm 12 cm
16 cm
437
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6 A piece of metal is in the shape of a prism. It has a volume of 6400 cm3.
If the area of the cross-section is 32 cm2, how long is the piece of metal?
7 Find the volume of each prism.

(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 cm
4 cm
22 cm 25 cm
3 cm
4 cm
12 cm 14 cm
8 cm
8 Find the volume, in litres, of a cylindrical container of radius 0·8 m and

height 95 cm.
9 The circular end of a stick of rock has diameter 4 cm. The volume of the
stick of rock is 96p cm3. Calculate the length of the stick of rock.
10 Which of the cylinders below has the larger volume?
12 cm
B
17 cm
A
19 cm
27 cm
11 A cylindrical can of dog meat has a radius of 3.5 cm and a height of 11 cm.
If the can contains 400 cm3 of dog meat, how much empty space is there
inside the can?
12 How many glasses of radius 2·5 cm and 2·5 cm

height 10 cm can be completely filled
10 cm
lem from the bottle of lemonade?
on
ad
e
2 litres
13 The volume of this cylinder is 450 cm3.

Find the radius.
9 cm
438
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14 A cylindrical container has a capacity of 1·8 litres and a length of 14 cm.
Find the diameter.
15 A 300 m tunnel is dug. It forms a prism with the cross-section

1·6 m
shown.
Calculate the volume of earth which is dug out for the tunnel. 3·8 m
3·2 m
16 A cylindrical glass has a radius of 3 cm and holds 360 cm3 of

water when full. Find the height of the glass.
M13.6
1 Find the weight of a lead cylinder of radius 4 cm and length 16 cm.
The density of lead is 11·4 g/cm3.
2 18 cm (a) Find the ‘exact’ volume of this prism,

6 cm
leaving your answer in terms of p.
(b) The prism is a small container. It is
filled with water at a rate of 0·03 litres
per second. Dan says that the container
will be full in less than 10 seconds.
Is he correct? You must show all your
working.
3 Concrete prisms as shown

opposite are to be loaded onto a
70 cm truck which has a weight limit
of 18 tonnes. The density of
30°
concrete is 2400 kg/m3.
50 cm 1·3 m What is the maximum number
40 cm of prisms that can be loaded
onto the truck safely? Justify
your answer fully.
4 The curved part of a cylindrical tank is fully covered with an insulating foam
which is 15 cm thick. If the tank has height 1 m and base radius 0·8 m before
it is covered then what is the volume of the foam used?
439
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5 The volume of water flowing through a mains pipe is 120 litres/second.
The diameter of the pipe is 50 cm.
Calculate the speed of the water (in m/s).
6 38 cm A cylindrical barrel

is full of water.
37 cm
The water is
poured into a
80 cm 25 cm
trough as shown.
200 cm
(a) Will all the water go in without the trough overflowing?

(b) What is the difference in the volumes of the two containers?
7 A 1·5 litres bottle of champagne is placed in a

cylindrical ice bucket whose diameter is 16 cm
25 cm
and whose height is 25 cm. The bucket is then
completely filled with cold water so that the bottle
stays completely immersed. Ignoring the volume of
the glass of the bottle, what is the volume of water
16 cm used to fill the bucket?
8 A cylindrical pipe lies on its

side. The pipe is 2 m long and
has an internal radius of 13 cm.
It has some water lying in the
Mixed algebra
pipe such that the maximum
depth of the water is 5 cm. 1 Simplify
(a) Draw a diagram of this pipe and (a) 5(x 2 3) 2 4(x 1 5)
the water. (b) (x 1 y)2
(b) Find the cross-sectional area of
the water in the pipe. 2 If g(x) 5 x2 2 7x, find the value of x
if g(x) 5 3x.
(c) Find the volume of water in the
pipe. 3 Solve
1
(a) 23x 2 1 5 __
  x
8
(b) 272x 5 9x 1 1
4 Find f 21(3) if f(x) 5 7x 2 11
440
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 440 10/6/15 14:52:29

M Volumes of spheres, pyramids and cones
Key Facts
h
h
r
Sphere Pyramid Cone

4 1 1
Volume 5 __
    pr3 Volume 5 __
   3 (base area) 3 h Volume 5  __  pr2h
3 3 3
A metal cone is melted down and made into 100 ball bearings. If the cone has a base
diameter of 8 cm and height of 7 cm, what is the radius of one ball bearing?
1 4
Volume of cone 5 __     p42 3 7 Volume of bearing (sphere) 5 __
    pr3
3 3
4
Volume of 100 bearings 5 100 3 __     pr3
3
1 2
__ 4 3
__
    p4 3 7 5 100 3     pr
3 3
112 5 400r 3
112
r3 5 ____
   5 0·28
400
____
3
r 5 √0·28 
Radius of one ball bearing 5 0·65 cm (to 1 decimal place)
M13.7
In this Exercise give answers to 3 significant figures where necessary.
1 Find the volume of each solid.
(a) (b) (c) 19 mm
9 cm
15 cm
12 cm
8 cm
441
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 441 10/6/15 14:52:32

(d) (e) (f )
8 cm
7 cm
3m
5 cm
9 cm
10 cm
9 cm
2 Work out the volume of a hemisphere of diameter 18 cm.

3 A square-based pyramid is made from gold. The density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3.
What does the pyramid weigh if the base length is 5 cm and the pyramid height
is 11 cm?
4 A sphere of radius 2·1 cm is made from a zinc alloy of density 6 g/cm3.
Find the mass of the sphere.
5 Find the height of a cone of radius 3 cm and volume 170 cm3.
6 Find the ‘exact’ volume of each solid, leaving your answers in terms of p.
(a) (b) (c)
2 cm 6 cm
12 cm
10 cm
5 cm
7 A golf ball is covered in a coating of width 3 mm. If it has a radius of 2 cm

before it is covered then find the volume of the coating.
8 Find the volume of each solid, leaving your answer in terms of p.
(a) (b) 18 cm (c)
17 cm
13 cm 16 cm
3 cm
10 cm
(cone on a hemisphere) 4·5 cm

8 cm 7 cm
(pyramid on a cuboid)
(cylinder on a cone)
442
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9 A cylinder of radius 5 cm and height 12 cm is filled up with water. The water
is then poured into a cone with height 4 cm so that it fills the cone exactly.
What is the base radius of the cone?
10 A company makes spherical and cubical ice holders. When frozen, both
holders are full. What is the diameter of the spherical container if it holds as
much as the cubical container of side length 13 mm?
11 A cone of height 45 cm has to hold 3 litres of water. What is the least
possible value of the base radius?
12 A cake has diameter 35 cm and height 8 cm. A slice
of cake is cut so that the angle of the slice is 40°.
Calculate the volume of this piece of cake.
13 A cylindrical container has a base radius of 10 cm. Water is poured into the
cylinder to a height of 8 cm. A heavy solid sphere of radius 3 cm is placed
into the water so that it rests on the bottom of the cylinder. By how much
does the height of the water increase?
14 Some wine is poured into the conical glass shown opposite. 5 cm
(a) Find the volume of the wine, leaving the answer in
terms of p. 8 cm
(b) Find the volume of a spherical ice cube of radius 1 cm,
leaving the answer in terms of p.
(c) The ice cube is put into the glass. Assuming that the ice
floats such that 25% of its volume is above the surface
of the liquid, calculate the rise (to the nearest mm) in level
of the drink in the glass after the ice cube is put in.
15 A cylindrical pipe is 3 m long and has a
radius of 10 cm. Water flows into the pipe
at a rate of 3 litres per minute.
How long does it take for the water to have
a maximum depth of 16 cm?
Give the answer in minutes and seconds.
16 B A circle has radius 25 cm. A sector AOB is cut out

where O is the centre and A and B are points on the
25 cm circle such that the angle AOB is u.
5pu
θ (a) Show that the length of the arc AB is  ____ .
36
O (b) The sides OA and OB are then joined together
A
to form a cone. If the height of the cone is
24 cm then find the base radius. (Hint: use
Pythagoras’ theorem.)
(c) Hence (i) find the perimeter of the base of the cone and (ii) use this to
find u.
443
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17 (a) Find the length of the major arc AB.
(b) OA is joined to OB so that a cone shape is
A formed. Use your answer to part (a) to find
O 72° the exact value of the radius of the circular
5 cm base of this cone.
B
(c) What is the height of this cone?
18
4 cm
The shaded frustum is made by cutting off
a small cone from the large cone. Find the
10 cm volume of the frustum.
8 cm
30 cm
M Surface areas of cylinders, spheres and cones
Key Facts
circumference 5 πd r
roll out
h h
sphere
surface area 5 4pr2
cylinder
Curved surface area 5 pdh or 2prh
Total surface area 5 pdh 1 2pr2
(including two ends)
or 2prh 1 2pr2
Note
l l is called the ‘slant’ height. The perpendicular height
h l h, the radius r and the slant
r height l are connected by
r Pythagoras’ theorem.
cone
Curved surface area 5 prl h2 1 r2 5 l 2
444
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 444 10/6/15 14:52:41

Find the total surface area of this cone (to 3 significant figures).
12 cm We need the slant height. l2 5 122 1 132
12 l
26 cm
l2 5 313
13 l 5 17·7 cm (1 dec. pl.)
Total surface area 5 curved surface area 1 base
5 prl 1 pr2
5 (p 3 13 3 17·7) 1 (p 3 132)
5 1253·8 5 1250 cm2 (3 sig. figs.)
M13.8
In this Exercise give answers to 3 significant figures where necessary.
1 Find the curved surface area of each solid.
(a) (b) 2 cm (c)
18 cm
20 cm 13 cm 3·5 m
2 Find the ‘exact’ total surface

area of each solid, leaving
answers in terms of p.
(a) 12 cm Mixed
1 Make x the subject of each formula.

_______
x
(a)  __
p 2 q 5 2r (b)  √(x 1 3y) 5 z 2 3
(b) 2 Tina earns £19 688 after a 7% pay rise.
How much did she earn before the increase?
5 cm
9 cm 3 m 5 7·2 and n 5 4·8 (correct to two
significant figures). Find the interval
(c) 3m
8 cm within which  ___ lies.
n2
14 cm
4 Find the Q
length QR. 7 cm
P 68°
7 cm
R
445
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3 Which of these two cylinders has the larger total surface area and by how
much?

14 cm
A
38 cm 60 cm
B
19 cm
4 A cone has curved surface area 6 cm2 and radius 1 cm. What is the slant
height of the cone?
5 A 3 litre pot of paint is used to paint the surface of a large sphere and the
instructions say that one litre will cover 5 m2. What is the maximum radius
of the sphere?
6 The surface area of a closed cylinder is 175 cm2

and its radius is 4 cm.
Find the height of this cylinder.
7 An apple (assume that it is spherical) of radius 4 cm is cut in half. What area

of cling film will be needed to cover completely one half of the apple?
8 Find the ‘exact’ total surface area of each cone, leaving answers in terms of p.
(a) (b) 24 cm (c)
6 cm
24 cm
25 cm
16 cm 4 cm
9 B A circle has radius 12 cm. A sector AOB is cut out where

O is the centre and A and B are points on the circle such
A that angle AOB 5 60°.
60°
(a) Find the area of the sector.
O
(b) Find the perimeter of the arc AB.
(c) The sides OA and OB are then joined together to form a cone. Use your
answer to part (b) to find the base radius of the cone.
(d) Verify that the formula prl for the curved surface area of a cone does
give the correct area from part (a).
(e) Find the height of the cone.
446
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10 A cone has curved surface area 16 cm2 and radius 2 cm. What is the
perpendicular height of the cone?
11 A cone is joined to a hemisphere as shown.

The solid is to be protected by using a spray which
21 cm costs 29p per cm2.
How much will it cost to spray the whole solid?
7 cm
12 A cone has curved surface area 60p cm2 and radius 6 cm.
What is the perpendicular height of the cone?
13 A sphere has a volume of 250 cm3. Find the surface area of the sphere.
M Similar shapes
Two triangles are similar if they have the same angles.

75° 75°
70° 35°
70° 35°
Any two shapes are similar if one shape is an enlargement of the other. Corresponding
sides must be in the same proportion.
M Find x.
B The triangles are similar because all
85°
10 cm 3 angles are the same.
7 cm
85° 40° 40°
A 4 cm C L x N
Redraw the triangles so that the angles L

correspond more clearly. B
Sides AC and MN correspond. 7

85° 40° 85° 40°
10
MN is  ___ times longer, i.e. 2·5 times longer. A 4 C M 10 N
4
Each side in the larger triangle is 2·5 times longer than the corresponding side in the
smaller triangle. Sides LN and BC correspond so x 5 2·5 3 7 5 17·5 cm.
447
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M13.9
1 For each part of the question below, the shapes are similar. Find x.
(a) (b)
65°
x 12 cm
3 cm 65° 4 cm 3m
80° 80° 115°
20° 4.5 m
2m
115°
20°
x
(c) 9 cm 6 cm (d)
70° 75° 12 m
70° 75° 5m
6 cm 110° x 110° 130° 15°
130°
15°
8m x
2 Picture A is enlarged to make

12 cm A picture B. Find x. 27 cm B
18 cm
x
3 U Explain why these triangles

Q
are similar.
6 cm 8 cm 12 cm
9 cm
P 10 cm R
T 15 cm V
4 B (a) Prove that triangles ABC and

E
CDE are similar.
(b) Find BC.
7 cm 3·5 cm
C (c) Find CE.
2·5 cm
9 cm D
A R
5 (a) Prove that triangles PQT and

PRS are similar. Q
30 cm
(b) Find PS. 20 cm
(c) Find PQ. 8 cm
P 5 cm T S
448
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6 B
ork out the

W
A 26 cm value of BC.
40 cm
C
10 m
7 Find x in each diagram below.

(a) 15 m (b) 4 cm (c)
5m
6 cm 16 m
27 m
x x 12 m
x
28 m
9 cm
(a) Q (b) C 25 cm D
R Find QR. 20 cm
6 cm Find x.
10 cm B E
x
P T S
6 cm A
2 cm
similar triangles
similar triangles
Q C 25 D
R B 20 E
10
x x�6
T 6 S A
P 8 S A
PS 8 4
___ CD 25 __ 5
   5  __ 5  __   ___ 5 ___
   5    
TS 6 3 BE 20 4
4 40 1 5
QS 5 __
   3 10 5  ___ 5 13 __  x 1 6 5  __  x
3 3 3 4
1 1
QR 5 QS 2 RS 5 13 __ 2 10 5 3 __  cm 4x 1 24 5 5x
3 3
x 5 24 cm
449
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 449 10/6/15 14:53:03

M13.10
In questions 1 to 6 , find x.
1 C 2 R 3 M
8 cm 15 cm
4 cm
20 cm
L
B Q 3 cm N
12 cm 7 cm K
x
E T
A D P S
9 cm x 10·5 cm x J
4 N P Q 5 E 6 C
14 cm
10 cm 5 cm 4 cm
17·5 cm R x D F B
6 cm x
x
E
6 cm C G A 4 cm D
M 8 cm
7 B
rove that triangles

P
A 42° ABC and CDE are
C similar.
E 42°
D
8 A man of height 2 m casts a shadow of 3·75 m. At the same moment a tower

of height 47 m casts a shadow. How long is the shadow?
9 B Find y.
D
5m
y
C
y�3
E
7·5 cm
450
13-Ch_13_pp424-466.indd 450 10/6/15 14:53:07

R
9 cm
Q
10 Find PQ and PT. 7·5 cm
3 cm
P T 6 cm S
11 A gate is 1.5 m

tall. How high
is the chimney
on the house?
Gate
10·5 m 2m
12 R 13 B 14 P x Q
x 6 cm C 4 cm
2 cm R 4·8 cm
Q S 5 cm N
17·5 cm y 15 cm 3 cm 5 cm
A E y
P 14 cm T
8 cm x D
Find x and y. M Find x and y.
Find x.
^ ^
15 A AEB 5 AC D.
x
2 cm Find x.
E
5x B
x
D C
16 R 3 cm S Rectangle PQTU is similar to

rectangle UPRS.
Find the value of x to
3 cm
2 decimal places.
Q T
x cm
P U
451
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17 PQSU is a parallelogram. Q R 2x S
PQV 5 RTS. x
x 1 7·5
Find PV. T
P x 1 17·5 V U
18 Calculate the total surface

area of this frustum.
6 cm 10 cm
8 cm
Vectors
1 ( )
If m 5 22
   ( )
23
26  and n 5   
9  , find:
(a) 3m (b) m 1 n (c) the magnitude of m 1 n
2 State the geometrical relationship between 3a 2 2b and 12a 2 8b.

___› ___›
3 B AB5 p and AC
5 q.
X, Y and Z are the midpoints of AB,
Y
X BC and CA respectively.
(a) Express the following vectors in
C terms of p and q:
Z ___› ___›
A (i) BC (ii) BY
___› ___›
(iii) XB (iv) XY
___› ___›
(v) YC (vi) YZ
___› ___›
(vii) AZ (viii) XZ
(b) Hence show that XZ is parallel
to BC.
(c) What is the ratio of XZ : BC?
452
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E Areas and volumes of similar shapes
These two triangles are similar.

10 cm Length of a side in triangle B is 2 times
6 cm B
3 cm A 5 cm the length of a side in triangle A,
i.e. scale factor 5 2.
4 cm 8 cm
1
Area A 5  __ 3 4 3 3 5 6 cm2
2
1
Area B 5 __
   3 8 3 6 5 24 cm2
2
Area of triangle B is 4 times area of triangle A,
i.e. 22 times area A (this is (scale factor) 2)
These two prisms are similar.

Volume A 5 area 3 length 5 6 3 10 5 60 cm3
3 cm A 5 cm 10 cm
6 cm B Volume B 5 area 3 length 5 24 3 20 5 480 cm3
4 cm 10 cm
Volume B is 8 times volume A,
8 cm 20 cm
i.e. 23 times volume A (this is (scale factor) 3).
Key Facts
For two similar shapes,
if the ratio of corresponding lengths 5 k
then the ratio of the areas 5 k2
and the ratio of the volumes 5 k3
These cylinders are similar.

P Q The capacity of P is 4·8 l
25 cm h The capacity of Q is 1·9 l
Find h.
Ratio of volumes 5 4·8 4 1·9 5 2·526 (4 sig. figs.)
If ratio of lengths is k then k3 5 2·526
_____
3
k 5 √2·526  so ratio of lengths is 1·362 (4 sig. figs.)
h 5 25 4 length ratio 5 25 4 1·362 5 18·4 cm (3 sig. figs.)
453
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E13.1
1 Find the ratio of the volumes for each pair of similar shapes below.
(a) (b)
2 cm 10 cm
0·2 m
0·9 m
2 Find the ratio of the lengths for

each pair of similar shapes below.
(a)
area Mixed
5 6 m2 area 5 294 m2
1 Find the nth term for each
sequence below:
(a) 2, 9, 16, 23, ...
(b) (b) 1, 8, 21, 40, 65, ...
2 M is directly proportional to the

square of N. M 5 200 when
N 5 10. Find:
(a) the value of M when N 5 3
(b) the value of N when M 5 128
surface surface
area 5 11 cm2 area 5 63·36 cm2
3 Solve: 3x 1 5y 5 214
2x 2 3y 5 16
(c)
4 5 cm Calculate the value
x
of angle x.
7 cm
volume volume
5 8 m3 5 216 m3
5 A particle accelerates at a constant
rate from 5 m/s to 10 m/s in
(d) 8 seconds. Find the distance
travelled by the particle during this
time (remember: v2 5 u2 1 2as,
v 5 u 1 at, s 5 ut 1  _2 at2).
1
volume volume
5 28 cm3 5 5463·136 cm3
454
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3 These prisms are similar.
The total surface area of prism A is
A 42 m2. Find the total surface area of
4m
B
prism B.
12 m
4 These containers are similar. 30 cm

The volume of P is 2000 cm3. 6 cm
Find the volume of Q.
P Q
5 A fabric shop sells similar rugs. A customer buys a rug which is 2 m from one
corner to the opposite corner and which has an area of 3.6 m2. What will the
area be of a similar rug which is 3 m from one corner to the opposite corner?
6 A certain vase is 25 cm high and holds 1500 cm3 of water. How much water
(to 3 significant figures) will a similar vase hold if it is 18 cm high?
7
P 7 cm P and Q are similar shapes.

Q
h Find h.
volume 5 50 cm2
volume 5 3200 cm2
8 These cones are similar. d 3·9 m
Find d.
A
B
capacity
5 1·8 l
capacity
5 388·8 l
9 These two bottles are similar.

The total surface area of A is 415 cm2.
18 cm h The total surface area of B is 10 375 cm2.
A B
Find h.
10 Two pictures are similar. The area of one is 54 cm2 and the other is 216 cm2.
If the length of the larger one is 18 cm then find the length of the smaller one.
11 Two round cakes are similar. One has a radius of 10 cm and weighs 1.5 kg.
What is the radius (to 3 significant figures) of the other cake if it weighs 2 kg?
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12 Two milk bottles are similar. The larger one is 20 cm tall and has a volume of
1.5 litres. How much (to 3 significant figures) will the smaller bottle hold if
it is 15 cm tall?
13 C In this diagram, AB 5 5 cm and BC 5 4 cm.
B The area of triangle ABE is 23 cm2. Find the
area of triangle ACD.
A E D
14 An egg box of height 54 mm has a volume of 300 cm3. What is the height
(to 3 significant figures) of a similar egg box if its volume is 550 cm3?
15 Two spheres have surface areas in the ratio 9:64. If the diameter of the
smaller sphere is 57 cm, find the diameter of the larger sphere.
16 Two similar containers have heights in the ratio 2:5. Find the capacity of the
smaller container if the capacity of the larger container is 26 litres.
17 An art shop charges £10 for the area of glass that is needed to cover a
painting of length 50 cm. How much would it charge to cover a similar
painting of length 70 cm with the same sort of glass?
18 Two football pitches are similar to each other. One is 80 m long and the
groundsman needs 15 litres of weed killer to cover the pitch. How much weed
killer (to 3 significant figures) is required for the pitch which is 60 m long?
19 A shop sells two sizes of plastic cylindrical containers which are similar to
each other. The larger container has a diameter of 28 cm and a volume of 20
litres. What is the diameter (to 3 significant figures) of the container which
holds 15 litres?
20 When 216 cm3 of water is poured into the cone shown
below, it reaches height h cm. When a further 1215 cm3
of water is poured in, the level of water rises by 8 cm.
(a) Draw two diagrams, marking on the volumes and
heights of the water.
(b) Write down an equation involving h 1 8 and h.
(c) Solve this equation to find the value of h.
Key Facts
Connecting the area ratio and volume ratio
If you have the area ratio and need the volume ratio, find the length ratio first.
__
Area ratio ⇒ √  ⇒ length ratio ⇒ cube ⇒ volume ratio
Similarly,
__
3
Volume ratio ⇒ √ ⇒ length ratio ⇒ square ⇒ area ratio
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Two bottles of wine are similar. One bottle contains 0·7 l and the other bottle contains
1 litre. If the surface area of the smaller bottle is 475 cm2, find the surface area of the
larger bottle.
1
Ratio of volumes 5 ___
    (it is better to calculate this at the end)
0·7
___
Ratio of lengths √
3 1
5 ___
    
0·7
___ 2
Ratio of areas
1
5 ___ (√ )3
     
0·7
___ 2
1
3 ___
(√ )
Surface area of larger bottle 5       3 475
0·7
5 603 cm2 (to 3 significant figures)
E13.2
1 These two pyramids are similar.
If the volume of A is 36 cm3, find:
(a) the area ratio
(b) the length ratio
A (c) the volume ratio
surface B (d) the volume of B
area 5 7 cm2
surface area 5 112 cm2
2 These two containers are similar.

If the surface area of N is
1421 cm2, find:
(a) the volume ratio
(b) the length ratio
M
(c) the area ratio
capacity 5 0·2 l
N
(d) the surface area of M
capacity 5 68·6 l
3 Two cuboids are similar. One has volume 6 m3 and the other has volume
11 m3. If the surface area of the smaller one is 22 m2, what is the surface area
(to 3 significant figures) of the larger one?
4 A plant pot has a volume of 3.5 litres and a surface area of 850 cm2.
What is the volume (to 3 significant figures) of a similar plant pot whose
surface area is 1200 cm2?
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5 Three layers of wedding cake are similar. The middle layer has a surface area of
3600 cm2 and a mass of 5 kg.
(a) What is the mass (to 3 significant figures) of the bottom layer if its surface area is
8000 cm2?
(b) What is the surface area (to 3 significant figures) of the top layer if its mass is
3 kg?
6 Two cylinders are similar. The smaller cylinder has a volume of 240 cm3 and surface
area 236 cm2. What is the volume (to 3 significant figures) of the larger cylinder
whose surface area is 432 cm2?
7 In a shop, teddy bears can be bought
in 3 different sizes. The teddy bears are
35 cm similar. The teddy bears cost the same
22 cm
15 cm
amount of money per cubic centimetre
to make.
If the medium sized bear cost £7 to make, find (to the nearest penny) the cost of making
(a) the smaller bear and (b) the larger bear.
8 Two milk churns are similar. One has a surface area of 3600 cm2 and a volume of 8
litres. The smaller one has a surface area of 900 cm2.
Find the volume of the smaller churn.
9 A and B are similar metal components, made with
B
the same density throughout. If the surface area
A of A is 0.8 m2, what is the surface area of B (to 3
significant figures)?
mass 5 5 kg mass 5 11·4 kg
10 A balloon has a length of 18 cm. One day later it has lost 9% of the air in it. Assuming
its shape is similar to the previous day, what is its new length (to 3 sig. figs.)?
11 Two cones are similar. Their volumes are in the ratio 3 : 7. The surface area of the
smaller cone is 235 cm2. Find the surface area of the larger cone (to 3 sig. figs.).
12 50 similar metal toys are melted down to make one large toy of a similar shape. If the
length of a small toy is 7 cm, what is the length of the large toy (to 3 sig. figs.)?
Use your maths! – Car insurance

The law says you must have car insurance if you drive on public roads.
The car insurance will pay out money if you injure or kill somebody or damage
another person’s property.
The two main types of car insurance are:
Third party, fire and theft
This does not provide much cover for your own vehicle but will deal with the
other person if you are responsible for the damage.
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Fully comprehensive
This provides full cover for your own vehicle and any other vehicle involved.
Cost
The amount you pay for car
insurance depends on several factors:
• the value of your car
• where you live
• your age
• if you have made a claim on the
car insurance in recent years
No claims bonus
The amount you pay is reduced by 10% each year you do not claim on your
car insurance. The biggest discount you can usually have is 60% which is a
considerable saving. This percentage reduction is called the ‘no claims bonus’.
The bonus is lost if you make a claim on your car insurance then you build up the
bonus again over the next few years. Some people pay extra to protect their ‘no
claims bonus’.
Payments
Some people pay the annual (yearly) cost of their car insurance in one payment
but many people spread the cost over 12 equal monthly instalments.
This year Karen’s fully comprehensive car insurance quote is £700. She gets a 60% no
claims bonus and wants to pay 12 equal instalments. How much is each monthly payment
(to the nearest penny)?
No claims bonus 5 60% of £700 5 £420
Amount to pay 5 £700 2 £420 5 £280
Monthly payment 5 £280 4 12 5 £23·33 (to the nearest penny)
Task
1 Warren is given a quote of £620 this year for third party, fire and theft insurance
on his Nissan Micra. He gets a 60% no claims bonus and wants to pay 12 equal
monthly instalments. How much is each monthly payment (to the nearest penny)?
2 Helen’s fully comprehensive car insurance quote this year for her Astra
is £1154. She has a 40% no claims bonus. If she pays 12 equal monthly
instalments, how much is each payment (to the nearest penny)?
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Copy and complete the table below
Annual car No claims Annual insurance Monthly
Car
insurance bonus to pay (£) payments (£)
3 Corsa 950 60% 380
4 Lexus 1260 60%
5 Shogun 1530 30%
6 Ford Escort 1125 50%
7 Saab 900S 935 20%
8 Ford Fiesta 870 60%
9 VW Golf 1060 20%
10 Sally bumps her car and has to claim on her car insurance. Her annual insurance
is £1280. Before her claim she had a 60% no claims bonus. After the claim, her
no claims bonus is reduced by 20% (i.e. she has a 40% no claims bonus).
(a) What was her monthly payment before the claim?
(b) What is her monthly payment after the claim?
(c) How much more does she have to pay each month?
11 David is involved in a car accident and puts in a claim on
his car insurance. His annual insurance is £1370. Before the
accident he had a 50% no claims bonus. After the claim,
his no claims bonus is reduced to 20%. How much more
will he have to pay each month for his car insurance?
12 There are many other insurances that people are advised to take out, for
example: life insurance, medical insurance, buildings insurance, contents
insurance, critical illness insurance and income protection insurance.
(a) Find out what these insurances cover you for.
(b) Discuss with your teacher the advantages and disadvantages of taking out these
types of insurance.
TEST YOURSElF ON UNIT 13

In all sections below, give answers to one decimal place if necessary.
1. Finding areas
Find the area of each shape below. All lengths are in cm.
(a) 9 (b)
15 15
7 25
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(c) (d) A semi-circle is
drawn inside a
10 rectangle.
16
65° Find the
12 shaded
8 area.
2. Finding the lengths of arcs
(a) (b)
9 cm
38°
9 cm 20°
8 cm
Find the ‘exact’
perimeter of this 5 cm
shape, leaving the Find the perimeter of the
answer in terms of p. blue area.
3. Finding areas of sectors and segments
(a) (b)
6 cm 25°
O 6 cm
14 cm 67°
Find the blue area. Find the ‘exact’ area of this

shape, leaving the answer in
terms of p.
(c) (d)
4·5 cm
O
81° O
10 cm 7 cm
Find the area of the Find the area of the

blue segment. blue segment.
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4. Finding volumes of prisms and converting between units of area and volume
(a)
(b) Copy and complete:
3m
(i) 5 m3 5 cm3
5m 14 m
(ii) 7.2 m2 5 cm2
8m
(iii) 2600 cm2 5 m2
Find the volume of the prism.
(c) A large cylindrical water tank has a radius of 2 m and a height of 3 m.
Water enters the cylinder at 45 litres/minute. How long does it take for the
cylinder to go from empty to full? Give your answer to the nearest minute.
(d) A tank in the shape of a triangular prism has a capacity of 360 000 litres.
Its length is 18 m and the base of the triangular cross-section is 8 m.
What is the height of the triangular cross-section?
5. Finding volumes of spheres, pyramids and cones
(a) 4·5 cm (b)
16 cm
18 cm
Find the volume. Find the ‘exact’ volume,

leaving your answer in
terms of p.
(c) 8 cm (d) 1·5 litres of champagne

8 cm is mixed with an equal
volume of orange juice in a
hemispherical bowl which
13 cm is exactly filled by the
drink. Find the radius of
the bowl.
10 cm
Find the volume to

one decimal place.
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6. Finding surface areas of cylinders, spheres and cones
(a) 32 cm (b) 8 cm
Find the curved Find the ‘exact’
surface area of 15 cm
total surface
this hemisphere. area of this
cylinder, leaving
the answer in
terms of p.
(c) 13 cm (d) A cylinder has a height of 3 cm.

If its total surface area is 20p cm2,
find its radius.
20 cm Find the total

surface area
of this cone.
7. Using similar shapes, particularly triangles
(a) P 20 cm Q (b) B
6 cm
Find AB and DE
C
R Find QR
9 cm
7 cm 4 cm
4 cm
S 5 cm T A 4 cm E D
8. Finding lengths, areas and volumes of similar shapes
(a) Two books are similar. The smaller one has a surface area of 64 cm2 and
a width of 7 cm. What is the width of the larger book if its surface area is
106 cm2?
(b)
and Q are similar solids.
P
The total surface area of Q is 35 m2.
Find the total surface area of P.
Q
P
volume � 2·3 m3 volume � 14 m3
463
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1 The diagram shows the plan of a playground.
80 m
30 m
60 m
50 m
40 m
Bill is going to cover the playground with tarmac.

It costs £2.56 to cover each square metre with tarmac.
Work out the total cost of the tarmac Bill needs. (EDEXCEL)
2 A solid object is made out of two identical cones and a sphere.

The three shapes are joined together as shown in the diagram, with the sphere
touching the centres of the circular bases of both cones.
Side View
Overall length
Diagram NOT drawn to scale
The radius of the sphere and the radius of the circular base of each cone is 3 cm.
The volume of the whole object is 245 cm3.
Calculate the overall length of the object. (WJEC)
3 A company makes monsters.

The company makes small monsters with
a height of 20 cm. Height 20 cm
A small monster has a surface area of 300 cm2.
The company also makes large monsters with
a height of 120 cm.
A small monster and a large monster are mathematically similar.
Work out the surface area of a large monster. (EDEXCEL)
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4 The diagram shows a sector of a circle, radius 12 cm.
135°
12 cm
Show that the perimeter of the sector is greater than 52 cm. (AQA)
5 A rectangle has a semicircle of radius 6 cm removed.

6 cm
7 cm
20 cm
Find an expression, in terms of p, for the shaded area.

Give your answer in the form a 2 bp. (OCR)
6 A hollow circular cylinder with internal radius of 0·9 cm is joined

to a hollow hemisphere of the same internal radius to make a test
tube 12 cm long.
Will the test tube be large enough to hold 32 cm3?
Explain your answer.
Show all your working.
(CEA)
7 The area of the sector of a circle of radius 6 cm is 4p cm2.

Work out the ‘exact’ perimeter of this sector.
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8 A frustum is the shape remaining when the top of a cone has been removed.
(a) Find the volume of the solid metal frustum shown below.
(b) The metal frustum shown opposite

is melted down and is re-shaped
into a sphere. Assuming there is
9 cm
4 cm no waste, what is the radius of this
sphere in centimetres?
5·4 cm
Give your answer correct to two
10 cm decimal places.
(WJEC)
9 The diagram shows a A

triangle cut into a
smaller triangle and a B
trapezium.
12 cm
Work out the area of 8 cm
the trapezium ABDE.
E D 11 cm C
(AQA)
10 The diagram shows two similar solids

A and B.
Solid A has a volume of 80 cm3. B
A
Solid B has a total surface area of 160 cm2.
(a) Work out the volume of solid B. 4 cm 8 cm
(b) Work out the total surface area of solid A. (EDEXCEL)
11 The volume V of a cone is 200 cm3. Another cone has a height 6 times bigger
with a base radius half as long. What is the volume of this cone? (CEA)
12 The diagram shows a container in the shape

of a cone. 8 cm
The radius of the top is 8 cm and the vertical
height is 24 cm.
Both of these measurements are correct to
24 cm
the nearest centimetre.
Calculate the upper bound for the volume
of this cone.
(OCR)
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STATISTICS 3
14
– find the mean, median, mode and range for sets of numbers
– find the median and mode from tables of information
– find mean averages from tables of information (including grouped data)

– draw and use cumulative frequency graphs
– draw and use box plots
– draw and interpret histograms
– use averages and spread to compare sets of data
– – spruce it up
M Averages and range
The shoe sizes of 6 people were: 6, 2, 8, 5, 8, 7

61218151817 add up all the numbers
(a) mean shoe size 5 ____________________
     
6
the total number of people
36
5 ___
   5 6
6
(b) arrange the shoe sizes in order: 2 5 6 7 8 8
1
the median is the __
    -way number
2
617
median 5 _____
   5 6·5
2
(c) mode 5 8 because there are more 8’s than any other number
(d) Range 5 highest number 2 lowest number
582256
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Key Facts
Mean, median or mode?
• If a set of numbers has extreme values, the mean average can be distorted so it is often
better to use the median.
 70 5 14 median 5 1

e.g. 1, 1, 1, 1, 66 mean 5 ___
5
Since each number is 1 except the last number, the median gives a more sensible idea
of the average. The mean is distorted by the one high value 66 (sometimes called an
outlier).
• The median and mode are not calculated using all the numbers in the list but the mode
is good for finding the most likely value and for data which are not numbers.
• The mean average is better for numbers which are spread out in a balanced way.
M14.1
You may use a calculator for this exercise.
1 Find the mean, median, mode and range for each set of numbers below:
(a) 8, 6, 9, 4, 8 (b) 14, 16, 12, 15, 17, 16
(c) 3, 7, 5, 9, 5, 2, 9, 8 (d) 5, 7, 4, 8, 7, 6, 5, 9, 4, 4
2 The shoe sizes of the students in a year 11 class were:

7, 8, 8, 5, 7, 7, 5, 7, 6, 7
5, 10, 7, 11, 9, 7, 7, 6, 8, 10
Find:
(a) the mode
(b) the mean
(c) Which average best describes these shoe
sizes, the mode or the mean? Explain why.
3 For the set of numbers below, find: (a) the mean and (b) the median
0 1 1 1 2 2 70
(c) Which average best describes this set of numbers? Explain why.
4 Jenny has 5 cards. The 5 cards have a mean of 9

and a range of 6. What are the missing 2 numbers. 8 9 10
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5 The list below shows the yearly salaries of all the people who work at
‘Easiprint’.
£7000 £6900 £6900 £138 000
£7500 £5600 £5900 £7100
£7000 £7700 £7900 £7200
(a) Which kind of average would be the most sensible to use? Explain why.
(b) Work out this average.
6 The mean average weight of 6 people is 70 kg.

What is the total weight of the 6 people?
7 The mean height of 20 people is 160 cm.

(a) What is the total height of all 20 people?
(b) One person of height 179 cm leaves the group.
Find the mean height of the remaining 19 people.
8 A theatre needs a mean average

of 220 people to attend each
show if it is to make enough
money to stay open.
Simultaneous equations
The mean average for the first
23 shows is 216. How many 1 5x 1 2y 5 21 2 4x 2 3y 5 31
people must attend the next 3x 2 5y 5 25 5x 2 2y 5 37
show so that the mean average
will become 220? 3 Draw an x-axis from 0 to 7 and a y-axis
from 24 to 4.
9 The mean age of 7 men is 32
Solve graphically the simultaneous
and the mean age of 5 women
equations x 1 2y 5 6
is 44. Find:
y5x23
(a) the total age of the 7 men.
4 y11
(b) the total age of the 5 women.
(c) the mean age of the 12 men x2 34 2 y2
and women.
2x
10 In an English test, the mean Find the values of x and y which satisfy
score of 26 pupils in class 11A the sides of the rectangle above. Do not
is 68% and the mean score of use trial and improvement.
24 pupils in class 11B is 56%.
Find the mean score of all
50 pupils.
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11 In one football game, the mean age of the England team was equal to the
mean age of the France team. 21 of the ages are shown below.
England 33 24 26 26 28 31 29 32 35 27 28
France 24 27 x 27 34 29 33 22 33 29 30
12 In the UK, only about 30% of the

working population earn more than
the average weekly wage.
Which type of average has been used?
Explain why you have given this answer.
13 Eight friends take a maths test.

The marks for seven of them are shown below.
59 60 86 71 42 59 74
The mean mark for all eight friends is 66.
What position did the 8th friend come in the test?
M Median and mode from tables of information
The table shows the ages of some children. Age 7 8 9 10

(a) ‘frequency’ is ‘how many’. There are 4 ages of 7. Frequency 4 2 1 2
7 occurs the most so the mode 5 7 (modal age)
(b) To find the median, add up the frequency row (i.e. 9).
With 9 numbers,
For n numbers, the middle number is found at position _ 2 (n 1 1)
1
middle number
position
 _2 (9 1 1) 5 5
1
Go to the start of the
Age 7 8 9 10
frequency row and count
up until you find out
Frequency 4 2 1 2
where the 5th number is:
0 4 6 7 9
count up
middle 5th number here so median age 5 8
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M14.2
1 The two tables below show the number of visits made to the doctor during
the last year.
Number Number
A 0 1 2 3 4 B 0 1 2 3 4
of visits of visits
Frequency 32 29 15 9 3 Frequency 8 19 42 35 31
14 to 21 year-olds Over 65 year-olds
Which age group has the higher median number of visits?
2 Some people were asked how many

holidays abroad they had taken in the
last 2 years. This table shows the information.
Number of
0 1 2 3 4
holidays
Frequency 28 37 21 12 6
Find:
(a) the modal number of holidays
(b) the median number of holidays.
3 The table below shows how many days absence from school for some Year
10 pupils during the last term.
Number of days 0 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 8 over 8
Frequency 103 44 n 6
Find:
(a) the modal interval if n 5 83
(b) the interval which contains the median if n 5 16
(c) the largest value of n if the modal interval is ‘0 to 2’
(d) the largest value of n if the interval containing the median is ‘0 to 2’
4 This table shows how many goals were Number of Frequency

scored by the football teams in the goals
Premiership one season.
20 to 29 1
Find: 30 to 39 2
(a) the modal interval 40 to 49 8
(b) the interval which contains the 50 to 59 4
median 60 to 69 3
70 to 79 2
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5 The tables below show the salaries earned by workers in 2 firms.
EASITECH COMPFIX PLC
Salary Salary
Frequency Frequency
(£1000’s) (£1000’s)
4 to 6 7 4 to 6 29
7 to 10 15 7 to 10 43
11 to 15 29 11 to 15 19
16 to 25 36 16 to 25 16
26 or more 12 26 or more 13
(a) For each firm, find the interval which contains the median.
(b) At which firm do you think people generally earn more money?
Explain why you think this.
M Mean averages from tables of information
Some students are asked how many pairs of shoes Number

they have. The table shows the information. of pairs of Frequency
total number of pairs of shoes shoes
Mean average 5 ________________________
          
total number of people 1 5
total number of pairs of shoes 2 3
5 (5 3 1) 1 (3 3 2) 1 (3 3 3) 1 (5 3 4) 1 (4 3 5) 5 60 3 3
4 5
total number of people 5
total frequency
5 5 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 4 5 20 5 4
60
so mean average 5  ___ 5 3 pairs of shoes
20
M14.3
Use a calculator if you need to.
1 Number of 100 families are asked how many
Frequency children they have. The information is
children
0 12 recorded in this table.
1 38 (a) Find the total number of children.
2 30 (b) Find the mean average.
3 14
4 6
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2 Some people were asked how many portions of fruit and vegetables they ate
each day. The information is shown in the table below.
Number of portions 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency 17 20 16 28 11 4 3 1
(a) Find the total number of portions eaten.
(b) Find the mean average.
3 Some teenagers were asked how often they

had been to the cinema in the last month.
The information is shown in the table below.
Cinema trips 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 98 42 34 15 8 3
Find the mean average.
4 3 different hotels are rated by guests using a points score out of 20.
The scores are shown in the tables below.
HOTEL PARADISE HOTEL DE VERE TROPIC HOTEL
Score Frequency Score Frequency Score Frequency
14 21 14 31 14 86
15 38 15 21 15 91
16 33 16 49 16 33
17 49 17 42 17 75
18 17 18 21 18 61
19 24 19 17 19 47
20 6 20 9 20 18
(a) Work out the mean average for each hotel, giving your answers to
2 decimal places.
(b) Which hotel had the highest rating?
5 Some people were asked how many

trips to the hairdresser they had made
in the previous 12 months.
The information is shown in the table
below.
Number of trips 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency 2 4 6 n 15 14
How many people were asked if the mean average is 8·46?
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6 Some people are asked how many drinks of water they had during one day.
The information is shown below where n is an integer.
Number of drinks n21 n n11 n12
Frequency n n22 n12 n14
(a) Find an expression for the mean average in terms of n.
(b) Find the value of n if the mean average is 4·9
M Mean averages for grouped data
Some Year 11 students are asked how many DVDs Number of DVDs Frequency
they have. The table shows the information.
0–9 28
Estimate the mean average. 10–19 18
20–29 33
Problem 2 we do not know exactly how many
DVDs each person has. 30–39 21
Solution 2 we will get a reasonable answer if we

take the mid-value of each interval and assume that is how many DVDs each person has.
To find the mid-value of an Number of

Frequency Mid-value
interval, add the first and last DVDs
values then halve the answer. 0–9 28 4·5

10–19 18 14·5
For the 10–19 interval, 20–29 33 24·5
10 1 19 30–39 21 34·5
mid-value 5  _______
 5 14·5
2
We now use the mid-value and the frequency to find the total number of DVDs.
Total number of DVDs 5 (28 3 4·5) 1 (18 3 14·5) 1 (33 3 24·5) 1 (21 3 34·5)
5 126 1 261 1 808·5 1 724·5 5 1920
Total number of people 5 total frequency 5 28 1 18 1 33 1 21 5 100
1920
total number of DVDs _____
Mean average 5 ___________________
       
    5 19·2 DVDs
total number of people 100
474
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M14.4
1 Number of ome teenagers were asked how
S
Frequency Mid-value often they had been abroad in
trips abroad
their lifetime. The information
0–2 6
is shown in the table.
3–5 8
(a) Copy and complete the table.
6–10 5 8
(b) Estimate the total number
11–15 1 of trips abroad.
(c) Estimate the mean average.
2 1000 people were asked how
many hours of exercise they
do during an average week.
The information is shown in Sampling
the table below.
1 Explain what is meant by a simple
Number of
random sample.
hours of Frequency
exercise (n) 2 Carol is doing a project on
0<n,1 225 participation in sports in her school.
1<n,3 301 She decides to take a stratified
3<n,5 260 sample of 50 students from Years 10
and 11. How many boys and girls
5<n,7 134 from each Year group will she have
7<n,9 56 in her sample?
9 < n , 12 24
Boy Girl Total
(a) Estimate the total number Year 10 140 120 260
of hours of exercise. Year 11 110 130 240
(b) Estimate the mean average. Total 250 250 500
3 Number of 3 A magazine wishes to survey
lengths swum Frequency
young people aged 16 to 21 about
(n)
their musical tastes. Suggest how
0 to 20 25 the magazine should obtain a
21 to 30 65 representative sample.
31 to 40 32
41 to 60 46
61 to 80 24
81 to 100 8
200 people took part in a sponsored swim.
The table shows how many lengths they swam.
Estimate the mean number of lengths swum.
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4 The bar chart shows how many
20 hours of TV were watched by
some people last week.
18
(a) Write down the modal
16 interval for the hours
watching TV.
14
(b) Estimate the mean number
Frequency
12
of hours watching TV.
10 (c) Explain why this answer is
an estimate.
8
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of hours
5 The tables below show the salaries earned by people in 3 different firms.
JETBUILD HOLDALL KABINSEAL

Salary (s) Salary (s) Salary (s)
Frequency Frequency Frequency
(£1000’s) (£1000’s) (£1000’s)
4<s,6 6 4<s,6 14 4<s,6 8
6 < s , 10 15 6 < s , 10 16 6 < s , 10 21
10 < s , 15 18 10 < s , 15 15 10 < s , 15 24
15 < s , 25 8 15 < s , 25 11 15 < s , 25 17
25 < s , 70 3 25 < s , 70 4 25 < s , 70 5
Which firm offers the biggest mean average?

Write down the value of this mean average.
6 The table below shows how many days off work were taken by staff at a
hospital during the last year.
Number of
0 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 59
days off work
Frequency 88 57 31 18 n
Find the value of n if an estimate of the mean is 14·5 days.
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E The interquartile range
Key Facts
We have already seen that the median (middle number) of n numbers is found at
position _ 2 (n 1 1).
1
The number one quarter of the way along the data values is called the lower quartile,
found at position _ 4 (n 1 1).
1
The number three quarters of the way along the data values is called the upper quartile,
found at position _ 4 (n 1 1).
3
Here are 11 numbers.

7 9 9 13 13 17 18 20 27 28 81
lower quartile median upper quartile

position 5 _  (11 1 1) position 5  _ (11 1 1) position 5  _4 (11 1 1)
1 1 3
4 2
i.e. 3rd position i.e. 6th position i.e. 9th position
(Remember: the numbers must be put in order first)
When examining the spread of data, it is often useful to look at the middle half of the data
values. This is called the interquartile range.
interquartile range 5 upper quartile 2 lower quartile
In the list of numbers above, interquartile range 5 27 2 9 5 18. This is a better measure
of spread because it is not affected by the extreme value 81.
E14.1
For each set of data below, work out the:
(a) median (b) lower quartile (c) upper quartile (d) interquartile range
1 2 3 7 7 9 10 14
2 5 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 12 15 16 16 18 20 24
3 8 3 10 7 4 9 12
4 6 8 6 3 9 4 7 8 2 1 0 0 8 2 6
5 21 18 20 26 13 17 18 16 23 19 14
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6 Chelsea play Manchester United.
The ages of the players for Chelsea are:
25 24 19 26 19 24 31 23 25 28 21
The ages of the Manchester United players are:
23 31 33 27 29 32 31 24 29 30 27
(a) Find the interquartile range for each team.
(b) Use the medians and the interquartile ranges to compare the ages of the
two teams.
E Cumulative frequency curves
Consider the number of DVDs owned by some year 11 students:
Number of Cumulative
Frequency
DVDs frequency
0–10 28 28 cumulative frequency
118 is the running total of
11–20 18 46 the frequency at the
133 end of each interval
21–30 33 79
121
31–40 21 100
The cumulative frequency values can be plotted on a graph. Each cumulative

frequency value is plotted against the end value in the corresponding interval.
The cumulative frequency curve for the above data is drawn below.
100
90
always plot the cumulative
80
frequency against the end
cumulative frequency
70 value of each interval

cumulative
60
frequency
is always the 50
vertical scale
40
draw a freehand cumulative
30 frequency curve through
20 all the points
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
number of DVDs label this axis
in the usual way
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Finding medians and interquartile ranges
Percentage Cumulative This table shows the marks

Frequency
mark (m) frequency achieved by 150 students in a
10 , m < 20 12 12 GCSE Maths exam. Draw a
16 28 cumulative frequency graph then
20 , m < 30
use it to estimate
30 , m < 40 21 49
(a) the median
40 , m < 50 29 78
50 , m < 60 23 101 (b) the interquartile range
60 , m < 70 18 119 (c) the percentage of the
70 , m < 80 16 135 students who attained at
least a grade 5 if the required
80 , m < 90 9 144
mark was 54%.
90 , m < 100 6 150
cumulative frequency Total cumulative

frequency 5 150
160
total cumulative 1
140 Median found __    way,
frequency 5 150 2
3
4
way 120 i.e. position 75.
100
Strictly speaking at
1 80
way 1
2
60 position __
    (n 1 1)
2
1
way
40 5 (150 1 1) 5 75·5
4
20 but reading from a graph
the value is an estimate so
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
percentage mark (
position 75 __
1
)
   way will
2
lower median
upper suffice.
quartile mark
quartile
5 35% 5 49%
5 66%
1 3
Lower quartile (LQ) found __
   way, Upper quartile (UQ) found __
   way,
4 4
i.e. position 37·5 i.e. position 112.5
(a) Median mark 5 49%
(b) Interquartile range 5
upper quartile 2 lower quartile
5 66 2 35 5 31%
(c) Find the 54% mark and read off the cumulative frequency as shown on the
graph, i.e. 88.
150 students in total so 150 2 88 5 62 students with at least a grade 5.
62
i.e. ____
   3 100 5 41.3% of the students attained at least a grade 5.
150
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E14.2
1 The cumulative frequency
60 graph shows how many
cumulative frequency 50 hours of TV are watched
each week by 60 children.
40
Use the graph to estimate:
30
20
(a) the median hours of TV
10 (b) the lower quartile

0 (c) the upper quartile
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
weekly hours of T.V.
(d) the interquartile range.
2 A group of 180 adults took part Test mark Cumulative

in a spelling test. Their marks Frequency
(m) frequency
are shown in the table.
0–10 17 17
(a) Draw a cumulative
frequency graph. 11–20 31 48
21–30 53 101
(b) Use the graph to estimate
the median and the 31–40 48 149
interquartile range. 41–50 19 168
(c) It is decided that 70% of 51–60 12 180
the adults will be awarded
a pass. What mark must
have been obtained to ensure a pass?
3 1000 people visit a fair. This table Height h (cm) Frequency

shows their heights.
120 , h < 130 100
(a) Copy the table, adding a cumulative
frequency column. 130 , h < 140 125
(b) Draw a cumulative frequency graph. 140 , h < 150 175
(c) Use the graph to estimate 150 , h < 160 225

(i) the median and 160 , h < 170 150
(ii) the interquartile range. 170 , h < 180 125
(d) Only people of height 146 cm or 180 , h < 190 75
above are allowed to ride on the
‘HEADEATER’. Use the graph 190 , h < 200 25
to estimate what percentage of
the people visiting the fair were
allowed to ride on the ‘HEADEATER’.
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4 The house prices in a certain area were recorded by an Estate Agent for six months.
Price ‘100–’ means 100 < price , 120.
Price
100– 120– 140– 160– 180– 200– 220– 240– 260– 280– 300– 320–
(£1000’s)
Frequency 3 4 6 12 23 22 23 19 13 8 7 0
(a) Draw a cumulative frequency graph to show this data.
(b) Use the graph to estimate (i) the median and (ii) the interquartile range.
(c) Martin can only afford a house up to £184 000. Use the graph to estimate
the percentage of the houses which are within Martin’s price range.
5 In 2015, the rainfall each day in a town in Gloucestershire is recorded during

January and February. The data is shown in the table below.
Rainfall
Frequency
r (mm)
0,r<5 16
5 , r < 10 12 Mixed
10 , r < 15 11
Express the ratio _ 3 : ( _ 2 1 _ 7  )in the
2 1 3
1
15 , r < 20 7
form m : n where m and n are integers.
20 , r < 25 6 ____
3
25 , r < 30 5 2 Estimate √210 
30 , r < 35 2
3 A 5 cm B Find the
35 , r < 40 1 ‘exact’ value
of BC in surd
(a) Copy the table, adding a 9 cm
form.
column. D 6 cm C
(b) Draw a cumulative
frequency graph. 4  5 {people playing sport}
The Venn diagram shows 60 people who
(c) Use the graph to estimate play badminton (B), tennis (T) or neither.
(i) the median and
(ii) the interquartile range. % B 4 T
2x 1 2 x x 1 6
(d) On what percentage of
the days was the rainfall
greater than 18 mm? A person is chosen at random. What
(e) On what percentage of is the probability that the person plays
the days was the rainfall tennis given that this person plays
within 4 mm of the badminton?
median?
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6 Dan and Carys take two of their grandparents for a game of snooker.
Each break (points scored) in their game is recorded in the table below:
Dan and Carys Grandparents (a) Using the same axes,

Size of break
frequency frequency draw cumulative
frequency curves for
0–5 20 16
both Dan’s/Carys’ data
6–10 11 7 and the grandparents’
data.
11–15 11 10
(b) Estimate (i) the median
16–20 8 11
break and (ii) the
21–25 5 5 interquartile range
26–30 4 7 from each curve.
31–35 3 4 (c) Who would you say

were the better snooker
36–40 1 2 players? Explain why.
41–45 1 1
46–50 0 1
E Box plots
Key Facts
The spread of data can be shown by a box plot (sometimes called a box and whisker plot).
Five pieces of data are required as shown:
The box shows the interquartile
range. The lines (‘whiskers’)
show the full range from the
lowest value to the highest value.
lowest lower median upper highest
value quartile quartile value
Box plots are often used to compare sets of data.
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The box plots below show the Science test marks for two classes.
Class 11A
Class 11B
0 20 40 60 80 100
mark (%)
Compare the two sets of marks. Class 11A has a higher median than class 11B.
The upper and lower quartiles for class 11A are both higher than those for class
11B. This suggests that in general pupils in class 11A did better than those in
class 11B although the highest mark achieved was by a child in class 11B.
E14.3
1 Many pet-owning families were asked how old their dogs were.
The information is shown in the box plot below:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
age (years)
Find:
(a) the median (b) the range (c) the lower quartile
(d) the upper quartile (e) the interquartile range
2 Various people were asked how many Pieces of fruit

pieces of fruit they eat in one week.
lowest value 0
The values in the table opposite
were obtained. highest value 37
median 14
Draw a box plot to show this data.
lower quartile 10
upper quartile 21
3 A group of people were given a memory test. The values below were obtained:
minimum value 5 7 maximum value 5 26 median 5 15
lower quartile 5 13 upper quartile 5 19
Draw a box plot to show this data.
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4 The box plots below show the annual salaries of workers for two firms,
Sibcorn and Naylor’s.
Sibcorn
Naylor’s
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Salary (£1000’s)
Compare the salaries for the two firms.
5 Two groups of people were asked how many soaps they watched on TV in
one month. The values for the over-65 group and the under-25 group are
shown below:
Number Number (a) Draw a box plot for
of soaps of soaps each group of people.
(over-65’s) (under-25’s) (b) Compare the number
lowest value 3 0 of soaps watched by
highest value 60 54 the two groups.
median 39 24
lower quartile 32 18
upper quartile 44 45
6 The marks obtained by some girls in a history exam are shown in the box
plot below:
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
mark (%)
The boy’s performance in the same history exam is summed up below.

25% scored 50 or less.
50% scored 54 or less.
The highest mark was 71.
The lowest mark was 38.
The interquartile range was 7.
(a) Draw a box plot for the boys’ performance.
(b) Compare the performance of the boys and girls.
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E Histograms
Key Facts
A histogram resembles a bar chart. There are no gaps between the bars and the
horizontal axis has a continuous scale.
The area of each bar represents the frequency so the height of each bar is known as
the frequency density (not the frequency).
height height � area frequency density � frequency

width class width
width
Remember by using f
f.d. w
Drawing histograms
Ages A Frequency
The ages of the workers in a Frequency
(years) density
factory are shown in the table
opposite. Draw a histogram to 20 < A , 30 30 30 4 10 5 3
illustrate the distribution of 30 < A , 35 25 25 4 5 5 5
ages. The height (frequency 35 < A , 40 35 35 4 5 5 7
density) of each bar must be 40
40 < A , 50 40 4 10 5 4
calculated first.
50 < A , 70 20 20 4 20 5 1
Note – the true lower and upper

8 bounds for each class interval
7
must be clearly established.
If weights are rounded off to the
frequency density
6
nearest kg, an interval of 5 to
5 10 does not have a width of 5.
4 The true interval is 4·5 to 10.5
3
so the width is 6. The bar on
the histogram would run from
2 4·5 to 10·5 and the width of 6
1 would be used to calculate the
0
frequency density (remember
20 30 40 50 60 70 there are no gaps between the
age bars).
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E14.4
1 Some commuters were asked how Time t (hours) Frequency
long they spent in their cars during
one week. The information is shown 0<t,5 20
in the table opposite. 5 < t , 10 25
(a) Work out the frequency density 10 < t , 12·5 20
for each class interval. 12·5 < t , 15 15
(b) Draw a histogram to illustrate 15 < t , 17·5 10
this data. 17·5 < t , 30 25
2 (a) Copy and complete the following table which shows the time taken by a
group of candidates to finish an exam.
Time t
45 < t , 50 50 < t , 55 55 < t , 60 60 < t , 70 70 < t , 90
(minutes)
Number of
21 32 37 29 18
candidates
Frequency 21
___
   5 4·2
density 5
(b) Draw a histogram to illustrate this data.
3 The heights (in cm) of some plants

is shown below.
(a) Copy and complete the table.
(b) Draw a histogram to illustrate
this data.
Frequency
Height (cm) Frequency Class width
density
6
5– 6 5  __
5
 5 1·2
10– 9
15– 11
5
20– 5 10  ___ 5 0·5
10
30– 4
40–60 2
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4 Summarised below are the prices of the goods (to the nearest £) sold by an
electrical shop on a certain day.
Price of goods Frequency

Frequency
(£) density
20–39 20 1
40–49 37
50–59 62
60–69 51
70–89 30
90–129 8
(a) Explain why the bar on the histogram for ‘20–39’ should go from 19·5
to 39·5.
(b) Copy and complete the table.
(c) Draw a histogram.
5 The table below shows the ages of the people stopped by a company
investigating the voting intentions of the adults in a certain town.
Age (years) 18–21 22–25 26–35 36–49 50–74

Frequency 14 24 39 28 25
(a) Explain why the ‘18–21’ class when written as an inequality is
18 < A , 22 where A is the age.
(b) Explain why the frequency density for the ‘18–21’ class is 3·5.
(c) Draw a histogram to illustrate this data.
6 The height of a certain type of flower was measured (to the nearest cm) and
the results are shown below:
Height (cm) 6–10 11–15 16–20 21–30 31–40 41–60

Frequency 34 47 49 52 32 17
(a) Explain why the ‘6–10’ class
when written as an inequality is
5·5 < h < 10.5 where h is the height.
(b) Explain why the frequency density
for the ‘6–10’ class is 6·8
(c) Draw a histogram.
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Interpreting histograms
This histogram shows the
heights of the adults living in
the village of Granwych.
Copy and complete the
frequency table below:
frequency density
Height h (cm) Frequency
150 < h , 160
160 < h , 165 65
165 < h , 170
170 < h , 180
180 < h , 200
If the ‘frequency density’

150 160 170 180 190 200
axis was labelled, the
height (cm)
frequencies could be found
by using
f
frequency 5 frequency density 3 width remember:
f.d. w
To label the ‘frequency density’ axis we must use the
information provided about the ‘160 < h , 165’ interval, i.e. frequency 5 65
frequency ___65
Frequency density 5 _________
   5    5 13
width 5
This enables us to label the ‘frequency density’ axis.
Now complete the
25 frequency table using
Frequency 5 frequency density
20
3 width
Height h (cm) Frequency

frequency density
15 150 < h , 160 5 310 5 50

160 < h , 165 65
10 165 < h , 170 21 3 5 5 105
170 < h , 180 12 3 10 5 120
180 < h , 200 4 3 20 5 80
5
0
150 160 170 180 190 200
height (cm)
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E14.5
1 (a) Copy and complete the
frequency density
8 frequency table below:
6
Weight w (kg) Frequency
4
50 < w , 55
2
55 < w , 65
0
50 60 70 80 90 65 < w , 70
weight (kg) 70 < w , 90
(b) What is the total frequency?
2 3
40
frequency density
0·4
frequency density
30 0·3
20 0·2
10 0·1
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
weight (kg) height (mm)
What is the total frequency? Find the total frequency.
4 This histogram shows the ages

of some people who entered a
magazine competition.
(a) Copy and complete the

frequency table below.
frequency density
Age A (years) Frequency

10 < A , 20
20 < A , 25
25 < A , 30 240
30 < A , 35
35 < A , 50
10 20 30 40 50 (b) How many people were 40
age (years) years old or over?
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5 The histogram shows the house prices
around the town of Howstall.
frequency density
150 200 250 300 350 400

Prices (£1000’s)
(a) Copy and complete the frequency Price p (£1000’s) Frequency

table opposite.
150 < p , 225
(b) What is the total frequency? 225 < p , 250
(c) What percentage of the houses 250 < p , 275 8
cost more than £275 000
275 < p , 350
(give your answer to 2 decimal
places)? 350 < p , 400
(d) What percentage of the houses cost more than £290 000
(give your answer to 2 decimal places)?
6 This histogram illustrates the

marks (out of 20) obtained by
a class in a maths test.
frequency density
(a) Copy and complete the

table below:
Mark Frequency
2–5
6–9 0 5 10 15 20
10–11 mark
12–13 6
14–19
(b) How many pupils sat the test?
(c) Which interval contains the median mark?
(d) The pass mark was 50%. What percentage of the class passed the test
(give your answer to the nearest whole number)?
(e) Estimate the mean mark (correct to 1 decimal place).
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7 In a survey, people were asked about the economy rate of their cars (in miles
per gallon (mpg)). The information is shown in the unfinished histogram and
table below.
frequency density
15 25 35 45 55 65
mpg
(a) Copy and complete the table. Rate r (mpg) Frequency

(b) Copy and complete the histogram. 15 < r , 35 56
(c) What percentage of the cars do 35 < r , 45
less than 40 miles per gallon? 45 < r , 50 48
50 < r , 55
(d) A survey with a different group
of people gave a mean economy 55 < r , 65 48
rate of 47·6 mpg. Which set of
cars has a better economy rate?
Completing the square
1 x2 1 12x 1 8 5 (x 1 a)2 1 b
Find the values of a and b.
2 Solve the following quadratic

__ equations by completing the square (leave your
answers in the form a 6 √
  b ).
(a) x 2 4x 2 3 5 0 (b) x2 1 20x 1 5 5 0
2
3 Express x2 2 4x 1 7 in the form (x 1 p)2 1 q then write down the co-ordinates of

the turning point of y 5 x2 2 4x 1 7
5 Find the co-ordinates of the turning point of y 5 2x2 2 12x 1 25
491
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M Using averages and spreads to compare sets of data
Key Facts
To compare 2 sets of data, always write at least 2 things:
1. Compare an average (i.e. mean, median or mode)
2. Compare the spread of each set of data (this could be the range or interquartile range)
E14.6
1 The tables below show how many televisions are owned by families living in
2 streets.
(a) Work out the mean
Ash Lane Tibbs Drive
and range for Ash
Number Number Lane.
Frequency Frequency
of TV’s of TV’s (b) Work out the mean
0 3 0 1 and range for Tibbs
Drive.
1 5 1 2
(c) Compare the
2 7 2 4 number of
televisions owned
3 4 3 1 by families in Ash
4 1 4 2 Lane and Tibbs
Drive.
2 80 students take a Science and Maths test. The table below shows the
distribution of marks.
Mark 31–40 41–50 51–60 61–70 71–80 81–90 91–100
Science frequency 4 14 21 23 12 6 0
Maths frequency 7 26 7 17 15 5 3
(a) On the same axes draw a cumulative frequency curve for each of the
Science and Maths marks.
(b) Find the median and interquartile range for each of the Science and
Maths marks.
(c) Compare the distribution of the marks for the Science and Maths tests.
492
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3 The ages at which women in the town of Hosforth passed their driving test
are shown in the box plot below.
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
age (years)
The cumulative frequency

graph shows the ages of
800
the men when they passed
their driving test. 600
Compare the ages of the 400

men and the women when
they passed their driving test. 200
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
age (years)
4 The French and German

test marks of some students
40
in class 11H are shown in
the scatter graph opposite.
German test marks
The marks for the same

30
French test of some students
in class 11G are summarized
below.
20
0
20 30 40 50
French test marks
Lowest value 5 29 Highest value 5 48 Median 5 38

Lower quartile 5 35 Upper quartile 5 40
Compare the French test marks of classes 11G and 11H.
493
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5 The cumulative frequency graph below shows the ages at which people died
in area A.
45000
40000
35000
Cumulative frequency
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Age (years)
(a) Draw a histogram to illustrate the above data, using the intervals 30–50,
50–55, 55–60, 60–70, 70–75, 75–80 and 80–100.
(b) The histogram below shows the ages at which people died in area B.
y
2000
frequency density
1500
1000
500
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 x
age (years)
Compare the distribution of the ages at which people died in areas A

and B.
494
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Use your maths! – Spruce it up
Jenny has been given some money to get a new carpet for her bedroom and to
buy a new sofa.
2·3 m
This is a plan of Jenny’s bedroom.

The shape is a semi-circle connected
4·2 m to a rectangle.
5·7 m
Jenny can only buy carpet which has a 4 m width. Each piece of carpet must be
laid in the same direction.
When working out how much carpet is needed, an extra 5 cm must be added to
the length and width to allow for cutting errors.
Task A
1 What is the least area of carpet that Jenny will need to buy to cover her
bedroom entirely, following the guidelines given above.
2 If the carpet is cut perfectly, what percentage of the carpet will be wasted when
dealing with Jenny’s bedroom?
0·95 m sofa 0·95 m
3·4 m
Jenny wants to buy a sofa which will fit into the semi-circular part of her
bedroom.
The sofa is 0.95 m deep and the sofa must fit perfectly as shown.
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Sofas
Task B
Height Width Depth Jenny has been given
Name Price
(cm) (cm) (cm) £2000 to spend on the
Colston 91 293 95 £617 carpet and sofa. She is
not allowed to spend
Mowbray 91 281 95 £789 more than 40% of the
money on a sofa.
Edwins 91 280 105 £756
Calculate the length of
Parkhead 97 291 95 £938 sofa needed then select
Canston Leather 93 286 95 £785 the sofa from the list
opposite which fits all the
Bintons Luxury 101 284 95 £1060 requirements.
Harrows Deluxe 91 281 95 £1130 Explain clearly your
reasons for this choice.
Tindwells Deluxe 91 279 105 £795
Carpet
Name Price per m2
Howton Twist £25·40 Task C
Palton Weave £22·65
If Jenny buys the sofa you chose in
Cotswold Twist £19·85 Task B, which is the most expensive
Mendip Supreme £31·35 carpet she can afford from the table
Classic Weave £24·90 opposite in order to carpet her
Winchester Pile £28·30 bedroom entirely?
Dalby Tuff Weave £14·70 Explain clearly, your reasons for the
Cheasley Deluxe Twist £37·40 choice.
Canton High Pile £16·15
Paris Classic Twist £38·25
Task D
2·3 m
Jenny finds a carpet which is sold
with a 5 m width. She decides to
buy one piece of this carpet and to 5m
leave one part of the semi-circle with Carpet 4·2 m
no carpet as shown. Calculate what
percentage of her room will now not
be carpeted.
5·7 m
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1. Finding the mean, median, mode and range for sets of numbers
(a) 9, 7, 3, 7, 4, 8, 2, 7, 1, 6, 1
For the set of numbers above, find the
(i) mode (ii) median (iii) mean (iv) range
(b) Seven women have a mean weight of 63 kg and eleven men have a mean weight
of 74 kg. Find the mean weight (to 1 decimal place) of all 18 men and women.
2. Finding the median and mode from tables of information

Some 16 year-olds were asked how many dental fillings they had been
given during their lifetimes. The table shows the information.
Number of fillings 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 12 17 24 18 7 3
Find:
(a) the modal number of fillings
(b) the median number of fillings.
3. Finding mean averages from tables of information (including grouped data)

(a) This table shows the number of bicycles Number of
owned by families who live in Camden Frequency
bicycles
Terrace.
0 8
Find the mean average number of 1 4
bicycles per family.
2 17
3 24
4 16
5 6
(b) The table below shows how many hours were spent using a computer by 200
people last week.
Hours using
a computer 0<h,5 5 < h , 10 10 < h , 20 20 < h , 30 30 < h , 40 40 < h , 60
(h)
Frequency 49 68 36 23 17 7
Estimate the mean number of hours spent using a computer.
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4. Drawing and using cumulative frequency graphs
The ages of customers in a large restaurant Age A (years) Frequency
one evening are recorded in the table
opposite. 15 < A , 25 12
25 < A , 35 33
(a) Draw a cumulative frequency graph.
35 < A , 45 41
(b) Use the graph to estimate the median
age. 45 < A , 55 18
55 < A , 65 10
(c) Use the graph to estimate the
interquartile range. 65 < A , 75 6
5. Drawing and using box plots

The times taken to get from home to school by pupils from Avalon Meadow
School are shown in the box plot below.
The values below
sum up the times
taken to get from
home to school by
pupils from Ellis 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Gate School: Time (minutes)
Lowest value 5 2 mins. Highest value 5 28 mins. Median 5 16 mins.

Lower quartile 5 11 mins. Upper quartile 5 19 mins.
Compare the times taken by the pupils from each school. What might account for
the differences?
6. Drawing and interpreting histograms

The time spent by people in an out-of-town shopping centre one day is shown in
the unfinished histogram and table below.
Time t (minutes) Frequency

0 < t , 30 210
Frequency density
30 < t , 60
60 < t , 120
120 < t , 180 810
180 < t , 210 330
210 < t , 300 495
0 60 120 180 240 300
Time (minutes)
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(a) Use the information shown on the histogram to copy and complete the table.
(b) Use the information shown in the table to copy and complete the histogram.
(c) Estimate the mean time (correct to one decimal place).
7. Using averages and spread to compare sets of data

This cumulative frequency graph This box plot shows the heights of girls
shows the heights of boys in Year in Year 11 in Holland Bank School.
11 in Holland Bank School.
120
100
145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190
80
Height (cm)
60
40
20
0
150 160 170 180 190
Height (cm)
Compare the heights of the boys and girls in Year 11 in Holland Bank School.

1 (a) The mean of 5 numbers in a list is 24.
When two extra numbers are added to the list, the mean increases by four.
What does this tell you about the values of the two extra numbers?
(b) Four numbers are listed in ascending order.
The mode of the four numbers is 3.
No number in the list is greater than 3.
The range of the four numbers is 5.
The median of the four numbers is 2.
Find the four numbers. (WJEC)
2 Seven single digit numbers have a median of 6 and a range of 8.

The mode of the seven numbers is 3.
Find the seven numbers.
Write your single digit numbers in order in the boxes.
(WJEC)
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3 The total number of people living in a street is 30.
The table shows the number of people living in each house.
Number of people Number of
living in each house houses
2 4
3 3
4 a
5 1
Work out the value of a.
4 The cumulative frequency curve represents the times taken to run 1500 m by
each of the members of a running club.
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 3 4 5 6 7
Minutes (less than)
(a) Use the graph to estimate the median time.

(b) Any member taking more than 5 _2 minutes has to do extra training.
1
Use the graph to estimate the percentage of runners who have to

undertake extra training. (CEA)
5 The time taken to sew a button on a shirt was measured for each child in a
group of 200 children. The histogram below illustrates the results obtained.
10
Frequency density
Use the histogram to calculate how many

of the children took less than 50 seconds
5 to sew a button on a shirt.
0
0 20 40 60
Time, in seconds (WJEC)
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6 Sameena recorded the times, in minutes, some girls took to do a jigsaw puzzle.
Sameena used her results to work out the information in this table.
Minutes
Shortest time 18
Lower quartile 25
Median 29
Upper quartile 33
Longest time 44
(a) Draw a box plot to show the information in the table.
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (minutes)
The box plot below shows information about the times, in minutes, some
boys took to do the same jigsaw puzzle.
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (minutes)
(b) Compare the distributions of the girls’ times and the boys’ times. (EDEXCEL)
7 Jon uses this data about the heights of plants (h) to draw the histogram below.
Height, h
0 , h < 10 10 , h < 20 20 , h < 30 30 , h < 45 45 , h < 50
(cm)
Frequency 7 8 3 6 5
Heights of plants
y
1·0
0·9
Write down three different
types of mistake that he has
0·8
made.
Frequency
0·7
0·6
0·5
0·4
0·3
0·2
0 10 20 30 40 50 x
Height, h (cm) (AQA)
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8 (a) In Kingstone, the mean daily snowfall for a week was 5·6 cm.
What would the mean daily snowfall have been if it had snowed 2 cm more on
each day?
(b) In Greyfield, the snowfall for each of 10 days was measured.
The results are summarised in the table below.
Daily snowfall, s, in cm Number of days
4·5 < s , 5·5 4
5·5 < s , 6·5 2
6·5 < s , 7·5 1
7·5 < s , 8·5 1
8·5 < s , 9·5 2
(i) Calculate an estimate for the mean daily snowfall for the 10 days.
(ii) State the modal class.
(iii) Write down the class in which the median lies. (WJEC)
9 The histogram illustrates how much time cars spent in a car park.
y
3
Frequency density
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 x
Time (minutes)
(i) Calculate an estimate for the mean time.

(ii) Half the cars using the car park were there for more than M minutes.
Calculate an estimate for the value of M. (CEA)
10 Hertford Juniors is a basketball team.

At the end of 10 games, their mean score is 35 points per game.
At the end of 11 games, their mean score has gone down to 33 points per game.
How many points did the team score in the 11th game? (EDEXCEL)
11 These expressions represent three numbers.

x x 1 3 4x
Work out the mean in terms of x.
Give your answer in its simplest form. (AQA)
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12 Bags of sugar are weighed.
The results are summarised in the table.
All measurements are in grams.
Minimum Lower Quartile Median Upper Quartile Maximum
210 250 310 390 470
(a) Draw a box plot to show this information.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Weight (grams)
(b) An extra 10 grams of sugar is added to each of the bags.

Tick the correct box to show how each of the following will change.
Decrease No change Increase
Range
Median
Lower quartile
(AQA)
13 80 patients give information about how long they waited to see the doctor.
Time, T (minutes) Frequency
0 < T , 10 5
10 < T , 20 22
20 < T , 30 28
30 < T , 40 21
40 < T , 50 4
(a) Work out an estimate of the mean time that the patients waited.
(b) The doctor says, “70% of our patients wait less than 30 minutes to be
seen.”
Is she correct?
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WATCH YOUR MONEY 2
15
In this unit we will explore two of the taxes that most people have to pay.
WATCH YOUR MONEY! – Income tax
Tim earns £900 each week. Before he gets his pay, he finds that £155·06 has been
taken off his money already. This is income tax.
This does not make Tim happy but this money is used by the government to pay
for things like hospitals, schools and defence.
Most people have income tax deducted from their pay before they receive it, by
their employer, who then pays the tax to the government. This method of paying
income tax is called PAYE (Pay As You Earn).
Tax allowance
An amount of money a person may earn before
paying income tax (at the time of writing this
is £10 500 each year for a single person).
Taxable income
Taxable income 5 income 2 tax allowance
Income tax is worked out as a percentage of
the taxable income.
Percentage rate of income tax
20% on first £32 285 of taxable income. 40% on any other taxable income.
If Tim earns £900 each week, that will be £46 000 in one year (assuming 52 weeks in one
year).
Tax allowance 5 £10 500
5 46 800 2 10 500
5 £36 300
Tim pays 20% of £32 285 on first £32 285 of taxable income.
This leaves 36 300 2 32 285 5 £4015 of taxable income. Tim must then pay 40% of £4015.
Income tax 5 20% of £32 285 5 £6457
and 40% of £4015 5 £1606
Total income tax for the year 5 £8063 (this is £155·06 for each week if divided by
52 weeks).
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5 1
WYM 15.1
Sophie earns £50 000 each year. She has a tax allowance of £10 500.
Copy and complete the statements below to find out how much income tax
Sophie must pay.
5 50 000 2
5 £39 500
income tax 5 20% of 32 285 5 £
and 40% of ‘taxable income’ 2 32 285
5 40% of 5£
total income tax 5 £ 1£ 5£
2 Callum earns £13 400 each year. He has a tax allowance of £10 500.
Copy and complete the statements below to find out how much income tax
Callum must pay.
5 2
5£
income tax 5 20% of
total income tax 5 £
3 Wendy earns £28 500 each year.
She has a tax allowance of £10 500.
(a) What is Wendy’s taxable income?
(b) How much income tax will Wendy have to pay?
4 Alex earns £3950 each month. He has a tax allowance of £10 500.
(a) What is his annual (yearly) taxable income?
(b) How much income tax will he pay for one year?
(c) How much income tax will he pay each month?
5 Angus earns £60 000 each year. How much income tax will he pay?
(He has a tax allowance of £10 500)
6 Millie earns £320 each week. She has a tax allowance of £10 500.
(a) Find her annual salary (assuming 52 weeks in one year).
(b) What is her taxable income?
(c) How much income tax will she pay for one year?
(d) How much income tax will she pay each week?
7 Dom earns £90 each week. His tax allowance is £10 500. Assuming 52
weeks in one year, how much income tax will Dom pay each week?
8 Emma earns £896 each month from her work in a shop. She also works in
a pub, earning £30 each week. Her tax allowance is £10 500. Assuming 52
weeks in one year, how much income tax will Emma pay each week?
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WATCH YOUR MONEY! – Council tax
This is tax collected by local authorities. It is a tax on domestic property.

In general, the bigger the property is, the more tax will be charged.
Each property is put into a valuation band. At the time of writing the bands are as
listed below (they are based on house values in 1991).
Valuation band Range of values
A up to £40 000
B over £40 000 and up to £52 000
C over £52 000 and up to £68 000
D over £68 000 and up to £88 000
E over £88 000 and up to £120 000
F over £120 000 and up to £160 000
G over £160 000 and up to £320 000
H over £320 000
The council tax is used to pay for local services such as rubbish collection, schools
and the fire service.
Council tax is not paid on some properties, for example any property that only
students live in or property where all the people who live in it are aged under 18.
Note
If only one person lives in a property they will get a 25% discount on the council
tax bill.
Jack lives on his own in a flat valued at £75 000. This year’s council tax rates in his area
are shown in the table below:
Band A B C D E F G H
Annual council tax (£) 650 800 1000 1200 1350 1550 1900 2300
(a) How much council tax will Jack have to pay this year?
(b) If he spreads the council tax payment over 10 months, how much will he pay each
month?
(a) Using the table at the start of this section, Jack’s flat is in band D. The other table
shows he must pay £1200 this year.
Jack lives on his own so gets a 25% discount
25% of £1200 5 £300
Jack pays £1200 2 £300 5 £900
(b) If the payment is spread over 10 months, each month Jack pays £900 4 10 5 £90
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WYM 15.2
For this exercise use the council tax rates shown in the table below.
Use the table at the start of this section to find out which band each property
belongs to.
Band A B C D E F G H
Annual council tax (£) 661 798 1109 1252 1420 1675 1910 2405
1 Harry and Erica Smith live in a house valued at £105 000. How much
council tax will they have to pay?
2 Simon and Shanice live in a house valued at £132 000.

(a) How much council tax will they have to pay?
(b) If the council tax payment is spread over 10 months, how much will the
monthly payments be?
3 Molly lives on her own in a bedsit

valued at £50 000. How much
council tax will Molly have to pay
this year?
4 The Jackson family live in a house

valued at £210 000. If they spread
their council tax payment over
10 months, what will the monthly
payments be?
5 Jenny, David and Matt are all students. They live in a house valued at
£90 000. How much council tax will they have to pay this year?
6 Mr. and Mrs. Pickford live in a flat valued at £102 000. They are allowed to
pay their council tax in 4 equal (quarterly) payments. How much will each
quarterly payment be?
7 Rhys lives on his own in a bungalow valued at £110 000. If he spreads his
Council tax payment over 10 months, what will his monthly payments be?
8 Find out what the council tax bill for a band D property in your area is this
year. Do you think council tax is a fair way of collecting money for local
services or not? Give reasons. Discuss with your teacher.
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ALGEBRA 4
16
– solve linear inequalities
– use set notation for inequalities
– shade regions given by linear inequalities
– solve quadratic inequalities
– cancel, multiply and divide algebraic fractions
– add and subtract algebraic fractions
– solve equations containing algebraic fractions
– tackle algebraic proof
– – buying a house
M Linear inequalities
Key Facts
Solving inequalities
To solve an inequality, like 2x 1 4 , 10, find the range of values of x which satisfy the
inequality.
To isolate x, follow the same methods as for solving equations except:
If you multiply or divide both sides by a negative number, the inequality sign must be
reversed.
for example 3 . 2 multiply both sides by 21 ⇨ 23 . 22 not true
reverse inequality sign
23 , 22 is true!
508
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6 Show on a number line the range of values
of x for the inequalities shown.
x�2
0 1 2 3 4
Solve 4 2 2x .10
Either 4 2 2x .10
22x . 10 2 4
22x . 6
The circle at the left hand end of the range
is open. This means x cannot equal 2. 6
x , ___
    [reverse
22 � x � 1
22
inequality
23 22 21 0 1 2 x , 23 because
x can equal 22 so the circle at 22 is filled in. dividing
by 22]
or make the x’s positive first
then solve.
M16.1
1 Write down the inequalities shown below:
(a) (b) (c)
22 25 1 26 21
2 Find the range of values of x which satisfy each inequality below and show
each answer on a number line.
(a) 5x < 30 (b) 9x . 227 (c) 2 1 x > 6
x
(d)  __ > 1 (e) 4 , x 1 1 < 9 (f ) 21 , 2x 2 1 , 7
2
3 Solve the inequalities below:

x
(a) a 2 7 . 22 (b)  __ , 29 (c) 2b 1 4 , 10
5
(d) 3y 2 1 < 14 (e) 14 2 3n , 5 (f ) 4c 1 12 < 28
n
(g) 9 2 5x < 34 (h) 3(a 2 2) , 15 (i)  __ 2 4 > 2
6
( j) 5x 1 3 > 2x 1 21 (k) 8n 2 2 . 3n 1 33 (l) 6x 1 8 , 38 2 4x
4 Write down all the integer values (whole numbers) of x which satisfy the
given inequalities.
(a) 0 , x , 4 (b) 1 < x , 7 (c) 22 < x < 2 (d) 24 , x < 0
5 In each case below find all the integer values of x which satisfy both the
inequalities.
(a) x 2 3 , 4 and x 1 2 > 6 (b) x 1 5 . 3 and 3x 2 2 , 1
509
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6 Write down the greatest positive integer, n, which satisfies each inequality
below:
2n 2 1 3n
(a)  ______
 < 1 (b)  ___ 2 2 , 1 (c) 2 2 7n > 212
5 8
n 4n 2 3
(d) 3 1  __ , 9 (e) 5 2 2n . 1 (f )  ______
 , 5
7 5
7 In each case below, find the range of values of x which satisfy both the
inequalities and show this answer on a number line.
(a) 4x 1 3 < 11 and 5x 1 1 > 29 (b) 2(x 1 3) . 14 and 3x 2 14 < 4
x12 x
(c) 5x 2 3 . 3x 1 9 and _____
   , 4 (d)  __ 2 1 < 1 and 6x 2 3 . 29 2 2x
3 4
E Set notation for inequalities
Key Facts
1 2 3 4
The number line shows that all the numbers, using for example x, are greater or equal to 2.
We can write this using set notation.
{x: x > 2} means the set of all values of x such that x > 2.
: means ‘such that’.
{x: 21 , x < 2} can be shown by: Write in set notation the solution
of 1 < 2x 1 3 , 15
21 0 1 2
Deal with each inequality separately
This is the set of all values of 1 < 2x 1 3 2x 1 3 , 15
x such that 21 , x < 2
1 2 3 < 2x 2x , 15 2 3
22 < 2x 2x , 12
22
___ 12
 < x x , ___
   
2 2
21 < x x,6
The solution is {x: 21 < x , 6}
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E16.1
1 Use set notation to describe each number line.
(a) (b) (c)
4 1 6 24 21
(d) (e) (f )
25 2 26 0 4
2 Display each set below

on a number line.
(a) {x: x , 5}
(b) {x: 26 < x < 1} Areas and volumes
(c) {x: 1 , x < 3} 1 Find the total
(d) {x: x , 2 or x . 4} surface area of
9 cm
this cone.
3 Write in set notation the
solutions for the inequalities 12 cm
below.
2 Find the ‘exact’ volume of the solid below,
(a) 15 < 3x , 21 leaving the answer in terms of p.
(b) 9 < x 2 3 < 25
(c) 211 , x 1 1 , 28
x
(d) 2 < __
 5 , 3
1 1 2x 12 cm
(e) 3 <  ______  , 5
3 20 cm
2 1 5x
(f ) 22 , ______
   < 3 (a hemisphere is ‘hollowed’ out of a
4
cylinder)
(g) x 1 1 , 3x 1 2 , x 1 10
2 1 5x 3 15 cm This container has
(h) 21 <  ______
 < 4
3 3.5 litres of water
(i) 10 2 2x , 4(x 2 2) < 2x in it. The water
level is somewhere
4 A within the cylinder.
How high is the
4x 20 cm water level above
B
the bottom of the
container?
C
The perimeter of this isosceles triangle is (8x 1 6) cm.

The length of AB is less than 11 cm.
Write down an inequality for the perimeter of the triangle.
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E Shading regions given by inequalities
Key Facts
a broken line is used unbroken lines are used
y x51 x53
for , or . boundaries for < or > boundaries y
y53 to show that points on to show that points on
the boundary line are the boundary lines are
not included. included.
x x
y , 3 (all y-values
are less than 3) 1�x�3
(all x-values lie between
and include 1 and 3)
To draw y . 2x 2 3, draw the boundary line y 5 2x 2 3 first y

(unbroken for .)
y 5 2x 2 3
x
23
Decide on which side of the line to shade. Choose any y

point not on the boundary line, eg. (0, 0). Does this
point satisfy y . 2x 2 3?
Put x 5 0, y 5 0 into y . 2x 2 3 ⇨ 0 . 0 2 3, ie. 0 . 23. y 5 2x 2 3
This is clearly true so shade the region on the side of x
the boundary line which includes (0, 0). 23
y . 2x 2 3
E16.2
1 Write down the inequality which describes the shaded region.
(a) y (b) y (c) y (d) y
y54 y 5 2x 1 3
x1y55
y52
x51 x x x x
512
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2 Draw graphs to show the regions given by the inequalities below:
(a) y . 1 (b) 22 < x , 3 (c) 0 , y , 4 (d) y < x
(e) y . x 2 2 (f ) y , 3x 1 1 (g) x < 0 (h) x 1 y > 7
(i) 2x 1 y . 4 ( j) x 2 3y < 9 (k) 2x 1 3y < 6 (l) 5x 2 y . 10
3 By finding the equation of the boundary line, write down the inequality
which describes the shaded region.
(a) y (b) y (c) y
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
21 0 1 2 3 4 x 21 0 1 2 3 4 x 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21 21 21
4 y
x51
4
3
y 5 12 x The shaded area opposite is described
by 3 inequalities: x > 1, y , 4 2 x
2 and one other inequality. Write down
1 y542x the other inequality.
21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
5 y
10
4
y 5 9 2 2x
2
22 0 1 2 3 4 x
22
The shaded area above is described by 3 inequalities.

By finding the equations of the remaining two boundary lines,
write down the 3 inequalities.
513
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6 Draw graphs to show the region given by each group of inequalities below.
Use shading to make the required region clear.
(a) 1 < x , 5, 2 , y , 5
(b) y . x 2 2, x > 0, y < 3 2 x
(c) y , 2x 1 1, 2y 1 x < 6, 2x 2 3y < 12
(d) x 2 2y < 2, 5x 2 2y > 210, 5x 1 6y , 30
(e) 3x 2 2y < 12, x 1 2y < 8, x . 21
(f ) 2x 1 3y , 12, y 2 2x < 4, x 2 3y , 6
(g) y < 8 2 2x, 4x 2 3y . 224, 4y 2 x > 24, 6y 1 x . 26
(h) 3x 1 2y < 12, 3x 2 2y < 12, 3x 2 2y > 212, 3x 1 2y > 212
y
7 Use two inequalities to describe
10 this shaded region.
8
6
y 5 x2
4
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
22
8 Ruhi needs to buy some oranges

and pears. An orange costs 40p and
a pear costs 30p. Ruhi can spend up
to £3·60. She needs to buy at least
4 oranges and more than 4 pears.
Let x be the number of oranges
and y be the number of pears.
(a) Write down 3 inequalities which must be satisfied.
(b) Draw a graph to show the region satisfied by all the inequalities.
(c) List the options for how many of each fruit Ruhi might buy.
514
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E Quadratic inequalities
Key Facts
Always rearrange to have 0 on one side of the inequality.
Consider x2 2 2x 2 8 , 0
The safest way to solve this inequality is to sketch the quadratic function
then look above ( y . 0) or below ( y , 0) the x-axis.
(a) Solve x2 2 2x 2 8 , 0
Factorise to give (x 2 4)(x 1 2) , 0
Sketch y 5 (x 2 4)(x 1 2)
x 5 4 and 22 when y 5 0 on x-axis
y x2 2 2x 2 8 , 0
when y , 0 below x-axis.
Inequality satisfied by 22 , x , 4
22 4 x
(b) Solve x2 > 9

x2 2 9 > 0 ⇒ (x 1 3)(x 2 3) > 0
y 5 x2 2 9 > 0 above x-axis. y
Inequality satisfied by
x < 23 or x > 3
23 3 x
E16.3
1 Sketch y 5 (x 1 1)(x 2 3) then solve (x 1 1)(x 2 3) > 0
515
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 515 10/6/15 14:56:59

2 Sketch y 5 (x 2 2)(x 2 4) then solve (x 2 2)(x 2 4) < 0
3 Use the graph opposite to: y

y 5 x2 1 x 2 6
(a) solve x2 1 x 2 6 , 0
(b) solve x2 1 x 2 6 . 0
23 2 x
4 Solve the following.

(a) x2 2 3x 2 4 . 0 (b) x2 < 25 (c) x2 2 8x 1 12 , 0
(d) x2 1 4x 2 21 > 0 (e) x2 2 11x 1 28 , 0 (f ) x2 2 12 . x
5 y
Use the graph opposite
to solve 10 2 3x 2 x2 > 0
25 2 x
y 5 (2 2 x) (5 1 x)
6 Write in set notation the solutions for the inequalities below and display
each set on a number line.
(a) x2 1 4x 2 5 . 0 (b) x2 1 8x 1 15 > 0 (c) 2x2 1 5 , 23
7 The area of the square is

3
greater than or equal to x
the area of the rectangle. x16
Find the range of possible x
values of x.
8 Solve
(a) 5x2 2 36x 1 7 , 0 (b) 6x2 1 13x 2 28 > 0
9 The area of the rectangle is

less than the area of the x
triangle. Find the range x 1 10
of possible values of x. x14
516
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 516 10/6/15 14:57:02

E Algebraic fractions
Cancelling
Always factorise the numerator and denominator first.
Any common factors in the numerator and denominator can then be cancelled.
1
a1b
Note  _____
ac 7 not possible because a is not a common factor in the numerator.
m2 1 mn x2 1 2x 1 1 6x 1 6y
Simplify (a)  ________
mp  (b)  __________   (c)  ________  
x2 1 4x 1 3 3x2 2 3y2
2
m (m 1 n) (x 1 1)(x 1 1) 6 (x 1 y)
5 _________
 mp   5  ____________
    5 _________
   
(x 1 3)(x 1 1) 3 (x2 2 y2)
m1n x11 2(x 1 y)

5 ______
  p  5  _____  5 ____________
     
x13 (x 1 y)(x 2 y)
2
5 _____
 x 2 y 
E16.4
Simplify
2
ab
___ mn
___ 4a
____ 5a b
_____
1     2     3     4    
bc n 2 10b 20ab2
m2n
______ 3m 2 3n
________ 12ab
_____ 8p 1 16q
________
5    
mn 6     7     8    
6mn 4ba 8
ab 1 ac
_______ mn 2 mp
________ 4c 2 10d
________ 5x
_______
2
9     a 10    
mp 11     12  
xy 1 xz 
2c 2 5d
13 Write down whether each statement is true or false.

9x 2 18y ab 1 b2 _____
a1b
(a)  ________
 5 21 (b)  _______
 5    
9xy b 2 b
2 2 2
x 2y x2y x2 2 4 x22
(c)  ______
 5 ______
    (d)  ______ 5  _____
 
3x 3 2x 1 4 2
5m2n m2 x2 1 5x
(e)  __________ 5 _______
    (f )  _______  5 3
10mn 2 5n 2m 2 1 x2 1 x
517
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 517 10/6/15 14:57:03

Cancel down the fractions as far as
possible in questions 14 to 29 .
3x
________ 12mn 2 6n  
15  ___________
2
14     2
3x 2 9x2 10m 2 5mn Mixed algebra
2
6x 1 4xy
_________
2
3a 2 6ab  1 Solve the following equations,
16     17  _________
2
2
9x 1 6xy 3a 1 6ab giving your answers to 2 decimal
places.
2
12 1 4m
________
2
x 29
19  ______  (a) 5x2 1 2x 2 7 5 0
18     2x 1 6
3 1 m2 (b) x(x 1 5) 5 39
2
x 1 5x 1 6
__________
2
x 1 3x 2 4 
21  __________ 2 Which sequence below has an nth
20     2
x2 1 3x x 1 6x 1 8
term equal to n2 2 2n
2
x 1 3x 1 2
__________
2
m 1 5m  1 6
23  ____________ A 21, 2, 7, 14, 23, …
22      
m13
x12
2 21, 0, 3, 8, 15, …
a 21
______
2
b 2 7b 1 10
25  ____________ or B
24      
  
b22
a21
2 3 The nth term of a sequence is
2
n 1 3n 1 2
___________ 2y 1 3y 1 1
26     27  ___________
 
   given by the iterative formula
n2 1 5n 1 4 y11
un 5 un 2 1 1 7 and u1 5 2. Find
25x 2 1 2 2
4m 2 8m 1 3 (a) u3 (b) u100
28 ________
    29  _____________
  
 
5x 1 1 2m 2 3
4 Find the nth term of the sequence
1, 3, 7, 15, 31, …
Multiplying and dividing

Always factorise numerators and denominators first. Cancel before multiplying out.
It is usual to leave answers in factorised form.
Simplify
2
x y m2 2 mn ________
2m 1 2n x2 1 5x 1 4 _______
x2 2 16
(a)  ___ 3 ___
    (b)  ________
2 3     (c)  __________   4    
2y 3x 2
m 2n 3m2 x2 2 x 2 2 5x 2 10
x y2 m(m 2 n) 2(m 1 n) x2 1 5x 1 4 _______

5x 2 10
5 ___
   3 ___
    5 ______________
     3  ________
  5 __________
  2  3   2  
2y 3x (m 1 n)(m 2 n) 3m 2
x 2x22 x 2 16
y 2 5(x 2 2)
(x 1 4)(x 1 1) ____________
5  __  5 ___
    5 ____________
     3      
6 3m (x 2 2)(x 1 1) (x 2 4)(x 1 4)
5
5 _____
   
x24
518
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 518 10/6/15 14:57:04

E16.5
Simplify
m 5m 3x 4y 9m2 10n
1  ___ 3 ___
  2  2  ___ 3  ___  3  ____ 3 ____
   
3n m 2 6 5n 3m
10x 2 15
x 1 2 ________ 3a a1b 5m 2 10 ________
8m 1 24
4  _____
 3     5  _______  3  _____
  6  ________
 3    
5 2x 1 4 a2 2 b2 12 4 2m 1 6
5a 10 x 3x 6x 1 6y _______
3x 1 3y
7  ___ 4  ___  8  ___ 4 ___
  2  9  _______
 4    
6 9b 2y y 5 2
4(m 2 5) __________
2m(m 2 5) 3x 1 6 7x 1 14 10c 5c 2 15
10  ________
 4   2 
11  _______ 4  ________  12  _______ 4 _______
  2  
2m 6m 5x 2 15 21x 2 63 4c 1 12 c 29
x2 2 4
x 1 1 ______ x2 1 5x 1 6 _______
4x 2 12
13 Show that _____
   3   2  is equivalent to __________
  2  3    
x22 x 21 x 29 4x 2 4
5n 1 10 n2 1 4n 1 4 n2 2 3n 2 4
5n 2 20 ___________
14 Show that ____________
  2    4  ___________
 is equivalent to  _______
 4    
n 1 3n 2 10 n15 2
n 24 n11
15 Simplify
n2 2 n 2 6 ____________
2n 2 10 m2 1 6m 2 7
m2 1 4m 2 12 ____________
(a)  __________
 3   2     (b)  _____________
   3   2    
5n 2 15 n 2 3n 2 10 6m 2 12 m 1 5m 2 6
x2 1 7x 1 12 __________
x2 1 2x 2 8 b2 1 5b 1 6 ___________
b2 2 2b 2 8
(c)  ___________
   4     (d)  ___________ 3    
x2 2 9 x2 2 2x 2 3 b2 2 b 2 12 b2 1 3b 1 2
2
x y x2 2 4 m2 2 8m _____________
3m 1 6
(e)  _______  4 _______
    (f )  ________ 3   2    
x3 2 2x2 x2 1 2x 2
m 1 9m m 2 6m 2 16
c2 2 12c 1 36 __________
c2 2 1 n2 2 2n 2 3 ___________
n2 2 4n 2 5
(g)  ____________
  
 4   2   (h)  ___________  4    
2c 2 12 c 1 2c 1 1 n2 2 6n 1 9 2n 2 6
9b2 2 1 b2 2 4 a2 2 7a 2 18
a 2 9 ____________
(i)  ____________
     3 ______
    ( j)  _____ 4       
3b2 1 7b 1 2 3b 2 1 4a 4a3 1 4a2
6x2 1 13x 2 5 x2 1 4x 2 21 2n2 2 5n 2 3 ______

n2 2 9
(k)  _____________
  
    3 ____________
     
   (l)  ____________
    4    
4x2 1 20x 1 25 3x2 2 10x 1 3 2n2 1 5n 1 2 n2 2 4
519
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 519 10/6/15 14:57:04

Key Facts
Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions
We often get the common denominator by multiplying the given denominators together.
Factorise denominators first because it may help you to identify the lowest common
denominator.
Remember to cancel answers at the end if you can.
Simplify
5 3 2 5 7x 3
(a)  ___ 1 __
    (b)  _____ 1  _____  (c)  ______ 2  _____ 
2x y x13 x21 x2 2 4 x 1 2
5y 6x 2(x 2 1) 1 5(x 1 3)
5 ___
   1 ___
    5 _________________
    
     factorise
2xy 2xy (x 1 3)(x 2 1)
5y 1 6x 2x 2 2 1 5x 1 15 7x 3
5 _______
    5  _______________
  
     5 ____________
     2  _____ 
2xy (x 1 3)(x 2 1) (x 1 2)(x 2 2) x 1 2
7x 1 13
5 ____________
     
(x 1 3)(x 2 1)
only need to multiply
this by (x 2 2) to make
denominators the same
7x 3(x 2 2)
5 ____________
     2  ____________
   
(x 1 2)(x 2 2) (x 1 2)(x 2 2)
7x 2 3x 1 6
5 ____________
    
   
(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
4x 1 6 2(2x 1 3)
5 ____________
     5  ____________
   
(x 1 2)(x 2 2) (x 1 2)(x 2 2)
E16.6
Simplify
x x 2x 3y a b 3 5
1  __ 1  __  2  ___ 1  ___  3  __ 1 __
    4  ___ 2 __
   
3 2 5 4 b a 2a b
m 2n x 2y 5 2 3n 1
5  ___ 1 ___
    6  ___ 2 ___
  x  7  ___ 2 ___
    8  ___ 1 __
   
3n 5 2y 3x 4y 2m n
x 1 2 __ x x13
x 1 1 _____ m 2 2 ___
2m (n 2 1)
n 1 5 _______
9  _____
 1     10  _____
 1     11  ______
 2     12  _____
 2    
3 5 6 7 3 4 8 5
520
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 520 10/6/15 14:57:05

13 Which two fraction expressions below are equivalent?
x12 x11
_____
   1 _____ x 1 6 (5x 1 10)
_____
A
3
   
8
B    2 _________
   
2 12
2x 2 1 x 1 8
______
   1 _____ x 1 6 (x 2 4)
_____
C 6
   
4 D    1 _______
   
4 6
14 Write as a single fraction:

3 4 6 3 5 2
(a)  _____ 1  _____  (b)  ______ 1  ______  (c)  _____ 1  _____ 
x11 x12 m13 m15 n21 n13
6 4
(d)  _____ 2  _____ 
y15 y22
7 3 Mixed algebra
(e)  ______ 1  _____ 
2x 1 1 x 1 6
1 Expand (a) (x 1 4)2 (b) (x 1 4)3
8 6
(f )  ______ 1  _______ 
m 2 3 3m 1 2 2 Find the nth term of the sequence
4, 10, 16, 22, …
7 2
(g)  _____ 1  ______  f(x) 5 x2 2 10. Find the values of w if
a 1 6 1 2 4a 3
f(w) 5 3w.
2 1
(h)  _____ 1  _____  4 Find the nth term of the sequence
x22 22x
2, 6, 12, 20, 30, …
6 3
(i)  ______ ______
m 2 n 2  n 2 m  5 A rectangular sheet of metal is such that
its length is 7 cm longer than its width.
n n A square with side length 3 cm is cut out
15 Prove that _____
   1  _____ . 0 at each corner and the remaining shape
n11 n21
for all values of n . 1. is the net of a box. If the volume of the
box is 65 cm3, find the length of the
metal sheet to one decimal place.
16 Simplify
4 5 2 3
(a)  ______  1  _____  (b)  _____ 1  __________  
x2 2 9 x 2 3 x 1 1 x2 1 4x 1 3
5 2 6 2
(c)  ______  2  _____  (d)  _________  2  _____ 
2
x 21 x 1 1 2
x 2x26 x 2 3
7 4 6 1
(e)  _______
2  1 _______
  2   (f )  __________
2  2  __________
2  
m 1m m 2m y 2 3y 2 4 y 2 2y 2 8
3 2 4 3
(g)  ________  2 ________
    (h)  ____________   1 _____________
     
m2 2 mn mn 2 m2 a3 2 5a2 1 6a a3 1 3a2 2 10a
8 5
(i)  ___________    2  ______ 
x2 1 7x 1 10 x2 2 4
521
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E Equations containing algebraic fractions
Combine the algebraic fractions first or multiply throughout the equation first to remove
the denominators.
2 3
Solve  _____ 2  _____ 5 4
x13 x21
Either combine fractions or multiply throughout to remove the denominator

2(x 2 1) 2 3(x 1 3) 2(x 1 3) ________
3(x 1 3)
 _________________
  
    5 4  ________
 2    5 4(x 1 3)
(x 1 3)(x 2 1) x13 x21
2x 2 2 2 3x 2 9 3(x 1 3)(x 2 1)
 ______________
  
    5 4 2(x 2 1) 2 _____________
    
 5 4(x 1 3)(x 2 1)
(x 1 3)(x 2 1) x21
2x 2 11
____________
   5 4 2x 2 2 2 3x 2 9 5 4(x 1 3)(x 2 1)
(x 1 3)(x 2 1)
2x 2 11 5 4(x 1 3)(x 2 1) 2x 2 11 5 4(x 1 3)(x 2 1)
2x 2 11 5 4(x2 1 2x 2 3)
2x 2 11 5 4x2 1 8x 2 12
0 5 4x2 1 9x 2 1
This quadratic does not factorise so use the formula or complete the square.
_______ ___
29 6 √ 29 6 √
  81 1 16  _________
  97 
x 5 ______________
      5    5 0·11 or 22·36
8 8
(to 2 decimal places)
E16.7
1 Show that
3 1
(a)  _____ 1  _____ 5 2 is equivalent to 2x2 1 10x 1 3 5 0
x12 x15
6 2
(b)  _____ 2  _____ 5 1 is equivalent to x2 2 5x 2 38 5 0
x24 x13
3 8
(c)  ______ 1  ______ 5 3 is equivalent to 9x2 1 5x 1 4 5 0
2x 1 1 1 2 3x
522
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 522 10/6/15 14:57:05

Solve the equations in questions 2 to 13 . Give the answers to 3 significant
figures when necessary.
y15 y n12 n11 1
   2 __
2 _____    5 5    1 _____
3 _____    5 2 4 x 1 __  x 5 4
2 7 3 4
4 3 2
5 x 1 _____
   5 5 6 2a 2 _____
   5 22 7 1 1 _____
   5 b
x11 a21 b13
5 6 3 4 5 3
8 _____
   2  _____ 5 1 9 _______
   1  _______ 5 2 10    5 ______
__
y    2 4
n12 n13 2m 2 1 3m 1 1 4y 2 1
8 1 q 3 r11
11 ______
   1  ______ 5 2 12 ______
   2  _____ 5 1 13   r  2 ______
______    5 2
2x 1 1 3x 2 5 2q 1 1 q22 4r 2 3 2r 2 1
14 The perimeter of this isosceles triangle is 10 cm.

10 10 Write down an equation involving x and use it to find x.
x11 x11
3
x
15 A group of 60 people can be

divided into n equally sized
groups or (n 1 1) equally sized
groups. The difference between
the size of these groups is 3.
(a) Write down an equation
involving n.
(b) Solve this equation to find n.
16 y Find the co-ordinates of A and B, i.e. solve

y 5 2x 1 1
3
 __
x 5 2x 1 1
A
3
y 5x
x
B
17 An alloy is made with 24 g of metal A and 30 g of metal B.

The density of metal B is 2 g/cm3 greater than the density of metal A.
Find the density of metal A if the volume of the alloy is 6 cm3.
523
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 523 10/6/15 14:57:06

18 In a relay a man runs 100 m at a speed of v m/s.
He then passes to another man who runs 200 m
at (v 2 1) m/s.
(a) If the men take a total time of 36 seconds
then write down an equation involving v.
(b) Use this equation to find v (to 3 sig. figs.).
19 A man travels 300 km from home to see his cousin. On his return journey
home his average speed was increased by 20 km/h and the time of his
journey decreased by 1  _4 hr.
1
(a) If v is the average speed of his outward journey then show that
300 ______ 300
 ____
v 2  v 1 20 5 1·25
(b) Solve this equation to find v.
Linear and quadratic simultaneous equations
1 Solve y 5 x2 1 2 2 Solve y 5 2x2 3 Solve 3x2 1 2y2 5 30

y 5 2x 1 5 x 1 y 5 3 y552x
4 y The equation of this circle with its centre at the

5 origin and a radius of 5 units is x2 1 y2 5 25
(reminder: x2 1 y2 5 r2 is the equation of a circle of
radius r with its centre at (0, 0)).
25 O 5 x
25
(a) Find the points of intersection of the line y 5 x 1 1 and the circle x2 1 y2 5 25.
(b) Find the equation of the tangent to this circle at (3, 4).
5 Solve x2 1 2xy 1 y2 5 144

x2y58
524
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 524 10/6/15 14:57:07

E Algebraic proof
Key Facts
Algebra is often used to prove that results are true.
Note – if 2 whole numbers are consecutive, they are often referred to as n and n 1 1
– an even number is any multiple of 2 such as 2n or 2(n 1 3)
– an odd number is 1 more or 1 less than an even number, eg. 2n 1 1 or 2n 2 1
(a) Prove that the difference between 2 odd numbers is even. Let one odd number
5 2n 1 1 and the other number 5 2m 1 1 where m and n are whole numbers.
difference 5 (2n 1 1) 2 (2m 1 1)
5 2n 1 1 2 2m 2 1
5 2n 2 2m
5 2(n 2 m) which is a multiple of 2
so the difference between any 2 odd numbers is even.
(b) Prove that the difference between the squares of 2 consecutive numbers is odd.
let consecutive numbers be n and (n 1 1)
difference between the squares 5 (n 1 1)2 2 n2
5 (n 1 1)(n 1 1) 2 n2
5 n2 1 n 1 n 1 1 2 n2
5 2n 1 1
2n 1 1 is 1 more than a multiple of 2, ie. an odd number
so the difference between the squares of 2 consecutive numbers is odd.
E16.8
1 Use algebra to prove that the sum of an odd number and an even number is always odd.
2 Prove that the sum of two even numbers is always even.
3 Prove that the cube of an even number is divisible by 8.
4 Prove that the product of two odd numbers is odd.
5 Prove that (n 1 1)2 2 (n 2 1)2 5 4n
6 Prove that n2 1 (n 1 4)2 2 8 5 2(n 1 2)2
7 Prove that (2n 1 3)2 2 (2n 1 1)2 5 8(n 1 1)
525
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 525 10/6/15 14:57:07

8 The terms 3, 8, 15, 24, 35 … in a sequence are of the form 1 3 3, 2 3 4, 3 3 5, …
(a) Write down a formula for the nth term.
(b) Explain why the formula for the (n 1 1)th term is (n 1 1)(n 1 3).
(c) Prove that the difference between two consecutive terms in the sequence is 2n 1 3.
9 Prove that, if the height of a cylinder

is equal to the diameter of its base,
the total surface area of the cylinder
is equal to six times its base area. d
10 Prove that the sum of three consecutive odd numbers is divisible by 3.
11 Prove that the sum of the squares of 2 consecutive integers is odd.
12 Prove that the sum of the squares of two consecutive odd numbers is even.
13 The terms 4, 18, 48, 100, 180 … in a sequence are of the form 1 3 22, 2 3 32, 3 3 42, …
(a) Write down a formula for the nth term.
(b) Prove that the difference between two consecutive terms in the sequence
is 3n2 1 7n 1 4.
14 Prove that alternative segment B

theorem (ie. angle ACD is
equal to angle ABC). E
O
15 Prove that the difference between the squares of any two consecutive odd
numbers is a multiple of 8.
16 (a) Find the sum of the squares of 3 consecutive even numbers then subtract 8.
(b) Prove that this result is 12 times a square number.
n(n 1 1)
17 The nth triangular number is given by the formula ________
   .
2
Prove that the sum of two consecutive triangular numbers is a square
number.
18 Prove that the sum of the squares of any 7 consecutive numbers is divisible by 7.
526
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 526 10/6/15 14:57:09

Use your maths! – Buying a house
Although house prices may seem very expensive at the moment you may one day in
the future wish to buy a house.
Mortgages
Most people need to take out a mortgage which they usually pay back over 25 years.
Interest has to be paid on the mortgage so it is important to shop around for the best deal.
Repayment mortgage
An amount is paid each month to pay the interest and some of the borrowed money.
The monthly amount is worked out so that all the money is usually paid back after 25 years.
Interest-only mortgage
This costs less than a repayment mortgage because
only the interest is paid back each month. This
means that after 25 years you will still owe the
same amount of money as you borrowed at the start.
You would have to save money to pay back the
mortgage at the end or have another plan. If not,
you would have to sell your home to pay back the
mortgage at the end.
Deposit
If you save some money towards your new home before you buy it, your mortgage
payments will be smaller. Often if you have at least a 5% deposit you will get a better
deal on the mortgage interest rate.
Stamp Duty
Money paid to the government when a property is bought.
Stamp duty works like income tax, charging different rates on separate chunks of the cost
of the house.
At the time of writing stamp duty
property worth up to £125,000 – no stamp duty
the amount of property value from £125,001 up to £250,000 – 2%
the amount of property value from £250,001 up to £925,000 – 5%
the amount of property value from £925,001 up to £1·5 million – 10%
more than £1·5 million – 12%
For example, stamp duty on a £275,000 house is £3750
(2% of (£250,000 2 £125,000) 1 5% of (£275,000 2 £250,000))
527
16-Ch_16_pp508-532.indd 527 10/6/15 14:57:09

Task
1 Jim and Hannah have saved £40,000. They earn £30,000 between them each year.
A bank will give them a mortgage of 4 times their joint annual salary.
(a) How much mortgage can they get?
(b) They want to buy a house for £155,000.
They must pay stamp duty.
The solicitor and surveyor bills amount
to £2800. Can they afford this house?
How much money will be left over if
they take out the full mortgage?
2 Donna sells her flat and makes £173,000 profit. She earns £27,000 each year.
A bank will give her a mortgage of 3·5 times her annual salary.
(a) What is the most money she will have available to buy a new property?
(b) If she bought a house for this amount of money, how much stamp duty
would she have to pay?
3 4 friends want to buy a house together. They can jointly raise a mortgage of
£240,000 and have a total deposit of £41,000.
They buy a house, costing £268,000. The solicitor and surveyor bills amount to
£3420. They must pay stamp duty.
How much money will they have left over if they take out the full mortgage?
4 Laura earns £26,000 each year and

Bruce earns £19,000. They can both get
a mortgage of 3·5 times their salary.
(a) How much mortgage can Laura get?
(b) How much mortgage can Bruce get?
(c) They have a joint deposit of £33,000.
They buy a property costing £182,000.
They have to pay stamp duty.
The solicitor and surveyor bills amount
to £2950. What is the lowest joint
mortgage they would need to take out?
5 Peter and Sonia can rent a flat for £560 each month. They could buy a similar
flat and the monthly mortgage payments would be £560. Discuss with your
teacher the advantages and disadvantages of buying the flat compared to renting
the flat.
528
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1. Solving linear inequalities

Solve the inequalities shown below:
(a) 7x 2 3 < 18 (b) 3 2 5x . 13 (c) 23 , x 2 2 < 9
32x
(d) Solve _____
   , 6, showing your answer on a number line.
2
2. Using set notation for inequalities

(a) Show {x: x < 1 or x . 3} on a number line.
(b) Write in set notation the solution to 3 < 2x 2 5 < 7.
3. Shading regions given by inequalities

(a) y y 5 2x Write down the 3 inequalities
3 which describe the green
region.
2
x 1 2y 5 4
1
21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
21 y 5 21
(b) Draw the boundary lines and shade the region defined by the
inequalities:
y , x 1 2 x < 5 2x 1 y . 6
4. Solving quadratic inequalities

(a) y y 5 x2 2 2x 2 15
Use the graph opposite to solve
x2 2 2x 2 15 . 0.
23 5 x
(b) Find the range of values of x for which x2 2 7x 1 6 < 0.
529
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5. Cancelling, multiplying and dividing algebraic fractions
Simplify
x2 2 1 4x 1 8 x2 1 7x 2 8 xy 2 4y __________
x2 2 2x 2 8
(a)  __________   _________
(b)    3 ___________
       _______
(c)    4    
x2 1 4x 1 3 x2 1 x 2 2 x2 1 6x 2 16 x2 1 3x 2x2 1 4x
6. Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions

Simplify
x y (x 1 1)
x 1 2 _______
(a)  __y 2 __
 x  (b)  _____
 2    
2 3
4 5 4 7
(c)  _____ 1  _____  (d)  __________  2  _____ 
x13 x22 2
x 2 x 2 12 x 1 3
7. Solving equations containing algebraic fractions

Solve
2x 1 1
x 1 4 ______ 3 1 7
(a)  _____
 1    5 5 (b) x 2 __
 x 5 2 (c)  ______ 1  ______ 5 6
3 4 2p 1 3 5p 1 1
(d) One year x people applied for a Council grant worth £40 000 and each person
received the same amount. The year before (x 1 10) people applied for a
grant of £35 000 and each person received the same amount (£600 less for
each person than the year after).
(i) Show that 3x2 1 5x 2 2000 5 0
(ii) Find the value of x.
8. Tackling algebraic proof

(a) Prove that the sum of any 2 odd numbers is always even.
(b) Prove that the difference between the squares of 2 consecutive odd
numbers is a multiple of 8.
1 (a) Factorise x2 2 9
x2 2 9
(b) Hence, simplify fully ___________
  2     (AQA)
2x 2 5x 2 3
2 Show that (2n 1 1)2 1 n 2 3n(n 1 1)  (n 1 1)2 (CEA)
530
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3 Mel is designing a new logo for her company.
She starts with an x-axis and a y-axis.
She sketches two straight lines and shades a region.
This shape will become a part of the company logo.
y
28 O x
Diagram not drawn to scale
Find the three inequalities that define the shaded region. (WJEC)
4 (a) Solve.
4x 1 3 3x 2 2
______
   2 ______
   5 5
3 4
(b) Express as a single fraction in its simplest form.
3 5
 ___ 1 ___
   
2a 6a
(c) Simplify fully.
2
x 2 16
__________
    (OCR)
x2 1 x 2 20
5 Prove algebraically that the difference between the squares of any two
consecutive integers is equal to the sum of these two integers. (EDEXCEL)
6 Find the range of values for which x2 2 4x 2 21 > 0.
3n 2 1 3n 1 1 ________
2 2 8n
7 Prove that ______
  n 2 ______
        (AQA)
n22 n(n 2 2)
5 4
8 Solve the equation _____
   1  _____ 5 2 (AQA)
x12 x11
531
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9 (a) On a number line, show the inequality 22 , y , 3
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 y
(b) Here is an inequality, in x, shown on a number line.
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 y
Write down the inequality.

(c) Solve the inequality 4t 2 5 . 9 (EDEXCEL)
10 n is an integer.
1
S 5 __
    n(n 1 1)
2
Prove that 8S 1 1 is an odd square number. (AQA)
11 On squared paper, draw the region which satisfies all of the following
inequalities.
y<8
x1y>2
y > 2x 2 4 (WJEC)
12 Umar thinks (a 1 1)2 5 a2 1 1 for all values of a.

(a) Show that Umar is wrong.
Here are two right-angled triangles.
All the measurements are in centimetres.
Diagrams NOT
accurately drawn
(c 1 1)
a c (a 1 1)
b (b 1 1)
(b) Show that 2a 1 2b 1 1 5 2c

a, b and c cannot all be integers.
(c) Explain why. (EDEXCEL)
9x2 2 1 3x 1 1
13 Simplify fully ___________
  2    4  ______  (AQA)
3x 1 2x 2 1 x22
x2 2 9 x13
14 The expression ___________
  2    simplifies to _____
   
x 1 bx 2 15 x 15
Work out the value of b. (AQA)
532
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GEOMETRY 5
17
– use map scales
– construct with a ruler and compasses only
– draw loci

– draw the graphs of y 5 sin x, y 5 cos x and y 5 tan x
– solve equations using trigonometry with angles of any size
– sketch translations and reflections of functions

– – car wash
M Map scales
Scale as a ratio
On a map, 1 cm for every 5 m can be written as a ratio 1 cm : 5 m
Make the units the same
1 cm : 5 m 5 1 cm : 500 cm 5 1 : 500
The ratio 1 : 500 shows us that the real measurements are
500 times as big as the measurements on the scale drawing.
On a map of scale 1 : 3 000 000, Leeds and Manchester are
2 cm apart. What is the actual distance between the cities?
Leeds
1 cm on map represents 3 000 000 cm
2 cm on map represent 6 000 000 cm Manchester
5 60 000 m
5 60 km
The actual distance between Leeds and Manchester is 60 km.
533
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M17.1
1 A model of a car is made using a
scale of 1 : 50. The model is 8 cm long.
How long is the real car?
(give your answer in metres)
2 Black Swan Measure the shortest distance between the
Black Swan and the Ring of Bells
(give your answer in km).
Ring of Bells
Scale is 1 : 50000
3 Two towns are 3 cm apart on a map whose scale is 1 : 5 000 000.

Find the actual distance (in km) between the two towns.
4 The length of part of a railway track is 18 km. How long will it be on a map
of scale 1 : 200 000?
5 Measure then write down the actual
distances (in km) between: Peterborough Norwich
(a) Norwich and Ipswich
(b) Peterborough and Norwich
(c) Cambridge and Ipswich Cambridge Ipswich
Scale is 1: 3 000 000

6 The distance between two cities is 110 km.
How far apart will they be on a map of scale 1 : 2 000 000?
7 2 km A park has an area of 3 km2. A map has a scale of
1 : 50 000. What is the area of the park on the map?
1.5 km
B
8 A plan is made of this design using 6m 8m

a scale of 1 : 10.
^
How large will ABC be on the plan? 10 m
A C
11 m 8m
D
9 A map has a scale of 1 : 40 000.
5 cm What is the actual area enclosed by
4 cm the three roads shown?
3 cm
534
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10 The scale of a map is 1 : 2000. A small plot of land has an area of 4 cm2 on
the map. What area does this represent in m2?
11 A forest has an area of 7·5 cm2

on a map with a scale of 1 : 80 000.
What is the real area in hectares?
(1 hectare 5 10 000 m2)
12 The area of a house plot on a map of scale 1 : 400 is 6·25 cm2. The area of
the same house plot on a map of scale 1 : n is 16 cm2.
Find the value of n.
Arcs, sectors and segments
1 2 N
6 cm 20° O
80°
M
6 cm
Find the ‘exact’ area of this sector, The length of the arc MN is 4p cm.
leaving the answer in terms of p. Find the length of OM.
3 O is the centre of one end of a

horizontal cylindrical pipe. The
radius of the circle is 9 cm and the
O pipe is 5 m long. The pipe contains
some water which has a maximum
6 cm depth of 6 cm as shown. Calculate the
volume of water in the pipe (to three
significant figures).
535
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M Constructions
Perpendicular bisector
Draw a line AB 8 cm long.
Set the pair of compasses to more than
4 cm (half the line AB). Put the compass
point on A and draw an arc as shown. A B
Put the compass point on B
(Do not let the compasses slip).
Draw another arc as shown.
This broken line cuts line AB in half (bisects)
and is at right angles to line AB (perpendicular).
The broken line is called the perpendicular bisector of line AB.
Bisector of an angle
ut the compass point on A and draw an
P
Q arc as shown.
A P
ut the compass point on P and draw an arc as shown.

P
Q Put the compass point on Q and draw an arc as shown.
Draw a broken line as shown.
This broken line cuts the angle in half (bisects).
A P This broken line is called the angle bisector.
M17.2
1 Draw a vertical line EF of length 10 cm.
Construct the perpendicular bisector of EF.
2 Draw an angle of 50°. Construct the bisector of the angle.
3 Draw an angle of 110°. Construct the bisector of the angle.
536
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4 (a) Use a pencil, ruler and a pair of C
compasses only to construct the triangle
ABC shown opposite.
(b) Construct the perpendicular 5 cm 6 cm
bisector of line AB.
(c) Construct the perpendicular
bisector of line BC. A 7 cm B
(d) Construct the perpendicular bisector of line AC.

The 3 perpendicular bisectors should cross at the same point.
5 Draw any triangle XYZ and construct Z
(a) The perpendicular bisector of XY.
(b) The perpendicular bisector of XZ.
Mark the point of intersection M. M
(c) Take a pair of compasses and with
centre at M and radius MX, draw X Y
a circle through the points X, Y and Z.
This is the circumcircle of triangle XYZ.
(d) Repeat this construction for another triangle with different sides.
6 Draw any triangle ABC and then construct the bisectors of angles A, B and
C. If done accurately the three bisectors should all pass through one point.
B
A C
7 Draw any triangle XYZ and construct the bisectors of angles X and Y to
meet at point M. With centre at M draw a circle which just touches the sides
of the triangle. This is the inscribed circle of the triangle.
Z
Y
Repeat the construction for a different triangle.

537
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Constructing a 60° angle
Draw a line 6 cm long. 6 cm
A
Set the pair of compasses to less than
6 cm. Put the compass point on A and
C
draw an arc as shown.
Put the compass point on B
Draw another arc as shown.
Join C to the end of the line. The two
^
lines make an angle of 60°. BAC 5 60°
A B
Constructing a 90° angle at a point on a line
Draw any line and mark a point on that line.
A
Set the pair of compasses to around 3 cm.
Put the compass point on A and draw 2
small arcs which cross the line on each B A C
side of A. (If necessary, make the line longer)
Put the compass point on B and set the D
compasses longer than BA. Draw an
arc above the line.
Put the compass point on C
Draw another arc as shown. B A C
Join D and A with a straight line.

Note: the perpendicular distance DA
The two lines make an angle of 90°. is the shortest distance from D to the
^
CAD 5 90° given line.
M17.3
1 Draw a line 9 cm long and mark the point A on the line as shown.
4 cm A 5 cm (b) Construct an angle of 90° at A.
2 (a) Draw a line 7 cm long and mark the point B on the line as shown.
4 cm B 3 cm (b) Construct an angle of 45° at B.
3 Construct an angle of 60°. 4 Construct an angle of 30°.
5 Construct an equilateral triangle with each side equal to 5 cm.
538
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6 Construct these triangles (only use a protractor to check at the end).
(a) (b)
x
x
30° 60° 6 cm
7 cm
Measure x. 8 cm
Measure x.
7 Construct an angle of 15°.
^
8 Construct a right-angled triangle ABC, where AB 5 7 cm, AB C 5 90° and
BAC 5 45°. Measure the length of BC.
9 Construct an angle of 22·5°.
10 (a) Draw any line and any point
as shown below.
A Mixed
1 Write 2·83 3 1023 as an ordinary

number.
2 Find the 47th term of the sequence
(b) Put the compass point on A 21, 5, 15, 29, 47, …
and set the compasses so that
an arc can be drawn as shown. 3
A
O
B C 3·9 cm
78°
(c) Now draw the perpendicular A B
bisector of the line BC.
The line AD is described as
the ‘perpendicular from the (a) Find the area of the triangle
point A to the line’. OAB (to one decimal place).
A
(b) Find the area of the pink
segment (to one decimal place).
4 Find the range of values of x for
B D C which x2 1 7x 1 10 , 0.
5 Solve
5y 1 3x 5 41
AD is the shortest distance y 5 3x 1 1
from A to the line BC.
539
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11 Construct each shape below and measure x.
(a) (b) x (c) 4 cm
45°
4 cm
5 cm
x 60° 45° 8 cm
30°
10 cm
4 cm
12 Draw any vertical line and any point P as
shown opposite.
Construct a line to show the shortest distance
from point P to the line. P
13 The diagram shows the net of a solid.

Each triangle is congruent.
(a) Use compasses and a ruler to
draw the net accurately. 6 cm
(b) What is the name of the solid? 5 cm
5 cm
6 cm
14 Use compasses and a ruler to construct the net

3 cm for this wedge.
5 cm
4 cm
3 cm
15 A By examining a certain quadrilateral, explain clearly

D why the constructed line BD will bisect the angle ABC.
B C
16 Explain clearly why the construction of the 60° angle works.
17 (a) Construct any triangle with an area of 15 cm2.

(b) Construct any parallelogram with an area of 28 cm2 and a base equal to 7 cm.
540
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M Locus
Sarah walks so that she is always 2 km from a point A.

She ends up walking in a circle.
A She walks in a circle because she is following the rule
2 km that she is always 2 km from point A.
The circle is called a ‘locus’.
Key Facts
A locus is the set of points which fit a given rule.
The plural of locus is ‘loci’.
For Sarah walking above, the circle is the locus of points 2 km from point A.
(a) Draw the locus of all points which are

2 cm from the line AB.
2 cm
A B
2 cm
each point is 2 cm from line AB

(b) A garden has a tree at the corner B. A B
2m
A lawn is made so that it is greater than
or equal to 1 m from the edge of the
garden and at least 2 m from the tree.
Lawn
Draw the lawn in the garden.
1m
The lawn is a ‘locus’ even though the
word ‘locus’ was not used in the question. 1m
D C
541
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M17.4
You will need a ruler and a pair of compasses.
1 Draw the locus of all points which are 4 cm A
from a point A.
2 Draw the locus of all points which are 3 cm
A 6 cm B
from the line AB.
3 A goat is tied by a 5 m rope to a peg in a
field. Using a scale of 1 cm for 1 m, shade
the area that the goat can graze in.
4 Draw the locus of all points which are less P 5 cm Q
than or equal to 1·5 cm from the line PQ.
5 A wild headteacher is placed in a
cage. The pupils are not allowed
to be within one metre of the
cage. Using a scale of 1 cm for Similar shapes
1 m, sketch the cage and show Q
1
the locus of points where the
pupils are not allowed.
S
3m
7·5 cm R
3 cm
4m T
P
Work out the area of triangle PQR
if the area of triangle RST is 8 cm2.
6 A garden has a tree at the corners 2 R
C and D. The whole garden is
made into a lawn except for Q
anywhere less than or equal to 9 cm
6 cm
4 m from any tree. Using a scale
Find the
of 1 cm for 2 m, draw the garden P T S
length of PT.
and shade in the lawn. 5 cm
A 10 m B 3 Two models are similar.
The larger model has a surface area
of 112 cm2 and a volume of 328 cm3.
6m Find the volume of the smaller
model if its surface area is 83 cm2.
Give your answer to 3 significant
figures.
D C
542
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7 Another garden has a tree at the corner A. A 8m B
A lawn is made so that it is greater than or
equal to 2 m from the edge of the garden
and at least 5 m from the tree. Using a scale
of 1 cm for 2 m, draw the garden and shade
12 m
in the lawn.
D C
8 A ladder leans against a wall. A person is

standing at the centre of the ladder. The ladder
Person starts to slip! Draw the locus of the person as
the ladder falls (make sure in your drawing, the
ladder stays the same length!).
9 fence A goat is tied by a 3 m rope to a peg

P as shown. Using a scale of 1 cm for
2m
1 m, copy the diagram then shade the
area that the goat can graze in.
P
10 The goat is moved so that it is tied by a 3 m rope to a peg P as
2m shown. Using a scale of 1 cm for 1 m, copy the diagram then
shade the area that the goat can graze in.
P
fence
M17.5
You will need a ruler and a pair of compasses.
1 Draw the locus of points which are the same distance from P and Q below.
P 6 cm Q
2 P Q Draw the locus of points which are

the same distance from the lines PQ
and QR.
R
543
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3 A soldier walks across a courtyard from B A 100 m B
so that he is always the same distance from
AB and BC. Using a scale of 1 cm for 20 m,
draw the courtyard and construct the path 60 m
taken by the soldier.
D C
4 Two ports P and Q are

4 km apart. A ship sails so
that it is equidistant from P
Q and Q. Draw P and Q using
a scale of 1 cm for 1 km.
Construct the path taken by
the ship.
5 Draw this square. Show the locus of A B

points inside the square which are
nearer to A than to C and are more
than 3 cm from B.
4 cm
D 4 cm C
6 Draw the square opposite. P Q

Show the locus of points inside the
square which are nearer to Q
than to S.
5 cm
S 5 cm R
544
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7 A transmitter at Redford has a range of Hatton
80 km and another transmitter at Hatton
has a range of 60 km. The 2 transmitters
are 120 km apart. Using a scale of 1 cm for 120 km
20 km, draw the 2 transmitters then shade
Redford
the area where a signal can be received
from both transmitters.
8 A new straight section of a motorway is to be Horley

built so that it is the same distance from
Horley and Cadle but also lies within
25 km of Morton.
Using a scale of 1 cm for 5 km, draw the
diagram opposite then draw the new
section of motorway. 35 km
Cadle
Morton 10 km
9
A 4 cm B Draw one copy of triangle ABC
and show on it:
(a) the locus of points equidistant
from A and B.
(b) the locus of points equidistant
6 cm from lines AB and AC.
(c) the locus of points nearer to
AC than to AB.
10 A child’s block is rolled along the floor.

Draw the locus of C as the block is D A
rotated about B and then about A.
L ME
RO L
C B
545
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E Trigonometry for angles of any size
We know
hyp opp adj
opp sin u 5 ____
    and cos u 5 ____
   
hyp hyp
θ This is true for any angles less than 90° in a right-
adj
angled triangle.
We can use the following definition for angles y
of any size. The co-ordinates of P are (x, y).
P (x, y)
We can see opposite that:
x l y
cos u 5 __
    so x 5 cos u
1 θ
y 0 x x
sin u 5 __
    so y 5 sin u
1
The co-ordinates of P are therefore (cos u, sin u). The angle u can increase to any
size but we define the co-ordinates of P as always being (cos u, sin u).
y
y
P (cos θ, sin θ) y
θ
θ θ
l x
x x l
l
P (cos θ, sin θ) P (cos θ, sin θ)
Note – if u is measured in an anticlockwise direction, it is taken to be positive

(u will be a negative angle if it is measured in a clockwise direction).
Quadrants
y Angles between 0° and 90° lie in the 1st quadrant.
2nd 1st
Quadrant Angles between 90° and 180° lie in the 2nd quadrant.
Quadrant
Angles between 180° and 270° lie in the 3rd quadrant.
x
3rd 4th Angles between 270° and 360° lie in the 4th quadrant.
Quadrant Quadrant
y
Consider the following point: P (� 0·866, 0·5)
The co-ordinates of P are (cos 150°, sin 150°)
1 150°
so cos 150° 5 20·866
x
and sin 150° 5 0·5
If u is obtuse, cos u is always negative.
546
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The values of sin u and cos u can be explored in each quadrant. These values are
stored on calculators. These can be used to plot the graphs of y 5 sin u and
y 5 cos u.
y
1
y 5 sin θ
0 90 180 270 360 x
�1
We can see that sin 150° 5 sin 30° You must learn for your
sin 135° 5 sin 45° exam that:
sin 165° 5 sin 15° sin 0° 5 0
We have sin u 5 sin (180° 2 u) sin 90° 5 1
The sine curve above the x-axis has symmetry about x 5 90°
and below the x-axis has symmetry about x 5 270°
E17.1
1 (a) Use a calculator to find the values of cos u for values of u from 0° to 360°
using intervals of 30°.
(b) Draw a graph of y 5 cos u.
You must learn for your
(c) Find three different values of u from
exam that:
your graph which illustrate that
cos 0° 5 1
cos u 5 2cos (180° 2 u)
cos 90° 5 0
This relationship is always true.

(a) cos 300° 5 cos 60°
(b) cos 315° 5 2cos 45°
(c) cos 210° 5 cos 30°
(d) cos 120° 5 2cos 60°
(e) cos 135° 5 2cos 45°
547
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3 Draw your own graph of y 5 sin u or use the graph drawn earlier to decide
which of the statements below are true:
(a) sin 210° 5 sin 30° (b) sin 120° 5 sin 60°
(c) sin 315° 5 2sin 45° (d) sin 240° 5 2sin 60°
(e) sin 300° 5 sin 60°
4 (a) Use a calculator to find the values of tan u for values of u from 0° to 360°
using intervals of 20°.
(b) What happens if you try to work out tan 90° and tan 270°?
(c) Draw a graph of y 5 tan u.
At x 5 90° and x 5 270°, Learn for your exam that tan 0° 5 0
draw vertical dotted lines.
These dotted lines are called asymptotes. The tangent curve will never actually
cross an asymptote.
5 y Is this part of the graph of y 5 sin x or
y 5 cos x?
0 180° x
21
6 Which of the following curves pass through the point (180, 0): y 5 sin x,
y 5 cos x, y 5 tan x?
7 Does cos x ever equal 1·5?
8 y This is the graph of y 5 cos x.
Write down the co-ordinates of the
A points A, B and C.
C x
9 y(a) Draw the graph of y 5 sin u for values

P of u from 0° to 720°.
(b) Find three different values of u from
your graph which illustrate that
x sin (360° 1 u) 5 sin u.
410°
An angle greater than 360° is obtained by
travelling more than one complete turn in an
anticlockwise direction.
548
17-Ch_17_pp533-564.indd 548 10/6/15 15:14:41

10 y (a) Draw the graph of y 5 cos u for values
of u from 2360° to 360°.
(b) Does the relationship
cos (360° 1 u) 5 cos u seem to be true?
�150° x
(c) Draw the graph of y 5 tan u for values
of u from 2360° to 360°.

P (d) Find three different values of u from
A negative angle is obtained your graph which illustrate that
by travelling in a clockwise tan (180° 1 u) 5 tan u.
direction from the x-axis.
E Solving equations involving sin, cos or tan
(a) If cos 25° 5 0·906, find another angle whose cosine is 0·906.
y
y 5 cos x
By using the symmetry of the graph of
1 y 5 cos x, another angle whose cosine 5 0·906
0·906
is 360° 2 25° 5 335°
0 x
25° 90° 180° 270° 360°
�1
(b) Solve sin x 5 0·3 for x-values between 0° and 360°.

y
SHIFT sin 0·3 on a calculator to find an
1 angle whose sine is 0·3.
0·3 INV We find that sin 17·5° 5 0·3.
A 90° B180° 270° 360°
x
0
�1
y � sin x correct to 1 decimal place

On the graph, A 5 17·5°. By using symmetry, another angle whose sine 5 0·3 is B
which is 180° 2 17·5° 5 162·5°
The solutions of sin x 5 0·3 in the range 0 < x < 360° are x 5 17·5° and 162·5°
E17.2
Use the symmetry of the graphs of y 5 sin x and y 5 cos x to answer the
following questions, giving your answers to the nearest degree.
1 If cos 32° 5 0·848, find another angle whose cosine is 0·848
2 If cos 68° 5 0·375, find another angle whose cosine is 0·375
3 If sin 18° 5 0·309, find another angle whose sine is 0·309
4 If sin 230° 5 20·766, find another angle whose sine is 20·766
549
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5 Write down another angle which has the same sine as
(a) 75° (b) 133° (c) 158° (d) 320°
6 Solve cos x 5 0·5 for x-values between 0° and 360°.
7 Solve sin x 5 0·82 for x-values between 0° and 360°.
8 Solve cos x 5 20·34 for x-values between 0° and 360°.
9 Solve cos x 5 20·8 for 0° < x < 360°.
10 Express the following in terms of the sine or cosine of an acute angle
(the first one is done for you):
(a) sin 265° 5 2sin 85° (b) cos 290° (c) cos 115°
(d) sin 170° (e) sin 205° (f ) cos 125°
(g) cos 335° (h) sin 295° (i) cos 248°
11 y Express the following in terms of the tangent of an
acute angle:
(a) tan 220°
0 90° 180° 270° 360° x (b) tan 254°

(c) tan 105°
(d) tan 300°
y 5 tan x
12 Solve tan x 5 2 for 0° < x < 360°.
1
13 Solve tan x 5 ___
  __ for 0° < x < 360°.
√
  3 
14 Find two solutions between 0° and 360° for each of the following: __
1 __ √
  3 
(a) sin x 5 ___
  __  (b) tan x 5 √
  3  (c) sin x 5 ___
   
√
  2  2
__
1 √
  3 
(d) cos x 5 2  ___ __  (e) tan x 5 1 (f ) cos x 5 2  ___ 
√
  2  2
15 Write down 4 values of x for which cos x 5 0·5.

16 Write down 4 values of x for which:
(a) sin x 5 0·71 (b) tan x 5 5·7 (c) cos x 5 20·6
17 Solve 3 sin x 5 1 for x-values between 0° and 360°.
18 The depth d (metres) of water in a river after t minutes is given by the formula
d 5 16 1 12 cos t
Find two values of t at which the depth will be 4 metres.
550
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19 Solve 4(cos x)2 5 1 for 0° < x < 360° (There are 4 solutions)
20 Solve sin 2x 5 0·5 for 0° < x < 360° (There are 4 solutions)
Cumulative frequency and histograms
1 water w drunk 180 people are monitored to find out the average
frequency
each day (litres) amount of water they drink each day.
0 < w , 0·5 21 The results are recorded in the table opposite.

0·5 < w , 1 48 (a) Draw a cumulative frequency graph.
1 < w , 1·5 53 (b) Use the graph to estimate the median amount
of water drunk.
1·5 < w , 2 35
(c) Use the graph to estimate the interquartile range.
2 < w , 2·5 14
(d) A doctor recommends that a person should
2·5 < w , 3 9 drink at least 1·8 litres of water each day.
Use the graph to estimate the percentage of
people who satisfy the doctor’s advice.
2 The unfinished histogram and table below show the number of days various pupils
were absent from school during one academic year.
y
days absent d frequency

0 < d , 10 4
Frequency density
10 < d , 15 6
15 < d , 18
18 < d , 20
20 < d , 25 4
25 < d , 40 6
40 < d , 60 2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 x
Days absent
(c) If a child has more than 35 days of absence in a year, the Social Services are
contacted. Use the histogram to estimate what percentage of the pupils fall
into this category.
551
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E Translations and reflections of functions
Consider y 5 x2 y
We could write f(x) 5 x2. f(x) 5 x2
Add 2 onto all the y-values, y

i.e. f(x) 1 2 5 x2 1 2
The graph of f(x) moves up 2 units. f(x) 1 2 5 x2 1 2
()
We say that f(x) is translated through 02  2
x
Add 2 onto all the x-values only, y

i.e. f(x 1 2) 5 (x 1 2)2 f(x 1 2) 5 (x 1 2)2
The graph of f(x) moves 2 units to the left.
We say that f(x) is translated through 22
  ( )
0 
22 x
Change the sign of all the y-values, y

i.e. 2f(x) 5 2x2
The graph of f(x) is reflected in the x-axis.
x
2f(x) 5 2x2
Consider f(x) 5 x3 Change the sign of all the x-values,

i.e. f(2x) 5 (2x)3 5 2x3
The graph is reflected in the y-axis.
y y
x x
f(2x) 5 (2x)3
552
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Key Facts
If you have the graph of y 5 f(x), it can be transformed if necessary with the following rules:
y 5 f(x) 1 k ()
translation through 0  
k
y 5 f(x 1 k) ( )
translation through 2k
  
0 
y 5 2f(x) reflection in x-axis

y 5 f(2x) reflection in y-axis
E17.3
Use a graphical calculator or computer if it is available to check your answers.
1 (a) Sketch the graph of f(x) 5 x2 2 3.
(b) Sketch y 5 f(x) 1 4, indicating where the curve crosses the y-axis.
(c) Sketch y 5 2f(x), indicating where the curve crosses the y-axis.
(d) Sketch y 5 f(x 1 1), indicating the co-ordinates of the lowest point on
the graph.
2 y On squared paper, sketch

3 (a) y 5 f(x 1 3)
y 5 f(x)
2 (b) y 5 f(x) 22
1 (c) y 5 f(x 2 1)
(d) y 5 f(2x)
22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
3 On squared paper, sketch y

(a) y 5 g(x) 1 1 3 y 5 g(x)
(b) y 5 2g(x) 2
(c) y 5 g(x 2 2) 1
(d) y 5 g(2x)
(e) y 5 g(x 1 1) 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
22
23
553
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4 (a) Sketch the graph of y 5 x3
(b) Sketch y 5 (x 2 2)3
(c) Sketch y 5 x3 2 4
Mixed
5 (a) Sketch y 5 sin x for
0 < x < 360° 1 12 cm
C D
(b) Sketch y 5 sin (x 1 180°)
4 cm
(c) Sketch y 5 1 1 sin x B E
6 (a) Sketch y 5 cos x for 7 cm Find the

0 < x < 360° length of BC.
(b) Sketch y 5 cos (x 2 90°) A
(c) Write down another equation 2 To find out opinion on the
for the graph you have drawn building of a new large
for part (b). supermarket in a town, Ronan
decides to look at the local
7 (a) Sketch y 5 tan x for 0 < x < 360° phone book and to take a simple
(b) Sketch y 5 2tan x random sample of people.
(c) Describe fully the transformation Will this give a representative
of y 5 tan x into y 5 tan (x 2 45) sample? Give reasons why it
does or does not?
8 y 3 Max invests £3000 at 4% per
3 annum compound interest.
2 (a) How much interest will he
y 5 f(x)
1 make in the first 2 years?
(b) During which year will
22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x he first have more than
21
y 5 g(x) £4000?
22 4 Solve 3x2 1 7x 2 2 5 0, leaving__
p√   q
_______
y 5 g(x) has been sketched from the your answer in the form   r
graph of y 5 f(x).
Write g(x) in terms of f(x).
y
1 1
9 The graph of y 5 __
  is shown opposite.
x 2 y 5x
1 1
(a) Sketch y 5 __
 x 2 1
1 22 21 0 2 x
(b) Sketch y 5 2  __
x 1
21
1
(c) Sketch y 5 _____
    22
x21
554
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10 y Write down the co-ordinates of the
3 maximum point for the graph of each
2 equation below:
(a) y 5 f(x 2 3)
1
(b) y 5 f(x 1 1)
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x (c) y 5 f(2x)
21
22
y 5 f(x)
y Sketch y 5 f(2x) 2 1 y
3 3
Reflect y 5 f(x) in
2 the y-axis to get 2
y 5 f(2x) y 5 f(2x)
1 1
Translate y 5 f(2x)
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x
21  210  to
through    ( ) 21
22 22
get y 5 f(2x) 2 1
23 23
y 5 f(x)
y 5 f(2x)21
E17.4
Use a graphical calculator or computer if it is available to check your answers.
1 y On squared paper, sketch
4 (a) y 5 2f(x)
3 (b) y 5 2f(x) 1 2
2 (c) y 5 f(x 1 2)
1
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21
22
y 5 f(x)
2 (a) Sketch y 5 x2.

(b) On the same graph, sketch y 5 (x 1 3)2.
Write down the root of (x 1 3)2 5 0.
555
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3 Sketch y 5 x3. On the same axes sketch y 5 (x 1 2)3 and y 5 (x 1 2)3 2 4.
Label each curve.
4 Write down the co-ordinates of V for each of the following graphs:
(a) y 5 f(x 1 4) y
(22, 3)
(b) y 5 2f(x)
(c) y 5 f(2x) V
(d) y 5 f(x) 2 3
x
(e) y 5 f(2x) 1 2
(f ) y 5 1 2 f(x) y 5 f(x)
5 y Write down the number of real roots for

y 5 f(x) each of the following:
(a) f(x) 5 0
22 2 x (b) f(x) 1 4 5 0
(c) f(x 1 4) 5 0
24 (d) f(x) 1 6 5 0
(e) f(x 1 4) 1 4 5 0
(f ) f(x 2 1) 1 2 5 0
(a) The graph of y 5 x2 2 3x is translated through 04  .

6 ()
Write down the equation of the new curve.
(b) The graph of y 5 sin x is reflected in the y-axis. Write down the
equation of the new curve drawn.
(c) The graph of y 5 x3 is reflected in the x-axis then translated through
   ( )
 230  . Write down the equation of the new curve drawn.
7 y
3
2
1
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x
21
y 5 f(x)
22
23
The function y 5 f(x) is defined for 21 < x < 2. Using squared paper,
sketch on separate axes:
(a) y 5 f(x) 22 (b) y 5 f(x 1 1) (c) y 5 f(2x) 2 2
556
17-Ch_17_pp533-564.indd 556 10/6/15 15:14:51

8 Write down the new y
A
co-ordinates of points 1
A and B for the graphs of:
(a) y 5 sin u 2 1 y 5 sin θ
(b) y 5 2sin u
(c) y 5 sin (u 1 60)
(d) y 5 sin (u 1 90) 1 1
0
B
(e) y 5 2sin u 1 1 θ
90° 180° 270° 360°
21
9 (a) The graph of y 5 (x 2 2)2 1 5(x 2 2) is drawn by using the graph of

y 5 x2 1 5x. Describe the transformation.
(b) The graph of y 5 x 2 x3 is drawn by using the graph of y 5 x3 2 x.
Describe the transformation.
10 (a) Sketch y 5 sin x for 0 < x < 360°
(b) Sketch y 5 sin x 1 2
11 (a) Sketch y 5 cos x for 2360° < x < 360°
(b) Sketch y 5 cos (2x) 1 1
12 (a) Sketch y 5 tan x for 2360° < x < 360°
(b) Sketch y 5 tan (x 1 45)
Use your maths! – Car Wash

Ross, Alice, Phil and Vicky are raising money for a World Challenge expedition.
One day they decide to wash cars.
A bucket of warm A bucket of cold water
water holds 7·5 litres holds 12 litres
5 litre bottle of carwash £8·99.

Use 2 capfuls of carwash for every 5 litres of water.
1 capful contains 40 ml of carwash.
557
17-Ch_17_pp533-564.indd 557 10/6/15 15:14:51

Ross and his friends identify each car as being small, medium or large. They charge the
following rates.
type of car small medium large
cost £4·20 £4·70 £5·50
Firstly they wash the cars with buckets of warm water (which require carwash) then rinse
by throwing buckets of cold water (no carwash needed) over the car.
The table below shows how many buckets of water are needed for each type of car.
number of number of
type of car buckets of buckets of
warm water cold water
small 2 4
medium 3 5
large 4 7
One day Ross, Alice, Phil and Vicky wash the number of cars shown below:
type of car Ross Alice Phil Vicky
small 4 5 6 x
medium 7 5 5 y
large 3 2 4 n
The time taken to wash each type of car is shown below:
type of car small medium large
Ross, Alice, Phil and Ross 25 mins 35 mins 40 mins

Vicky buy four 5-litre
bottles of car wash in Alice 22 mins _
1
  hour 35 mins
2
total. They borrow
everything else. Phil 25 mins 36 mins 40 mins
Vicky _
1
  hour 40 mins _
3
  hour
2 4
558
17-Ch_17_pp533-564.indd 558 10/6/15 15:14:52

Task A
Phil and Vicky spend 11 hours in total washing small and medium cars during this
day. Vicky uses 72 capfuls of carwash for her small and medium cars. How many
small cars does Vicky wash and how many medium cars does she wash?
Task B Task C
During the day 5 capfuls of carwash are lost when one How much profit
of the bottles is knocked over. If all the carwash is used is made during
during the day, how many large cars does Vicky wash? the day?

1. Using map scales

(a) Measure then write down the actual
Bristol
Bath
distances (in km) between:
(i) Bristol and Bath
(ii) Bristol and Pensford
(b) The distance between two
villages is 7·5 km. How far apart
will they be (in cm) on a map of
Pensford
scale 1 : 500 000?
(c) A lake covers an area of
18 hectares. Work out the area
Scale is 1 : 300000 of the lake on a map with scale
1 : 6000. (1 hectare 5 10 000 m2)
2. Constructing with a ruler and compasses only
Construct the triangles below using a ruler and compasses only.

(a) P (b) A
6 cm
60°
30°
R 6 cm Q C 6 cm B
Measure PQ. Measure AC.
559
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3. Drawing loci
(a) The diagram shows a rectangular room
ABCD. Draw two diagrams using a D C
scale of 1 cm for every 1 m.
Use one diagram to show each
locus below:
(i) Points in the room less than or equal
4m
to 3 m from D and nearer
to A than to D.
(ii) Points in the room nearer to BC
than to AB and equidistant from
B and C. A 5m B
(b) Draw the locus of all points which are 3·5 cm from the line PQ.
P Q
7 cm
4. Drawing graphs of y 5 sin x, y 5 cos x and y 5 tan x
(a) Draw y 5 cos x for x-values from 0° to 360°.

(b) Write down 3 real roots of sin x 5 0.
(c) Write down the maximum and minimum values of sin x.
(d) Draw y 5 tan x for 2180° < x < 180°.
(e) Write down the ‘exact’ values of sin x, cos x and tan x for x 5 0°, 30°,
45° and 60°.
(f ) By how much is sin 90° greater than cos 90°?
5. Solving equations using trigonometry with angles of any size
(a) cos 340° 5 A cos 20° (b) sin 235° 5 A sin 55°
B 2cos 20° B sin 35°
C cos 70° C 2sin 55°

Select the correct answer. Select the correct answer.
(c) Find two solutions for x-values between 0° and 360° if cos x 5 0·84.
(d) One of the solutions of sin x 5 0·5 is x 5 30°. By considering the graph
of y 5 sin x, find two solutions of sin x 5 20·5 in the range
0° < x < 360°.
560
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6. Sketching translations and reflections of functions
y On squared paper, sketch
4 (a) y 5 f(x 1 1)
3 (b) y 5 2f(x)
2 (c) y 5 f(x 1 1) 2 2
1 (d) Describe fully the transformation
which would change the graph of
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x y 5 2x 2 x3 into
21 y 5 f(x)
y 5 2(x 2 4) 2 (x 2 4)3
22 (e) Sketch the graph of y 5 sin (x 2 45).
23
24

1 In answering this question, you must show all your construction arcs.
Use a ruler and a pair of compasses to construct an angle of 45° at the mid-
point of the straight line below.
Label your angle 45°.
(WJEC)
2 Rob is learning about the planets.

Rob makes a model of the Sun.
He also makes a model of the planet Jupiter.
Rob is going to hang the two models in the school hall.
Rob wants a distance of 16 m between the two models.
The real distance between the planet Jupiter and the Sun is 8 3 108 km.
Work out the scale Rob should use.
Give your answer in the form 1 : n (EDEXCEL)
3 ( )
The curve y 5 x2 is translated by 23
  
2  .
Write down the equation of the transformed curve. (OCR)
561
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4 The diagram shows a scale drawing of a corn A B
field using a scale of 1 cm to 100 m.
A scarecrow is positioned in the field 325 m
from corner A and 200 m from corner B.
Copy the diagram opposite.
Using a ruler and compasses, find and mark
the position of the scarecrow.
Leave all construction lines.
(CEA)
D C
5 y 5 f(x)
The graph of y 5 f(x) is shown on the grid.
y
4
y 5 f(x)
28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 x
22
24
(a) Copy the above diagram then sketch the graph of y 5 2f(x).
The graph of y 5 f(x) is shown on the grid.
y graph G
y 5 f(x)
4
26 24 22 0 2 4 6 x
The graph G is a translation of the graph of y 5 f(x).

(b) Write down the equation of graph G. (EDEXCEL)
562
17-Ch_17_pp533-564.indd 562 10/6/15 15:14:55

6 Use a ruler and a pair of compasses only to construct an accurate drawing of
the rhombus described below.
Rhombus
● All sides are of length 6 cm
● The acute angles are 60°
You must show all your construction lines. (WJEC)
7 Sketch the graph of y = cos x 1 1 for values of x from 0° to 360°. (WJEC)
8 Here is a scale drawing of a A B

rectangular garden ABCD.
Jane wants to plant a tree in the garden
at least 5 m from point C,
nearer to AB than to AD
and less than 3 m from DC.
On the diagram, shade the region
where Jane can plant the tree.
D C
Scale: 1 cm represents 1 metre.
(EDEXCEL)
9 The diagram below shows the graph of y 5 sin x for values of x from 0° to 360°.
y
0.5
0 x
90° 180° 270° 360°
20.5
21
Calculate all the solutions of the following equation between 0° to 360°.

sin x 5 20·26 (WJEC)
563
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10 A tile maker needs to make an accurate drawing of a regular hexagon.
The length of each side of the hexagon is 4 cm.
Draw the hexagon accurately below.
You must mark on your drawing the size of each angle. (WJEC)
11 The diagram shows the plan of a room

Fireplace
Ariel
socket
Ariel
socket
Scale: 4 cm represents 1 m
A new socket is to be fitted to one of the walls.

It must be equidistant from the two aerial sockets
at least half a metre from the fireplace.
Copy the above diagram.
Use a ruler and compasses to show where the socket should be fitted.
Mark the position of the new socket with the letter S. (AQA)
12 Copy the sketch below of y 5 f(x).

On the same diagram, sketch the curve y 5 2f(x) 1 3.
Mark clearly the coordinates of the point where this curve meets the y-axis.
y
O x
(WJEC)
564
17-Ch_17_pp533-564.indd 564 10/6/15 15:14:56

GEOMETRY 6
18
– draw and use plans and elevations
– measure and calculate bearings
– use angles of elevation and depression
– use 3 co-ordinates for a point in 3-D space

– use the sine and cosine rules
– solve three-dimensional problems using trigonometry

– – the real cost
M Plans and elevations
Key Facts
plan view ere is a 3-D object made from
H
centimetre cubes.
plan view
front elevation side elevation
A plan view is when the object is looked at from above.

front elevation
A front elevation is when the object is viewed from the front.
A side elevation is when the object is viewed from the side.

side elevation
565
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M18.1
In questions 1 to 6 draw the plan view, the front view and the side view of the object.
1 plan 2 3
view
front
elevation side
elevation
4 5 6
7 Draw and label the plan and a side elevation for:

(a) a cylinder (b) a cone (c) a square based pyramid
In questions 8 to 11 you are given the plan and two elevations of an object.
Use the information to make the shape using centimetre cubes. Draw the object
on isometric paper if you can.
8 front elevation 9 front elevation
plan view plan view
side elevation side elevation
10 front elevation 11 front elevation
plan view plan view
side elevation side elevation
566
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12 The plan and elevations of an object are given below. Each square has an
area of 1 cm2. Work out the total surface area of the solid.
front elevation plan view side elevation
13
Mixed Number Work
1 Write 3·4 3 1022 as an ordinary number.

2 The number 225 can be written as 5n 3 m2
Draw a plan view, where m and n are prime numbers. Find
front elevation and side the values of m and n.
elevation for the object .
above. 3 Express 0·18 as a fraction in its simplest
form.
14 An object is made with
1 cm cubes. 4 The price of a rail ticket from Bath to
London was increased by 4% to £43·16.
Its plan and elevations are What was the price of a ticket before this
shown below. increase?
How many cubes are used
to make the solid? 5 Evaluate
( )
27 23
_2
_1
(a) 223 (b) 50 (c) 27 3 (d) ___
    
64
___ ___ __
6 √   12 5 n √3 where
  48 2 √ n is an integer.
Find n.
front
elevation 7 V is directly proportional to the cube of L.
V 5 40 when L 5 2. Find the value of L
when V 5 320.
plan
view 8 £8000 is invested at 3% per annum simple
interest. How much interest is made in
6 years?
9 A bottle contains 130 ml of medicine
side measured to 2 significant figures. A
elevation medicine spoon takes 5 ml measured to
the nearest ml. What is the least number of
complete spoonfuls of medicine which can
be obtained from this bottle?
567
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 567 10/6/15 15:02:00

M Bearings
Bearings are used by navigators on ships and aircraft and by people travelling in
open country.
Bearings are measured from the North line in a clockwise

direction. A bearing is always given as a three-figure number.
North North
Tom is walking on Canning Canning is on
a bearing of 058° a bearing of 324°
from Henton
58° Tom
3-figures used
Henton
324°
Often bearings can be calculated by using trigonometry.
Sam leaves Carla and walks 6 km due north then 5 km due east. If Carla now walks
directly to Sam, on what bearing must she travel?
Draw a diagram Use trigonometry to find u
5 opp S O H C A H T O A
Sam
North O
6 T A
θ
adj Opp 5
tan u 5 ____
    so tan u 5 __
   
Adj 6
Carla
(u5 INV tan (

or SHIFT
5 4 6 ) 5
)
u 5 39·8° (to 1 dec. place)
u is the angle measured clockwise from the North line so Carla must walk on a bearing
of 039·8°.
M18.2
North
1 Peter hits 6 golf balls, aiming north, A
B
with his usual precision.
The golf balls travel in the directions shown. D
On what bearing does each golf ball fly? F
22° 31°
27° 25°
C 32° 17° E
Peter
568
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 568 10/6/15 15:02:03

2 Use a protractor to measure the bearing of:
North
Pinton
North
North
Otley
Carling
(a) Carling from Pinton (b) Otley from Carling

(c) Pinton from Otley (d) Carling from Otley
3 Copy the diagram below using a scale of 1 cm for 5 km.

North
P 30 km Q
(a) Tom (T) is on a bearing of 070° from P and 300° from Q.

Mark accurately the position of T on the diagram.
(b) How many kilometres away from P is Tom?
(c) Write down the bearing of P from Tom.
North
4 Yasmin goes on a sponsored walk.
Her route is shown opposite. 115°
Start/
Work out the bearing of the finish 140°
journey from: 35° Pilling
65° 40°
(a) Start to Jam Hill 25° Mount
Jam
(b) Jam Hill to Pilling Mount Hill
(c) Pilling Mount to the White Swan
(d) The White Swan back to the Finish
15°
30°
White
Swan
569
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 569 10/6/15 15:02:04

5 Carl and Megan are at a camp. Carl leaves the camp and walks on a bearing
of 165° for 10 km. Megan also goes for a walk on a bearing of 305° for
7 km. Use a scale drawing to work out how far Megan now is from Carl.
Note – the remaining questions need to be calculated. Do not use a protractor.

Give your answers to a sensible degree of accuracy.
6 Hannah leaves Wes and walks 3 km due north then 7 km due east. If Wes
now walks directly to Hannah, on what bearing must he travel?
7 Kieran leaves Molly and jogs 5 km due south then 2 km due west. If Molly
now runs directly to Kieran, on what bearing must she run (Be careful!)?
8 A plane flies 50 miles on a bearing of 038°.

(a) How far north has the plane flown?
(b) How far east has the plane flown?
9 A ship sails 43 km on a bearing of 255°.

(a) How far south has the ship sailed?
(b) How far west has the ship sailed?
10 A submarine travels 40 miles south and 27 miles east. What is the bearing
from its original position to its new position?
11 North Barney walks 6 km from A to B on a bearing of

131° then 2 km from B to C on a bearing of 036°.
131°
(a) How far East of A is C?
A
(b) How far South of A is C?
North C
(c) Find the distance from A to C.
36°
(d) Find the bearing of C from A.
B
12 Charlene walks 300 m from her house due south down Bedford Street then
turns left and walks 470 m along Harris Lane to Kevin’s house. Calculate the
bearing of Charlene’s house from Kevin’s house.
13 A boat sails 18 km from P on a bearing of 038° then a further 25 km on a

bearing of 090°. How far from P is the boat now and what is the bearing of
the boat from P?
570
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 570 10/6/15 15:02:05

14 North Bisham is due east of Galton.
Galton Bisham
Metford is on a bearing of 119°
from Galton and on a bearing of
8 km 5 km 222° from Bisham.
How far is Bisham from Galton?
Metford
M Angles of elevation and depression
Key Facts
B horizontal
y
x
A
horizontal
x is the angle of elevation of the y is the angle of depression of the
top of the flagpole from A boat from B
(the angle above the horizontal) (the angle below the horizontal)
Harry sees a kite in the sky. The angle of
elevation of the kite from Harry is 21°.
The kite is 27 m above the ground.
How far must Harry walk so that he is
standing directly below the kite? 27 m
opp
21°
x adj
Harry
S O H C A H T O A
O
T A
Opp
Adj 5 ____
 
tan u
27
x 5 ______
   
tan 21°
x 5 70·3 (1 dec. place)
so Harry must walk 70·3 m
571
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 571 10/6/15 15:02:07

M18.3
In this exercise, give your answers to a sensible degree of accuracy.
1 Jody walks 300 m along horizontal ground from the foot of a transmitter.
The angle of elevation from Jody to the top of the transmitter is 11°. How
tall is the transmitter?
2 A climber has climbed 62 m up the face of a vertical cliff. His partner stands
20 m from the foot of the cliff face. What is the angle of elevation of the
climber from his partner?
3 Caroline has taken a ride in a balloon. The balloon is 130 m high when
Caroline looks down and sees the ideal landing point. The angle of
depression of the landing point from Caroline is 22°. What is the horizontal
distance of the balloon to the landing point?
4 The back of a truck is 1·5 m
tall. It is parked 17 m from
the front of a building.
Otto climbs onto the back
of the truck and measures
the angle of elevation of the
top of the building as 58°.
How tall is the building?
5 Rory stands 12 m from an advertising board. The angle of elevation of the
top of the board is 32·7° and the angle of elevation of the bottom of the
board is 10·9°. What is the vertical length of the advertising board?
6 A 29 m building is due east of Crimson. The angle
of elevation of the top of the building from
Crimson is 6·4°. A 16 m building is due west of
Crimson with the angle of elevation of the top of 6·4°
4·6°
this building from Crimson being 4·6°.
Crimson
How far apart are the two buildings?
7 The angle of depression of a section of railway track down a mountain side
is 7°. If the section drops a vertical height of 110 m from start to finish, how
long is the section?
8 Lian stands 8·66 m from a statue.
The angle of elevation of the top of the
statue is 30° and the angle of elevation of
the bottom of the statue is 9·8°.
Lian makes a model of the statue
using a scale of 1 : 20.
How tall will Lian’s model be?
572
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 572 10/6/15 15:02:08

Mixed Algebra
1 Make x the subject of the formula y 5 6x 2 17
2 (a) Draw the graph of y 5 3x2 2 5x for x-values from 23 to 3.

(b) Use your graph to find the roots of 3x2 2 5x 5 0.
(c) Write down the co-ordinates of the turning point of y 5 3x2 2 5x.
3 Factorise (a) 4xy2 2 12xy (b) 4x2 2 1 (c) 4x2 2 4x 2 3
4 3x 3 3y 5 313 and 3x 4 3y 5 35. Find the values of x and y.
5 Prove that (x 1 3)(x 2 2)(x 1 1)  x3 1 2x2 2 5x 2 6
6 Solve 5(1 2 2x) . 35

y
4
7 Write down three inequalities which
together describe the shaded 3
region opposite. 2
1
8 (a) Factorise x2 2 5x 1 6
0
6 2x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
(b) Simplify  _____ 2  __________ 
x23 2
x 2 5x 1 6
9 Make y the subject of the formula y 2 3 5 xy 1 p
10 Find f21(45) if f(x) 5 4x 1 5.
11 y The line x 1 y 5 2 meets the circle x2 1 y2 5 25

P x2 1 y2 5 25 at P and Q.
(a) Show that the x co-ordinates at P and Q can
x
be found from the equation
x1y52 2x2 2 4x 2 21 5 0.
Q
(b) Solve 2x2 2 4x 2 21 5 0, giving your
answer to 2 decimal places.
(c) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle
at (24, 23).
573
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 573 10/6/15 15:02:09

M 3 co-ordinates for a point in 3-D space
A point in 3-D space has co-ordinates (x, y, z) using 3 axes.

y Start at the origin 0.
This has co-ordinates (0, 0, 0).
To get to the spider, move 2 units
4
parallel to the x-axis then 4 units
5 parallel to the y-axis then 5 units
4 parallel to the z-axis.
2 The spider is at (2, 4, 5).
0 2 x
M18.4
You may use a calculator.
1 y A has co-ordinates (6, 3, 0).
3D A B has co-ordinates (6, 3, 4).
Write down the co-ordinates of
C, D, E, F and G.
C
B
E
O 6 x
4
z G F
y
2 (a) Write down the co-ordinates of the vertices
4 S P
L, M, N, O, P, Q, R and S.
(b) Write down the co-ordinates of the midpoint
of edge PL. R Q
(c) Calculate the length of QS. L
(d) Write down the co-ordinates of the midpoint O 5 x
of the line joining R to M.
N
3 M
z
574
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 574 10/6/15 15:02:10

3 y The co-ordinates of G are (6, 4, 10).
E F (a) Write down the co-ordinates
of the vertices O, A, B, C, D, E
and F.
G (b) Calculate the length AG.
D
(c) Write down the co-ordinates
O A x of the midpoint of edge FG.
(d) Write down the co-ordinates
of the midpoint of edge BC.
C
B
z
4 y OABCD is a square-based pyramid.

D
D is directly above the centre of the
square base.
The pyramid has a height of 10 units.
(a) Write down the co-ordinates
of vertex D.
(b) The line AD is extended to
a point E so that D is the
A midpoint of AE.
O 8 x Find the co-ordinates of E.
C
8 B
z
y
5 (a) Write down the co-ordinates of the
vertices P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W. P 6 Q
midpoint of edge VR.
(c) Write down the co-ordinates of the S R
midpoint of edge PS. T U
(d) Calculate the length PR. O 5 x
23
(e) Work out the total surface area of
cuboid PQRSTUVW.
W 7 V
575
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 575 10/6/15 15:02:11

Mixed Geometry
1 B Work out the length of AC. Leave your answer in ‘exact’

surd form.
12 m
8m
A C
^
2 T PR is a tangent to the circle. PQ S 5 68° and ST 5 QT.
S ^
Work out RQ T, giving reasons for your answer.
Q
P
3 (a) Describe fully the single transformation y

that maps A onto B. 4
(b) Copy the grid and shapes opposite. 3

1 
Enlarge triangle B by a scale factor 2__ 2
2 A B
about the point (1, 0). Label the image C. 1
�2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
�1
�2
4 Q PQ is parallel to SR and PT : PR 5 1 : 4

___›
in terms of a and b.
(a) Express PT
R ___›
(b) Express RQin terms of a, b and n.
na (c) Find the value of n if ST is parallel to RQ.
a
T
S b P
576
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 576 10/6/15 15:02:13

5 Two cones are similar.
A 6 cm The surface area of A 5 18p cm2.
B h
The surface area of B 5 288p cm2.
Find h.
6 y (a) Write down the actual

1 equation of f(x).
y � f(x)
(b) Sketch the curve for
y 5 f(x 2 45)
0
90 180 270 360 x
�1
7 This is the sector of a circle of radius 8 cm.

Calculate the perimeter of the sector.
8 cm
70°
8 Q PQ 5 ST.
T
Prove that triangles PQR and RST are congruent.
9 Calculate the values of x and h. Give each answer to one decimal place.
7° 23°
18 m x
577
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 577 10/6/15 15:02:15

E The sine rule
Key Facts
Use the sine rule to find angles and sides in triangles with no right angle (use basic
trigonometry if the triangle contains a right angle).
A a b c
 _____ 5  _____ 5  _____  You must learn this
sin A sin B sin C formula for your
c b Use this to find sides. exams
B a C
To find angles, it is easier to invert the formula and use

sin C
sin A sin B _____
_____
   5  _____
a  5     c
b
^
(a) Find BC. (b) Find BAC.
B ^ C ^
let BC 5 a (opposite A) 6 cm is opposite BAC
49° ^
and 12 5 b (opposite B) 6 cm 17 cm is opposite 105°
a
_____ b sin A sin B
72°    5  _____  B 105° 17 cm _____
  a 5  _____
 
sin A sin B b
A 12 cm C ^
BC
_____ 12 sin BAC _______
sin 105°
   ° 5 ______
    ________
   5    
sin 72 sin 49° 6 17
12 sin 105°
BC 5 ______ sin BAC 5 6 3 _______
^
   3 sin 72° A    
sin 49° 17
^
BC 5 15·1 cm (3 sig. figs) sin BAC 5 0·341
SHIFT/INV sin
^
BAC 5 19·9° (1 dec. pl.)
578
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 578 10/6/15 15:02:16

E18.1
Use a calculator and give all answers to 3 significant figures.
1 Find the value of each letter.
(a) B (b) C (c) A
121 mm
x 7·3 cm
92° a 145°
18 cm 24° A
50° B 100° B
C
5·6 cm
b C
A
(d) (e) (f )
y 19 m m
23 cm 9 cm
28° 51° p
109°
31° 46°
12 cm
^ ^
2 In triangle ABC, AC 5 74 mm, BC 5 83 mm and BAC 5 62°. Find ABC.
^ ^
3 In triangle PQR, PQ 5 7·1 cm, PR 5 9·2 cm and PQR 5 93°. Find PRQ.
4 Find x, y and z in the following triangles:
(a) (b) (c)
x 7m z x
z 95° 15 m
z 39°
y 49° 7·8 cm
x
17 m 42° y
9·6 cm y
5 Find the area of each triangle (you need to remember that the area of a
triangle equals _ 2 ab sin C ).
1 ^
(a) (b)
6 cm 101°
20°
67°
49° 17 cm
6 Hepford is due east of Sandhay. Alchurch is on a bearing of 128° from

Sandhay and on a bearing of 207° from Hepford. If Hepford is 9 miles from
Alchurch, how far is Hepford from Sandhay?
7 By finding h in two different ways,
prove that
a b
h a b
 _____ 5  _____ 
sin A sin B
B A
579
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 579 10/6/15 15:02:21

E The cosine rule
Key Facts
In triangles with no right angle, use the cosine rule to find an unknown side if the
other two sides and the angle between them are known.
^
A a2 5 b2 1 c2 2 2bc cos A
You must learn the
c b or b2 5 a2 1 c2 2 2ac cos B
^ top formula for
your exams
^
B a C or c2 5 a2 1 b2 2 2ab cos C
If an angle needs to be found and all 3 sides are known, we rearrange the cosine rule
and use one of the following:
b2 1 c2 2 a2 a2 1 c2 2 b2 a2 1 b2 2 c2
cos A 5 ___________
  or cos B 5 ___________
  or cos C 5 ___________
^ ^ ^
       
2bc 2ac 2ab
^
(a) a2 5 b2 1 c2 2 2bc cos A
17 cm x
angle opposite the side you are finding
28°
14 cm x2 5 142 1 172 2 2 3 14 3 17 cos 28°
x2 5 64·717
x 5 8·04 cm
b2 1 c2 2 a2
cos A 5 ___________
^
(b)    
5m 2bc
9m side opposite the angle you are finding

7m θ 72 1 92 2 52
cos u 5 ___________
   
23739
105
cos u 5 ____
   5 0·8333
126
SHIFT/INV cos
u 5 33·6°
Note – if cos u turns out to be negative, angle u will be obtuse (your calculator will
automatically give the correct obtuse angle)
580
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 580 10/6/15 15:02:23

E18.2
1 Find x in the following triangles.
(a) (b) (c) 12 m
x 12 cm x x
11 mm
110°
18 m
42° 23 m
14 mm
9 cm
(d) (e) (f )
97 m 1·23 m
x 117 m 145 m
32° x
x 1·37 m
106 m
129 m 0·98 m
2 A man walks 300 m from a point P in a straight line and then turns through
an angle u and walks 120 m in a straight line. If he ends up 340 m from P
then find u.
3 A triangle ABC is such that AB 5 3·8 cm, BC 5 5·1 cm and the angle at B
is 40°. Find the length of AC.
4 Jessie walks 5 km due north and then 4 km on a bearing of 120°.
(a) Draw a clear sketch of this journey, stating all known lengths and angles.
(b) How far is she from where she started?
5 A triangle XYZ is such that XY 5 19 mm
and YZ 5 23 mm. If XZ 5 35 mm,
find the angle at Y.
6 A ship sails due south for 28 km then
travels on a bearing of 127° for 15 km.
How far is the boat from its starting
position?
7 A car travels from its base on a bearing of 030° for 12 km. It then turns and
drives a further 8 km on a bearing of 100° after which it breaks down.
(a) Draw a clear sketch of this journey, stating all known lengths and angles.
(b) A recovery vehicle leaves base to pick up the car. How far must it travel
and on what bearing should it head?
8 A triangle ABC ___
is such that BC is 3 cm longer than AB. The angle at B is
√
60° and AC 5   37  cm. Suppose that the length of AB is x.
(a) Use the cosine rule to express AC2 in terms of the other two sides.
(b) Hence show that 37 5 x2 1 (x 1 3)2 2 x(x 1 3)
(c) Rearrange this in the form ax2 1 bx 1 c 5 0 and solve this to find x.
581
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 581 10/6/15 15:02:26

A ^
9 (a) Show that x 5 c cos B .
(b) Find h2 in two different ways.
c b (c) Combine the two expressions for
h ^
h2 then substitute for x with c cos B .
(d) Rearrange to show that
B x D a2x C ^
b2 5 a2 1 c2 2 2ac cos B .
Using the sine and cosine rules

Two hikers walk 5 km on a bearing of 146° then 9 km on a bearing of 224°. On what bearing
must they travel to return to their starting point and how much further must they walk?
North North
146° 146°
Start Start
North y North
5 5 34°
224° x 102° 224°
find angles
9 9
Find x and y.
Use the cosine rule first:
x2 5 52 1 92 2 2 3 5 3 9 3 cos 102° 5 124·71
x 5 11·167 5 11·2 km.
Now use the cosine rule:
sin y _______
sin 102° sin 102°
 ____
  5     so sin y = 9 3 _______
   5 0·7883
9 11·167 11·167
y 5 52·0°
North North
Start 146° 162° 146°
52° North 52° North

5 34° 5 34° The hikers must travel on
11·2 11·2 a bearing of 018° and must
102° 224° 102° 224°
walk a further 11·2 km.
find angles
North North
9 9
18°
582
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 582 10/6/15 15:02:26

E18.3
Use a calculator and give all answers to 3 significant figures when appropriate.
1 A plane travels 20 km on a bearing of 060°. It then travels 30 km on a
bearing of 310°. Show that it is 29·8 km away from its starting point.
2 Carl runs 5 miles on a bearing of 205° and Avril, starting from the same place,
jogs 3 miles on a bearing of 328°. How far apart are Carl and Avril now?
3 Find x, y and z in the following triangles:

(a) (b) (c)
93° z 31° x
1·7 cm 2·46 cm z
x y 23 cm
y
2·3 cm 52° x 89°
z 48°
y
(d) (e) (f )
x z
135 mm y 110°
28 cm 19 cm
y 76°
187 mm
x z
42° 6·1 m y
x
95 mm z
4 The angle of elevation of the top of a church from a point on the ground is
30°. The angle of elevation increases by 4° when measured from a second
point, also on the ground but 22 m nearer the church than the first point.
(a) Find the distance from the top of the church to the second point.
(b) Find the height of the church (to the nearest m).
30° 34°
22 m
5 A yacht travels on a bearing of 241° for

14 km then on a bearing of 340° for 9 km.
How far is the yacht from its starting point?
6 Two ships leave a port at noon. One travels

at 12 km/h on a bearing of 040°, the other
travels at 15 km/h on a bearing of 170°. How
far away are they from each other at 2 p.m?
583
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 583 10/6/15 15:02:31

7 A 7 cm B The area of triangle ABC
is 21 cm2.
73°
Calculate the area of the
quadrilateral ABCD.
9·2 cm
D
8 A man runs 5 km on a bearing of 030°.

He then runs 3 km on a bearing of 070°.
He finally walks back to his starting point.
(a) How far is his total journey?
(b) What area has his journey enclosed?
E18.4
1 C Work out the area of the
21 cm quadrilateral ABCD.
11 cm
B
120° 73°
D
18 cm
2 A triangle ABC is such that AB ___ is 2 cm longer than BC. The angle at B is
60° and the length of AC is √
  39 .
(a) By letting BC 5 x cm, use the cosine rule to write down an equation
involving x.
(b) Express this as a quadratic equation.
(c) Solve this to find x.
584
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 584 10/6/15 15:02:33

^
3 24 cm Q The area of this triangle is 254 cm2. PQR is
P
acute.
Find the length of PR.
31 cm
4 The lengths opposite are accurate to the A

^
nearest cm. AC B is measured to the
nearest degree. Work out the greatest
^
possible value of AB C. 18 cm
37°
C 23 cm B
5 A car travels 15 km from A on a bearing of 100° to a point B. It then travels

12 km from B on a bearing of 175° to a point C. It then returns to A.
Find the time (to the nearest minute) it takes to travel from C to A if the car
travels at 80 km/h.
6 The area of the triangle opposite

is 12 cm2.
Work out the ‘exact’ value of x in
__
x   n where n is an integer
the form √
to be found.
45°
3 2 cm
7 The lengths in the triangle opposite are

θ accurate to the nearest cm.
17 cm
20 cm Find the maximum possible value of u.
16 cm
8 Find the value of x in the triangle opposite.

x cm x 3 cm
60°
(x 1 2) cm
585
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 585 10/6/15 15:02:34

Mixed Statistics
1 Time taken, t (mins) Frequency The table shows how long it takes
0,t<5 7 100 students to travel to college
5 , t < 10 24 each morning.
10 , t < 20 47 Calculate an estimate of the mean time
20 , t < 30 19 taken by these students (give your
3
answer to the nearest whole number).
30 , t < 50
2 Sam has 3 red ties and 7 blue ties. He picks two ties at random.
(a) Draw a tree diagram to show which ties he may have selected.
(b) Work out the probability that Sam took two red ties.
(c) Work out the probability that Sam took two ties of the same colour.
(d) Work out the probability that Sam picks a red tie given that he picks a blue tie first.
3 The following marks were obtained by 15 students in a science test:
32 38 41 41 44 46 52 53 57 57 58 67 72 74 83
The box plot shows the marks obtained by the students in a maths test.
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Compare the marks achieved in science to those obtained in maths.

4 A doctor asked her patients how many units of alcohol they drank each week.
The data is shown in the unfinished histogram and table below.
y
Units of
Frequency
alcohol, u
Frequency density
0 < u , 10
10 < u , 15 16
15 < u , 20 21
20 < u , 30
0 30 < u , 60 39
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 x
Units of alcohol
(c) What percentage of the patients drank less than 7·5 units of alcohol each week?
586
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 586 10/6/15 15:02:34

E Three-dimensional trigonometry
Lengths and angles often have to be found in three-dimensional situations.

Triangles need to be identified then Pythagoras and trigonometry are used.
Using Pythagoras
Find the length of QW.
P Q
P Q
7 cm
S R R
S
U
T T U
5 cm
W V W V
12 cm
Use triangle QWU to find QW but we do not have enough information.
Use triangle UWV first:

U UW2 5 52 1 122 (Pythagoras)
5 UW2 5 25 1 144
UW2 5 169
W 12 V UW 5 13 cm
Now use triangle QWU: Q

QW2 5 72 1 132 (Pythagoras)
QW2 5 49 1 169 7
QW2 5 218
____
QW 5 √  218 5 14·8 cm (3 sig. figs) W 13 U
E18.5
Use a calculator and give all answers to 3 significant figures when appropriate.
1 F G Find the following lengths:

(a) AC
H 4 cm
E (b) BE
C
B (c) AH
3 cm
(d) AG
A 12 cm D
587
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 587 10/6/15 15:02:34

2 A tin in the shape of a cuboid is 6 cm wide, 8 cm long and 5 cm tall.
(a) What is the length of a diagonal of the base of the tin?
(b) What is the longest thin pole that can be fitted in the tin (ignoring the
thickness of the pole)?
3 F In this wedge, the rectangle DEFC is

perpendicular to rectangle ABCD.
B Find
C
E (a) AC
9 cm (b) DF
4 cm
(c) AF
A D
6 cm
4 E This pyramid has a rectangular base ABCD

which is horizontal. EM is vertical. M is the
midpoint of AC.
13 cm
Calculate the volume of this pyramid.
B
C
M 8 cm
A
6 cm D
5 One plane is 7 km due south of an airport and another plane is 5 km due east
of the same airport. If the difference in their heights is 500 m then find the
distance between the two planes.
6 Find the length of PV.

y
V (0, 6, 0) W
U T
R S
x
Q
P (9, 0, 5)
z
7 A cuboid has lengths in the ratio 3 : 4 : 12. If the distance from one corner of
the box to the corner which is further away is 65 mm then find the
dimensions of the box.
588
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 588 10/6/15 15:02:35

8 This pyramid has a rectangular base PQRS T
which is horizontal. MT is vertical.
M is the midpoint of PR.
If MT 5 18 cm, find:
(a) PM
Q
(b) PT R
(c) TN where N is the midpoint of SR. N
M 12 cm
P 10 cm S
9 A cable is attached to the top of a vertical pole which is 120 m high.

The other end of the cable is attached to a point on the ground which is 18 m
to the north of the foot of the pole and 24 m to the east of the foot of the
pole. Find the length of the cable.
10 An office block is 200 m further away from an underground station than a

tall monument is from the same station. The office block is due east of the
station and the monument is due north of the station. The distance between
the top of the office block and the top of the monument is 600 m and the
office block is 100 m taller than the monument.
(a) By letting x be the distance from the foot of the monument to the
underground station, find an equation involving x.
(b) Solve this equation to find x.
E The angle between a line and a plane
Key Facts
P The angle between the line P
PQ and the flat surface (plane)
ABCD is found by drawing
B C any line from P perpendicular B C
to the plane ABCD then R
forming the right-angled
Q Q
A D triangle as shown. A D
^
The angle between the line PQ and the plane ABCD is PQR.
589
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 589 10/6/15 15:02:36

V This pyramid has a horizontal square base ABCD.
VM is vertical. M is the midpoint of AC.
AD 5 120 cm and VM 5 180 cm.
___
(a) Find DM. (b) Show that VD 5 60 √ 11  cm.
B C
(c) Calculate the angle between the line VD and the
M plane ABCD.
^
A D (d) Calculate AD V.
(a) B C (b) V
M
120
180
A 120 D
M 84·85 D
BD2 5 1202 1 1202 (Pythagoras)
BD2 5 28800 VD2 5 VM2 1 MD2 (Pythagoras)
BD 5 169·7 VD2 5 1802 1 84·852
DM 5 169·7 4 2 using exact value
from part (a)
DM 5 84·85
DM 5 84·9 cm (3 sig. figs) VD2 5 32400 1 7200
VD2 5 39600
VD2 5 3600 3 11
___
VD 5 60 √ 11  cm
(c) V VDM is the angle (d) V
between VD and
the plane ABCD.
180 60 11 60 11
opp
M 84·85 D A 120 D
SOHCAHTOA Cut the triangle in half and use basic

O
trigonometry or use the cosine rule.
T A
Opp b2 1 c2 2 a2
tan  5 ____ cos A 5 ___________
^
       
Adj 2bc ___ ___
2 2
180 120 1 √
(60  11 ) 2 √
(60  11 )2
tan VDM 5 _____ cos ADV 5 ________________________
^ ^
          ___
    
84·85 2 3 120 3 60 √ 11 
^ ^
VDM 5 64·8° (3 sig. figs) cos ADV 5 0·3015
^
AD V 5 72·5° (3 sig. figs)
590
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 590 10/6/15 15:02:39

E18.6
1 N The pyramid has a horizontal rectangular

base PQRS. NM is vertical. M is the
midpoint of PR.
24 cm
Find
(a) PM (b) NM
Q R ^ ^
(c) NPM (d) PNS
20 cm M ^
(e) QNS
P 35 cm S
2 F G ABCDEFGH is a cuboid.
H Find
E
B C (a) AC (b) ED (c) DG
18 cm ^ ^
13 cm (d) DF (d) GAC (f ) DEC
A D
25 cm (g) EBG
^
3 The pyramid has a horizontal square

N
base ABCD. NM is vertical. M is the
midpoint of AC and P is the midpoint of
AD. DC 5 20 cm and NM 5 25 cm.
__
(a) Show that DM 5 10 √ 2  cm.
25 cm
(b) Calculate the angle between the line
B C
ND and the plane ABCD.
(c) Find ND. M 20 cm
(d) Find the angle between the line NP A D

P
and the plane ABCD.
(e) Find the total surface area of the
pyramid.
4 A rectangular pencil case is made 5 cm wide, 11 cm long and 3 cm high.

(a) What is the longest distance between two corners of this box?
(b) A thin pencil of length 12 cm is jammed in the box (when closed)
with one end in the bottom corner of the pencil case and the other end
touching its roof. What angle does this pencil make with the floor of the
pencil case?
591
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 591 10/6/15 15:02:40

5 F A tent has a horizontal base
E ABCD with AB 5 1·4 m and
C AD 5 2·3 m. EF is horizontal
and EF 5 1·7 m.
B The height of the tent is 1 m.
M D The ends AEB and DFC
A make the same angle with the
horizontal.
The sides EBCF and AEFD make the same angle with the horizontal.
(a) Calculate the length of EM where M is the midpoint of AB.
(b) Show that the length of EA is 1·26 m.
^
(c) Show that EAD is 76·2°.
^
(d) Calculate EAB.
(e) Calculate the length of AX where X is the point on EA such that MX is
perpendicular to EA.
^ ^ ^
6 P PQR, PQS and QRS are right angles.
QRS is horizontal and PQS is vertical.
9 cm Find
^
14 cm (a) PS R
Q S
(b) the angle between the line PR and the
place QRS.
12 cm
7 The volume of the square based V
pyramid opposite is 384 cm3.

The diagonal RP is 16·97 cm.
Vertex V is vertically above the
midpoint of RP.
R
Find the angle between the line S
VP and the plane PQRS.
Q P
8 In the solid
__ opposite,
F
BE 5 4 √ 2  cm and AB
__ 5 4 cm.
Area ADFE 5 16  2  cm2.
√
C D
Work out the ‘exact’ value of the
angle between the line BF and E
the base ABCD.
B A
592
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 592 10/6/15 15:02:41

9 This diagram shows a gift box. F
ABCD and EFGH are horizontal G

squares of side lengths 12 cm and E
20 cm respectively.
The 4 slanting sides AE, BF, CG H
and DH are all 28 cm long and B
all make the same angle with the
C
horizontal base. A
^
(a) Calculate AEH. D
(b) If X is the point on the top of the box which is vertically above D then
find HX.
(c) Hence find the vertical height of the gift box.
10 The tetrahedron opposite has D
AB 5 6·15 cm, AD 5 7·29 cm,

^
AC 5 8·98 cm, BAD 5 102·3°,
^ ^
CBD 5 76·2° and CDB 5 64·6°.
Calculate
(a) BD
(b) CD
^
(c) CAD B C
USE YOUR MATHS! – The Real Cost
Every Thursday evening, Emily’s father

drives her 5 miles to a Leisure Centre for a
Dance class. Her father drives home then
returns one hour later to pick her up.
Emily pays £4·75 for the Dance class but
clearly, amongst other things, it costs her
father money to drive the 20 miles to and
from the Leisure Centre twice.
593
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 593 10/6/15 15:02:44

Task A
Choose any regular
activity that you like
to do, eg. swim, play
football, climb, play
computer games, watch
TV, play in a band and
so on.
Your task is to calculate
the real weekly cost of
your chosen activity. All
your calculations must
be shown very clearly.
RESEARCH EVERY ASPECT!

● if you travel to do your activity, what is the real cost of this?
● what are the initial costs like buying a television or a pair of football boots?
● have you considered the cost of electricity when you are using a computer, etc.
at home? The real cost must be worked out even if adults pay for it!
Task B
Could your chosen activity be done more cheaply?
Research the options using the internet or other
sources of information.
Task C
Look at a partner’s calculations for a different activity. Does the information seem
sensible? Are the calculations correct? Has anything been missed out in your
opinion?
594
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 594 10/6/15 15:02:46

1. Drawing and using plans and elevations

(a) Draw this object on isometric paper.
front plan side

elevation view elevation
(b) Draw and label (c) plan Draw the plan view,
view
the plan and a the front view and
side elevation for the side view of this
this solid object.
(called a frustum)
front side
elevation elevation
2. Measuring and calculating bearings

North
(a) Use a protractor to measure the bearing of:
(i) Ambleford from Cayton
(ii) Berwick from Cayton Berwick
(iii) Berwick from Ambleford

North
(iv) Cayton from Ambleford
(b) Pepton is 6 km due west of Cowley.
North Sutton is 8 km due south of North
Cayton
Cowley. Calculate the bearing of
Pepton from North Sutton.
Ambleford
3. Using angles of elevation and depression

(a) Shane is looking at a bird sitting in a tree. The angle of elevation of the bird from
Shane is 12° and Shane is standing 40 m from the tree. How high above the
ground is the bird?
(b) Ollie From the top of a 73 m cliff,
5° Ollie can see two boats due
8° east of him. The angles of
depression of the two boats are
5° and 13°. Find the distance
between the two boats.
595
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 595 10/6/15 15:02:48

4. Using 3 co-ordinates for a point in 3-D space
y (a) Write down the co-ordinates of the

5 P Q vertices L, M, N, O, P, Q, R and S.
S R (b) Write down the co-ordinates of the

midpoint of edge NS.
L
O 7 x (c) Calculate the length of LN.
N
3 M
z
5. Using the sine and cosine rules
(a) Find x and y. (b) Calculate the area of triangle PQR.

Q
y
13 cm
9 cm
x 124° 20 cm
16 cm P
23 cm R
(c) High Cross is 45 km due south of Paulton. Tamwell is 41 km from

Paulton on a bearing of 219°.
(i) How far is Tamwell from High Cross?
(ii) What is the bearing of Tamwell from High Cross?
6. Solving three-dimensional problems using trigonometry
N The pyramid has a horizontal rectangular

base ABCD. NM is vertical. M is the
midpoint of AC. NM 5 12 cm.
Find
B C
(a) AM
18 cm M
(b) AN
A
(c) the angle which ND makes with the
15 cm D
plane ABCD.
(d) A long, thin metal box is 5 mm wide, 12 mm high and 84 mm long.
What is the longest rod that can be fitted into this box?
596
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 596 10/6/15 15:02:50

1 The diagram shows a solid prism.
4 cm
3 cm
4 cm
2 cm
5 cm
8 cm
Copy a centimetre square grid and draw the side elevation of

the solid prism from the direction shown by the arrow. (EDEXCEL)
2 A triangular flowerbed in a park is being prepared for planting bulbs.

The gardener is going to lay compost over all the flowerbed to a depth
of 12 cm.
4·6 cm 5·8 cm
6·4 cm
Calculate the volume of compost required. (WJEC)
3 ABCDEFGH is a cuboid.
H G
D
C
6
E
F
4
A 9 B
Calculate the angle GAF. (OCR)
4 The bearing of a ship from a lighthouse is 050°.

Work out the bearing of the lighthouse from the ship. (EDEXCEL)
597
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 597 10/6/15 15:02:52

5 Alec makes a different solid with the 6 cubes.
He places the solid on the axes below.
z
A
C
The coordinates of point A are (0, 0, 0) and the coordinates of

point B are (1, 1, 1)
Write down the coordinates of
(i) point C, (ii) point D. (OCR)
6 A surveyor has recorded some measurements of a field on a sketch,

as shown in the diagram.
B
49°
142 metres
62° C
74°
A
224 metres
The surveyor needs to know the length of the side AD in order to

arrange for a drain to be installed.
Calculate the length AD. (WJEC)
7 In the diagram, angle A is obtuse.

A
10 cm
8 cm Work out the size of angle A.
(AQA)
35°
B C
598
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 598 10/6/15 15:02:53

8 N
X
47°
Z
The above diagram shows three points X, Y and Z which lie on a straight line.
Calculate the bearing of
(a) Z from Y, (ii) X from Y. (WJEC)
9 W V
15 cm
S R
T U
36 cm
P 25 cm Q
The cuboid above has dimensions 36 cm 3 25 cm 3 15 cm.

(a) Find the length of the space diagonal TR.
(b) Find the angle which TR makes with the face PQUT
of the cuboid. (CEA)
10 Here are two triangles T1 and T2.
x x11
T1 T2
30°
x x22
The lengths of the sides are in centimetres.

The area of the triangle T1 is equal to the area of triangle T2.
__
Work out the value of x, giving your answer in the form a 1 √   b 
where a and b are integers. (EDEXCEL)
599
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 599 10/6/15 15:02:54

11 Alec has 6 one-centimetre cubes.
Alec makes a solid with the six cubes.
Its front view and side are shown below.
front view side view
On a grid, draw the plan view of the solid. (OCR)
12 AB is a line segment.
A is the point with coordinates (3, 6, 7).
The midpoint of AB has coordinates (22, 2, 5).
Find the coordinates of B. (EDEXCEL)
13 The diagram shows a pyramid.

A
10 cm
E D
B C
10 cm
BCDE is a square with sides of length 10 cm.

The other faces of the pyramid are equilateral triangles with sides of
length 10 cm.
(a) Calculate the volume of the pyramid.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
(b) Find the size of angle DAB. (EDEXCEL)
14 The diagram shows the triangle PQR.

R
2x cm
30°
P x cm Q
PQ 5 x cm
PR 5 2x cm
Angle QPR 5 30°
The area of triangle PQR 5 A cm2
___
Show that x 5 √ 2A  (EDEXCEL)
600
18-Ch_18_pp565-600.indd 600 10/6/15 15:02:55

Answers 1
UNIT 1 Page 6 M1.3

1. 1A 6·92, 3A 11·9, 5A 40·12, 7A 735, 9A 49, 10A 34·8,
11A 81, 12A 245, 1D 6·8, 2D 250·848, 3D 11·27, 4D 94·65,
Page 1 M1.1 6D 91·68, 8D 31·45, 10D 34
1. 74 2. 42 3. 4096 2. (a) 45·2 (b) 3000 4 60  50
4. (a) 1702 (b) 10 332 (c) 18 126 (d) 46 3. (a) £143 (b) 185 km
(e) 63 (f ) 36 4. (a) 136·68 (b) 0·63 (c) 5·15 (d) 0·38
5. (a) 5·93 (b) 0·015 (c) 0·0027 (d) 0·01 (e) 3·47 (f ) 47·82
(e) 1·2 (f ) 15·287 (g) 0·126 (h) 150 5. (a) 3600 (b) 3738
(i) 0·9 ( j) 21·4 (k) 0·95 (l) 6·2 6. (a) 12 000 (b) 12 390
(m) 0·0784 (n) 8·532 (o) 32·5 (p) 1·8096 7. (a) 5 (b) 100 (c) £3000 (d) 1
6. Two 1·5 litre bottles and one 2 litre bottle. (e) 0·2 kg (f ) 2 (g) 100 (h) £2000
7. (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 1 (e) 33 (f ) 25 (i) 360
8. 16 8. (a) 62·5 (b) 7·87 (c) 1·59 (d) 147
9. Care plan is £3·36 cheaper. (e) 3·62 (f ) 0·559
9. _
3
   __
7
2 _2
1
1 _3
2
1 8 20
Page 3 M1.2
_
1
  _
5
  _
3
  2 _4
3
1 __
11
1 3 3 12
1. (a) 35 (b)  ___  (c) 2  ___  (d)  ___  4 8 5
24 14 10
 _5  __  __ 3 __ 2 __
3 39 19 1 4
3 1 2 40 20 10 15
(e) 6  __  (f ) 8 __  (g) 10 __  (h) 16
5 8 3 2 _3
1
2 __
17
2 __
41
4 _6
5
24 60 4
8 18 1 5
(i)  __  ( j) 2  ___  (k)  ___  (l) 21 __ 
2 __ 2 __ 2 __ 4 _ 3 __
3 27 13 4 29
9 35 16 6 10 40 20 5 30
3 4 13 1
(m) 2  __  __
(n)     (o) 21 ___  (p) 1 ___  ___
8 5 21 28 √
  64  1 32 ___17
2 10. Carl says   ________
___       8·5
2. 9 3. 8 4. B by 1 __  m2 √
  81 2 7 2
5
21 1
5.  ___  6. 1 __ miles 7. A → S, B → P, C → Q
40 6 Page 7 Can you still?
29 2 17 29
8. (a)  ___  (b)  __  (c) 2  ___  (d) 2  ___  1. (a) 30 (b) 84 (c) 240 (d) 2
35 9 40 60
11
___ ___5 1
__ 17
___ (e) 210 (f ) 23 (g) 29 (h) 222
(e) 2     (f ) 1    (g) 2     (h)    
45 12 3 56
53 2. (a) 1 (b) 210 (c) 212 (d) 20
9.  ___ 
90 (e) 22 (f ) 5
5 1 7 17
10. (a) 4 ___  (b) 21 __  (c) 2  __  (d) 4 ___ 
12 8 8 30
1
11. 48 __ 
Page 9 M1.4
2 3 2 3 43
_ 1. (a)  __  (b)  ___  (c)  __  (d)  ____ 
 _6 _
1 1 1 5 25 4 200
12. (a)  
2 2 →  
3
209 517 291 1
3 4 (e)  ____  (f )  _____  (g)  ____  (h)  ___ 
250 1000 400 16
 _4  _5 _
1 1 5 .. . .. .
4 →  
4 2. (a) 0·1 8  (b) 0·5  (c) 0·6 3  (d) 0·46 
↓ ↓ . .
(e) 0·4  (f ) 0·583 
_
1
 _
5 __5
 
8 3 6 →  
48 . . . . 6
3. 0·8 57142 , 0·8 46153 ,  __ is larger
7
_
2
 _3
1 _
2
(b)   3 →   1 3 1 7 17
3 9 4.    5 0·125,    5 0·075,  ___ 5 0·04,  ____ 5 0·035,  ___ 5 0·34,
__ ___
8 40 25 200 50
2 4
9 3 11 37
 _2
1
 _8
3
→ _
7
   ___ 5 0·5625,  ___ 5 0·09375,  ___ 5 0·171875,  ____ 5 0·074
1 8 16 32 64 500
↓ ↓ 5 .
5. Jackson is correct because ___
   5 0·416 , 0·417
_ 12
 _9 __
1 8 19
 
6 1 →  
18
83 1 9
13. 1 ____ 
140
14.  __ 
2
15.  ___ 
16
Page 9 Can you still?
1 16 1 3
1 9 19 21 4 319
16. (a)  __  (b)  ___  (c)  ___  (d)  ___  (e) 6 __  (f )  ____  1. (a) 29 __  (b) 2  ___  (c) 4 ___  (d)  __ 
3 32 21 40 5 350 3 45 24 8
449 3 2
17.  ____  2.  __ , 0·62,  __ , 0·7
900 5 3
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 1 10/6/15 15:03:55

2 Answers
Page 10 E1.1 Page 16 E1.4

__ __ __
. 7 √
f 5 __   5 
√
___   3    7 
√ __
1. (a) 10f 5 7·7  9f 5 7    
9 1. (a)     (b)  ___  (c)  ___  (d) 3 √ 2 
5 3 7
.. 31 __ ___
(b) 100f 5 31·3 1  99f 5 31 f 5 ___
    __ __ 3 √5  3 √11 
99 (e) 2 √ 5  (f ) 3 √ 7  (g)  ____   (h)  _____  
2 5
8 89 17 73 ___ ___ ___
2. (a)  __  (b)  ___  (c)  ___  (d)  ___  √
  15  √
  14  5 √21 
9 99 99 99 (i)  ____   ( j)  ____   (k)  _____   (l) 2
5 7 7
17 83 91 22 __ __ __ ___
(e)  ____  (f )  ____  (g)  ___  (h)  ___  ( √2 1 √
  6 ) (5 √5 2 √
  10 )
111 333 99 37 2. (a)  _________  (b)  ___________
   
2 5
1 13 161 4304 172
(i)  __  ( j)  ___  (k)  ____  (l)  _____ 5 4  ____  __ ___ __ __
6 30 198 990 495 ( √6 1 √  15 ) (2 √3 2 √
  2 )
(c)  __________  (d)  __________
 
3 2
Page 12 E1.2 __
__ ___ __ __ 3. 7 1 5 √2 
1. (a) 2 √3  (b) 2 √11  (c) 3 √5  (d) 5 √2 
__ __ __ __ 5. (a) 20 (b) 9 (c) 20 (d) 2
(e) 5 √3  (f ) 2 √6  (g) 3 √7  (h) 10 √2  ___ __ __
___ __ __ ___ (e) 2 (f ) 6 (g)  √ 10 2 √
  5 1 3 √2 2 3
(i) 4 √10  ( j) 5 √6  (k) 4 √3  (l) 3 √15  ___ ___
__ __ __ __ (h) 22 (i) 3 √ 10 2 3 √15 
(m) 6 √5  (n) 36 √6  (o) 7 √5  (p) 7 √7  __ __
___ __ ___ ( j) 2 (k) 11 √ 2 1 9 √ 3 
2. (a)  √15  (b) 2 √ 7  (c)  √ 55  (d) 3 __
__ ___ (l) 38 1 17 √5 
(e) 6 (f ) 2 √ 6  (g) 2 √ 15  (h) 6
___ __ __ __ 6. Using difference of squares formula (a 1 b)(a 2 b) 5 a2 2 b2,
3. (a)  √14  (b)  √ 5  (c)  √ 3  (d)  √2  multiply both numerator and denominator by
__ __ __
(e) 2 √2  (f )  √2  __
3 ( √5 1 2) __
 √ 5 1 2 → ________
  __  3 ________
  __  5 3 √5 1 6
4. (a), (c) and (f ) are true. ( √5 2 2) ( √5 1 2)
__
__   5 
√ __
__ 2 √__6  √___ √__
__ __ 7. (a)  ___  cm3 (b) 3 √ 5  cm3
  2 ,  ____
5.  √6 3 √  ,   12 , 5  3 2 3 √3  2
√
  2  __ __
___ ___ __ 5 __ (1 2 √
  2 ) ________
5 2 5 √2  __
6. (a) 15 √10  (b) 6 √ 21  (c) 18 (d) 42 √3  8. (a)  ________  3 ________
  __  5    5 25 1 5 √2 
(1 1 √
  2 ) (1 2 √   2 ) 21
___ __ __
(e) 50 (f ) 45 (g) 63 √15  (h) 24 √6  (b) Multiply numerator and denominator by (a 2 √
  b ).
__ ___ __ __
(i) 2 √2  ( j) 15 √ 21  (k) 54 √2  (l) 81 √3 
7. 12 cm 2 Page 16 Can you still?
__ __ __ __
8. (a) 2 √2  (b) 7 √3  (c) 3 √5  (d) 5 √3  1. (a) 7·33 (b) 18·2
__ __ __ __
(e) 3 √3  (f ) 5 √3  (g) 8 √5  (h) 12 √2  13 16
2.  ___  3.  ___ 
__ ___ __ __ __ 33 55
(i) 13 √2  ( j) 5 √ 15  (k) 4 √5  (l) 2( √3 1 √
  5 )
9. 24 cm Page 19 Mobile phones Task
5. 300 minutes 6. £12 7. Tariff P
Page 12 Can you still? 8. Tariff Q 9. (b) 200 (c) Tariff Z (d) Tariff Y
1. (a) 0·008 (b) 20·036 (c) 0·42 (d) 26
2. 24 3. £28 Page 20 Test yourself on unit 1
1. (a) 3 (b) 15 768 (c) 5 (d) 15
Page 14 E1.3 (e) A 0·03, B 1·651, C 6, D 0·019
__ __
1. (a) 9 1 5 √ 3  (b) 3 1 √
  5  11 17 3
__ __ ___ __ ___ ___ 2. (a) 2  ___  (b) 35 (c) 1 ___  (d) 26 __ 
(c) 28 1 2 √ 3 2 4 √ 5 1 √
  15  (d) 3 1 √
  6 1 √
  10 1 √
  15  30 30 5
__ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ 21 73
(e) 22 2 √
  6 1 √
  10 1 √
  15  (f )  √ 6 1 √
  14 1 √
  15 1 √
  35  (e)  ___  (f )  ____  m2
32 160
__ __ __ __ ___ __ __
2. (a)  √2 1 √
  6  (b) 2 √5 2 5 (c)  √ 6 1 √
  15  (d) 6 √ 2 2 2 √6  3. (a) 5·96 (b) 0·466 (c) 145 000 (d) 5·37
3. Not correct. (e) 0·0689 (f ) 174 (g) 29
__ ___ ___
7 4 7 17
4. (a) 3 1 2 √2  (b) 8 1 2 √15  (c) 7 2 2 √10  4. (a)  ___ 5 0·35,  __ 5 0·8,  __ 5 0·875,  ___ 5 0·425,
20 5 8 40
(d) 1 (e) 4 (f ) 1 57 19
___ __  ____ 5 0·285,  ___ 5 0·76
(g) 10 2 2 √21  (h) 4 (i) 9 1 4 √5  200 25
__
.
5. (3 √2 2 3) cm2 (b) 0·24 
23 22 719
5. (a)  ___  (b)  ___  (c)  ____ 
__ __ __ ___ __ __
(b)  _2  √ 2 1 √
3
6. (a) 7 1 4 √3    6  (c)  √ 35 1 3 √7 2 6 2 2 √2  99 45 999
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 2 10/6/15 15:03:56

Answers 3
6. (a) iii, v, vi are true Page 29 M2.2

__ __ ___
(b) (i) 3 √3  (ii) 4 √ 5  (iii) 12 √10  1. 8% 2. 15% 3. 33 _3 %
1
4. 3% 5. 0·625%
__ __
(iv) 48 (v) 4 √2  (vi)  √ 2  6. Lager 125%, Crisps 140%, Bitter 117·4%, Nuts 177·8%
__ ___ ___ __ ___ __
7. (a)  √6 2 √
  10 1 √
  15 2 2 (b)  √5 1 √
  15 2 3 √ 3 2 3 7. 44% 8. 3·6% 9. 73·3% 10. 20%
__ ___
(c) 27 (d) 2 √5 2 √
  15 
__
(e) 4 1 2 √3  (f ) 54 2 14 √5 
__
___ __ 1. 38·888 2. 0·9 3. 3·2 4. 0·181
√
  11  3 √ 2 
(g)  ____  (h)  ____   5. 0·27 6. 1·3 7. Yes
11 2
___ __ __
√
  35  ( √6 2 5 √2 )
(i)  ____
7
  ( j)  __________
2
  Page 31 M2.3
__ 1. £6615
(k) 8 cm (l) 5 √3 
2. (a) £10 112·40 (b) £4764·06
(c) £3984·62 (d) £1074·51
Page 22 Mixed examination questions
3. (a) £392 (b) £274·40
1
1. 4 ___  4. 7 077 888 5. £4800 6. £77·90 7. £5129·23
12
2. (a) 18·75 (b) 20 8. (a) Geena (b) £2·42
__ __
3. £669·90 4. 7 √3  5. 10 1 7 √2  9. 10 years
10. Account 1 by £3·33.
4 19
6. (a)  ___  (b)  ___ 
15 33 11. Yes he has enough by £2·04.
7. 1·27 12. £37 178·76
8. (a) Incorrect (b) Incorrect 13. 10th year
149
____ 14. (a) 21 600 (b) 23 328 (c) 16·64%
9.    
198
15. Simple Save gives 36p more.
10. Rectangle greater by 0·00337
__ __ __
11. 4 √3    5 )2 5 14 2 6 √ 5 
12. Show (3 2 √
49
13. 5 ___  °C
60
 __ _ _
1 1 2
___ __ 1 10  
4  
9
14. (i) 1 (ii) 2 √10  (iii) 2 √5 
 _ _  __  __
2 1 13 28
5  
2 20 45
 _8  __ _  __

3 19 5 43
40  8 72
 _3  __  __ _

1 13 7 5
30 12  
UNIT 2
9
Page 26 M2.1 Page 34 M2.4

1. 67·5 g 2. A 3. £22 880 4. £7·72 5. 11 270 1. 68 kg 2. £26 000 3. £60 4. £18
6. (a) 1·25 (b) 1·175 (c) 0·94 (d) 0·965 5. £34 6. £56·40 7. £624 8. £1170
P
(e) 0·37 (f ) 1 1 ____
    9. Aaliyah earns £260 more.
100
10. £1020 11. £460
7. (a) £60 (b) £292·50
8. (a) £2784 (b) £2032·32 12. Jane, divide 85·1 by 1·15.
9. 46% 13. 2110 14. 68 057·2 litres

10. £280·50 15. 1·85 kg 16. £1800
11. Alma’s bike is worth £1·65 more.
12. Trinity is correct – answer is £158·98. Page 35 Can you still?
__ __ __
13. £914·71 1. 3 √ 2  2. 5 √ 3  3.  √ 3  4. 20
__
5. 3 6. 2 7. 16 1 6 √ 7 
__ __ __ __
1. (a) 4 √3  (b) 2 √3  (c)  √7  (d) 4 1 2 √ 3  Page 36 Can you still?
( 3 2
) 14
2. 6 __ 2 1 __   is greater by 3 ___ (3·93).
5 3 15
37
1.  ___ 
48
2. 6
3
5
1 2
3.  __ of 2  _2 is greater by __
   
7
4. 20  _6 cm
5
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 3 10/6/15 15:03:56

4 Answers
Page 37 M2.5 3. a and d
1. (a) 6 : 7 (b) 8 : 5 (c) 8 : 3 : 5 (d) 10 : 1 4. (a) 523 (b) 624 (c) 327 (d) 925
(e) 1 : 40 (f ) 1 : 30 (g) 3 : 12 : 2 (h) 3 : 100 5. (a) 6 22

(b) 2 24
(c) 5 23
(d) 2210
2. 16 blue, 40 yellow 6. Reciprocal of 4 is greater by 0·05.

7 9
3. £18·62 7. (a) 3 (b) 2 __  (c)  ___ 
9 49
4. 20 7 9 81 10
8. (a) 2 (b)  __  (c)  __  (d) 64 (e)  ___  (f )  ___ 
5. p 5 108°, q 5 36°, r 5 72°, s 5 144° 2 4 4 3
6. 180 g flour, 420 ml milk, 3 eggs 81
(g) 256 (h)  ___ 
25
7. £90
9. a, d, f, h, i are true.
8. (a) 18 (b) 20
10. Connor is correct because 1 4 250 5 0·004.
9. 28 10. 4 : 7 11. £2500
11. m
12. (a) 9 : 20 (b) 45 : 14 (c) 25 : 24
12. 8m
5y
14.  ___  (e)  _2 b28
1
13. 5 : 6 15. 5 : 3 13. (a) x2 (b) a26 (c) x28 (d) 9x24 (f ) 8a215
6
1 0 2
14. (a) 8 21
(b) 8 (c) 8 (d) 8 (e) 8 22
(f ) 823
16. 85 : 12 17. x : y 2 x
Page 39 Can you still? Page 43 Can you still?

3 6 3 2 14 17 1. (a) 64 (b) 20·0032 (c) 20·42 (d) 36
1.  ___  2.  __  3  ___  4. 2 __  5.  ___  m 6.  ___ 
10 7 10 5 15 33 (e) 0·004 (f ) 227 (g) 238 (h) 219
(i) 2 ( j) 2 (k) 24 (l) 22
Page 40 M2.6
1. (a) 36 (b) 28 (c) 83 (d) 62 (e) 96 (f ) 412 Page 45 E2.1
6 5 3 6 8
2. (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 5 (e) 7 (f ) 1 1
1. (a) 3 (b) 3 (c)  __ 
(g) 518 (h) 1 (i) 4 6
1
3. (a) 311 (b) 218 (c) 69 (d) 73 (e) 52 (f ) 93 2. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 2 (e) 3 (f )  __ 
3
(g) 82 (h) 46 (i) 25 1 1 1 1 1 1
(g)  __  (h)  __  (i)  ___  ( j)  ___  (k)  __  __
(l)    
6 2 2 8 13 10 3 2
4. (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 93 (d) 42 (e) 9 (f ) 46
1 1 1 1
3. (a)  __  (b) 2  __  (c) 2  __  (d)  __ 
(g) 36 (h) 85 (i) 412 2 3 2 3
_1 _1 _1
5. (a) a7 (b) x11 (c) x5 (d) n6 (e) a4 (f ) x9 4. (a) 641 (b) 64 2 (c) 64 3 (d) 64 6 (e) 640 (f ) 6421
9 6 13
(g) 1 (h) p (i) m ( j) 1 (k) a (l) 1 _1 _1 _1
2 (h) 642  
(g) 642   6 (i) 642  
3
6. B
5. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 10 (e) 2 (f ) 11
7. (a) x2 (b) a4 (c) m (d) a4 (e) n2 (f ) x4
1 1 1 2 1 3
8. 38 cm2 (g)  ___  (h)  __  (i)  __  ( j)  __  (k)  __  (l)  __ 
12 7 5 3 3 4
9. (a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 20 (e) 16 (f ) 7 4 7 6
(m)  __  (n)  __  (o)  __ 
5 6 5
(g) 4 (h) 3 (i) 6
6. (a) f 3 (b) r2 (c) s3 (d) q25 (e) e22
10. (a) 10a7 (b) 15a8 (c) 10p5 (d) 24a6 (e) 5a9 (f ) 218b7
(f ) x5 (g) 2x (h) 3y2 (i) 8z6 ( j) 2w5
11. (a) 3a4 (b) 5a2 (c) 4c7 (d) 4m5 (e) 8a4 (f ) 7m5
1
12. 3x5 (k) 2q2 (l)  ___4  (m) 3a2b (n) 4m2n (o) 2hk2
2k
13. 1
14. (a) 9a4 (b) 8b9 (c) 125p12 (d) 49a6
15. (a) x6 1 x5 (b) n9 2 n5 (c) x9 1 x12
__ __
  5 
√ __ (2 1 √  2 )
1. (a)  ___  (b) 2 √3  (c)  ________
 
5 2
Page 42 M2.7 6 __
3. 2 1  __   √ 5 
1 1 1 5
1. (a)  ___  (b)  __  (c)  ____ 
36 3 216
1 1 1 1 1 1
2. (a)  __  (b)  _____  (c)  __  (d)  ___  (e)  ___  (f )  __  Page 47 E2.2
9 1000 2 10 64 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(g)  ___  (h)  ___  (i)  ___  ( j)  ____  (k)  ___  (l)  ____  1. (a) 16 (b) 32 (c)  _____ 
27 16 49 256 20 625 1000
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 4 10/6/15 15:03:56

Answers 5
1
2. (a) 125 (b) 4 (c) 27 (d) 8 (e) 10 000 (f )  ___  Page 52 E2.5
32
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(g)  ___  (h)  ___  (i)  ___  ( j)  ___  (k) 343 (l)  ___  1. (a)  ___  (b) 7 (c)  __  (d) 125
16 25 27 16 64 16 9
2 2 7 2
3. (a) 2 (b)  __  (c) 2  __  (e) 5 (f ) 1 (g)  __  (h)  __ 
3 3 9 5
_9
16 625 1000 (c) 2 2
4. (a)  ___  (b)  ____  (c)  _____  (d) 8 2. (a) 217 (b) 25
9 16 1331
64 10 000 3. (a) 8a6 (b) 25a2b4 (c) 8a2 (d) 5ab3
(e)  ___  (f )  ______
 
27 81 (e) 32a 15
(f ) 81m n8 16
5. c, d, e are true. 4. 106

_3
1 f 12 8a3 5. h 5 3 2
6. (a) 4p6 (b) 4a2b4 (c)  ____   (d)  ___  (e)  ___  
9j12 16 b6 6. (a) 2a8b2 (b) 12m4n4 (c) 2a3b6 (d) 27a
15
125b 2  _2
5 _
5 _
3
(f )  ______
3  (g) 2z (h) r  
6
(i) 3x  
2
(e) 216x 6
(f ) 2x
a ___ 3 ____
7. Eva is correct. √
  45 is roughly 0·1 greater than √ 290 .
5 3 1 1
Page 47 Can you still? 8. (a)  __  (b)  __  (c) 2  __  (d)  __  (e) 8
2 2 3 2
13 523 712 (f ) 7 (g) 24 (h) 0 (i) 22

1.  ___  2.  ____  3.  ____ 
33 990 999 9. £2 13
3
10. 3m21 5 __
 m 
Page 48 E2.3 5
11. (a)  __  (b) 2
2
(c)  ___ 
3
(d)  __ 
4 25 8
1. (a) 23 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 3 (e) 22 (f ) 23
2 125 49 9
(g) 23 (h) 22 12. (a)  __  (b)  ____  (c)  ___  (d)  ___ 
3 27 9 16
2. (a) x 5 25 (b) x 5 26
13. (a) 5 (b) 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3. (a)  __  (b)  __  (c)  __  (d)  __  (e)  __  (f )  __ 
5 4 3 2 2 3
1
(g)  __ 
1
(h)  __  (i) 21
1
( j) 2  __ 
1
(k) 2  __ 
1
(l) 2  __  Page 54 Pricing your holiday Task
5 2 4 3 9
1. £684 2. £642 3. £1652 4. £834 5. £2810
10 3 11 1
4. (a)  ___  (b) 21 (c) 2  __  (d)  ___  (e) 10 (f ) 6 __  6. £840 7. £5580 8. £2284 9. £2587 10. £6360
3 2 8 2
3 2 3 3
5. (a) 25 (b) 2  __  (c) 2  __  (d) 1 (e)  __  (f )  __ 
2 3 2 2
5
Page 55 Test yourself on unit 2
6. (a) 22 (b) 3 (c) 23 (d) 22 (e) 2  __  (f ) 210
2 1. (a) £600 (b) £19 474 (c) £8 050 000
4 2 (d) £369 (e) £1500
(g) 2  __  (h) 22 (i) 2  __ 
3 3
2. (a) 12% (b) 15% (c) 15% (d) 7·87%
3. (a) £4494·40 (b) 1329 (c) 336p
Page 49 E2.4 4. (a) £200 (b) £25 800 (c) £11 562·50
1. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225 (d) £104·80
2. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 5. (a) 18 (b) x 5 81°, y 5 63°, z 5 36°
3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, 2187 (c) 16 : 15 (d) 3 : 20 (e) 600 cm2
4, 16, 64, 256, 1024, 4096
5, 25, 125, 625, 3125 6. (a) 75 (b) 66 (c) 516 (d) 33 (e) 87
6, 36, 216, 1296 (f ) 62 (g) a3 (h) n2 (i) x2 ( j) 6n6
7, 49, 343
(k) 3a2 (l) 64a6
3. (a) 30–35 (b) 30–36 (c) 560–625 (d) 38–44
1 1 1 25 3
(e) 45–55 (f ) 87–96 (g) 200–240 (h) 100–140 7. (a)  ___  (b)  __  (c)  __  (d)  ___  (e)  __ 
36 5 8 4 7
4. (a) 7·1 (b) 8·4 (c) 8·4 (d) 13·0 27 1
(f ) 16 (g) 0·09 (h)  ___  (i) a25 ( j)  ___2 
5. (a) 2·1 (b) 2·9 (c) 4·6 (d) 3·5 64 4a
6. 4·8 feet (k) m25

10
7. (a) 8 (b) 129 (c) 5 8. (a) 8 (b) 5 (c) 25 (d) 4 (e)  ___ 
3
8. 14·1 9. 9 10. 260 grams
36
11. (a) 8·2462 (b) 10·4881 (c) 5·4772 (f )  ___  (g) a3 (h) 5m2 (i) 9a6b2
25
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 5 10/6/15 15:03:57

6 Answers
1 1
9. (a) 4 (b) 25 (c) 22 (d)  __  (e) 2  __  10. y 5 90°, z 5 117°, a 5 117°
3 4
3 7 11. b 5 30°, c 5 80°, d 5 70°
(f ) 1 (g)  __  (h) 2  __ 
4 2 12. e 5 40°, f 5 65°, g 5 75°
10. (a) 12 (b) 2 (c) 25 13. h 5 85°, i 5 60°, j 5 35°
14. k 5 35°, l 5 35°
Page 58 Mixed examination questions 15. m 5 100°, n 5 100°, p 5 38°, q 5 142°
1. No, not enough cement. 16. 49°
2. 3 years 17. 124°
3. (a) 2056
(b) 20·6%, 19·2%, 19·7% so lowest is Salt-what-salt. Page 64 Can you still?
4. 20 cm2 1. (a) 82·4p (b) 78p
5. Yes. She needs to save £79 in less than 6 weeks which she can at 2. 5%
£16·80 per week.
_1 _3 _2
3. £3200
6. 64 3 5 4, 4 2 5 8, 27 3 5 9 4. (a) £1348·32 (b) £2149·02
1 _3
7.  ___  8. 9x4y8 9. 3x4y 2
10
10. £164 11. 5200 km3 Page 66 M3.3
12. Manana €42, Channel €44 but only €35·20 on the first bill. 1. Sum of angles 5 1080°
Use Channel for first 3 months then use Manana. 2. (a) 1260° (b) 1800°
3 ___ ___
24
13. √62 , 4·001,  √17 ,  ___  3. x 5 80° 4. 110° 5. 85° 6. 90°
5
7. 79° 8. 62° 9. 146° 10. 144°
14. Add 3 litres.
11. h 5 54°, 2h 5 108°, 3h 5 162°
15. 5c6d5
12. i 5 120° 13. 3780° 14. 168°
16. Friendly Bank gives £9·70 more.
1
17. (a) (i) 0 (ii) 24 (b)  ____ 
125 Page 67 Can you still?
18. 800
1. Pupils’ drawings 2. Square
19. 11 years 3. Square, rectangle 4. Square, kite, rhombus
5. Kite, parallelogram, rhombus
UNIT 3 Page 68 M3.4

1. a 108°, b 120°, c 144°
Page 62 M3.1
2. a 5 66°, b 5 141°, c 5 122°, d 5 67°, e 5 51°, f 5 128°,
1. 50° 2. 61° 3. 30° 4. d 5 80°, e 5 100° g 5 113°, h 5 122°, i 5 85°, j 5 92°, k 5 88°
5. f 5 60°, g 5 60° 6. h 5 125° 7. i 5 45°
3. (a) 40° (b) 140°
8. j 5 60° 9. k 5 78° 10. l 5 90° 11. m 5 60°
12. n 5 40° 13. p 5 50° 14. q 5 10° 15. r 5 70° 4. (a) 24° (b) 18° (c) 6° (d) 4°
16. s 5 62°, t 5 118° 17. u 5 80°, v 5 80° 5. (a) 156° (b) 162° (c) 174° (d) 176°
18. w 5 35°, x 5 145° 19. y 5 120° 6. 30 7. 172° 8. 15 9. 105°
20. z 5 57°, a 5 57° 21. b 5 45°, c 5 135° 10. a 5 18°, b 5 81°, c 5 18°, d 5 162°
22. d 5 36°, 4d 5 144° 23. e 5 151°
11. 12° 12. 36 13. x 5 36°, y 5 144°
24. f 5 42°, g 5 96, h 5 96°
14. 32° 15. 90° 16. y 5 360 2 2x
Page 64 M3.2
Page 71 M3.5
1. a 5 56° 2. b 5 60°, c 5 120°
9. 40 1 3x 10. y 5 210 2 2x
3. d 5 40°, e 5 140° 4. f 5 156°, g 5 24°
5. h 5 42°, i 5 138° 6. j 5 107°, k 5 73°, l 5 73°
7. m 5 37°, n 5 37°, p 5 143° Page 71 Can you still?
8. q 5 71°, r 5 71°, s 5 80°, t 5 100° 1. (b) and (f ) are true. 2. (a), (b) and (e).
9. u 5 48°, v 5 48°, w 5 27°, x 5 27° 3. (a) 64m9 (b) a210 (c) 2m2n3
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 6 10/6/15 15:03:57

Answers 7
Page 74 E3.1 6. j 5 47°, k 5 73°, l 5 60° 7. m 5 86°, n 5 86°
1. a 90°, b 49° 2. c 22° 3. d 36° 4. e 48° 5. f 43° 8. p 5 49°, q 5 49°, r 5 49° 9. s 5 82°, t 5 16°, u 5 16°
6. g 48° 7. h 106° 8. i 134° 9. j 38° 10. v 5 48°, w 5 42°, x 5 48°
10. k 27°, l 69° 11. m 52°, n 34°, p 65° 12. q 45° 11. y 5 50° 12. z 5 56° 13. (a) 67° (b) 62° (c) 51°
13. r 124°, s 62° 14. t 117° 15. u 36°, v 54° 16. w 53° 14. (a) 37° (b) 128° (c) 101°
17. (a) 42° (b) 84° (c) 48° 18. 77° 15. (a) 56° (b) 85° (c) 39°
19. (a) 32° (b) 58° (c) 61° (d) 29° 16. (a) 63° (b) 63° (c) 75° (d) 42°
20. (a) 28° (b) 28° (c) 28° (d) 152° 17. a 44°, b 44°, c 21° 18. d 44°, e 68°, f 46°
21. a 5 11° 22. b 5 30° 23. c 5 78° 19. g 38°, h 52°, i 90°, j 36°
24. d 5 2° 25. e 5 56° 26. f 5 22° 20. k 5 55°, l 5 55°, m 5 120°, n 5 120°
21. p 5 37°, q 5 19°
22. Angle AEF 5 2x
1 3 9 8
1. (a)  ___  (b)  __  (c)  ___  (d)  ____ 
16 2 16 125 Page 83 Can you still?
__ __ ___
7 3
2. (a)  __  (b) 23 (c)  __  (d) 2 1. (a) 3 √ 2  (b) 3 √ 5  (c) 4 √ 10 
3 5 __ __
2. (a) 2 √ 5  (b) 5 1 2 √ 6 
Page 77 E3.2
1. a 5 73° 2. b 5 111°, c 5 67° 3. d 5 117°
Page 85 E3.5
8. (a) (90 2 x)° (b) x° (c) y° (d) (x 1 y)°
4. e 5 95°, f 5 122° 5. g 5 93°, h 5 79° 6. i 5 117°
10. Angle OQS 5 x 2 90 11. y 5 3x
7. j 5 35°, k 5 110°, l 5 55°, m 5 125°
8. n 5 68° 9. p 5 46°, q 5 92°
10. r 5 108°, s 5 36° 11. t 5 27°, u 5 66 Page 86 Can you still?
12. v 5 94°, w 5 94° 13. (a) 38° (b) 72° (c) 36° 13 5 19
1. 22 ___  2. 0·49 3. 2  __  4.  ___ 
1 24 7 37
14. (a) 68° (b) 136° 15. y 5 180 2 __
    x 16. a 5 36°
2 5. 16 6. 49 : 16 7. 6a3b5
17. b 5 34° 18. c 5 30° 19. d 5 53°
20. e 5 23° 21. f 5 23°
Page 89 Save it in the home
Task A
Page 79 E3.3 1. 2 years 2 months (2·17 years)
1. a 5 20° 2. b 5 72°, c 5 36° 3. d 5 40° 2. 5 years 9 months (5·75 years)
4. e 5 130°, f 5 65° 5. g 5 140° 6. h 5 52° 3. 1846 kg
7. i 5 150°, j 5 75° 8. k 5 126°, l 5 54° 4. Bungalow, Detached, Semi-detached, Terrace, Flat (Bungalow has
9. (a) 42° (b) 42° (c) 96° a greater surface to volume ratio and bungalows are likely to have
^ ^
a greater floor area, etc.)
10. BAC 5 64°, CAO 5 26°
Task B
11. (a) 104° (b) 52° (c) 128° (d) 26° (e) 52° (f ) 26°
1. £239·37 2. 889·72 kg
12. AD is not a tangent.
Task C
13. 15 cm 14. 11·3 cm 15. 60·9° 16. 40·4°
1. £5·93 2. £7·47
17. a 5 10° 18. b 5 18° 19. c 5 18°
20. d 5 30°, e 5 75°
1. (a) f 5 104°, g 5 52° (b) h 5 30°
Page 80 Can you still? (c) i 5 128°, j 5 134°
1. 25% 2. £14 403·90 3. £254 2. (a) e 5 65°, f 5 65°, g 5 51°, h 5 64°
4. Simon will have £242·85 more. (b) i 5 56°, j 5 63°, k 5 61°
3. (a) 1080° (b) 135° (c) 72° (d) 24 (e) 81°
Page 82 E3.4 5. (a) a 5 58°, b 5 116° (b) c 5 66°, d 5 33°
1. a 5 38° 2. b 5 72° 3. c 5 25°, d 5 94° (c) e 5 52°, f 5 104° (d) g 5 16°, h 5 137°
4. e 5 38°, f 5 76° 5. g 5 62°, h 5 124°, i 5 28° (e) i 5 32° (f ) j 5 98°, k 5 49°, l 5 29°
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 7 10/6/15 15:03:57

8 Answers
Page 93 Mixed examination questions 19. 2x2 1 xy 20. ab 1 a2 21. 2c2 1 cd 22. a2 2 7a
2 2
1. 55° 2. (a) 24° (b) 15 3. (a) 150° (b) 57° 23. 3a 2 4a 24. 5xy 1 10x 25. 4a 1 8ab 26. 24ab 2 48ac
5. (a) 40° (b) 17° (c) 140° 6. (a) 50° (b) 65° 27. 22x 2 12 28. 23a 1 6 29. 25c 2 50 30. 212p 1 20
7. 162° 8. y 5 360 2 2x 9. 68° 31. 26c 2 12 32. 2ab 2 ac 33. 22p2 2 pq 34. 2a2 2 ab
10. (a) 108° (b) 108° is not a factor of 360° 35. 22x2 1 xy 36. 2m2 1 mn 37. 22p 2 5q 38. 224a 1 12ab
3
11. Because angle CAB 5 90° (angle in a semi-circle). 39. a 2 2ab 40. 4x3 1 x2y 41. 10b3 1 15b2 42. 3p2q 1 6p3
13. (a) p 5 55°, q 5 125° (b) 9
1 Page 101 M4.4
14.  __  (x 1 y) 15. 12
2
1. 2x 1 11 2. 10x 1 8 3. 14x 1 8 4. 18x 1 13
5. 4a 1 12 6. 27y 1 12 7. 9a 1 12 8. 9x 1 24
UNIT 4 9. 12x 1 18 10. 14a 1 18 11. 26x 1 25 12. 26d 1 32
13. 10a 1 10 14. 6x 2 1 15. 4x 1 10 16. 9a 1 7
Page 97 M4.1 17. 13 18. 10c 1 22 19. 4y 2 13 20. 5x 1 17
1 21. 14a 2 5 22. 3n 1 21m 23. 7a 1 2b 24. 8x 1 22
1. 2 2. 35 3. 31 4. 1 __  5. 9
2
25. 13a2 1 7a 26. 9x2 1 17x 27. 3y2 28. 3a2 1 4b2 1 16ab
6. 0 7. 0 8. 73 9. 42 10. 24
29. 18m2 1 5mp 30. 9x2 130xy 31. 5a2 1 22ab 2 4bc
11. 36 12. 8 13. 1 14. 292 15. 36
1 32. 14x2 1 12xy 1 7xz 1 6yz
16. 4 __  17. 3 18. 26 19. 36 20. 8
2
21. 80 22. 64 23. 36 24. 52 25. 214
26. 2 27. 6 28. 23 29. 22 30. 56 Page 101 Can you still?
__
1 1. (a) 2 √2  (b) 23 2. 891
31. 56 32. 5 33. 1 34. 9 __  35. 23
4
1 1
36. 23 37. 21 38. 63 39. 38 40. 216 3. (a)  ___  (b)  __  (c) 4
36 3
41. 6 42. 219 43. 21 44. 22 45. 7
46. 2140 47. 270 48. 210
Page 103 M4.5
2
1. (a) x 1 7x 1 12 (b) a2 2 2a 2 15 (c) m2 2 14 1 49
Page 98 M4.2 2
2. x 1 8x 1 12 2
3. p 1 6p 1 5 4. a2 1 10a 1 21
2 2
1. (a) 60 (b) 45 (c) 120 2. (a) 4 (b) 50 5. m 1 2m 2 3 6. y 2 4y 2 12 7. n2 2 3n 2 10
3. (a) 80 (b) 16 4. (a) 500 (b) 4000 8. b2 2 5b 2 24 9. x2 1 2x 2 48 10. c2 2 11c 1 24
2 2
5. (a) 490 (b) 19·6 6. (a) 10 (b) 20 11. q 2 9q 1 14 12. f 2 12f 1 20 13. a2 1 5a 2 36
2 2
7. (a) 5 (b) 7 8. (a) 72 (b) 528 14. 6x 1 11x 1 4 15. 5y 1 17y 1 6 16. 8p2 1 32p 1 14
2 2
9. (a) 11·9 (b) 17·7 10. (a) 4 (b) 25·20 17. 15a 2 14a 2 8 18. 12f 1 16f 2 3 19. 36y2 2 34y 1 8
12 20. 21x2 2 22x 2 8 21. 21q2 2 31q 1 4 22. 20b2 2 27b 1 9
11. (a) 6 (b) 73·0 12. (a) 1 ohms (b)  ___ ohms (or 1·71)
7 2 2
23. 8z 2 24z 1 18 24. 4x 1 19x 2 63 25. 30a2 2 a 2 20
2 2
26. x 1 12x 1 36 27. x 1 10x 1 25 28. a2 1 20a 1 100
Page 99 Can you still? 2
29. y 2 2y 1 1 2
30. p 2 6p 1 9 31. b2 2 18b 1 81
1. 7 2. (a) 12 (b) 215 3. 3240° 32. 4a2 2 4a 1 1 33. 25x2 1 40x 1 16 34. 9y2 2 30y 1 25
1
4. (a) 2m (b) 2x4y3 (c)  __  2
35. 2a 1 11a 1 12 36. 210y 1 11y 1 6 2
37. 3x2 2 2x 2 8
2
2 2 2
38. 6p 2 26p 1 28 39. 2x 1 2xy 2 12y 40. 6a2 2 19ab 1 15b2
2
41. 2x 1 8x 1 10 42. 12 2 12a 43. 8 2 4y
Page 100 M4.3
44. 3p2 1 22p 1 45 45. a2 1 4a 1 3 46. x2 1 12x 1 35
1. (a) 8y (b) 48x (c) 8ab (d) 5c2 2
47. n 1 11n 1 10 48. 8m 1 28
(e) 14a2 (f ) 6x (g) 7n (h) 8p
(i) 54c2 ( j) 12abc (k) 236y (l) 220cd
(m) 18cd (n) 23y (o) 27q (p) 35p2 Page 105 M4.6
2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F 1. (a) A, C, D (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) All values of x.
7. T 8. T 9. F 10. F 2. All values of x.
11. 2a 1 6 12. 24x 2 12 13. 21x 2 35 14. 5a 2 5b 3. Only true for one value of n.
15. 21x 1 7y 16. 18x 1 12 17. 4p 1 8q 18. 36c 1 72d 4. 3
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 8 10/6/15 15:03:58

Answers 9
5. ‘Identical’ because true for all values of x. 7. ( p 1 3)( p 1 2) 8. (x 1 2)(x 1 2) 9. ( f 1 5)( f 1 5)
6. Expression (7x2 1 3x), identify (2x(x 2 4)  2x2 2 8x), 10. (c 1 4)(c 1 1) 11. ( y 1 2)( y 1 1) 12. (x 1 5)(x 1 7)
term (7xy), inequality (5x 2 2 , 8), equation (5x 2 2 5 8).
13. (m 2 1)(m 2 5) 14. (x 2 2)(x 2 15) 15. (n 2 1)(n 2 8)
7. All values of x.
16. (a 2 4)(a 2 4) 17. (q 2 1)(q 2 13) 18. (w 1 8)(w 2 3)
19. (x 1 4)(x 2 7) 20. (m 1 5)(m 2 7) 21. ( y 1 2)( y 2 6)
Page 106 E4.1 22. (n 1 7)(n 2 2) 23. ( p 1 3)( p 2 2) 24. (x 1 4)(x 2 5)
1. x3 1 9x2 1 26x 1 24 2. x3 1 8x2 1 17x 1 10 25. ( y 2 2)( y 2 5) 26. (a 1 8)(a 2 5) 27. (q 1 6)(q 2 7)
3. x3 1 4x2 1 x 2 6 4. x3 2 11x2 1 38x 2 40 28. (x 1 6)(x 2 4) 29. (n 2 2)(n 2 3) 30. ( y 1 6)( y 2 10)
5. x3 1 6x2 1 12x 1 8 6. x3 2 9x2 1 27x 2 27 31. x 1 8 32. a 1 7 33. (x 2 9)(x 2 11)
7. x3 1 8x2 1 20x 1 16 8. x3 2 9x2 1 24x 2 16 34. ( y 2 5)( y 2 5) 35. (m 1 6)(m 1 7) 36. ( p 2 2)( p 2 12)
9. x4 1 8x3 1 24x2 1 32x 1 16 37. (n 2 7)(n 2 10) 38. (z 1 2)(z 2 20) 39. (h 1 2)(h 1 13)
10. x4 2 3x3 2 15x2 1 19x 1 30 40. (m 1 10)(m 2 13) 41. (q 1 12)(q 2 5) 42. (x 1 3)(x 1 4)
15. 12x3 1 20x2 1 x 2 3 43. (x 2 5)(x 1 2) 44. (x 2 4)(x 2 2) 45. (x 2 6)(x 1 3)
16. 16x3 1 4x2 2 8x 2 3
17. 75x3 1 110x2 2 43x 2 30
18. (x 1 1)(x 1 4)(x 1 3) 5 x3 1 8x2 1 19x 1 12
Page 110 M4.9
1 1. (m 1 n)(m 2 n) 2. ( p 1 q)( p 2 q) 3. (a 1 2)(a 2 2)
19.  __  (4x 1 2)(x 2 3)(2x 1 1) 5 4x3 2 8x2 2 11x 2 3
2 4. (n 1 7)(n 2 7) 5. (n 1 7)(n 2 7) 6. (x 1 2)(x 2 2)
20. (a) x2 1 2xy 1 y2 (b) x3 1 3x2y 1 3xy2 1 y3 7. ( y 1 9)( y 2 9) 8. (m 1 1)(m 2 1) 9. (8 1 a)(8 2 a)
(c) x4 1 4x3y 1 6x2y2 1 4xy3 1 y4
(d) x5 1 5x4y 1 10x3y2 1 10x2y3 1 5xy4 1 y5
10. (10 1 y)(10 2 y) (
1
11. x 1 __ )( 1
     x 2 __
4
    
4 ) 12. (2b 1 c)(2b 2 c)
13. ( p 1 4q)( p 2 4q) 14. (5m 1 2)(5m 2 2) 15. (3x 1 1)(3x 2 1)
16. (6y 1 5)(6y 2 5) 17. 12 000 18. 1 600 000
19. 380 20. (9b 1 2c)(9b 2 2c)
1. b 5 30° 2. 1 : 8 : 5 3. £177 4. 15 : 23
21. (7a 1 4b)(7a 2 4b) 22. (10x 1 7y)(10x 2 7y)
n n
23. ( 5m 1 __
    )( 5m 2 __
    ) 24. (p 1 3)(p 2 3)
Page 108 M4.7 2 2
1. 3(2a 1 5) 2. 7(n 2 5) 3. 8(6b 2 5) 25. (2p 1 5)(2p 2 5) 26. (e 1 13)(e 2 13)
4. a(b 2 c) 5. x(x 1 6) 6. 3b(b 2 4) 27. (pe 1 1)(pe 2 1) 28. 16x 29. 24a2
__
7. 3x( y 1 5z) 8. 4x(3x 2 2) 9. m(6m 2 1) 30. (cos u 1 sin u)(cos u 2 sin u) 31. 4m √3 
10. a2(a 1 5b) 11. 6(m 1 7) 12. 5(5a 2 7) 32. a(4 1 a)(4 2 a) 33. 3(n 1 5)(n 2 2) 34. 4( p 1 1)( p 2 1)
13. 4(6m 2 5n) 14. 4(4x 2 1) 15. 8(7a 1 4b) 35. m(m 1 5)(m 2 5) 36. 6( p 1 2)( p 2 2) 37. n(n 1 1)(n 2 1)
16. 9(3p 1 2) 17. 5(2a 1 3b 1 5c) 18. 4(7x 2 9y 1 4) 38. 5(s 1 1)(s 1 1) 39. 3(t 1 1)(t 1 2) 40. 3(3 1 2x)(3 2 2x)
19. f (e 1 g) 20. x(x 2 8) 21. a(a 1 5) 41. 10( y 1 2)( y 2 4) 42. 2(x 1 7)(x 2 4) 43. 7(a 2 6)(a 2 1)
2
22. 2p(q 1 2r) 23. 4b(2a 2 3c) 24. 3y (2x 2 3z) 44. x(x 2 2)(x 2 4) 45. 2x(x 1 1) 46. x2(x 1 5)(x 2 3)
25. 5x(x 2 3) 26. 5s(t 1 7) 27. 8p(r 2 5q)

28. 2b(3a 1 2) 29. a(3a 1 8) 30. 4x(3 2 4x)
31. 3x(x 1 7y) 32. a2(b 2 c) 33. a(a 1 bc) __ __ __
1. 4 √ 5  2.  √ 5  3. 4 4. 3 5. 2 √3 
34. x(5x 1 6y) 35. 10p(2p 2 3q) 36. 4b(9ac 2 4b) __ __ __
  6  7. 2 cm2
6. 15 1 5 √ 3 1 3 √ 2 1 √
37. 7x(7x 1 6y) 38. 7a(9a 2 5b) 39. 3xy(3x 1 2y)
40. 5pq(2r 1 3q) 41. 8ab(2b 1 c) 42. 5fg(5h 2 4e)
43. 2ab(4b 2 3) 44. 4x2(3x 1 2) 45. 3p2(2q 1 5p) Page 112 E4.2
46. 6ab(3ab 2 2c) 47. 3ab(3c 1 5a 2 2b) 1. b(a 1 c) 2 d(a 1 c) 5 (a 1 c)(b 2 d )
48. 3xy(4xy 2 3yz 2 6xz) 49. 7pq2r(6p2r 1 4qr 2 7p) 2. z(x 1 y) 2 y(x 1 y) 5 (x 1 y)(z 2 y) 3. ( f 1 g)(e 1 h)
2 2 2
50. 8a bc (4b c 2 3abc 1 5) 4. (m 1 n)(q 2 p) 5. (a 2 d )(b 1 c) 6. (m 1 y)(n 1 x)
7. (a 2 b)(d 2 c) 8. (q 2 s)(r 2 p) 9. (e 2 g)(h 1 f )
Page 109 M4.8 10. (a 1 2)(c 2 3) 11. (3 2 d )(1 2 e) 12. (2a 1 b)(3c 1 2d )
1. (x 1 3)(x 1 7) 2. (x 2 3)(x 2 4) 3. (x 1 5)(x 2 2) 13. (3z 1 2x)(4y 2 3w)
4. (a 1 5)(a 1 6) 5. ( y 1 3)( y 1 5) 6. (b 1 2)(b 1 10) 14. (4m 2 5n)(2p 2 3q)
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 9 10/6/15 15:03:58

10 Answers
Page 112 Can you still? Page 116 Can you still?
___ __
1. 7 2. 5 3.  √15  4. 14 2 6 √5  1. 82° 2. 73° 3. 64° 4. 59°
__ __ __ ___ ^ ^
  2 
√ 4 √3  ( √ 2 2 √
  10 ) 5. 71° 6. IFH 5 70°, FG H 5 127°
5.  ___  6.  ____   7.  __________ 
2 9 2
Page 117 E4.5
Page 113 E4.3 1
1. (a) x 1 4 (b)  __  x(x 1 4) 5 30 ⇒ x2 1 4x 2 60 5 0
2
1. (3x 1 2)(x 1 3) 2. (5q 1 2)(q 2 2) 3. (2x 1 3)(x 1 2) (c) x 5 6
4. (3x 1 2)(x 1 4) 5. (3a 1 4)(2a 1 1) 6. (2y 1 9)(2y 1 1) 2. (a) x 1 5 (b) x(x 1 5) (c) x2 1 5x 2 36 5 0 (d) x 5 4
7. (4z 1 1)(z 1 3) 8. (3q 2 4)(2q 2 1) 9. (4p 2 9)( p 2 1) 3. (a) x2 2 1 5 3x 1 9 (c) x 5 5
10. (8h 2 3)(h 1 1) 11. (5t 2 1)(2t 1 3) 12. (4r 1 1)(3r 2 4) 4. x(x 1 3) 5 108, 12 people
13. (5e 1 7)(5e 2 7) 14. (4s 1 5)(4s 2 5) 15. (3x 2 2)(x 2 4) 5. (a) x2 1 (x 1 7)2 5 132 (b) x 5 5
16. (2a 1 7)(a 2 3) 17. (4p 1 1)( p 2 4) 18. (3u 2 4)(5u 1 1) 6. (a) x2 1 8x 2 33 5 0 (b) x 5 3
19. (3x 1 2)(2x 1 5) 20. (2b 1 1)(2b 1 5) 21. (2p 1 1)(2p 1 9) 7. (a) (2x 1 4) by (2x 1 8) (b) (2x 1 4)(2x 1 8) 2 32
22. (8w 1 5)(w 2 3) 23. (14x 1 3)(3x 2 1) (c) x 5 2
8. (a) x(2x 1 3) 5 44 (b) x 5 4
9. (a) x(x 2 1) 5 10(x 2 3) (b) x 5 5 or 6
10. (a) (12 2 2x) by (8 2 2x) (b) 4x2 2 40x 1 96
1. a 5 74° 2. b 5 65° 3. c 5 45°
(c) 4x2 2 40x 1 64 5 0 (e) x 5 2 (x  8)
1
4. d 5 113° 5. y 5 90 2 __
    x 11. (a) w(14 2 w) 5 40 (b) w 5 4 (w  10)
2
12. (a) n 1 2 (b) n2 1 (n 1 2)2 5 244 (d) n 5 10
13. 5 and 6
Page 115 M4.10 14. (a) 210 (b) n2 1 n 2 110 5 0 (c) n 5 10
1. x 5 25 or 24 2. m 5 6 or 21 3. r 5 0 or 6 15. x 5 11
4. 23 or 24 5. 23 or 22 6. 24
7. 26 or 23 8. 2 or 4 9. 3 or 7
Page 120 Which Tent?
10. 6 or 4 11. 5 or 2 12. 22 or 3
5 man Rochester tent i.e. £239·99 less 30% 5 £167·99,
13. 10 or 22 14. 5 or 23 15. 3 or 210 petrol 5 £36·40, campsite costs 5 £98·10 (23rd to 29th July),
16. 5 or 24 17. 1 or 29 18. 3 or 8 food, drink, etc. 5 £270, total 5 £572·49 (total money available 5
£575).
19. 8 or 27 20. 0 or 22 21. 0 or 3
22. 2 or 210 23. 21 24. 0 or 21
25. 1 or 2 26. 5 or 6 27. 1 or 27 Page 121 Test yourself on unit 4
5 1. (a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 4 (e) 60
28.  __ or 22 29. 0 or 2 30. 23 or 212
2 (f ) 63 (g) 67 (h) 3·5 (i) 11
31. 6 or 22 32. 5 or 21 33. 7 or 22 2. (a) 5x 1 15 (b) 6a 2 12 (c) y2 2 5y (d) 8b2 1 4b
(e) 8a 1 21 (f ) 5x 1 27 (g) 2y 2 13 (h) 2p2 1 14p
3. (a) x2 1 10x 1 21 (b) y2 2 4y 2 12 (c) a2 2 8a 1 15
Page 116 E4.4
(d) p2 2 4p 1 4 (e) 15b2 2 b 2 6 (f ) 9x2 1 12x 1 4
1 3 2 5 4 1 1
1.  __ or 2  __  2. 2  __ or 2  __  3.  __ or 2  __  4. 24 or 2  __  3 2
4. (b) x 2 5x 2 8x 1 48 (c) x 1 20x 1 150x2 1 500x 1 625
4 3
7 4 3 9 3 2 3
5 1 1 2 5 1 4 5. (a) 5(x 1 3) (b) c(d 2 e) (c) 7(5p 2 3)
5.  __ or __
    6. 3 or 2  __  7.  __ or 2  __  8. 2  __ or 2  __ 
3 2 2 3 2 4 5 (d) x(x 2 4y) (e) 2q(3p 2 5r) (f ) 5a(a 1 6b)
7 3 2 1 1 (g) 4yz(2y 1 5) (h) 6ab(3b 2 2a)
9.  __ or 2  __  10.  __ or 21 11. 6 or 2 6 12. 1  __ or 2  __ 
2 2 9 3 3
6. (a) (x 1 2)(x 1 1) (b) (m 2 6)(m 2 1) (c) (b 1 3)(b 2 2)
4 4 4 5 2 2 5 1
13.  __ or 2  __  14.  __ or __
    15.  __ or 2  __  16.  __ or 2  __  (d) (u 1 4)(u 2 2) (e) (h 1 13)(h 1 2) (f ) ( y 2 16)( y 1 3)
5 5 3 3 7 7 2 2
1 9 3 1 4 2 2 7. (a) ( y 1 z)( y 2 z) (b) (m 1 4)(m 2 4)
17.  __ or __
    18.  __ or 2  __  19. 0 or  __  20.  __ or 2  __ 
2 2 2 2 5 3 3 (c) (3x 1 5)(3x 2 5) (d) (6n 1 7p)(6n 2 7p)
3 1 1 (e) (10 1 9a)(10 2 9a) (f ) x(x 1 6)(x 2 6)
21. 22 or 2  __  22. 0 or 2 23. 21 or 2  __  24. 23 or 2  __ 
8 6 2
8. (a) (k 1 l )(m 1 n) (b) (q 2 y)(x 2 p)
25. 2n2 1 5n 2 102 5 0, (2n 1 17)(n 2 6) 5 0, n 5 6 (c) (4 1 3b)(2a 2 1)
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 10 10/6/15 15:03:59

Answers 11
9. (a) (3x 2 2)(x 2 2) (b) (2y 2 5)(2y 1 1) 4. (a) HCF 5 28, LCM 5 3696
(c) (n 2 2)(4n 2 3) (d) (3p 1 1)(2p 2 5) 5. (a) 315 5 32 3 5 3 7, 525 5 3 3 52 3 7
10. (a) x 5 27 or 22 (b) n 5 3 or 2 (c) y 5 12 or 22 (b) 5
1 3 2 5 3 2 6. (a) HCF 5 10, LCM 5 11 550 (b) 115 500
11. (a) a 5 __
   or 2  __  (b) x 5 2  __ or __
    (c) p 5 2  __ or __
   
2 2 3 2 5 3
(c) 115 500 (d) Same answer.
12. (a) (ii) x 5 5 or 28 (iii) 5 cm
(b) x2 1 (x 1 17)2 5 (x 1 18)2, 7, 24, 25
(c) (i) x(x 1 3) 5 6x (ii) x 5 3 Page 129 M5.3
1. (a) 105 (b) 8·2 3 104 (c) 6·4 3 103
(d) 8 3 10 22
(e) 6·7 3 10 25
(f ) 5·2 3 1022
Page 123 Mixed examination questions 4
(g) 4 3 10 21
(h) 4·2 3 10 (i) 8·2 3 1024
1. (a) (i) 2y 1 12 (ii) x2 2 6x 1 9
4 2
2. (a) 6 3 10 (b) 9 3 10 (c) 5·8 3 103
2. (a) 7(x 1 7) (b) x(x 2 10) (c) 2x2 1 12x
(d) 6·9 3 105 (e) 8·5 3 102 (f ) 7·4 3 107
3. (a) 4(3p 1 2) (b) (5 1 a)(5 2 a)
4 6
(g) 4·7 3 10 (h) 4 3 10 (i) 8 3 1024
4. (x 1 10)(x 2 3)
( j) 3 3 10 23
(k) 7 3 10 28
(l) 9·5 3 1021
5. (a) 13x 1 10 (b) 2x2 2 7x 2 4 (c) 3y(2y 2 3x)
(m) 2 3 10 21
(n) 6·1 3 10 23
(o) 6·2 3 1025
6. (a) 12x(x 2 4) (b) 2250 (c) 0·5
(p) 7·2 3 107 (q) 4·2 3 104 (r) 6·25 3 1022
7. 6x2 1 19x 1 10
8
(s) 8·12 3 10 21
(t) 2·13 3 10
8. All values of x.
3. 1·5 3 105 4. 4·126 3 106 5. 5 3 108
9. (b) 4, 23 so y 5 4 because it is a length.
6. 7 3 10 26
7. 1·7 3 10 224
8. 3·5 3 106
10. (3x 2 5)(2x 1 5)
9. 8 3 1021
11. 1·1
10. (a) 500 (b) 6800 (c) 810 000
12. (b) 3
(d) 0·07 (e) 0·000 98 (f ) 61 200
13. (x 2 7)(x 1 2)
3 (g) 0·0037 (h) 0·0841 (i) 2 500 000
14. (2x 1 3)(x 2 1) so x 5 2  __ or 1
2 ( j) 0·46 (k) 0·000 172 (l) 536 000
16. (a) x2 1 12x 1 36 (b) 22wx 2 41wy 11. b, c, d, f
17. (a) 5x(x 2 2) (b) 0, 6 12. (a) 2 3 1022 (b) 6 3 1024 (c) 2·09 3 102
18. (b) 21 km (d) 3·16 3 10 4
(e) 5·8 3 10 6
(f ) 3·168 3 102
19. (a) (x 1 1)(x 1 5) (b) 2(x 1 5y)(x 2 5y) (g) 3·271 3 10 (h) 6·5 3 1023 (i) 3 3 109
20. x3 1 9x2 1 27x 1 27 ( j) 7·3 3 10 22
(k) 5 3 10 23
(l) 5·9 3 105
1 5
21.  __ , 2  __ 
4 2
17 1
1. 36 cm 2.  ___  m2 3.  __  4. 76
UNIT 5 25 6
5. £7·20 6. 45
Page 127 M5.1
1. (a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 45 (d) 42 (e) 165 (f ) 100
Page 131 M5.4
2. (a) 2 3 32 (b) 22 3 7 (c) 2 3 11
1. (a) 3·6 3 106 (b) 2·1 3 1010 (c) 4·7 3 1023
(d) 25 (e) 34 (f ) 25 3 3 6 11
(d) 3·8 3 10 (e) 8 3 10 (f ) 7·1 3 1027
(g) 23 3 52 (h) 23 3 3 3 5 (i) 22 3 72 12
(g) 5·86 3 10 (h) 4·13 3 10 27
( j) 5 3 7 3 11 (k) 22 3 3 3 5 3 7 (l) 23 3 72
2. (a) 8 3 108 (b) 9 3 1012 (c) 6 3 1012
3. See above.
(d) 7·5 3 1015 (e) 1·6 3 109 (f ) 1·2 3 1014
5 9
(g) 7·5 3 10 (h) 3·6 3 10 (i) 1·5 3 1011
Page 127 M5.2 3. (a) 4 3 10 8
(b) 3 3 10 13
(c) 3 3 1013
13 25
1. (a) 7 (b) 30 030 (d) 1·5 3 10 (e) 2·7 3 10 (f ) 2 3 10210
2. (a) 25 (b) 21 450 (g) 1·5 3 1018 (h) 5 3 1017 (i) 3 3 1011
7
3. (a) HCF 5 4, LCM 5 840 (b) HCF 5 20, LCM 5 4200 4. 20 hours 5. 1·45 3 10 6. 5·4 3 10217
9 10 2
(c) HCF 5 28, LCM 5 2940 7. 7·3 3 10 8. 9·2 3 10 m 9. 1·8 3 1023
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 11 10/6/15 15:03:59

12 Answers
10. (a) 4·3 3 107 (b) 8·3 3 1028 Page 138 Can you still?
4
11. (a) 3·6 3 10 (b) 8·5 3 109 (c) 5·91 3 1012 1. 162 2. £455 3. 79° 4. 98° 5. 14%
(d) 4·6 3 103 (e) 1·4 3 105 (f ) 3·29 3 103
(g) 3·2 3 1027 (h) 5·9 3 10212
12. 4·2 3 10 26
m Page 139 E5.1
13. (a) 27 (b) 29 1. (a) 156·25 < l , 156·35 (b) 71·75 < w , 71·85
14. (a) 6·79 3 109 km (b) 5·21 3 109 km (c) Lower 11 210·94 m2, higher 11 233·75 m2
15. Sidwell, Rentwich, Hatton, Corbridge 2. 32·55 cm
4
16. 1·1 3 10 17. 1·5 3 10 18. 1·222 3 10
23 10 3. 320·625 cm3
4. (a) 11·8 (b) 26·0775 (c) 0·401 (d) 21·3 (e) 4·9
5. (a) 6945 < A , 6955 (b) 94·5 < l , 95·5
Page 133 M5.5
(c) 72·72 < w , 73·60
1. (a) 1·5 3 108 (b) 4·14 3 1020 (c) 3 3 1011
6. 16·1 m2 < area , 41·7 m2
(d) 3·09 3 10210
7. 9·6 m/s < speed , 9·8 m/s
2. 40
8. 74 3 1260 5 £93 240
3. (a) 2·56 3 1053 (b) 1·97 3 10214 (c) 5·04 3 1039
9. (a) 2·85 ohms (b) 2·89 ohms
(d) 3·89 3 10228
10. (a) 23·55 cm < C , 23·65 cm (b) 7·50 cm
4. 6·94 3 10215 m2
(c) 7·53 cm (d) 7·5 cm
5. 4·55 3 10215
11. (a) 26·51 cm < r , 26·52 cm (b) 26·5 cm
6. (a) 2·42 3 1018 (b) 4·15 3 1029 (c) 2·57 3 1022
12. (a) 3·90 < V , 4·16 (b) 4
(d) 1·01 3 10240 (e) 4·59 3 1028 (f ) 2·52 3 1018
13. 140 m (137 < l , 138)
7. 9·5 3 1012 km
8. (a) 2 3 1025 seconds (c) 18 secs
9. (a) (i) 1·6 3 105 (ii) 1·34 3 105 Page 143 M5.7
(b) 1·51 3 1018 km
1. d 5 22·5
10. 2·22 3 1023
2. (a) 3300 g (b) 425 cm3 3. V

17 3 1 2
1. £912·93 2. A  ___  , B  __  , C  ___  , D  __  3. £320
24 4 16 3
I
4. (a) 21 (b) 10·5 (c) 16 (d) 14 (e) 38·5
Page 136 M5.6
5. £65 6. B 7. 1·2 8. (c) 9. €178
1. (a) 21·45 mm (b) 21·55 mm
10. Yes, (a) and (c)
2. (a) 41·5 m (b) 42·5 m
3. 10·25 g
4. £24 711 500 Page 143 Can you still?
5. (a) 6·317 (b) 14·719 (c) 2·016 3m
1. (a) 38 (b) 57 (c)  ___  (d) 27a6
6. 16·83 < x , 16·84 2n
1 4
7. (a) 78·5 2 79·5 (b) 32·25 2 32·35 (c) 9·05 2 9·15 2. (a)  ___  (b) 5 (c) 4 (d)  __ 
27 9
(d) 15·65 2 15·75 (e) 6·315 2 6·325 (f ) 8·165 2 8·175 1
3. (a) 23 (b) 2  __ 
4
8. 7·612 < m , 7·613
9. 5
10. (b) 92·55 < l , 92·65 (c) 16·15 < d , 16·25 Page 145 E5.2
(d) 1150 < c , 1250 (e) 3·855 < h , 3·865 1. (a) v  t (b) v 5 kt (c) 21 m/s (d) 14 seconds
11. No. Max. card length 5 14·55 cm but min. envelope length
2. 2 4 5 8
5 14·5 cm
8 32 50 128
12. Jack by 0·01 13. 1·3 litres < V , 1·5 litres
14. (a) 0·05 (b) Double 3. (a) m 5 kl 3 (b) k 5 2 (c) 1024 kg (d) 5 cm
15. 2175 m < l , 2225 m 4. (a) E 5 ke 2
(b) k 5 6 (c) 54 joules (d) 8 cm
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 12 10/6/15 15:04:01

Answers 13
_1
5. (a) y 5 6x  3 (b) 8 64 216 1000 Page 151 Trim it
12 24 36 60 Task A
1. and 2. Jasmine BMI 26·0 (overweight)
6. (a) A 5 3P (b) 72 (c) 24 Rory BMI 18·5 (underweight)
7. (a) 3·2 secs (b) 49 cm Mark BMI 32·6 (obese)
8. (a) y  x3 (b) y 5 3x3 (c) 11 Task B
9. 43·2 amps 1. Jasmine 3069 calories. Mark 4510 calories so Mark will burn off
1441 more extra calories.
10. (a) 50 (b) 64
2. About 33·7 weeks.
3. Pupil own design program of extra activities.
1. 2x(x 1 2) 2. (x 1 3)(x 2 7) 3. (x 1 5)(x 2 5)
4. x(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5. (x 1 3)(x 1 2) 6. x(x 2 6)
1. (a) x 5 3, y 5 2, z 5 13
7. (x 1 6)(x 2 3) 8. (x 1 9)(x 2 9) 9. x(x 1 6)(x 2 6)
(b) 3 3 5 3 7 : 2 3 3 3 5 3 11, H.C.F. 15,
10. (2x 1 7)(2x 2 7) L.C.M. 2 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 11 (2310)
(c) HCF 5 14, LCM 5 2940
Page 148 M5.8 2. (a) 2·73 3 105 (b) 3·8 3 102 (c) 5·2 3 104
1. (a) 1600 N/m2 (b) 64 m3 (d) 8 3 1021 (e) 1·8 3 1023 (f ) 9 3 106
8 17
5 (g) 3·4 3 10 (h) 7 3 10 (i) 720
2. (b) y 5 __
 x 
( j) 0·0521 (k) 0·00059 (l) 6 140 000
3. (a) 15 m/s (b) 12 s (c) 15 s (d) 0·25 m/s 3. (a) 3 3 1012 (b) 1·5 3 1014 (c) 3 3 1011
4. (a) 140 (b) 0·2 (c) 1680 (d) 6 3 1011 (e) 5·3 3 107 (f ) 6·3 3 1026
5. (c) 4. (a) 3 3 10 11
(b) 6·08 3 10 25
(c) 2·07 3 109
6. R (d) 1·33 3 10 8
(e) 9·5 3 10 km 12
7. Three, (b), (c) and (e). 5. (a) 57·5 kg < m , 58·5 kg (b) 3·65 m < w , 3·75 m
(c) 72·55 < h , 72·65 cm (d) 8·1151 < c , 8·1251
Page 148 Can you still? (e) 8·573 < x , 8·574
1. (a) 54 (b) 12xy2 (c) 6n2 (d) 1 6. (a) 1·8 (b) 8·5 (c) 30 (d) 1·49 m (e) 10 cm
2. (a) (x 2 9)(x 1 2) (b) (x 1 1)(x 2 1) 7. (a) 3 (b) (i) R (ii) S (c) B
(c) (x 2 5)(x 2 2) (d) 2x(4x 1 3) 8. (a) (i) S 5 3t 2 (ii) 147 (iii) 11
1 5 (b) 1296 joules
3. (a)  __  (b) 9 (c)  __ 
9 3 20·25
(c) (i) R 5  _____  (ii) 0·25 ohms (iii) 5 mm
4. (3x 1 5)(x 1 3) d2
Page 149 E5.3 Page 155 Mixed examination questions

1 1 1. (a) (i) p 5 4, q 5 1, r 5 2 (b) 24, 36
1. (a)  __  (b) k 5 48 (c) 12 (d)  __ 
4 2 2. (a) 595 ml < C , 605 ml
800
2. (a) V 5  ____   (b) 4m3 (c) 50 N/m2 (b) 605 3 120 5 72·6 litres . 72·5 litres
P
3. 100
108
3. (a) F 5 ____
  2  (b) 108 N (c) 2 cm
d 4. (b)
36_
___ 5. (a) 1 (b) 0·000 067 (c) 2·7 3 1014
4. (a) Q 5  √   (b) 9 (c) 4
  t 
1
__ 1 6. (a) (i) 45·5 cm 46·5 cm (ii) 161 296·875 cm3
5. (a)     (b)  __ 
2 9
54·5 cm 55·5 cm
6. 2 3 6 10 61·5 cm 62·5 cm
225 100 25 9
(b) (x 2 0·5)( y 2 0·5)(z 2 0·5)
7. (a) 1 (b) 2 7. (a) 22 3 3 3 7 (b) 252
8. (a) 30 cm (b) 15 625 cm3 8. No. 500 sheets are 4·5 cm.
200 7·2
9. 8 10. y 5 ____
  2  9. (a) P 5 ___
  __  (b) 1·2 (c) 20·25 m (d) halves
x √
  h 
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 13 10/6/15 15:04:01

14 Answers
10. (a) 5 3 105 (b) 3·1 3 1025 Page 162 M6.4

11. Largest 5 31, smallest 5 26 1. (a) 5x 1 80 5 180° (b) x 5 20° (c) 40°, 70°, 70°
12. D 2. (a) 4x 1 6 5 78 → 18, 19, 20, 21
13. 6005 4 39·5 gives 153 to guarantee 3. (a) 8x 1 10 5 58 (b) x 5 6 (c) l 20 cm, w 9 cm
14. (a) 1·6 3 104 4. 7 cm 5. 72 cm 6. £59, £131
(b) (i) 15·3 7. (a) 12x 1 120 5 360 (b) x 5 20°
(ii) Mercury 5428, Venus 5248, Earth 5528, Mars 3939 (c) 80°, 110°, 110°, 60°
15. 11 am 8. l 5 12, w 5 4
16. 0·229 9. 20°, 80°, 80°
10. (a) x 1 2, x 1 4, x 1 6 (b) 51, 53, 55, 57
11. 50 cm 12. 10, 12, 14 13. 4
UNIT 6 14. 80 cm 15. 8 16. 4 yrs, 7 yrs, 10 yrs
17. 162·5°, 17·5° 18. 78 cm 19. 2 km
Page 158 M6.1
4
1.  __  2. 56 3. 24 4. 10 5. 25
5 Page 163 Can you still?
1 3
6. 26 7. 27 8. 4 9. 24 __  10.  __ 
2 4 1 1
1. (a)  __  (b)  __  (c) 3
11. 215 12. 25 13. 220 14. 4 15. 23 2 9
1 2. (a) (c 2 d )(a 2 b) (b) (4x 2 3)(3x 1 2)
16. 2  __  17. 4 18. 10 19. 11 20. 21
2 10
5  3. 72° 4. 3 : 8 5.  ___ 
21. 2 __ 22. 24 23. 25 24. 25 25. 4 3
6
1
26. 4 27. 5 28. 5 29.  __  30. 4
7
5
31. 2  __  32. 25 33. 2 34. 20 35. 21 Page 165 M6.5
6
36. 25 37. 230 38. 8 39. 10 40. 212 a
1.  __ 5 b 2. 8a 5 b 3. n 5 mp
8 21 6
41. 15 42.  __  43.  ___  44. 27 y
3 5
4. (a) y 1 9 (b) 12y (c) y 2 20 (d)  __ 
8
y
(e) 3y (f ) y 2 b (g)  __
m  (h) y 1 w
Page 159 M6.2
1. 3 2. 1 3. 5 4. 5 5. 21 (x 2 2) (x 1 9)
5. (a)  _______
 5 y (b)  _______
 5 y
3 4
1 3 7
6. 2  __  7. 22 8. 23 9. 2  ___  10. 2  ___ 
4 10 20 ( y 2 8) ( y 1 5) ( y 1 10)
5
__ 7 6. (a)  _______   (b)  _______   (c)  ________ 
11.     12. 2  ___  13. 220 14. 3 15. 5 2 6 8
6 40
2 1 2 (d) 3( y 2 2) (e) 5( y 1 6) (f ) 2( y 1 4)
16. 3 17. 2  __  18. 2  __  19.  __  20. 4
7 2 9
7
___ ( y 2 q) ( y 1 h) ( y 1 2p)
21. 13 22.    
10
23. 218 24. 3 25. 24 7. (a)  _______
p  (b)  _______
c  (c)  ________
r 
26. 7 27. 10 28. 5 29. 4 30. 2 (q 2 3s) (2f 2 5c) ( y 2 b 1 c)
(d)  _______
c  (e)  ________
  (f )  __________
a 
b
31. 5 32. 4
( y 2 cd ) (q 1 mn) ( y 2 5r)
8. (a)  ________
c  (b)  ________
m  (c)  ________
r 
Page 161 M6.3 (3b 2 7a)
(d)  _________
( y 1 fg)
(e)  _______
(4b 1 st)
(f )  ________
a  f
  s 
1. 15 2. 12 3. 15 4. 18 5. 54
1 (4e 2 d ) ( py 2 3c) (5q 1 r)
6. 16 7. 12 8. 7 9. 9 10. 5  __  9. (a)  ________
a  (b)  _________  (c)  _______
a 
3 b
11. 5 12. 29 13. 5 14. 3 15. 11 (7y 1 2d ) (
y b 1 3c) (8y 2 qr)
5 13 9 (d)  _________
c  (e)  _________
a  (f )  ________
p 
16. 14 17.  __  18.  ___  19. 2  __  20. 3
4 6 5
21. 6 22. 5 23. 7 24. 10 25. 9 (h 2 m) (x 2 u)
10.  _______
  11.  _______
 
5 3 3 f
26. 8 27.  __  28.  __  29. 28 30. 27
8 2
( ya 1 3) ( ym 2 3c)
1
31.  __ 
7
32.  __ 
19
33. 2  ___  12.  ________
c  13.  _________ 
2 3 5 3
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 14 10/6/15 15:04:01

Answers 15
c 2 12p
Page 167 M6.6 8.  _______ 
3zp 1 t
(c) y 5 ( ___

 m  )
_______
3
________
4n 2 r 2 2 mp
1. (a) x 5 √
  (z 1 w)  (b) m 5 √( p 2 3c)  9.  ___________
w 2 mq 2 n 
_______ ______ ________ _______
3
2. (a)  √(b 2 7)  (b)  √(z 1 t)  (c)  √(4p 2 q)  (d) √ (c 1 a) 
____ ____
r n ____
Page 171 E6.1
(e) √( __
3
 q  )  √( )
(f )   __
      
b
(g)  √(cb)  (h) (m 2 n)2
1. (a) 11 (b) 39 (c) 29 (d) 21
a 2
(i) ( p 1 2q)3 ( j) ( yw)3
b( )
(k) __
     (l) (n 2 2m)2
2. (a) 33 (b) 29 (c) 230
1
(d) 8  __ 
2
1
(c)  ___ 
2 2
3. (a) ( p 1 r) 2 q 5 x (b) (3B(N 1 M)) 5 A 3. (a) 49 (b) 0 (d) 16
16
4. (a) p2 1 r (b) 9q2 2 2r (c) b3 2 5c 4. (a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 8 (d) 35
__ ________
(d)  √w 2 t (e) q 1 √
  (2p 2 y)  (f ) (8h 2 m)2 1 g 5. (a) 0 (b) 9 (c) 49 (d) (w 2 4)2
2 2 2
(g) y 2 w (h) (3m 1 4k) 1 h (i) (5(d 2 c)) 6. (a) 10 (b) 22 (c) 130 (d) y3 1 y
__________ ___
( j) (z( y 1 2w))2 (k)  √(e (b 2 3c))  (l) w 1 3√ xyz  7. (a) 3 (b) 21 (c) No defined value.
M (v 1 yw) 3 p2 2 7
5. (a)  ________ 5 N (b)  ________
y 5 x 8. (a) 2  __  (b) 27 (c)  ______ 
(3R 2 Q) 2 3p 1 1
m n 2m x 9. 7 10. 22 11. 65 12. q 5 0 or 3
6. (a)  __
q  (b)  __
c  (c)  ___  (d)  _______ 
3a (m 1 z)
13. a 5 26 or 3 14. 2 or 24 15. 4 or 23 16. 0 or 28
2a r 3d t
(e)  ________   (f )  ________  (g)  _________   (h)  _______  17. 25 18. 28
(b2 2 3c) (q 2 5n) (5a2 2 4c) (q 2 3r)
a c2 k m 19. (a) 2x 1 6 (b) 6x 2 3
(i)  __3 2 c ( j)  __ 2 3a (k)  ___ 1 4n (l)  ___2 2 n
b f 5m 6p (c) 10x 2 8 (d) 1 2 2x
ym x ________ ________
20. (a) 18x 1 8 (b) 18x 1 1
7.  ___ 1 h 8.  ___3  9.  √(m2 2 n)  10.  √(w 2 2 n3) 
f w
(c) 29x 2 4 (d) 236x 2 16
21. (a) 4x2 2 8x 1 5 (b) 3x2 2 6x 2 3
(c) 22x 1 4x 2 2 (d) 2x2 1 2x 1 3
1. 8y 1 7 2. 2ab 1 3a 2 2b 3. n2 2 3n 2 4 22. (a) 2x 2 2x 3
(b) x3 2 x 2 9
2 2
4. w 2 7w 1 10 5. 168 cm (c) 4 1 3x 2 3x 3
(d) 23 1 5x 2 5x3
23. f (x) 5 5x 1 3
Page 169 M6.7 24. a 5 8
h2 1 c pr 1 k
1. (a) b 5 ______
  2   (b) x 5 _______
 m 1 rq 
a 2f
pn yb Page 171 Can you still?
2.  _____
n 2 p  3.  ______ 
3b 1 y
78 261
e2g y 1 wz 3c 1 b 1. (a)  ___  (b)  ____ 
4. (a)  _____  (b)  ______ (c)  ______  99 990
f2d y 2 w  a1b
2. (a) x(x 1 1)(x 1 1) (b) 2(4x 1 1)(4x 2 1)
nz 1 my cd 2 b 3z
(d)  _______
m 2 n  (e)  ______  (f )  ______   3. (a) 22 (b) 3
f1c y2 1 w
^ ^
pr 1 t a(c 1 1) f 2 mg 4. AOC 5 126°, ABC 5 54°
(g)  ______
p 2 s  (h)  ________  (i)  _______ 
cd 2 b mk 1 1
4 c 2 nd s 2 fd
( j)  _____
y 2 z  (k)  _______  (l)  ______  Page 174 E6.2
nk 2 m 5f 1 r
rq 1 q x23 x14 5x 2 1 5x
5.  _________ 1.  _____
  2.  _____
  3.  ______
  4.  ___ 1 3
p 1 q 1 r  7 5 4 2
m(2p2 2 1) g(k 2 6) x23 4x 1 22
6. (a) n 5  __________
  (b) f 5 ________
    5.  _____
  6.  _______
 
1 1 p2 31k 8 3
10x
y(2z3 2 1) ax 2 cq2 9y2z 7. (a) 5 2 ____
    (b) 215
7. (a)  _________  (b)  ________   (c)  _______   3
1 2 z3 bq2 1 1 9y2 2 1
5x 1 7
8. (a)  ______
__ _
a2 c √b  b( √ z 2 1) 2n   (b) 18·5
(d)  ________   (e)  _________ (f )  ________  2
  z  
__ _
√
  b 1 1 c1√ 5m 1 2p
9. 4 10. 0·25 12. 4
2
bm 1 an 4p b 1 1 8n 3
(g)  ________  (h)  _________  (i)  ________  1
13. a 5 __
    14. 5 15. 2
a 2 bd 4p2 2 aq2 8pn3 2 m 4
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 15 10/6/15 15:04:02

16 Answers
Page 174 Can you still? Page 185 M6.9

1. 15° 2. 95° 3. 22° 4. 26° 1. (a) 16 (b) 212 (c) 18 (d) 10 (e) 12
2. (a) 22 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2 (e) 21
3. y 5 10, 5, 2, 1, 2, 5, 10
Page 176 E6.3
4. (a) y 5 7, 2, 21, 22, 21, 2, 7
1. (a) 2x3 2 5 (b) (2x 1 1)3 2 3 (c) 8x 2 5
(b) y 5 18, 8, 2, 0, 2, 8, 18
(d) 4x3 2 15 (e) 4x 1 3 (f ) 16x 2 15
(c) y 5 19, 9, 3, 1, 3, 9, 19
2. (a) 5x2 1 4 (b) (5x 1 4)2 (c) 25x 1 24
(d) y 5 20, 5, 24, 27, 24, 5, 20
3. (a) 18x 2 2 (b) 16 (c) 3x 1 1 (d) 25
5. (a) (i) (0, 22) (ii) (0, 22) (iii) (21·4, 0), (1·4, 0)
(e) 3x 1 6 (f ) 24 (g) 6
(b) (i) (0, 0) (ii) (0, 0) (iii) (0, 0)
4. (a) 21 (b) (1 2 4x)2 (c) (12x 2 3)2
(c) (i) (0, 1) (ii) (0, 1) (iii) none
5. 4 6. 29 7. 2·5 8. 2
(d) (i) (0, 27) (ii) (0, 27) (iii) (21·5, 0), (1·5, 0)
x 1 10 x
9. (a)  ______
  (b)  __  (c) 3x 2 5 6. (a) y 5 14, 8, 4, 2, 2, 4, 8
6 2
x 1 10 x 1 10 (c) (20·5, 1·75) (d) (0, 2)
(d)  ______
  (e) 10 (f )  ______
 
3 12 7. (a) y 5 6, 2, 0, 0, 2, 6, 12
1 4
10. 6  __  11. 23, 2 12. 24 13. 4 14. 2 15. 2  __  (b) (0, 0), (21, 0) (c) (20·5, 20·25)
2 7
8. (a) y 5 2, 22, 24, 24, 22, 2, 8
(b) 24·25 (c) (21·5, 24·25)
1. 128° 2. 160° 3. x2 2 2x 2 24
( )
3 3
9. (a) __
   , __
2 4
     (1 1
)
(b) 2  __ , 26  __  
4 8 (3 1
)
(c) 2  __ , 6  __  
2 4 (
5 47
(d) __
   , ___
6 12 )
    
__
4. 15m2 1 22m 2 5 5. 22 6.  √ 5 
7. y 5 180 2 2x Page 186 Can you still?
9 2
1. 12a 2 8 2. 2p2 2 6pq 3. 21 ___  4. 24 __ 
10 3
Page 179 E6.4
m2
1. 13·7 5. 7m 2 13m2 6. 2 3 32 3 5 7. 14·0 ,  ___ , 14·5
2n
2. (a) 4·4 (b) 4·5 (c) 5·4
3. 8·66 Page 188 M6.10
4. 11·61 1. y 5 (227), 28, 21, 0, 1, 8, 27
5. (a) 4·41 (b) 5·07 (c) 7·07 7
2. (a) y 5 229, 29, 21, 1, 3, 11, 31 (b) 5  __ 
6. 6·11 8
7. (a) 2·6 (b) 2·5 3. (a) y 5 241, 29, 5, 7, 3, 21, 1, 15, 47 (b) (0, 3)
8. 3·3 3 3·3 3 8·3 cm (c) (21·29, 7·30), (1·29, 21·30)

2
9. (a) x 2 10x 1 20 5 0 (b) 7·2 or 2·8 cm 4. (e) (a) none (b) none (c) none
2
3 (
(d) (0, 1), 2  __ , 1·15 )
(f ) (a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 0) (c) (0, 24) (d) (0, 1)
5. (b) (0, 2), (2, 22)
Page 181 E6.5
6. (b) (0, 21)
1. (a) 4·4 (b) 7·2 . .
8. (a) y 5 20·2, 20·25, 20·3 , 20·5, 21, no value, 1, 0·5, 0·3 ,
2. 27·3 cm, 18·3 cm 0·25, 0·2
3. (a) 8·17 (b) 6·65 (b) 0·4
4. (a) 7x2 2 300 5 0 (b) 6·55 cm 9. (b) 1·25
12. (e), ( j) linear; (a), (c), (f ), (l) quadratic; (b), (d), (g) cubic;
(h), (i), (k) reciprocal
Page 182 E6.6
13. (a) → 2 (b) no match (c) → 4 (d) → 3 (e) → 1
1. 6·85 2. 0·62 3. (b) 24·87 4. 20·25
________
3
5. (a) x3 5 6x 2 1, x 5 √(6x 2 1)  (b) 2·36
Page 190 M6.11
1. (b) £28
Page 183 M6.8 2. (a) → 2 (b) → 3 (c) → 1
1. (a) y 5 1, 4, 7, 10 2. y 5 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 3. y 5 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 3. (g) 0·2 (c) 0·6
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 16 10/6/15 15:04:03

Answers 17
4. (a) → 5 (b) → 1 (c) → 6 (d) → 3 (e) → 2 (f ) → 4 Page 200 E6.8

5. A → 3, B → 1, C → 2 1 1 1
1. (a) 2  __  (b) 21 (c)  __  (d)  __ 
6. (b) 3·8 secs (c) 148 m 7 4 8
7. (b) 8 ohms (c) 2·7 amps 5 4
(e) 23 (f ) 2  __  (g) 6 (h)  __ 
2 3
8. (a) 10 2 2x (d) 74 cm3 (e) 1·7
2
9. (c) 2·6 (d) 17·2 cm3 (i)  __  ( j) 2 (k) 25 (l) no value
9
1 3 8
2. (a) 2  __  (b)  __  (c)  __  (d) 24
3 2 5
Page 194 M6.12 1
(e) 2  __ 
5
(f )  __ 
3 3
3 1 1 3 5
1. A 4, B __
   , C __
    2. P 22, Q 25, R 2  __ , S __
   , T __
    3. y 5 22x 1 5
2 4 3 2 2
3 4. (a) y 5 23x 1 3 (b) y 5 5x 2 2 (c) y 5 4x 2 3
3. (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 22 (d)  __ 
2 1
(d) y 5 2  __  x 1 6 (e) y 5 22x 1 6 (f ) y 5 3x 1 20
1 1 5 2
(e) 21 (f ) 2  __  (g)  __  (h)  __ 
2 2 3 1
__ 1
(g) y 5     x 2 2 (h) y 5 2  __  x 1 1 (i) y 5 x 1 7
2 1 3 2
(i) 0 ( j) 2  __  (k) 2  __  (l) not defined
3 6 1
__
( j) y 5     x 2 1
24 9 32 2
(m)  ___  (n) 2  ___  (o) 2  ___ 
5 10 39 5. y 5 5x 2 15
2
4. (a) 2  __  (b) 23 (c) 21 7. (a) and (e), (c) and (f ), (g) and ( j), (i) and (d), (b) and (h).
3
1
5. 23 6. 6 8. y 5 2  __  x 1 6
2
10. y 5 22x 1 8
1 3
11. (a) y 5  __  x 1  __  (b) y 5 5x 2 5 (c) y 5 23x 1 1
Page 197 M6.14 2 2
1. 3, 4 2. 2, 25 3. 8, 21 4. 1, 6
5. 24, 22 6. 24, 3 7. 21, 22 8. 25, 2 Page 201 Can you still?
1
9. 21, 3 10. 22, 4 11.  __ , 27 12. 5, 1 1. 42 5 2 3 3 3 7, 112 5 24 3 7, HCF 5 14, LCM 5 336
3
2 3 3 3 2. 3·2 3 10211 3. 108° 4. 2, 4 5. 14
13. 24, 5 14. 6, 23 15. 2  __ , __
    16.  __ , 2  __ 
5 5 4 2
6. x3 1 6x2 1 12x 1 8
5 5 1 5 2
17.  __ , 21 18.  __ , __
    19. 24, 6 20.  __ , 2  __ 
3 4 2 7 7
1 Page 203 E6.9
25. A, y 5 3x 2 1; B, y 5  __  x 1 1; C, y 5 2x 2 2
2
7
26. (a), (d) and (e) 27. y 5 5x 1 4 28. y 5 24x 1 2 1. 27 2. 780 3. 21·5 4. 7  ___ (7·47)
15
29. y 5 3x 2 4 30. y 5 x 2 6 31. y 5 3x 2 7 5. 80 6. (a) y 5 25, 0, 3, 4, 3, 0 (b) 10
32. y 5 4x 2 23 33. y 5 3x 1 13 34. y 5 22x 1 7 7. 29·8125
35. y 5 7x 1 10 36. y 5 23x 2 4 37. y 5 4x 2 10
1 6
38. y 5 22x 2 2 39. y 5 2x 2 1 40. y 5 2  __  x 1  __ 
5 5 Page 205 E6.10
1. (a) 24 (b) 24 (c) 23
Page 198 E6.7 2. 2 3. 1 4. 25

5. (a) y 5 5, 2·5, 1·7, 1·25, 1 (b) 21·25 (c) 20·625
1
1. (a) 23 (b)  __  (c) 21 6. (b) 3 (c) 4·5 (d) 4·5
3
1
2. (a) 2  __  (b) 2 (c) 21
2
1
4. 2  __ 
1
5. 2  __  Page 207 E6.11
4 4
1
1. (a) 5 m/s2 (b) 0 m/s2 (c) 3 __  m/s2 (d) 55 m
3
1
Page 198 Can you still? 2. (a) 200 m (b) 3 __  m/s2 (c) 5 m
3
__
1. £468·65 2. 5 √2  3. 24 3. (b) 1897·5 m (c) 1·15 m/s2 (d) 40 secs.
2 2
4. x 1 8x 1 16 5. 7·81 4. (a) 30 m/s (b) 1·125 m/s (c) 25 secs.
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 17 10/6/15 15:04:03

18 Answers
x13
5. (a) s 5 2, 2, 8, 26 (b) 11 km/h (c) 8·75 km/h 5. (a)  _____
  (b) 0·5 (c) (i) 6x 2 22 (ii) 13 (d) 0
7
6. (a) 1250 m (b) 0·5 m/s2 (c) 0·75 m/s2
6. (a) 7·17 (b) 4·17
1
7. __
    km 7. (a) y values 211, 29, 27, 25, 23, 21, 1
2
8. (a) 18 m/s (b) 0·25 m/s2 (c) 432 m (c) y values 23, 26, 27, 26, 23, 2, 9, 18
9. (b) 5 km/h (c) 2·5 km/h (d) 2·55 km/h (d) (i) (22, 27) (ii) (0, 23), (0·65, 0) for part of graph shown.
10. (a) v 5 15, 16, 15, 12, 7, 0 (b) 57·5 m 8. (a) y values 28, 6, 8, 4, 0, 2, 16
(c) t 5 1 (max. v) (d) 22 m/s2 (b) y values 28, 210, 213·3, 220, 240, no value, 40, 20, 13·3,
10, 8
11. e.g. constant acceleration for 10 s then acceleration reduces until
reaching a speed of 20 m/s after 20 s. It travels at a constant (c) (iv) 15·5 m, 4·5 m (v) 100 m2 (vi) 10 m 3 10 m
velocity for 20 s then decelerates at a constant rate for 10 s. It then 3 1
travels at a constant velocity of 15 m/s for 10 s. It then decelerates 9. (a) 2 (b)  __  (c) 2  __  (d) AB, 4; BC, 24; AC, 22
2 3
ever more rapidly until coming to rest after a total journey time of
3 8
80 s. 10. (a) 2, 26 (b) 21, 28 (c) 2  __ , __
   
5 5
12. 56 s (d) y 5 22x 1 1 (e) y 5 5x 2 6
1
11. (a) 4 (b)  __  (c) x 1 4y 5 1 and y 5 4x 2 3
5
Page 211 E6.12 1
(d) y 5 2  __  x 1 2
3
1.
51 5 29 8 3 12. 17·875
259 16 58 6 7 13. (a) y 5 6, 1, 22, 23, 22, 1, 6 (b) 24 (c) 4
1
4 3 7 5 0·8 14. (a) 200 m/min 5 3 __  m/s (b) (i) 0·5 m/s (ii) 450 m
3
2. (a) 0·75 m/s2 (b) 56 m 15. (a) a 5 2 m/s2, s 5 39 m (b) 41·6 m
3. 63 m 4. 10 s 5. 2 m 6. 6 m/s
7. 2·5 m 8. 193 m 9. 2·06 s, 22·2 m/s 10. 5 s Page 219 Mixed examination questions
1. (a) 6·5 (b) 23
2. (a) y 5 211, 25, 21, 1, 1, 21, 25
Page 212 Can you still? 3. w 5 1.5 so each side 5 7·5 cm.
1. 6 years 2. 1·67 < n , 1·68 3. (3x 1 2)(3x 2 2) e 1
4.  _____  5. y 5  __  x 1 4
b1q c2d 2
4. x 5 _____
 p 2 a 
6. (a) 10x 1 2 (b) 3 (c) 12 7. (b) 5·4
xy
8. (a)  __
z  (b) Each pig eats the same amount of food.
Page 213 Hidden car costs 5a 2 5b 2 2a 3y 1 15
9.  ____________
 
   10. (i) x( y 1 2) (ii)  _______
 
Task A 2 y12
1. (a) £743 (b) Not enough money. She is £34·61 short. 11. 7·5 12. 6·3 13. x 5 7 so each side 5 30
2. (a) £789 (b) 44 months 14. y 5 23x 1 20
Task B 15. (a) v 5 0, 4, 6, 6, 4, 0
1. £265 2. £150·06 (b) (i) t 5 2·3 s (ii) 1·5 m/s2 (iii) 9·5 m
3 2 4p
16.  ______  17. 236u
p12
Page 214 Test yourself on unit 6 18. Julie is correct. Phil has forgotten to square root the m.
1 1
1. (a) 8 (b) 3 (c) 5 __  (d) 3 (e)  __ 
3 6
1
(f ) 22 (g) 21 (h) 44 (i) 2 __ 
2 UNIT 7
2. (a) 30°, 70°, 80° (b) 8x 1 2 5 42, 98 cm2 (c) 33, 35, 37
y2c
WATCH YOUR MONEY 1
a
3. (a)  _____
m  (b) a(m 2 k) (c)  ______
m 1 p 
Page 224 WYM 7.1
_______ m2p
(f )  ______ 
3
(d) √(w 2 z)  2
(e) 9b 2 n 1. £40·19 2. £47·25 3. £101·52
11n
d 1 ab d 3
c 2a 4. (a) 17 2 26 2 19 (b) 32718425 (c) www.sb.co.uk
(g)  ______
c 2 a  (h)  ______2  (i)  ______ 
f 2 k k2m (d) 419327 (e) The amount figure and words do not agree.
4. (a) 225 (b) 12 (c) 8 (d) 6 (e) 0 or 7 5. £37·14
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 18 10/6/15 15:04:04

Answers 19
5 7
Page 226 WYM 7.2 9. (a)  ___  (b)  ___ 
12 12
1. £353·15 2. £1044·98 3. £1016·34 4. £125·60 1 1 1 4 1
10. (a)  __  (b)  __  (c)  __  11. (a)  ___  (b)  __ 
5. £785·29 6. £65 7. £807·03 8. £785·08 2 3 2 11 4
1 1 5
9. £785·08 10. Money taken to pay bills. 12. (a)  ___  (b)  __  (c)  ___ 
12 2 12
11. Money taken from a cash machine.
x (13 2 x)
12. Amount overdrawn (owed to bank). 13. (a) 13 2 x (b)  ___  (c)  ________
 
13 13
m
14. (a)  _______ 
(m 1 n)
Page 228 WYM 7.3 (10 2 x)
1. (a) £42 (b) £504 (c) £546 (d) £126 15. (a) 10 1 y (b) 10 2 x (c)  ________ 
(10 1 y)
2. (a) £84 (b) £558 (c) £642 (d) £82
3. (a) Total credit price £820, extra cost £85. (b) £440, £50
Page 236 M8.3
(c) £13 752, £1352 (d) £250, £20 (e) £594·64, £129·64
1. 60
4. £988 5. £980
2. (a) 30 (b) 30 (c) 90 (d) 60
3. 24 4. 4
Page 230 WYM 7.4 5. (a) 28 (b) 20 (c) 32
1. £149·90 2. £3037·57 3. £3057·57 4. £1942·43 6. 48 7. 180 8. 12 9. 25
5. £4936·57 6. £246·83 7. £46·83 8. £5001·73 10. (a) 0·3 (b) 1500
9. £5021·73

1. 0·48 2. 0·021 3. 0·82 4. 20·216
UNIT 8 5. 7·5 3 1012 6. 4 3 1025 7. 4·8 3 103 8. 1·8 3 1017
9. 4 3 1018 10. 8·7 3 1019
Page 232 M8.1
11.
1. (a) 50 (b) 0·18 0·39 2 0·21 → 0·18
2. (a) 0·24, 0·38, 0·45, 0·44, 0·45, 0·42, 0·41, 0·43, 0·41, 0·42, 0·44, 1 4
0·43, 0·44, 0·43, 0·43
0·1 3 0·7 → 0·07
(c) 0·43
↓ ↓
3. (a) Maria (b) Total 0 1 2 3 biased (c) 0·25
0·49 3 0·3 → 0·147
770 188 267 126 189
Page 238 M8.4

Page 232 Can you still? 1. H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6
5 1 3 73
1.  ___  2.  __  3.  __  4.  ___  2. (a) HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT
1
(b)  __ 
12 3 4 90 8
79 7 19 3 3
5.  ____  6.  ___  7.  ___  8. 7  __  3. (b)  __ 
150 24 22 4 9
4. (a) BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BGBB, GBBB, BBGG, BGBG,
GBGB, GGBB, GBBG, BGGB, GGGB, GGBG, GBGG,
Page 234 M8.2 BGGG, GGGG.
1
4 7 2 (b)  ___ 
1. (a)  ___  (b)  ___  (c) 0 (d)  ___  16
13 13 13
5. (2, 1) (2, 4) (2, 9) (2, 16) (3, 1) (3, 4) (3, 9) (3, 16) (5, 1) (5, 4)
1 2 1 4 5 6 (5, 9) (5, 16) (7, 1) (7, 4) (7, 9) (7, 16), 16 outcomes
2. (a)  __  (b)  __  (c)  __  3. (a)  ___  (b)  ___  (c)  ___ 
9 9 3 11 11 11
5 1 1 7 1
6. (b)  ___  (c)  __  (d)  __  (e)  ___  (f )  __ 
1 2 3 1 3 1 36 2 6 36 4
4. (a)  __  (b)  __  (c)  __  5. (a)  __  (b)  ___  (c)  __ 
5 5 5 2 10 2 7. (a) HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH, HHTT, HTHT,
1 1 2 HTTH, TTHH, THHT, THTH, TTTH, TTHT, THTT, HTTT,
6. (a)  __  (b)  __  (c)  __  (d) 0 TTTT.
3 5 3
1 6 4 15
1
7. (a)  ___ 
2
(b)  __ 
1
(c)  __  (b) (i)  ___  (ii)  ___  (iii)  ___  (iv)  ___ 
10 5 2 16 16 16 16
1 1 1 3 1
8. (a)  ___  (b)  __  (c)  __  (d)  ___  8. Game is fair. p(win) 5 __
   for both.
52 2 4 13 6
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 19 10/6/15 15:04:04

20 Answers
Page 240 E8.1 (c) � P Q (d)� P Q

1. (a) 10000 (b) 5000 (c) 2000
2. 720 3. 10000 4. 128
5. (a) 456976000 (b) 258336000 R R
6. 100 7. (a) 1296 (b) 18 8. 40
(e) � P Q (f )� P Q
9. (a) 49 (b) 26 10. 64 11. 24
12. (a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 12
13. (a) 512 (b) 336 (c) 1664 (d) 42
14. (a) 90720 (b) 50400 (c) 80640 R R
15. 18
(g) � P Q (h) � P Q

1 m2y 2 a 1 b R R
1. y 5 180 2 __
    x 2. 106° 3.  ___________
 
2 m2
4. x 5 2, 22 5. 125m6n9 (i) � P Q
Page 244 M8.5

1. (a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} (b) {2, 3} (c) {4, 6} R
(d) {1, 5, 7} (e) 5 (f ) {1, 5, 7} 3. (a) � (b) � A
A B
(g) {1, 4, 5, 6, 7} (h) {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} (i) {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} B
2. (a) {1, 3, 5} (b) 9 (c) {2, 4, 6} (d) 3
3. (a) {5, 7} (b) {3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11} (c) 4
(d) {5, 7, 9} (e) {5, 7, 9} (f ) {3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11} (c) � A C
4. (a), (b) and (d) are true.
5. (a) 7 (b) {m, n, o, p} (c) n
(d) {a, e} (e) 3 (f ) {a, e, m, n, o, p} B
(g) 5 (h) {i, m, n, o, p, u} (i) {a, e}
4. (a) A  B9 (b) (A  B)9 (c) (A  B)9
6. (d), (e) are true.
(d) (A  B)9 (e) (A  B)9  C (f ) (A  B)  C9
7. (a) {3, 7} (b) 3 (c) {1, 4, 5, 8}
(d) 2 (e) {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8} (f ) {4, 5, 8}
Page 246 M8.7
(g) {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9} (h) {3, 7}
38 110 28 43
(i) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 1. (a)  ___  (b)  ____  (c)  ____  (d)  ___ 
81 243 243 81
28 11
2.  ____  3.  ___ 
155 46
Page 245 M8.6 34 2 26 85
4. (a)  ____  (b)  ___  (c)  ____  (d)  ____ 
1. (a) � A B (b) � A B 141 47 141 141
2 1
(e)  ____  (f )  ____ 
141 141
4 7
5.  __  6.  ____ 
7 135
(c) � A B (d) � A B
Page 248 M8.8
1 1 1 1 1 3
1.  ___  2.  __  3. (a)  ___  (b)  __  4. (a)  ____  (b)  ___ 
12 4 16 4 104 26
9 25 1 1 9
2. (a) � P Q (b) � P Q 5. (a)  ___  (b)  ___  6.  ____  7. (a)  ____  (b)  ____ 
64 64 216 196 196
1 1
8. (a) 0·24 (b) 0·06 (c) 0·14 9. (a)  ____  (b)  __ 
169 4
1 1 16
R R 10.  ___  11.  ____  12.  ____ 
64 243 121
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 20 10/6/15 15:04:09

Answers 21
Page 249 Can you still? Page 260 E8.2

1. 5·6 3 102, 560; 6·5 3 1023, 0·0065; 6·5 3 103, 6500; 1 11
1. (a)  ___  (b)  ___  2. (b) 35·5% (c) 0·512
5·6 3 1022, 0·056 10 15
86 3. (a) 0·675 (b) 0·923 4. (b) 46%
2. 6a2 1 23a 1 20 3.  ___ 
99 3 19
5. (a) 0·645 (b) 0·977 6.  ___  7.  ___ 
4. 9·3775 3 10213 5. (2x 2 1)(5x 1 2) 20 20
8. (a) 2·4% (b) 0·208
9. (a) 0·352 (b) 0·360 (c) 0·421
Page 250 M8.9
1. (b) and (e) 2. (a) 0·4 (b) 0·2 (c) 12 Page 261 Can you still?
4
3. (a) 0·9 (b) 0·1 4. 0·2 5.  ___  1. £410 2. 66° 3. 9, 22 4. 6 5. 125 cm
13
6. 0·65 7. (a) 0·8 (b) 0·2
11
8. (a) 0·6 (b) 0·15 (c) 15 9.  ___  Page 263 E8.3
18
3 15 9
10. (a)  __  (b)  ___  (c)  ___  (d) 2 34 25 11 17
8 16 16 1.  ___  2.  ____  3. (b)  ___  (c)  ___ 
63 216 25 35
11. (a) and (c) are true.
86
4. (b) 10 5. 2° 6. (b) 4 7.  ____ (5 0·089)
969
3
8.  ___  9. (b) 0·24 (c) 0·12
8 88 31
1. 53° 2. 30° 3. 113° 4. 67·5° 10. (a)  ___  (b)  ____  11. (a) 31% (b)  ___ (5 0·425)
15 225 73
12. 5
Page 253 M8.10

64 24 49 112 Page 264 Can you still?
1. (b)  ____  (c)  ____  2. (b)  ____  (c)  ____ 
121 121 225 225 2b2 __ __
1. 7mn3 2.  ___
a  3. 2 √ 2  4.  √ 5 
9 42
3. (b) 0·16 (c) 0·48 4. (b)  ____  (c)  ____ 
100 100 5. 60° 6. 199·125 < P , 210·325
1 24
5. (b)  ____  (c)  ____ 
169 169
1
6. (b)  __ 
7
(c)  __ 
3
(d)  __ 
Page 267 Electricity, gas and water Task
8 8 8
1. 53164 2 51083 5 2081
7. (b) 0·343 (c) 0·973 (d) 0·441
2081 3 9·3 5 19353·3p 5 £193.53
91 15
8. (a)  ____  (b)  ____  5% of £193·53 5 £9·68
216 216 Total bill £203·21
9. (a) 9% (b) 41% (c) 86% 2. £119·13 3. £131·91 4. £61·37 5. £109·16
2 2 26
10. (a)  __  (b)  ___  (c)  ___  6. £94·54 7. £110·72 8. £159·51 9. £48
9 27 27

Page 257 M8.11
1. (a) (i) 5 (ii) 25 (iii) 25 (b) (i) 45 (ii) 135 (iii) 90
1 6 3 6 2 10
1. (b)  ___  (c)  ___  2. (b)  ___  (c)  ___  3. (b)  ___  (c)  ___  2. (a) 0·46, 0·58, 0·62, 0·68, 0·68, 0·62, 0·6, 0·63, 0·64, 0·62, 0·64,
13 13 11 11 21 21
0·63, 0·64, 0·64
91 27 369 2 15 13
4. (b)  ____  (c)  ___  (d)  ____  5. (a)  ___  (b)  ___  (c)  ___  (c) 0·64 (d) 1280
460 92 460 17 17 34
1 3 1 3
21 27 219 4 74 3. (a) (i)     (ii)  __  (iii)  __  (iv)  __ 
__
6. (b)  ___  (c)  ___  (d)  ____  7. (b)  __  (c)  ____  8 8 4 8
55 55 220 7 105
1 1 7
1 (b) (i)  __  (ii)  __  (iii)  ___ 
8.  __  3 6 12
5
(x 2 1) 2xy 4. (a) (i) F.H.A., F.H. Dt., F.G.A., F.G.Dt., L.H.A., L.H.Dt., L.G.A.,
x
9. (a)  ______ 3 __________
    (b)  ________________
    L.G.Dt., S.H.A., S.H.Dt., S.G.A., S.G.Dt.
(x 1 y) (x 1 y 2 1) (x 1 y)(x 1 y 2 1)
(ii) 12
n (n 2 1) n(n 2 1)
10. (a)  ___ 3 _______
    (b) 1 2  ________
  5. (a) 1000 (b) 400
20 19 380
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 21 10/6/15 15:04:10

22 Answers
6. (a) {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 17} (b) {7, 17} (c) {13} ( )

(k) 25
  
26  ()
(l) 90  ()
(m) 74  ( )
(n) 23
  
4  ( )
(o) 22
  
23 
(d) {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17} (e) {2, 3, 5, 11, 13} (f ) 3
(p) ( 29 6 ) (q) ( 56 )
   ( )
(r) 25
  
7 
(g) � A B (h) � A B
2. (f ) ( 44 ) (g) (   
28  )
22
()
(h) 08 
1 1
7. (a) (i)  ___  (ii)  ___ 
1
(b)  ___  Page 279 M9.4
12 26 32
7. (e) (23, 6) (23, 4) (22, 4)
8. (a) (i) 0·2 (ii) 0·3 (iii) 25 (b) 0·7
9 48 3 13 9 8. (a) x 5 3 (b) y axis (c) y 5 21 (d) x axis
9. (a) (ii)     (iii)     (b) (ii)     (iii)  ___  (iv)  ___ 
____ ____ ___
121 121 28 28 14 9. (e) x 5 1
4 13 10. (f ) Reflection in y axis.
10. (a)  ___  (b)  ___ 
17 22

Page 271 Mixed examination questions 1. 210 2. 4
18 8
1. 126 2. (b)  ___  3. 540 4.  ___  5. 0·82 3. (a) 5x 1 250 5 360 (b) x 5 22 (c) 12°, 94°, 143°, 111°
25 11
4. 54°
3 9
6. (a)  ___  (b)  ___  7. (a) 140 5. Rose £190, Imran £265, Megan £305
16 37
29
8. (a)  ___  (b) 12·25%
45
20 Page 281 M9.5
9. (a) 30 (b) 18 10.  ___  11. 0·21
21 5. (a) (7, 5) (b) (5, 5)
(c) (5, 4) (d) (2, 8)
2 1 3 7
12. (a)  ___ 
75
(b)  __ 
2
13. (a)  __  (b)  ___ 
5 20
1 1
(
6. (a) Rotation 90° clockwise about 1 __ , 2 __   .
2 2 )
1 2 3 (b) Rotation 180° centre (0, 2).
14. (a)  __  (b)  __  (c)  ___ 
3 3 13
(c) Rotation 90° anti-clockwise centre (21, 1).
UNIT 9 Page 283 Can you still?

1. (a) 5 (b) y 5 5x 1 7
Page 275 M9.1 2. 4xy 3. 2·7 4. y 5 2x 2 5
3. (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1 (e) 4 (f ) 2
(g) 4 (h) 2 (i) 5 ( j) 8 (k) 5 (l) 1
Page 285 M9.6
(m) 6 (n) 6 (o) 4 (p) 4
1. Scale factor 2, centre (1, 0) 2. S.F. 3, centre (2, 4)
3. S.F. 4, centre (26, 5) 4. S.F. 2, centre (4, 3)
Page 276 M9.2 5. S.F. 2, centre (25, 5)
2. (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 2
3. cube 4. (b) 5
Page 288 E9.1
( )
  6 
  
2. (d) 23 ( )
3. (e) 23
  
0  4. S.F. 23 centre (2, 1)
1. p 5 3, q 5 2, r 5 7
1
5. S.F. 1 __ , centre (2, 21)
2
6. (f ) Back to A ()
7. (f ) 60 
2. HCF 5 15, LCM 5 3 3 5 3 11 3 23 (3795)
3. 42 4. 32 5. 10 6. 24 7. 6 Page 290 E9.2
8. 38, 40, 42, 44 1. (g) Rotation 90° clockwise centre (22, 22)
2. (c) Translation 25
  
3  ( )
Page 278 M9.3
3. (g) Translation 60  ()
( )
 231 
1. (a)    ( )
 273 
(b)    ( )
(c) 24
  
29  ( )
 2101 
(d)    ( )
 260 
(e)   
4. (f ) Rotation 180° about (2, 0).
( )
 282 
(f )    ()
(g) 50  ()
(h) 43  (i) ( 22
24 )
   ( j) ( 27
2 )
   5. (d) Rotation 90° clockwise, centre (1, 21).
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 22 10/6/15 15:04:11

Answers 23
(g) Enlargement S.F. 22, centre (4, 0). Page 308 M10.2
1
6. (e) Enlargement S.F. __
   centre (0, 11) 1. Tom’s 2. Ed
2
(h) Rotation 90° clockwise, centre (23, 2). 3. (a) 300 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 630 (e) 180
()
(i) Translation 73  . (f ) 132 (g) 22·4 (h) 5 (i) 16
4. No 5. £51·48 6. 38·4 7. Yes
Page 291 Can you still? 8. B 9. D 10. a metre 11. 3
1. (a) 60 (b) 0
12x Page 308 Can you still?
2. 6 3. x 5 2 or 3 4. z 5 0 or 10 5.  _____
 
4 7
1. y 5 4x 1 3 2. (a) 22, 3 (b)  __ , 2
3
Page 293 M9.7 1
3. (a)  ___ 
3
(b)  __ 
27
(c)  _____ 
64 2 1000
1. SSS 2. SAS 3. No 4. ASA
4. Tai earns £33·85 more.
17. (a) (i) x (ii) x (iii) x (d) PGR
Page 310 M10.3

Page 298 Student finance
1 1
Task B 1. 1 __ hrs. 2. 9 __ hrs.
2 2
1. (a) £167·63 (b) £493·99 3. (a) 60 M.P.H. (b) 36 M.P.H. (c) 45 M.P.H. (d) 72 M.P.H.
(c) Owes £39 421·36 after working one year and owes £41 272·89
after two years. (e) 40 M.P.H.
2. (a) £38 268·60 (b) £42 998·60 4. 11 miles 5. 18 km 6. 11·35 7. 20 secs.

8. (a) 10·8 (b) 72 (c) 2100 (d) 2·808
9. (a) 5 (b) 32 (c) 17 (d) 6·8
10. Ben 11. 60 km/h 12. 970 km/h 13. 3 m 20 secs.
1. (a) (i) 2 (ii) 2 (b) (i) 8 (ii) 8
14. 47·5 km/h
(c) (i) 1 (ii) 1 (d) 
15. (a) 99 km (b) 08·45 (c) 20 km/h (d) 68 km/h
2. (a) 3 3. (c) Translation 25
   ( )
1  4. 2 square units
(e) 10 m/s (f ) car A
5. (b) (i) Rotation 90° anticlockwise, centre (1, 21).
(ii) Rotation 90° clockwise, centre (0, 0). Page 313 M10.4
6. (a) S.F. 2, Centre (3, 9). 1. 15 cm , 30 g, 4 g/cm3, 20 cm3, 190 cm3
3
9. (h) Reflection in y 5 21. 2. 164 g 3. 19·3 g/cm3 4. 0·009 N/cm2 5. 1·54 g/cm3
6. 200 cm3 7. 29 Pa 8. 263 cm3 9. 9·6 cm
Page 303 Mixed examination questions 10. 8·232 g/cm3 11. 144 N 12. £171 13. £21·95
( )
 216  .
1. Translation through   
14. 218·75 15. 0·8 m
2. Rotation 180° about (21, 1).

3. (b) Rotation 90° anticlockwise about (0, 21).
( p 2 m)2
2.  ________
( )
 227  .
4. (a) Translation through   
1. 4·76 a  3. 4 4. (x 1 4)(x 2 4)
5. (x 2 7)(x 1 2) 6. (x 2 3)(x 2 4)
7. (b) Enlargement about (0, 0), scale factor 22.
8. (a) 52°
Page 315 M10.5
1. (a) 24 (b) 12·21 (c) 10·80 (d) 11·11
UNIT 10 (e) 15·01 (f ) 40·95
2. 12·50 3. 14·56 4. 37·64 5. 7·32
Page 306 M10.1 6. 7·21 7. 10 8. 8·49
1. (a) 4 kg (b) 0·71 (c) 2 m (d) 330 ml
2. 2·43 kg 3. 220 4. 12 5. 2800 Page 316 Can you still?
6. 2·85 kg 7. 647 kg y2c yz 2 c _______
w2 1 b
1.  _____ 2.  ______ 3.  √ ( p 2 m)  4.  ______
8. (a) 2 pounds (b) 2 pints (c) 7 pounds (d) 22 yards a  m  a 
3 1 1
9. 6  __  5. 2  __ , __
    6. y 5 2x 1 7
4 2 3
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 23 10/6/15 15:04:11

24 Answers
Page 317 M10.6 Page 327 M10.11

1. B by 0·57 2. 4·90 m 3. 10·39 m 1. 14·3 cm 2. 59·7° 3. 73·7° 4. 3·00 m
4. 11·40 km 5. 23·71 inches 5. 20·2° 6. (a) 11·3 m (b) 13·8 m 7. 17·7°
__ __ __ ___ __
6. (a)  √2  cm (b)  √8  cm (2 √2 ) (c)  √28  cm (2 √ 7 ) 10
___ 5
___
__
___ 8. 5 1   __ 1   __ 5 5 1 5 √ 3 
√ √
  3    3 
7. 2·58 km 8. 5·02 m 9.  √ 10  cm2
9. (a) 11·5° (b) 33·9° (c) 68·1°
10. (b) (8, 1) ( 1
(c) 5, 2  __  
2 ) (d) 6·71
10. 19·1 cm 11. 6·6 cm 12. (a) 45° (b) 3·83 cm
11. (b) (21, 22) (c) (0, 0) (d) 8·94 13. 4·08 m 14. 5·49 cm 15. 29·9 cm2 16. 13·4 cm
12. 9·17 cm 17. 9·92 cm 18. 6·45 cm, 16·8 cm
13. (a) 6·32 (b) 10·91 (c) 12·69 19. (a) 9 cm (b) 13·5 cm
15. 110·85 cm2 20. 35·7 cm 21. x 5 28·5 cm, h 5 34·0 cm
16. (a) 17 cm (b) 11·18 cm (c) 7·21 cm 22. 35·5° 23. 58·5°
17. 20·6 cm 18. 12 cm
Page 321 M10.7 1
1. 2  __  2. y 5 2x 2 1 3. y 5 22x 2 1 4. y 5 3x 2 2
5
1. A. 2. H. 3. A. 4. H. 5. O.
6. O. 7. H. 8. A.
Page 333 M10.12
Page 322 M10.8 ()

1. a 5 13  , b 5 22
23
( )
  , c 5 22
   ( )
2  , d 5 22
     
4  , e 5    ( )
 214  , ( )
1. 11·4 cm 2. 11·2 cm 3. 4·53 cm 4. 17·9 cm ( )
f 5 22
   23
23  , g 5   
1  ( )
5. 6·38 cm 6. 30·8 cm 7. 67·9 cm 8. 30·1 cm ___› › ___ ___ ___
4 › 0 ›
9. 9·16 cm 10. 49·9 cm 11. 4·23 cm ( )
3
h 5     21
   ( ) ()   1
23  , AB5 2  , CD5 2  , EF5 2  , GH5  21  ,() ( )
12. r 5 11·1 cm, s 5 21·5 cm 13. t 5 15·0 cm, u 5 7·95 cm _
__› ___› ___› _ __›
14. v 5 22·5 cm 15. w 5 9·01 cm

()
MN5 44  , PQ5 24
0  , RS5 21
      ( )   5 
  
22  , XY5 23 ( ) ( )
__ ___ ___ __ ___› ___ ___› ___ ___›
3. a √
  5 , b √
  10 , c √   2 , ∣AB∣ √
  29 , d 3, e √   20 , ∣CD∣ √
  37 , ∣EF∣ 5,
___› _
__› ___
Page 323 Can you still? ∣GH∣ 2, ∣MN∣ √
  41 
m 4h 2 3qx 4. (a) 3 (b) 6

1. 5 3 1012 < __
 n , 8 3 1012 2.  ________
 
q2k
1 Page 336 M10.13
3. 5 __  4. 14·1 cm
2
( )
  6 
1. (a) 10 (212
(b)   
6  ) ()
(c) 16  ( )
  2 
(d) 12 ()
(e) 00 
Page 324 M10.9
1. 28·6° 2. 47·3° 3. 77·9° 4. 38·0°
(f ) ( 22
1 )
   ( )
13
(g) 13
  (h) ( 92 ) (
211
(i)   
12  ) ( j) (   
  8 )
217
5. 46·1° 6. 66·8° 7. 55·3° 8. 37·8° 2. (a) ( 27  2 )
   (b) (   
3 )
25
( )
(c) 22
  
7  ( )
23
  
(d) 24
 
9. (i) 13·4 cm (ii) 44·8° 10. (i) 3·82 cm (ii) 18·2° ___› ___› ___›
(e) AB1 BC
5 AC
(f ) (8, 10) (g) (6, 17)
11. 41·8° 12. 55·2° 13. 40·7° 14. 25·8°
() 7 _
1
3. (a) 23( )
  0 
   ( )
18
(c) _16  
(b) 10
 
5 3
Page 326 M10.10 ____ ____
(d)  √ 424 5 2 √106 5 20·6
___
(e)  √ 40 5 2 √10 5 6·3
___
__ __
( )
10 10 √3  14 14 √3  __
1. 2 2.  _____ 5 _____
    3.  _____ 5 _____
    4. 4 √2  2  _2
5
√
  3  3 √
  3  3 4.   
1  
__ 2  _2
5. 10 6. 7 7. 45° 8. 4 √3 
__
9. 30° 10. 30° 11. 2 √3  cm2 5. (a) w (b) c (c) z (d) m (e) s (f ) n
__ __ __
(g) q (h) q (i) k ( j) w or p (k) m
1 1 __√   2 1 √
√
  3  ________   6 
12. (a)  _______  5     (b) 75° (30° 1 45°)
2 √2  4 6. (a) b (b) 22a (c) 3a (d) a 1 b
(e) 2a 1 2b (f ) 2a 1 b (g) a 1 2b (h) 22a 2 b
(i) 3a 1 2b ( j) 2a 2 3b (k) 24a 2 b (l) a 1 4b
Page 327 Can you still? ___› ___› ___› __›
7. (a) LW (b) LP (c) LD (d) LT
364 15 ___› ___› ___› ___›
1. 23, 4 2.  ____  3. 6 4. 62° 5.  ___ 
999 16 (e) LU (f ) LH (g) LA (h) LE
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 24 10/6/15 15:04:11

Answers 25
8. (a)    ( )
 215  (b) 23
  ( )
23  ()
(c) 82  ( )
(d) 25
  
1 
1
(b)  __  (a 1 b 1 c)
3
1
(b)  __  (a 1 b 1 c)
3
1
(c)  __  (a 1 b 1 c)
3
()
(e) 33  (f ) ( 22
22 )
   (e) they meet at a point. (f ) (5, 4)
3 3 1
11. (a) (i)  __  p (ii)  __  q (iii)  __  (p 1 q)
9. (a) b (b) 2a (c) a 2 b (d) a 1 b 4 8 4
1 1 1 1
10. (a) 23p (b) p 1 q (c) 2p 2 q (d) q 2 3p (iv)  __  q 2  __  p (v)  __  q 2  __  p
4 2 8 4
11. (a) 22m (b) m 1 2n (c) m 1 n (d) 2m ___› ___›
1 (b) MX5 2XNso MX is parallel to XN. M, X and N are
12. (a) b 1 c (b)  __  b 1 c 2 a co-linear Ratio 2:1.
2
1 1 1
(c) a 1  __  b 2 c (d) a 1  __  b 2  __  c
2 2 2
___› ___› ___› ___› Page 343 Sand for the Park Task
13. Yes, CD5 2AB 14. Yes, WZ5 3PQ
2 Sheets £17·58
30 pieces of timber: £91·80 (because ‘buy one get one free’)
Page 338 Can you still? 1 pack of 150 screws: £7·25
__ 6 one tonne bags: £847·20
1.  √2  2. 512 3. 35·3 cm Total £963·83
bx
4. y 5  _____ 
c2a 4. 37·21 £636·17 left from Wayne’s budget
649 kg of play sand left over
Page 340 E10.1

1. (a) 2b (b) 3a 1 2b (c) 2b (d) 2b 2 3a (e) 3a
2. (a) b (b) 2b (c) b 2 a (d) 2b 2 2a 1. (a) 762 g (b) 10 km (c) 54
1 1
(e) 2b 2 a (f ) b 2 2a 2. (a) 4  __ hrs. (b) 1  __ mins. (c) 4980 g
2 2
3. B, C and E
(d) 19·3 g/cm3 (e) 194·4 N
1 1 1
4. (a) (i)  __  q (ii)  __  p (iii) p 1 q (iv)  __  (p 1 q) 3. (a) 7 cm (b) 12·7 cm (c) 9·8 cm
2 2 4
1 1 1 1 (d) 6·4 (f ) 116·1 cm2
(v)  __  p 2  __  q (vi)  __  p 2  __  q __
4 4 4 4 8 √3 
8__ ____
4. (a) 55·4° (b) 35·8 cm (c)  ___  5     cm (d) 7·7 cm
(b) MR is parallel to RN.  M, R and N are co-linear. √
  3  3
(c) 1 : 1 5. (a) H B
2
5. (a) (i) s 2 r (ii) r 1 s (iii)  __  (s 2 r)
3
2 1 1 1 O
(iv)  __  s 1  __  r (v)  __  s (vi)  __  (s 1 r)
3 3 3 3 C D A
___› ___
1 › n
(b) From (ii) and (vi) YX5 __
   AC
 YX is parallel to AC. F G
3
m E
(c) 1 : 3
1 1 1
(ii)  __  (q 2 p) (iii)  __  (p 1 q) (iv)  __  (p 1 q)
6. (a) (i) q 2 p
2 2 3 (b) (i)   (
  10 
214 ) (
(ii)    )
 2112  (iii)   (
  6 
233 ) (iv) 21
   ( )
26 
___› ___›
3
(c) From (b) BF5 __
    BG  parallel. B, F and G are co-linear. (v) 10 (vi) (7, 5)
2
___› ___› ___› ___›
1 2 1 3
(d) CG5 __     p 2  __  q, CD5 __
    p 2 q  CD5 __
    CG 1 1 7
3 3 2 2 6. (a) (i) 3a 2 b (ii)  __  (3a 2 b) (iii)  __  (7a 1 3b) (iv) b 2  __  a
4 4 2
(e) BF, CD and AE
1 1 1
3 1 1 (b) (i) u 1 v (ii) u 1  __  v (iii) v 1  __  u (iv)  __  (u 1 v)
7. (a)  __  p (b) p 1  __  q (c) p 1 q (d)  __  (p 1 q) 2 2 2
2 4 2
___ ___ 1
›
1 1 › 1 1 (v) u (vi) v 2 u (vii)  __  (2u 1 v) (ix) 1:2
(e) XY5 __
    q 2  __  p, YZ5 __
    q 2  __  p 3
4 2 4 2
(f ) XY parallel to YZ so X, Y and Z co-linear.
8. (a) (3, 6) (b) (4, 0) (c) 4·2 Page 347 Mixed examination questions
9. (a) 2q 2 2p (b) q 2 p 1. Lorry speed 5 48·96 km/h so below speed limit.
(c) RQ 5 2NL, RQ parallel to NL 2. 16·5 cm 3. 6 minutes 4. 12·0 cm
___› ___› ___› ___›
___›
(d) PL5 q, LM5 p, NM5 q, PN5 p 1
5. (b) MN5 __
    (2q 1 3p) so MN parallel to CB.
2
10. (a) (i) b 2 a (ii) c 2 a (iii) c 2 b
1 c
(iv)  __  a 2 b 1  __ 
1 1
(v)  __  a 1  __  b 2 c
1 1
(vi)  __  b 1  __  c 2 a ( )
 287  (b)   
6. (a)     211(
21 
) 7. Yes. Pythagoras works. 8. 24
2 2 2 2 2 2
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 25 10/6/15 15:04:12

26 Answers
1
9. (a)  __  (a 1 2b) Page 354 M11.2
3
___›
(b) OD5 a 1 2b, O is common point so O, N, D on a straight 1. Arsenal 60°, Liverpool 60°, Chelsea 80°, Man U. 100°,
line (using part (a) answer) Everton 24°, A. Villa 36°.
10. 2·4 N/cm2 11. 24·7 cm2 12. 25 mph 2. Shakespeare 90°, Churchill 108°, Newton 42°, Elizabeth I 72°,
Brunel 48°.
3
13. (a) (i) 3q 2 2p (ii)  __  q 1 p
2 3. Crisps 120°, Fruit 70°, Nuts 20°, Biscuits 36°, Chocolate 68°,
___›
3 ___› Other 46°.
(b) Trapezium. AC5 3q and MN
5 __
    q so AC parallel to MN.
2 4. Simpsons 50, 150°; Bugs Bunny 8, 24°; Jungle Book 20, 60°;
No other parallel sides. Tom and Jerry 30, 90°; Scooby Doo 12, 36°
__
14. 6 √2  (a) 20 (b) 40 (c) 8 (d) 12
5. (a) £225 (b) £150 (c) £525
6. (a) 50 (b) 30 (c) 18 (d) 90 (e) 40 (f ) 12
7. Homer 70, 140°; Bart 40, 80°; Mr Burns 32, 64°; Marge 22, 44°;
UNIT 11 Lisa 16, 32°.
8. (a) Carl wrong (240:250) (b) Yasmin wrong (160:150)
Page 351 M11.1 9. B
10. C
1. (a) Art P.E. Maths Science Total
B. 20 53 28 18 119
G. 31 28 8 14 81 Page 355 Can you still?
Total 51 81 36 32 200 1. 53 2. 2·1 3 1015 3. 1
12
36 9 4. (a) P 5 ___
  __  (b) 3 (c) 2·25
(b)  ____ 5 ___
    √
  Q 
200 50 __
4 √5 
5.  ____  
2. (a) Drink Smoke 5
Smoke Neither Total
Alcohol and Drink
Y.10 21 40 88 24 173
Y.11 23 56 110 38 227 Page 358 M11.3
Total 44 96 198 62 400 1. (a) none (b) negative (c) none (d) positive
2. (c) about 66
198 99 23
(b)  ____ 5 ____
    (c) 24·7% (d)  ___  3. (a) weak positive (b) weak positive
400 200 44
43 59 (c) positive (d) none
3.  ____  4.  ____ 
125 220
5. (a) Car No Car Page 359 M11.4

Total
Accident Accident
1. (a) About 14 (d) (80, 20)
17–25 123 481 604
(e) Outside the range. Test score would be more than the
26–60 65 637 702 maximum 20.
Over 60 98 396 494 2. (a) Negative (c) (45, 12) (d) about 58
Total 286 1514 1800 (e) No, outside the range. Could give a negative age.
(b) 15·9%
(c) 17–25 20·4% Page 362 M11.5
26–60, 9·3%
601 19·8% 1. (b) 11, 11, 16, 21, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24
98
____ 49
____ (c) Sales increase steadily and then stay constant.
(d)    5    
286 143
2. (b) 47, 43, 45, 47, 56, 55, 53, 52, 52
(d) There is a gradual increase and then a slow decrease.
Lower wages – team demoted?
3. (b) 920, 1060, 1080, 1080, 1100, 1140, 1340, 1320, 1420, 1420
1. (a) 0·15 (b) 0·45 (c) 16
(d) Attendance went up steadily.
2. HCF 5 36, LCM 5 3276
4. (b) 3·9, 3·9, 3·8, 3·7, 3·6, 3·2, 2·6, 2·1, 2·2, 2, 2·4, 3
zx 1
3.  ______   4.  __  (c) Profits fell steadily and then increased from 2014.
m3 2 p 8
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 26 10/6/15 15:04:13

Answers 27
Page 364 Can you still? Page 372 Test yourself on unit 11
1 21 1 8
1. (a)  ___  (b)  ___  1. (a)  __  (b) 22·5% (c)  ___ 
10 40 3 49
55 268 440 11 2. (a) Inherited 69°, Business 114°, Music 84°, Sport 57°, Other 36°.
2. (a)  ____  (b)  ____  (c)  ____  (d)  ___ 
323 323 969 18 (b) (i) 18 (ii) 36 (iii) 12 (iv) 42
3. (b) (2·6, 49) (c) strong negative (d) about 42
(e) 2·2 → 2·3
Page 365 M11.6
4. (b) 4-point averages : 410, 355, 335, 260, 195, 220, 235, 325, 415
1. For discussion, d and e are ok.
(d) Decrease in summer – better weather.
2. (a) No, whole day not covered (b) Yes 80
5. (b) (ii)  ____ 5 0·214 → Spain 13, Greece, 10, U.S.A. 18,
(c) No, biased sample. 374
Australia 8, Thailand 6, France 17,
(d) The telephone directory will not have people without landlines. India 4,China 4
(e) No, bias (f ) Yes (g) Yes (h) No, age bias
1. 2, 5, 1 2. (a) Positive (b) About 83
3. 75°, 50°, 100°, 135° 4. 20 5. 19
1. 56 2. 22 or 24 3. 6 4. 0 or 6
6. (a) Every member of the population has the same chance of being
1 3 2 5
5. 8 or 22 6. 29 7. 2  __ or __
    8.  __ or __
    chosen.
5 2 3 4
(c) 141
1
7. (i)  __  (ii) 13 380 (iii) 29 733
4
Page 368 M11.7
1. 24 2. (Vertically) 12, 11, 11, 8, 8
3. (a) Systematic (b) Yes UNIT 12
5. 36, 15, 11, 5, 17, 7, 7 (2 more needed so round up 2 values).
6. (a) 14 Page 378 M12.1
(b) There are more females than males, choose 11 females and 1. (b) y 5 2 (c) x 5 4 2. (b) y 5 3, x 5 1
9 males.
(c) 5
Page 379 M12.2
7. (a) Mean 5 66·55 (b) Mean 5 66·1
1. (a) x 5 3, y 5 2 (b) x 5 0, y 5 5 (c) x 5 1, y 5 6
(c) Method in part (a) is more reliable because it has more values.
1 1
(d) Random sampling. 2. x 5 4, y 5 3 3. x 5 1  __ , y 5 4  __ 
2 2
8. (a) 334 (b) 205 1 1
4. x 5 1  __ , y 5 3  __  5. x 5 5, y 5 3
2 2
6. (a) x 5 10, y 5 1 (b) x 5 3, y 5 8 (c) x 5 1, y 5 4
1. (a) (x 1 6)2 5 (x 1 4)2 1 (x 1 2)2 Page 381 M12.3
(b) x 5 4, 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm 1. x 5 3, y 5 1 2. x 5 2, y 5 4 3. x 5 21, y 5 5
2. (a) (n 1 5)(n 1 3) 2 15 (b) n2 1 8n 2 65 5 0 4. x 5 4, y 5 3 5. x 5 2, y 5 1 6. x 5 2, y 5 22
(c) n 5 5 7. x 5 6, y 5 3 8. x 5 1, y 5 2 9. x 5 5, y 5 2
10. x 5 23, y 5 1 11. x 5 4, y 5 22 12. x 5 23, y 5 23
Page 371 Maximising and minimising

Task A Page 381 Can you still?
Depends on pupil design assumptions. 1 1 19
1. 4, 5 2. (a)  ___  (b)  __  (c)  ___ 
27 9 27
Task B __
1·67 cm length Extension 1 : (length of piece of card) 4 6 3. 0,1 4.  √ 3  cm2
Task C
1. Square with side 25 cm (area 5 625 m2) Page 381 M12.4
2. Regular pentagon with side 20 cm (area 5 688·2 m2) 1. a 5 2, b 5 1 2. c 5 3, d 5 1 3. x 5 3, y 5 2
3. Circle with radius 15·9 cm (area 5 795·8 m ) 2 4. p 5 5, q 5 4 5. u 5 4, v 5 21 6. p 5 7, q 5 22
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 27 10/6/15 15:04:13

28 Answers
7. a 5 5, b 5 22 8. m 5 3, n 5 4 9. p 5 5, q 5 21 5. (a) 72 (b) 15552

10. g 5 3, h 5 4 11. m 5 4, n 5 1 12. b 5 5, c 5 2 6. (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 8
13. x 5 3, y 5 21 14. r 5 7, s 5 23 15. p 5 3, q 5 2 1
7. 12 hrs 13 mins 8. 6,  __ 
2
16. b 5 2, c 5 23 17. x 5 22, y 5 4 18. m 5 23, n 5 22
9. (a) Add previous 2 terms. (b) 68 10. 18
19. x 5 1, y 5 5 20. x 5 22, y 5 5 21. a 5 21, b 5 21
11. (a) 2, 6,12, 20 (b) 23, 21, 3, 9 (c) 1, 3, 9, 27
22. x 5 0·25, y 5 20·5 23. a 5 0·5, b 5 3 24. r 5 0·4, s 5 20·75
(d) 22, 5, 16, 31 (e) 6, 12, 24, 48 (f ) 2, 10, 50, 250
12. 37 13. (a) 4 (b) 192
Page 383 M12.5 14. Common ratio not 6 throughout.
1. Shirt £42, Tie £16 2. 5 gellos, 12 inkos
3. 1st £205·50, 2nd £129·50 4. 25 Page 387 Can you still?
^
5. 13, 6 6. m 5 3, c 5 21 1. 2x 2 8 2. 2(2n 1 1)(2n 2 1) 3. OAC 5 60 2 2x
_________
7. (a) m 5 6d (b) m 1 2 (c) d 1 2 2 4 1
4.  __  , 2  __  5. 29   (v 2 2as)  7.  __ 
6. u 5 √ 2
5 3 2
(d) m 1 2 5 5 (d 1 2) (e) Daughter 8, mother 48.
8. A £13·50 B £18 9. 35 cm
Page 389 M12.8
3 1
10. a 5 3, b 5 5, c 5 2 11. 4  __  cm, 3  __  cm 1. (a) 6n 2 3 (b) 10n 1 3 (c) 8n 2 7 (d) 14 2 2n
4 3
2
12. y 5 x 1 4x 2 2 1
(e)  __  n 1 2 (f ) 7n 2 3 (g) 5n 1 3 (h) 9n 2 2
2
(i) 21 2 4n ( j) 49 2 9n
Page 384 Can you still? 2. (a) 6n 2 1 (b) 239 (c) 80th
5 3. (a) 7n 2 4 (b) 493 (c) 102nd
1.  __  2. 125m9n6 3. m2 1 6mn 1 9n2
2 4. (b) s 5 4n 1 1 (c) 201
20
4. 22  ___  5. x3 1 12x2 1 48x 1 64 5. (b) s 5 2n 1 1 (c) 101
21
6. (b) s 5 4n 1 1 (c) 201
7. (b) s 5 9n 1 1 (c) 451
Page 385 M12.6
8. (a) Yes (n 5 19) (b) 31 (c) 4n 1 7
1 1
1. 162, 486, 33 each time. 2. 2  __ , 3, add __
   each time. 9. 5
2 2
3. 50, 0, take 10, then take 10 more each time. 10. (a) 5n 1 20 (b) 65 (c) 14th
4. 2·9, 3·3, add 0·4 each time. 11. (a), (b), (d) are arithmetic and (c), (e), (f ) are geometric.
5. 0·03, 0·003 divide by 10 each time. 12. (a) 250n 1 34750 (b) 24
1 1 13. (a) 46 2 8n (b) 104 2 11n (c) 20
6.  _____  ,  _____  , increase the divisor by 5 times each time.
1250 6250 14. (a) 6n 1 21 (b) 27, 29, 31
7. (a) 48 (b) 96
8. 31, 42 9. 63, 90 10. 46, 64 11. 37, 53
12. 121, 169 13. 50, 70 14. 79, 109 15. 32, 43
16. 21, 34, add the previous 2 numbers. 17. 24, 44 ( )
  8 
1. 17
18. (a) 1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1
(b) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 …, doubles each time.
2. (a) Translation 25
   ( )
24  (b) Reflection in y 5 x 1 1
(c) Reflection in y axis

(c) Numbers form triangles.
(d) Rotation 90° Clockwise, Centre (3, 22)
19. (a) 216, 343 (b) 218, 345 (c) 18, 29 (d) 1875, 9375
1
(e) 80, 2160 (f ) 72, 132 (e) Enlargement s.f. __     , Centre (0, 0)
2
20. 6, 9, 14, 21, 30, 41 (f ) Enlargement s.f. 2, Centre (1, 24)
21. (a) 1, 5, 9, 13 (b) 0, 3, 8, 15 (c) 9, 12, 17, 24
(d) 2, 4, 8, 16
1 3 5 7
(e)  __  ,  __  ,  __  ,  __  (f ) 0, 1, 3, 6 Page 392 E12.1
3 5 7 9
1. (a) 2, 7, 12, 17 (b) 22, 22, 0, 4 (c) 38, 34, 30, 26
(d) 1, 4, 16, 64 (e) 2, 10, 20, 32 (f ) 7, 14, 28, 56
Page 386 M12.7
2. (a) 6, 10, 14, 18 (b) 4, 3, 4, 3 (c) 4, 0·5, 4, 0·5
1
1. (a)  __  (b) 4 (c) 23 (d) 5 (d) 256, 64, 16, 4 (e) 3, 9, 81, 6561 (f ) 4, 6, 20, 342
3
2. 3072 3. 67530 4. 5 3. u2 5 10, u1 5 2 4. (a) 5 (b) 348
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 28 10/6/15 15:04:13

Answers 29
5. 1 23. a 5 5, b 5 1, c 5 28 24. a 5 6, b 5 2, c 5 219

6. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 (Fibonacci) 5 33
25. p 5 3, q 5 25, r 5 265 26. p 5 2, q 5 2  __ , r 5 2  ___ 
4 8
7. Geometric progression. ___
__
5 √   23 
8. (b) n is even (multiple of 2) so 2n 2 3 is odd (even 2 odd 5 odd). 27. 21 6 √
  5  28. 2  __ 6 ____
   
2 2
___
3 √
  37 
29.  ___ 6 ____
   
14 14
1. (h) (1, 1), (1, 25), (22, 25)
2. Antonia is correct. Page 399 E12.5
1. (a) (2, 9) (b) (3, 4) (c) (4, 22) ( 1
2 )
(d) 2  __  , 27
Page 394 E12.2 2
2. (a) y 5 (x 1 5) 2 4 (b) (25, 24) (c) x 5 25
1. n2 1 2 2. n2 2 1 3. n2 2 4 3. (a) (5, 222) (b) (2, 23) (c) (27, 210) (d) (1, 23)
4. n2 1 10 5. n2 1 n 6. n2 2 2n 4. Possibly y 5 (x 2 5)2 2 3 or y 5 x2 2 10x 1 22
7. (a) d 5 n2 1 2n (b) 960 5. (a) 1 (b) None
8. (a) n2 1 3n (b) 460
9. (a) n2 1 n 1 3 (b) n2 1 3n 2 2
(c) 2n 1 n 2
(d) 3n2 1 4n 1 1
Page 401 E12.6
1. 26·19 or 20·807 2. 22·41 or 0·414 3. 4·54 or 21·54
10. (a) 2n2 2 2n 1 1 (b) 761
1 4. 0·540 or 20·740 5. 2·08 or 21·33 6. 20·232 or 21·43
11.  __  (n2 1 n)
2 7. 0·0938 or 21·52 8. 1 or 20·6 9. 1·19 or 21·69
10. 20·407 or 21·84 11. 20·314 or 21·22 12. 0·631 or 21·41
Page 395 E12.3 13. 1·64 or 24·04 14. 1·32 or 20·687 15. 0·777 or 20·920
__ __ __
1. (a) un 5 ( √7 )n 2 1 (b) un 5 2( √2 )n 2 1 or un 5 ( √2 )n 1 1 16. 0·828 or 24·83 17. 0·608 or 24·11 18. 5·37 or 20·372
___ ___ ____
1 2 3 4 1 25 6 √  21  23 6 √  17  36√   229 
2. (a)  __  ,  __  ,  __  (b) 2, 6, 12 (c) 1, __
    ,  __  _________
19.     20.  _________
  21.  _________
 
4 5 6 9 4 2 2 10
___ ____
3 21 6 √  13  25 6 √  221 
3. (a) un 5 __
  2  (b) un 5 5(2) n
22.  _________
  23.  __________
 
n 6 14
____
n
(c) un 5 _______
    (d) un 5 n(n 1 1)2 28 6 √  108  ___
(n 1 1)3 24.  __________
 or 24 6 √
  27 
2
4. (a) 22n (b) n3 2 1 (c) 2n 2 1 (d) 3n 2 1
5. (a) arithmetic (b) quadratic (c) geometric (d) geometric
6. (a) un 5 2(5)n 2 1 (b) un is a multiple of 2 Page 402 E12.7
__
7. (a) Geometric progression with common ratio 5 p √
  3 . 1. (a) (2x 1 3) 5 x2 1 42
2
(c) x 5 0·517
__
(b) un 1 1 5 (p  √3 )un 2. 2·87 3. 46·3 m 4. 4·24 5. 40 km/h
6. (a) 2x 1 1 (b) (2x 1 1)2 5 x2 1 49 (c) 3·39
Page 396 Can you still? 7. (a) x 1 23 (c) x 5 33

8. (a) (x 1 17)2 1 x2 5 3052 (b) 207 mm
1. b 5 39° 2. c 5 38° 3. d 5 43°
9. 4·96 3 11·96
4. g 5 120° 5. h 5 35° 6. i 5 78°
pd 2
10. (a) d(d 1 4) 2  ____
 2 4p 5 50 (b) 10·1 cm
4
Page 398 E12.4 11. 2·32 m
2
1. (x 1 4) 2 9 2. (x 2 6)2 2 11 3. (x 1 9)2 2 6
2 2
4. (x 2 3) 2 4 5. (x 2 5) 2 42 6. (x 1 6)2 2 33 Page 403 Can you still?
( 3 2 5
7. x 1 __
2 )
     2 __
   
4 ( 7 2 37
8. x 1 __
2 )
     2  ___ 
4 ( 1 2 3
9. x 1 __ )
     1 __
2
   
4 1. 4·8 cm 2. 20·4° 3. 5·4
__ __
10. x 5 1 or 29 11. x 5 1 6 √
  8  12. 22 6 √
  3 
__ __ __
13. 3 6 √
  2  14. 5 6 √
  5  15. 24 6 √
  5  Page 404 E12.8
__ ___
11 3 √ ___ 1. x 5 3, y 5 8 2. a 5 7, b 5 2 3. p 5 1, q 5 1
16. 21 6 √
  8  17. 26 6 √
  11  18. 2  ___ 6 __
      13 
2 2 4. a 5 48, b 5 9 5. c 5 12, d 5 2 6. x 5 3, w 5 10
___ ___
7 √   61  1 √   13 
19. 2  __ 6 ____
    20. 2  __ 6 ____
    7. x 5 1, y 5 2 or x 5 22, y 5 21
2 2 2 2
7
21. a 5 2, b 5 3, c 5 5 22. p 5 3, q 5 2, r 5 27 8. x 5 1, y 5 5 or x 5 2  __  , y 5 24
2
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 29 10/6/15 15:04:14

30 Answers
2
9. x 5 21, y 5 22 or x 5 2  __  , y 5 21 Page 413 M12.9
3
10. x 5 4, y 5 3
___ 1. (a) x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
11. (a) (2, 12), (21, 3) (b)  √90 5 9·49
y 11 4 21 24 25 24 21 4 11
7 17
12. x 5 2, y 5 8 or x 5 2  __  , y 5 2  ___  (c) 3·2 or 21·2 (d) 4·2 or 22·2
2 2
__
13.  √2 5 1·41 2. x 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2
y 15 8 3 0 21 0 3 8 15
Page 406 E12.9 (c) 21 or 23 (d) 0·45 or 24·45 (e) 1·3 or 25·3
1. (5, 12), (212, 25) 3. (a) 0·6 or 3·4 (b) 4·45 or 20·45 (c) 3·7 or 0·3
2
2. (a) x 1 y 5 49 2 2
(b) x 1 y 5 12 2 2 2
(c) x 1 y 5 36 4. (a) y 5 x (b) y 5 x 1 4 (c) y 5 3x 2 4
____ (d) y 5 3 2 2x
3. (a) (6, 8), (28, 26) (b)  √ 392 5 19·8 (c) (21, 1)
___ __
5. (a) 1·6 or 22·6 (b) 2·2 or 23·2 (c) 62·45
4. (2, 3), (23, 22) 5.  √20 5 2 √5  6. (2, 1), (8, 9) (d) 0·6 or 21·6
6. (a) 2·3 or 21·3 (b) 62·65 (c) 0 or 1
Page 407 E12.10 (d) 3·8 or 20·8 (e) 2·3 or 21·3
1. y 5 22x 1 5 2. y 5 3x 1 10 3. y 5 5x 1 52 7. (a) 2·4 or 20·4 (b) 62·65
1 8. (a) 3·2 or 21·2 (b) 2·3 or 21·3
4. y 5 __
    x 1 17 6. y 5 6x 7. (12, 6)
4 9. (a) 2·4 or 20·4 (b) 1 or 4
8. (a) y 5 2x 2 10 (c) 10
10. (a) 20·17 or 25·8 (b) 0·3 or 23·3
9. 2x 2 3y 1 13 5 0
Page 415 Feed the dogs

Page 408 Can you still? Breed Weight (kg) Food (daily) Cost (weekly)
1. 17·2 cm 2. 7·8 cm 3. 175·5 Pa 4. 1 ST 9·1 dry 2 cups 1·75
C 2·7 dry  _3 cup
2
0·58
3 cups, 1 _2 cans
1
L 29·5 mix 7·04
Page 409 E12.11 SS 19·1 mix 2 cups, 1 can 4·69
YT 3·6 dry  _3 cup
2
1. (a) t 0 1 2 3 4 5 0·58
3 cups, 1 _2 cans
1
L 31·8 mix 7·04
N 1 2 4 8 16 32
GD 50·9 dry 8 cups 7
(c) 4·64 GR 31·4 mix 3 cups, 1 _2 cans
1
7·04
2. (a) x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 total weekly food cost. £35·72
1 1 1 weekly booster cost. £4·92
y  ___   ___   __  1 4 16 64
64 16 4 weekly cost for worming/fleas. £21·14
(b) 2·45 (c) 8 (d) 22 weekly insurance cost. £17·54
Total weekly cost. £79·32
3. (a) t 0 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. Alex and Kate are wrong. Weekly cost is around £80
y 10 5 2·5 1·25 0·625 0·3125
(c) 1·32 (d) No

4. (a) 3296 (b) 2021 (c) R 5 1500 (1·3)t
1. (a) (ii) (0, 2), (6, 0)
5. (a) £126·25 (b) £179·08 (c) 5·8 yrs.
2. (a) x 5 2, y 5 3 (b) x 5 3, y 5 2
1
6. (a) x 22 21 0 1 2 3 3. (a) x 5 4, y 5 2 (b) a 5 23, b 5 7 (c) m 5 5, n 5 __
   
2
1
__ 1 1 (d) 13 rows of 18 seats, 17 rows of 25 seats.
y 9 3 1      __   ___ 
3 9 27
10
4. (a) 3n 1 2 (b) 72 (c)  ___  (d) 102
(b) 21·46 (c) 20·6 27
(e) (i) (3n 1 47) metres (ii) 12th
7. (a) t 0 1 2 3
5. (a) n2 2 4n
u 15 25 215 220 __
(b) Geometric progression __ with common
__ ratio √
  3 and first
(b) 1·4 hrs. (c) 9·8 (d) 225°C term 5 4, i.e. 4, 4 √ 3 , 12, 12 √ 3 , …
__
8. 3·21 yrs. 9. 820 10. a 5 3 and b 5 5 (c) un 5 3( √ 7 )n 2 1 (d) t 5 2n2 2 1
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 30 10/6/15 15:04:14

Answers 31
__
6. (a) 4 6 √
  7  (b) p 5 2, q 5 25, r 5 6 (c) (5, 6) Page 429 M13.2
7. (a) 0·72 or 21·12 (b) 0·77 or 20·43 1. 7·0 cm 2. 6·1 cm 3. 14·2 cm
8. x 5 2, y 5 4 or x 5 28, y 5 226 4. 7·5 cm 5. 20·5 cm 6. 86·0 cm
9. (a) x2 1 y2 5 27 7. 28·3 cm 8. 20° 9. 22·0 cm
___ __
(b) (i) (3, 0) and (0, 23) (ii)  √18 5 3 √2  12. 9·7p 1 32 cm 13. 2·1p 1 18 14. 17·5 cm
(c) y 5 22x 1 10 15. 20 cm
10. (a) £12 960 (b) £9450 (c) £5580
(e) 4·5 yrs. (f ) £1100 per year
11. (a) 2·3 or 21·3 (b) 2·6 or 21·6 (c) 61·7 Page 432 M13.3
(d) 2·6 or 0·4 1. 7·9 cm2 2. 104·6 cm2 3. 942·9 cm2
2 2
4. 7·7 cm 7. (3·5p 1 66) cm 9. 25°
27p 2
10. 7·95 cm 11.  ____
  cm 12. 445·1 cm2
4
___ 13. 174·0 cm2
1. 4n 1 5 2. x 5 5, y 5 1·5 3. 24 6 √
  10 
4. x 5 11, y 5 23
5. (a) 22, 3, 5 (b) 21·4 Page 433 M13.4
6. Circle centre (0, 0), radius 2. 1. (a) 18·4 cm 2
(b) 69·2 cm2
7. x 5 4, y 5 28 8. 1·16 or 22·16 2. (a) 4·35 cm 2
(b) 5·89 cm2 (c) 1·54 cm2
9. (a) a 5 4, b 5 5 (b) (4, 5) 3. (a) 19·1 cm2 (b) 19·5 cm2 (c) 85·6 cm2
10. (a) 6·9 (b) 1·2% (c) 2017 4. (a) OX 5 6·4 cm, AX 5 7·7 cm (b) 24·6 cm2
11. (b) 1·34 or 24·09 12. 2n2 1 n 2 3 (c) 43·6 cm 2
(d) 19·0 cm 2
13. (b) 0·36 or 22·11 14. (i) 22·5, 5 (ii) 22·15, 4·65 5. 17·4 cm2
15. y 5 5x 2 26 16. b 5 8 6. 15·3 cm2
7. (a) 36·9° (b) 24 cm2 (c) 32·2 cm2
2
8. 30·1 cm
10. 135·3 cm2
UNIT 13
Page 424 M13.1 Page 434 Can you still?
1. 62 cm2 2. 50 cm2 3. 3·03 cm2 1. (a) x(x 1 5) (b) (2x 1 1)(2x 2 1)
4. 754·8 cm2 5. 307·9 cm2 6. 319·9 cm2 (c) (x 2 2)(x 2 5) (d) (3x 2 2)(2x 1 5)
7. 126·6 cm2 8. B 9. 6·51 cm2 2. (a) 7 (b) 12 (c) 8 or 23 (d) 23
10. 35·3 cm2 11. 69 cm2 12. 33·5 cm2 3. 45
13. 11·6 cm2 14. 12 cm 15. 10 cm, 20 cm 4. (a) x 3
__
11
(b) x2  3 (c) 4x5y2 (d) 243x20y15
16. 60 cm2 17. 48 cm2 18. 36·5 cm2
19. 173·8 cm2
Page 437 M13.5
3
1. (a) 160 m (b) 160,000,000 cm3 2. 2 m
Page 427 E13.1 3. (a) 1,000,000 (b) 2,000,000 (c) 4,700,000
1. 84·9 cm2 2. 124·7 cm2 3. 16·3 cm2 (d) 10,000 (e) 30,000 (f ) 8
2 2 2
4. 60·4 cm 5. 22·0 cm 6. 142·9 cm (g) 3·5 (h) 92,500 (i) 1000
7. (a) 27·6° (b) 22·3° (c) 87·9° ( j) 7000 (k) 5·6 (l) 3,900,000
8. 20·2 cm 9. 72·9 cm2 10. 120·2 cm2 4. (a) 216 cm3 (b) 816 m3
5. (a) 132 cm2 (b) 1324 cm2 6. 2 m
3 3
7. (a) 339·3 cm (b) 1400 cm (c) 1963·5 cm3
Page 428 Can you still? (d) 175·9 cm 3
11 112 3 8. 1910 litres 9. 24 cm 10. A 11. 23·3 cm3

1.  ___  ,  ____  , 0·563, 58·2%, 0·595,  __ 
20 200 5
12. 10 13. 4·0 14. 12·8 cm 15. 4854·4 m3
__
1
2. y 5 __
    x 2 2 3. 2 √3  16. 12·7 cm
3
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 31 10/6/15 15:04:14

32 Answers
Page 439 M13.6 2. 40·5 cm 3. All sides increased in same ratio (31·5).
1. 9168·4 g 4. (a) 5 cm (b) 4·5 cm 5. (b) 12·5 cm (b) 12 cm

3
2. (a) 81p cm (b) Correct (fills in 8·48 secs.) 6. 6·5 m 7. (a) 9 m (b) 13·5 cm (c) 21 m
3. 41 prisms (total weight 17·589 tonnes)
4. 824 668 cm3 5. 0·6 m/s
Page 450 M13.10
6. (a) Yes (b) 1770·8 cm3
1. 6 cm 2. 6 cm 3. 5 cm 4. 8 cm
7. 3526·5 cm3
5. 7·5 cm 6. 7 cm 8. 88·125 m 9. 6 cm
8. (b) 71·4 cm3 (c) 14 292·7 cm3
10. PQ 5 6 cm, PT 5 4 cm 11. 9·375 m
12. x 5 7 cm, y 5 4 cm 13. 12 cm
Page 440 Can you still? 14. x 5 3·6 cm, y 5 6 cm 15. 1 cm 16. 1·85 cm
1. (a) x 2 35 (b) x2 1 2xy 1 y2 17. 20 cm 18. 314·1 cm2
1 1
2. 10 or 0 3. (a)  __  (b)  __ 
6 2
4. 2 Page 452 Can you still?
( ) ( )
___
  26 
1. (a)   
218
25
(b)   
3  (c)  √ 34 
Page 441 M13.7
2. Parallel
1. (a) 3050 cm3 (b) 1010 cm3 (c) 1130 mm3
1 1 1
(d) 133 cm3 (e) 189 cm3 (f ) 56·5 m3 3. (a) (i) 2p 1 q (ii)  __  (2p 1 q) (iii)  __  p (iv)  __  q
2 2 2
2. 1530 cm3 3. 1770 g 4. 233 g 5. 18·0 cm 1 1 1 1
(v)  __  (2p 1 q) (vi) 2  __  p (vii)  __  q (viii)  __  (2p 1 q)
16 p 2 2 2 2
6. (a) 100p cm3 (b)  ____
  cm3 (c) 504p cm3
3 (c) 1 : 2
7. 17 500 mm3
8. (a) 69p cm3 (b) 1269p cm3 (c) 378 cm3
Page 454 E13.1
9. 15 cm 10. 16·1 mm 11. 7·98 cm 12. 855 cm3
1. (a) 1 : 125 (b) 8 : 729
13. 3·6 mm
50p 3 4p 2. (a) 1 : 7 (b) 5 : 12 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 5 : 29
14. (a)  ____
  cm (b)  ___  (c) 1·6 mm
3 3 3. 378 m2 4. 16 cm3 5. 8·1 m2 6. 560 cm3
15. 27 mins. 2 secs. 7. 28 cm 8. 0·65 m 9. 90 cm 10. 9 cm
16. (b) 7 cm (c) (i) 14p cm (ii) 101° (3 s.f.) 11. 11·0 cm 12. 633 cm3 13. 74·52 cm2 14. 66·1 mm
17. (a) 8p cm (b) 4 cm (c) 3 cm 15. 152 cm 16. 1·664 l 17. £19·60 18. 8·44 l
_____
18. 2722·7 cm3
19. 25·4 cm
h
h18 √ 
216
20. (b)  _____ 5 _____
3
1728
   (c) h 5 8
Page 445 M13.8

1. (a) 1130 cm2 (b) 81·7 cm2 (c) 154 cm2 Page 454 Can you still?
2 2
2. (a) 108p cm (b) 70p cm (c) (72p 1 112) cm2 1. (a) 7n 2 5 (b) 3n2 2 2n
3. B by 209 cm2 4. 1·91 cm 5. 109 cm2 2. (a) 18 (b) 8 or 28
6. 2·96 cm 7. 151 cm2 3. x 5 2, y 5 24 4. 44·4° 5. 60 m
8. (a) 224p (b) 384p
___ ___ ___
(c) 4p √52 1 16p 5 8p √13 1 16p 5 8p (2 1 √
  13 )
9. (a) 75·4 cm2 (b) 12·6 cm (c) r 5 2 cm (d) 11·8 cm
Page 457 E13.2
1. (a) 1 : 16 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 1 : 64 (d) 2304 cm3
10. 1·58 cm 11. £230·45 12. 8 cm 13. 192 cm2
2. (a) 1 : 343 (b) 1 : 7 (c) 1 : 49 (d) 29 cm2
2
3. 33·0 cm 4. 5·87 litres 5. (a) 16·6 kg (b) 2560 cm2
6. 594 cm 7. (a) £2·22 (b) £28·20 8. 1 litre
1. (a) p(2r 1 q) (b) (z 2 3)2 2 3y
9. 1·39 m2 10. 17·4 cm 11. 413 cm2 12. 25·8 cm
3m
2. £18 400 3. 0·91 ,  ___  , 0·96 4. 7·83 cm
n2
Page 459 Car insurance Task

Page 448 M13.9
1. £20·67 2. £57·70 3. £31·67
1
1. (a) 9 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 7 __  cm 4. £504, £42 5. £1071, £89·25 6. £562·50, £46·88
2
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 32 10/6/15 15:04:14

Answers 33
7. £748, £62·33 8. £348, £29 9. £848, £70·67 5. (a) Easitech 11–15, compfix 7–10
10. (a) £42·67 (b) £64 (c) £21·33 (b) Easitech, higher median
11. £34·25
Page 472 M14.3

Page 460 Test yourself on unit 13 1. (a) 164 (b) 1·64 2. (a) 225 (b) 2·25
1. (a) 166·8 cm2 (b) 240 cm2 (c) 108·8 cm2 (d) 27·5 cm2 3. 1·01
2. (a) (p 1 18)cm (b) 23·9 cm 4. (a) Paradise 16·53, De-Vere 16·46, Tropic 16·36
2 2 2
3. (a) 114·6 cm (b) 2·5p (c) 4·3 cm (d) 14·5 cm (b) Paradise
4. (a) 385 m3 (b) (i) 5,000,000 (ii) 72 000 cm2 (iii) 0·26 m2 4n2 1 6n 1 10 ____________
2n2 1 3n 1 5
5. 50 6. (a)  _____________
   5       (b) 4
4n 1 4 2n 1 2
(c) 838 mins. (13 hours 58 mins.) (d) 5 m
5. (a) 339·3 cm3 (b) 486p (c) 1045·3 cm3 (d) 11·3 cm
6. (a) 1608·5 cm2 (b) 368p (c) 562·2 cm2 (d) 2 cm Page 475 M14.4
.
7. (a) 28 cm (b) AB 5 6·6  cm, DE 5 6 cm
1. (a) No. of trips
8. (a) 9·0 cm (b) 10·5 cm2 Frequency Mid-value
abroad
0–2 6 1
Page 464 Mixed examination questions 3–5 8 4
1. £10 752 2. 20·0 cm 3. 10 800 cm2 6–10 5 8
4. Yes, perimeter 5 52·3 cm 5. 140 2 18p 11–15 1 13
6. No. Volume 5 29·8 cm 3 4

7. __ (
    p 1 12 cm
3 ) (b) 91 (c) 4·55
2. (a) 3258 (b) 3·26
8. (a) 882·2 cm3 (b) 5·95 cm 9. 55 cm2
3. 38·9 lengths
10. (a) 640 cm3 (b) 40 cm2
3 2
4. (a) 40 to 50 (b) 30·5
11. 300 cm 12. 1853·7 cm
(c) Using the mid-values is an estimate.
5. Kabinseal, about £14 500
6. 6
UNIT 14
Page 468 M14.1 Page 475 Can you still?
1. (a) Mean 7, Median 8, Mode 8, Range 5 2. year 10 – Boys 14, girls 12; year 11 – Boys 11, girls 13
(b) Mean, 15, Median 15·5, Mode 16, Range 5
(c) Mean 6, Median 6, Mode 5 and 9, Range 7 Page 477 E14.1
(d) Mean 5·9, Median 5·5, Mode 4, Range 5
1. (a) 7 (b) 3 (c) 10 (d) 7
2. (a) 7 (b) 7·35 (c) Mode is the most common shoe size.
2. (a) 11 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 8
3. (a) 11 (b) 1 (c) Median, the 70 distorts the mean.
3. (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 10 (d) 6
4. 6, 12 5. (a) median (b) £7050
4. (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 6
6. 420 kg 7. (a) 32 m (b) 159 cm
5. (a) 18 (b) 16 (c) 21 (d) 5
8. 312 9. (a) 224 (b) 220 (c) 37
6. (a) Chelsea 5 yrs, Man. U. 4 yrs
10. 62·24% 11. 31 12. The mean 13. 2nd (77%)
(b) Medians: Chelsea 24 yrs, Man. U. 29 yrs
Page 469 Can you still? Page 480 E14.2

1. x 5 5, y 5 22 2. x 5 7, y 5 21
1. (a) 34 hrs. (b) 23 hrs. (c) 48 hrs. (d) 25 hrs.
3. x 5 4, y 5 1 4. x 5 3, y 5 5
2. (b) Median  28, IQ range  16 (c) 22
3. (a) 100, 225, 400, 625, 775, 900, 975, 1000
Page 471 M14.2 (c) (i) 154 cm (ii) 25 cm (d) 68%
1. B 2. (a) 1 (b) 1 4. (b) (i) £220 000 (ii) £62 000 (c) 20%
3. (a) 0–2 (b) 0–2 (c) 102 (d) 52 5. (a) 16, 28, 39, 46, 52, 57, 59, 60
4. (a) 40–49 (b) 40–49 (c) (i) 11 mm (ii) 15 mm (d) 28% (e) 30%
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 33 10/6/15 15:04:15

34 Answers
6. (b) (i) D 1 C Median 11, Grand parents median 14 2. (a) Science Median 61, I.Q.R 18: Maths Median 60, I.Q.R 26
1 (c) Marks more spread out for maths test. Median about the same
(ii) D 1 C I.Q.R 14  __  , Grand parents I.Q.R 19
2 for both subjects.
3. Both the average age and range of ages is lower for the men.
Page 481 Can you still? 4. 11G have a higher median and a smaller IQ range so more
___ ___
12 6 consistent performance.
1. 28 : 39 2. 6 3.  √92 5 2 √23  4.  ___ 5 ___
   
38 19 5. (b) People in area A lived longer.
Page 483 E14.3 Page 495 Spruce it up

1. (a) 9 years (b) 16 (c) 5 (d) 11 (e) 6 Task A
4. Salaries higher at Naylor’s and with a greater range. 1. 4 3 5·95 and 4 3 4·25, total area 5 40·8 m2
5. (b) Over 65s watched more and there was a higher number around 12·32
2.  _____ 3 100 5 30·2%
the median. 40·8
6. (b) Girls’ marks were more spread out and slightly lower. Task B
Maximum sofa length 5 2·82 m, Jenny chooses the Mowbray sofa.
Page 486 E14.4 Task C

Winchester Pile.
1. (a) 0–5 → 4; 5–10 → 5; 10–12·5 → 8; 12·5–15 → 6;
15–17·5 → 4; 17·5–20 → 2 Task D
1·92 m2 not carpeted. This is 6·75% of her room.
2. 21 32 37 29 18
4·2 6·4 7·4 2·9 0·9
3. Frequency 4. Frequency 1. (a) (i) 7 (ii) 6 (iii) 5 (iv) 8 (b) 69·7 kg
Class width Class width
density density
2. (a) 2 (b) 2
5 1·2 20 1
3. (a) 2·72 (b) 13·5
5 1·8 37 3·7
4. (b) 37 yrs. (c) 15 yrs.
5 2·2 62 6·2
5. Lower median and range for Ellis Gate. Ellis Gate might be a
10 0·5 51 5·1 junior school and Avalon Meadow is a senior school.
10 0·4 30 1·5 6. (a) Missing frequencies 285 and 510. (b) 141·6
20 0·1 8 0·2 7. The median height of the boys is about 5·5 cm greater and the
spread is similar for both.
Page 489 E14.5

1. (a) Frequencies: 25, 30, 32, 24 (b) 111
1. (a) Sum of extra 2 numbers is 76. (b) 22, 1, 3, 3
2. 830 3. 78
2. e.g. 1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9
4. (a) Frequencies: 160, 160, 240, 430, 570 (b) 380
3. a 5 2
5. (a) 18, 13, 8, 15, 3 (b) 57 (c) 31·58% (d) 26·32%
4. (a) 5·2 (b) 31·25%
6. (a) Frequencies: 4, 5, 4, 6, 9 (b) 28 (c) 12–13
5. 140
(d) 68% (e) 11·3
6. Boys slightly quicker (girls’ median 29, boys’ median 25·5),
7. (a) Frequencies: 56, 64, 48, 56, 48 (c) 32·4%
similar spread but slowest girl time is 8·5 minutes longer than
(d) Second set has a better rate (mean 47·6 . mean 44·3). slowest boy time.
7. ‘Frequency’ should be ‘frequency density’, 45 , h < 50 should
have frequency density 5 1 (not 0·5) and frequency density axis
Page 491 Can you still? labelling should start from 0.
__ ___
1. a 5 6, b 5 228 2. (a) 2 6 √
  7  (b) 210 6 √
  95  8. (a) 7·6 cm
3. (x 2 2)2 1 3, (2, 3) 4. p 5 4, q 5 23, r 5 8 (b) (i) 6·5 cm (ii) 4·5 < s , 5·5 (iii) 5·5 < s , 6·5
5. (3, 7) 9. (i) 78·6 mins. (ii) 80 mins.
10. 13
Page 492 E14.6 6x 1 3
11. (a)  ______
 5 2x 1 1
3
1. (a) Ash Lane mean 1·75 range 4 12. (b) Range – no change, median – increase,
(b) Tibbs Drive mean 2·1, range 4 lower quartile – increase
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 34 10/6/15 15:04:15

Answers 35
13. (a) 24·625 mins. Page 511 E16.1

55
(b) Incorrect because ___
   5 68·75% of patients wait less than 1. (a) {x: x . 4} (b) {x: 1 , x , 6}
80
30 minutes. (c) {x: 24 < x < 21} (d) {x: 25 < x , 2}
(e) {x: x , 26} (f ) {x: 0 , x < 4}
2. (a) (b)
UNIT 15 5 26 1
(c) (d)
WATCH YOUR MONEY 2 1 3 2 4
Page 505 WYM 15.1 3. (a) {x: 5 < x , 7} (b) {x: 12 < x < 28}
1. 50 000 2 10 500, income tax 5 20% of 32 285 5 £6457 and 40% (c) {x: 212 , x , 29} (d) {x: 10 < x , 15}
of £7215 5 £2886, total income tax 5 £6457 1 £2886 5 £9343. (e) {x: 4 < x , 7} (f ) {x: 22 , x < 2}
2. 13 400 2 10 500 5 £2900, 20% of 2900 5 £580 1
(g) {x: 2  __ , x , 4} (h) {x: 21 < x < 2}
3. (a) £18 000 (b) £3600 2
4. (a) £36 900 (b) £8303 (c) £691·92 (i) {x: 3 , x < 4}
5. (a) £13 343 4. Perimeter , 38 or 8x 1 6 , 38

6. (a) £16 640 (b) £6140 (c) £1228 (d) £23·62
7. None
8. £6·97 Page 511 Can you still?
2
1. 245 cm 2. 576p 3. 13·1 cm
Page 507 WYM 15.2

1. £1420 2. (a) £1675 (b) £167·50 3. £598·50
Page 512 E16.2
4. £191 5. None 6. £355 7. £106·50
1. (a) x , 1 (b) 2 , y < 4 (c) x 1 y < 5 (d) y , 2x 1 3
1 1
3. (a) y > 2 2 x (b) y , 2x 2 1 (c) y . __
    x 1 1 4. y >  __  x
2 2
UNIT 16 5. y > 4, y , 3x 1 4, y < 9 2 2x

7. y , x 1 6, y > x2
Page 509 M16.1 8. (a) 40x 1 30y < 360 (i.e. 4x 1 3y < 36), x > 4, y . 4
1. (a) x < 22 (b) 25 < x , 1 (c) 26 , x , 21 (c) 4 oranges, 5 pears or 4 oranges, 6 pears or 5 oranges, 5 pears
2. (a) x < 6 (b) x . 23 (c) x > 4

6 23 4 Page 515 E16.3
(d) x > 2 (e) 3 , x < 8 (f ) 0 , x , 4 1. x < 21 or x > 3
2. 2 < x < 4
2 3 8 0 4
3. (a) 23 , x , 2 (b) x , 23 or x . 2
4. (a) x , 21 or x . 4 (b) 25 < x < 5
3. (a) a . 5 (b) x , 245 (c) b , 3 (d) y < 5
(c) 2 , x , 6 (d) x < 27 or x > 3
(e) n . 3 (f ) c < 4 (g) x > 25 (h) a , 7
(e) 4 , x , 7 (f ) x , 23 or x . 4
(i) n > 36 ( j) x > 6 (k) n . 7 (l) x , 3
5. 25 < x < 2
4. (a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
6. (a) {x: x , 25 or x . 1} (b) {x: x < 25 or x > 23}
(c) 22, 21, 0, 1, 2 (d) 23, 22, 21, 0

5. (a) 4, 5, 6 (b) 21, 0 25 1 25 23
6. (a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) 41 (e) 1 (f ) 6 (c) {x: 23 , x , 3}
7. (a) 22 < x < 2 (b) 4 , x < 6
23 3

22 2 4 6 7. x > 6
(c) 6 , x , 10 (d) 4 , x < 8 1 7 4
8. (a)  __ , x , 7 (b) x < 2  __  or x > __
   
5 2 3

6 10 4 8 9. 0 , x , 5
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 35 10/6/15 15:04:21

36 Answers
230a 2 5 1 9
Page 517 E16.4 (g)  ______________
      (h)  _____  (i)  ______
m 2 n 
(a 1 6)(1 2 4a) x22
a m 2a a
1.  __
c  2.  __
n  3.  ___  4.  ___  2n2
15.  ______  . 0 for n . 1
5b 4b n2 2 1
m2n m2n
5.  ______
mn  6.  ______  7. 3 8. p 1 2q 5x 1 19 2x 1 9
2mn 16. (a)  _______   (b)  __________  
x2 2 9 x2 1 4x 1 3
n2p 5x
9. b 1 c _____
10.   p  11. 2 12.  _____
y 1 z  7 2 2x 2 2 2x
(c)  ______   (d)  _________  
x2 2 1 x2 2 x 2 6
13. (a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) T (f ) F
11m 2 3 5y 1 11
1
14.  _____ 
6n
15.  ___ 
2
16.  __ 
a 2 2b
17.  ______  (e)  _________   (f )  ___________________
     
x23 5m 3 a 1 2b m(m2 2 1) ( y 2 4)( y 1 1)( y 1 2)
x23 x12 x21 5 7a 1 11
18. 4 19.  _____
  20.  _____
x  21.  _____  (g)  ________  (h)  ____________________
     
2 x12 m2 2 mn a(a 2 3)(a 2 2)(a 1 5)
22. x 1 1 23. m 1 2 24. a 1 1 25. b 2 5 3x 2 41

(i)  __________________
     
(x 1 5)(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
n12
26.  _____  27. 2y 1 1 28. 5x 2 1 29. 2m 2 1
n14

1. (a) x 1 8x 1 16 (b) x3 1 12x2 1 48x 1 64
7 2. 6n 2 2 3. 5 or 22 4. n2 1 n 5. 8·3 cm
1. (a) 1 or 2  __  (b) 4·23 or 29·23
5
2. B
3. (a) 16 (b) 695 Page 522 E16.7
4. 2n 2 1 13
2. 7 3.  ___  (1·86) 4. 3·73 or 0·268
7
5. 4·24 or 20·236 6. 61·58 7. 1·45 or 23·45
Page 519 E16.5
8. 20·551 or 25·45 9. 1·63 or 20·0510 10. 0·285 or 21·10
5 2x 2 3
1.  ___  2. xy 3. 6m 4.  ______   11. 2·27 or 1·07 12. 20·209 or 24·79 13. 0·789, 0·211
3n 2
a
5.  ________ 
4(a 2 b)
6. 5m 2 10
3ab
7.  ____
4
 
y
8.  __ 
6
20
x11
3
14.  _____ 1 __ x
3
   5 10, x 5 __
2 ( 1
    or 2  __  
5 )
4 9 c
9.  __  10. 6 11.  __  12.  __  60 _____
15. (a)  ___
60
5 5 2 n 2  n 1 1 5 3 (b) n 5 4
2 m17 x11
15. (a)  __ 
5
(b)  ______
6
  (c)  _____ 
x22
3
(
16. A 5 (1, 3), B 5 2  __  , 22
2 ) 17. 8 g/cm3
b12 xy 3
(d)  _____  (e)  _______2  (f )  ______  100
 
200
18. (a)  ____ 1 ______  5 36
b11 (x 2 2) m19 V V21
(c 2 6)(c 1 1)
____________ 2
_____ (b) 9·03 m/s (or 0·3 m/s but V 2 1 . 0)
(g)     
  (h)     (i) b 2 2
2(c 2 1) n25
19. (b) V 5 60 km/h
a(a 1 1) x17 n22
( j)  ________
  (k)  ______  (l)  _____ 
a12 2x 1 5 n13

Page 520 E16.6 1. x 5 3, y 5 11 or x 5 21, y 5 3
5x 8x 1 15y a2 1 b2 3 1
1.  ___  2.  ________
  3.  _______
  2. x 5 1, y 5 2 or x 5 2  __  , y 5 4  __ 
6 20 ab 2 2
3b 2 10a 5m 1 6n2
2
x 2 4y 2 3. x 5 2, y 5 3
4.  ________
  5.  ________
  6.  _______
 
2ab 15n 2xy 4. (a) x 5 3, y 5 4 or x 5 24, y 5 23
20y 2 6x 3n2 1 2m 8x 1 10 3 25
7.  ________
  8.  ________
  9.  _______
  (b) y 5 2  __  x 1  ___  or 3x 1 4y 5 25
12xy 2mn 15 4 4
5. x 5 10, y 5 2 or x 5 22, y 5 210
13x 1 25 22m 2 8 33 2 3n
10.  ________
  11.  ________
  12.  _______
 
42 12 40
13. B and D
Page 525 E16.8
7x 1 10 9m 1 39 3n 1 17
14. (a)  ____________
    (b)  ______________
    (c)  _____________
    8. n(n 1 2) 9. Area 5 6pr2
(x 1 1)(x 1 2) (m 1 3)(m 1 5) (n 2 1)(n 1 3)
2
13. (a) n(n 1 1)
2y 2 32 13x 1 45 18m 1 34
(d)  _____________     (e)  _____________
    (f )  _______________
      16. (a) 12n2 1 24n 1 12 (b) 12n2 1 24n 1 12 5 12(n 1 1)2
( y 1 5)( y 2 2) (2x 1 1)(x 1 6) (m 2 3)(3m 1 2)
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 36 10/6/15 15:04:22

Answers 37
Page 528 Buying a house Task UNIT 17

1. (a) £120 000 (b) Yes. £1600 left over.
2. (a) £267 500 (b) £3375 Page 534 M17.1
3. £6180 1. 4 m 2. 1·15 km 3. 150 km 4. 9 cm
4. (a) £91 000 (b) £66 500 (c) £153 090 5. (a) 42 km (b) 60 km (c) 36 km
6. 5·5 cm 7. 12 cm2 8. 90° 9. 0·96 km2
2
10. 1600 m 11. 480 hectares 12. n 5 250
1. (a) x < 3 (b) x , 22 (c) 21 , x < 11 Page 535 Can you still?
(d) x . 29 1. 8p 2. 36 cm 3. 37 100 cm3
29
2. (a) (b) {x: 4 < x < 6}
1 3 Page 538 M17.3
3. (a) x 1 2y < 4, y > 21, y , 2x 6. (a) 3·5 cm (b) 10 cm
4. (a) x , 23 or x . 5 (b) 1 < x < 6 8. 7 cm
21
x_____ 4 2y 11. (a) 3·7 cm (b) 4·5 cm
5. (a)     (b)  _____  (c)  _____ 
x13 x22 x13 13. (b) Square-based pyramid
x2 2 y2 x14 9x 1 7
6. (a)  ______
xy  (b)  _____
  (c)  ____________
   
6 (x 1 3)(x 2 2)
32 2 7x
(d)  ____________
   
(x 2 4)(x 1 3) 1. 0·00283 2. 4415
2
7. (a) x 5 4·1 (b) x 5 3 or 21 3. (a) 7·4 cm (b) 2·9 cm2
(c) P 5 0·0466 or 21·43 (d) (ii) x 5 25 4. 25 , x , 22 5. x 5 2, y 5 7

Page 530 Mixed examination questions 2
1. 50 cm 2. 10 cm 3. 209 cm3
x13
1. (a) (x 1 3)(x 2 3) (b)  ______ 
2x 1 1
1 Page 547 E17.1
3. y <  __  x 1 2, x < 0, y > 0
4
7 x14 1. u 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
4. (a) 6 (b)  ___  (c)  _____ 
3a x15 1 0·87 0·5 0 0 0·5 0·87 1
cos u 20·5 20·87 21 20·87 20·5
6. x < 23 or x > 7
2. (a), (d), (e) 3. (b), (c), (d)
3
8. 2  __  , 3
2 4. u 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
7
9. (a) (b) 23 , x < 4 (c) t . __
    tan u 0 0·4 0·8 1·7 5·7 25·7 21·7 20·8 20·4 0
22 3 2
10. 8S 1 1 5 (2n 1 1)2 u 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
11. y tan u 0·4 0·8 1·7 5·7 25·7 21·7 20·8 20·4 0
8
(b) Error, i.e. no possible value.
5. y 5 cos x 6. y 5 sin x, y 5 tan x 7. No
8. A(0, 1), B(180, 21), C(270, 0) 10. (b) Yes
2
0 2 x
Page 549 E17.2
24 1. 328° 2. 292° 3. 162° 4. 310°
5. (a) 105° (b) 47° (c) 22° (d) 220°
12. (a) (a 1 1)2 5 a2 1 2a 1 1 (b) Use Pythagoras twice. 6. 60°, 300° 7. 55·1°, 124·9°
(c) 2a 1 2b 1 1 5 2(a 1 b) 1 1 so odd. This equals 2c so c 8. 109·9°, 250·1° 9. 143·1°, 216·9°
cannot be an integer.
x22 10. (a) 2sin 85° (b) cos 70° (c) 2cos 65° (d) sin 10°
_____
13.    
x11 (e) 2sin 25° (f ) 2cos 55° (g) cos 25° (h) 2sin 65°
14. b 5 2 (i) 2cos 68°
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 37 10/6/15 15:04:22

38 Answers
11. (a) tan 40° (b) tan 74° (c) 2tan 75° (d) 2tan 60° Page 559 Test yourself on unit 17
12. 63·4°, 243·4° 13. 30°, 210° 1. (a) (i) 13·8 km (ii) 10·8 km (b) 1·5 cm (c) 50 cm2
14. (a) 45°, 135° (b) 60°, 240° (c) 60°, 120° (d) 135°, 225° 2. (a) 6 cm (b) 3·5 cm
(e) 45°, 225° (f ) 150°, 210° 4. (b) e.g. 0°, 180°, 360° (c) Max at 1, min at 21
__ __
15. e.g. 60°, 300°, 420°, 660° 1 √
  2  √
  3 
(e) sin 0° 5 0, sin 30° 5 __
    , sin 45° 5  ___  , sin 60° 5 ___
    ,
16. (a) e.g. 45·2°, 134·8°, 405·2°, 494·8° 2 2 2
__ __
(b) e.g. 80°, 260°, 440°, 620° √
  3  √
  2  1
cos 0° 5 1, cos 30° 5 ___
    , cos 45° 5 ___    , cos 60° 5 __     ,
2 2 2
(c) e.g. 126·9°, 233·1°, 486·9°, 593·1° __
1__
tan 0° 5 0, tan 30° 5  ___  , tan 45° 5 1, tan 60° 5 √   3 
17. 19·5°, 160·5° 18. 3 hours, 9 hours √
  3 
19. 60°, 120°, 240°, 300° 20. 15°, 75°, 195°, 255° (f ) 1
5. (a) A (b) C (c) 32·9°, 327·1° (d) 210°, 330°
Page 551 Can you still? ()
6. (d) Translation through 40 
1. (a) 1·2 litres (b) 0·9 litres (c) 19%
2. (a) 15 < d , 18 is 3, 18 < d , 20 is 3 (c) 14·3%
2. 1 : 50 000 000 000 (n 5 5 3 1010)
Page 553 E17.3
3. y 5 (x 1 3)2 1 2 5. (b) y 5 f (x 2 6)
1. (b) (0, 1) (c) (0, 3) (d) (21, 23)
9. 195°, 345° 12. (0, 3)
6. (c) y 5 sin x
7. Translation through 45 ( )
0 
8. g(x) 5 f (x) 2 2 UNIT 18

10. (a) (2, 1) (b) (22, 1) (c) (1, 1)
Page 566 M18.1
Page 554 Can you still? 1. (a) (b) (c)
1. 14 cm
3. (a) £244·80 (c) 8th year 2. (a) (b) (c)
___
27 6 √  73 
_________
4.    
6
Page 555 E17.4 3. (a) (b) (c)
2. (b) 23
4. (a) (26, 3) (b) (22, 23) (c) (2, 3) (d) (22, 0) 4. (a) (b) (c)
(e) (2, 5) (f ) (22, 22)
5. (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0 (e) 1 (f ) 2
6. (a) y 5 x2 2 3x 1 4 (b) y 5 sin(2x) (c) y 5 2x3 2 3 5. (a) (b) (c)
8. (a) A(90, 0), B(180, 21) (b) A(90, 21), B(0, 0)
(c) A(30, 1), B(120, 0) (d) A(0, 2), B(90, 1)
(e) A(90, 0), B(0, 1) 6. (a) (b) (c)
()
9. (a) Translation through 20 
(b) Reflection in the x-axis or in the y-axis.

7. (a) (b)
Page 559 Car Wash
Task A plan side plan side
3 small cars and 6 medium cars.
(c)
Task B
6 large cars.
plan side
Task C
£230·24 12. 38 cm2
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 38 10/6/15 15:04:30

Answers 39
13. 2. (a) L(5, 0, 0), M(5, 0, 3), N(0, 0, 3), O(0, 0, 0), P(5, 4, 0),
Q(5, 4, 3), R(0, 4, 3), S(0, 4, 0)
(b) (5, 2, 0) (c) 5·83 (d) (2·5, 2, 3)
3. (a) O(0, 0, 0), A(6, 0, 0), B(6, 0, 10), C(0, 0, 10), D(0, 4, 10),
E(0, 4, 0), F(6, 4, 0)
14. 7 (b) 10·8 (c) (6, 4, 5) (d) (3, 0, 10)

4. (a) (4, 10, 4) (b) (0, 20, 8)
5. (a) P(23, 6, 0), Q(5, 6, 0), R(5, 6, 7), S(23, 6, 7), T(23, 0, 0),
Page 567 Can you still? U(5, 0, 0), V(5, 0, 7), W(23, 0, 7)
(c) (23, 6, 3 _2 )
1
17 (b) (5, 3, 7) (d) 10·6
1. 0·034 2. m 5 3, n 5 2 3.  ___  4. £41·50
90 (e) 292 square units
1 16
5. (a)  __  (b) 1 (c) 3 (d)  ___ 
8 9
6. n 5 2 7. 4 8. £1440 9. 22
___ __
1.  √ 80 5 4 √5  2. 56°
3. (a) Rotation 90° clockwise about (0, 0).
Page 568 M18.2 1 4
4. (a)  __  (a 2 b) (b) (n 2 1) a 1 b (c) n 5  __ 
1. A 2 031°, B 2 338°, C 2 279°, D 2 056°, E 2 073°, F 2 311° 4 3
2. (a) 225° (b) 083° (c) 315° (d) 264° 5. 24 cm 6. (a) f (x) 5 cos x
3. (b) 19·6 km (c) 250° 7. 25·8 cm 9. x 5 7·3 m, h 5 3·1 m
4. (a) 115° (b) 040° (c) 195° (d) 330°
5. 16 km 6. 066·8° 7. 201·8° Page 579 E18.1
8. (a) 39·4 miles (b) 30·8 miles 1. (a) 23·5 cm (b) 85·8 mm (c) 49·1° (d) 31·5 m
9. (a) 5·7 km (b) 41·5 km (e) 12·5 cm (f ) 73·6°
10. 146° 2. 51·9° 3. 50·4°
11. (a) 5·7 km (b) 2·32 km (c) 6·15 km (d) 112° 4. (a) x 5 61·5°, y 5 23·5°, z 5 6·80 m
12. 302·6° (b) x 5 99°, y 5 10·3 m, z 5 6·58 m
13. 38·8 km on a bearing of 068·5° (c) x 5 68·3°, y 5 62·7°, z 5 9·18 cm
14. 10·3 km 5. (a) 19·7 cm2 (b) 43·2 cm2
6. 14·3 miles
Page 572 M18.3

1. 58·3 m 2. 72·1° 3. 322 m 4. 28·7 m Page 581 E18.2
5. 5·39 m 6. 457 m 7. 903 m 8. 17·5 cm 1. (a) 8·03 cm (b) 20·6 mm (c) 98·1° (d) 56·6 m
(e) 72·0° (f ) 75·7°
2. 81·1° 3. 3·28 cm 4. (b) 4·58 km
5. 113° 6. 38·9 km 7. 16·5 km on 057·1°
y 1 17
1. x 5 ______
    8. (a) 37 5 x2 1 (x 1 3)2 2 2x (x 1 3) cos 60°
6
2. (b) 0, 1·7 (c) (0·8, 22·1) (c) x2 1 3x 2 28 5 0, x 5 4
3. (a) 4xy ( y 2 3) (b) (2x 1 1)(2x 2 1) (c) (2x 2 3)(2x 1 1)

4. x 5 9, y 5 4 Page 583 E18.3
6. x , 23 2. 7·10 miles
7. y > 1, y < x, x 1 2y , 8 3. (a) x 5 47·6°, y 5 39·4°, z 5 1·46 cm
4 (b) x 5 97°, y 5 1·95 m, z 5 1·28 m
8. (a) (x 2 2)(x 2 3) (b)  _____ 
x22
(c) x 5 43°, y 5 15·7 cm, z 5 17·1 cm
p13
9. y 5  _____  10. 10 (d) x 5 108°, y 5 29·0°, z 5 43·5°
12x
4 25 (e) x 5 62°, y 5 6·70 m, z 5 4·62 m
11. (b) 22·39, 4·39 (c) y 5 2  __  x 2  ___ (4x 1 3y 1 25 5 0)
3 3 (f ) x 5 38·8 cm, y 5 27·4°, z 5 42·6°
4. (a) 158 m (b) 88·2 m
Page 574 M18.4 5. 15·4 km 6. 49·0 km 7. 44·5 cm2
2
1. C(0, 3, 4), D(0, 3, 0), E(6, 0, 0), F(6, 0, 4), G(0, 0, 4) 8. (a) 15·5 km (b) 4·82 km
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 39 10/6/15 15:04:31

40 Answers
Page 584 E18.4 5. (a) x 5 25·6 cm, y 5 31·1° (b) 89·2 cm2
1. 350 cm2 (c) (i) 29·0 km (ii) 297°
2 2
2. (a) 39 5 x 1 (x 1 2) 2 2x (x 1 2) cos 60° 6. (a) 11·7 cm (b) 16·8 cm (c) 45·7° (d) 85 mm
2
(b) x 1 2x 2 35 5 0 (c) x 5 5
3. 21·2 cm 4. 97·2° Page 597 Mixed examination questions
5. (a) 86·8 km2 (b) 16 mins. 1. 2. 1·55 m3 3. 31·4° 4. 230°
___
6.  √34  7. 53·8° 8. 2 3 cm
2 cm
Page 586 Can you still? 5 cm
1. 15 mins. 5. (i) (3, 0, 1) (ii) (1, 1, 3)
1 8 1
2. (b)  ___  (c)  ___  (d)  __  6. 223·4 m 7. 99·2°
15 15 3
3. Higher median for maths, maths marks more spread out. 8. (a) 133° (b) 313°
4. (a) 0–10 range is 12, 20–30 range is 38. 9. (a) 46·3 cm (b) 51·0°
__
(c) 7·14% 10. 1 1   5 

√
11.
Page 587 E18.5

1. (a) 12·4 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 12·6 cm (d) 13 cm 12. (27, 22, 3)
2. (a) 10 cm (b) 11·2 cm 13. (a) 236 cm3 (b) 90°
3. (a) 10·8 cm (b) 9·85 cm (c) 11·5 cm
4. 192 cm3 5. 8·62 km
6. 11·9 7. 15 mm, 20 mm, 60 mm
8. (a) 7·81 cm (b) 19·6 cm (c) 18·7 cm
9. 123·7 m
10. (a) x2 1 (x 1 200)2 5 350 000
(b) 306 m
Page 591 E18.6

1. (a) 20·2 cm (b) 13·0 cm (c) 32·8° (d) 93·6°
(e) 114·2°
2. (a) 28·2 cm (b) 30·8 cm (c) 22·2 cm (d) 33·4 cm
(e) 32·6° (f ) 22·9° (g) 61·8°
3. (b) 60·5° (c) 28·7 cm (d) 68·2° (e) 1477 cm2
4. (a) 12·4 cm (b) 14·5°
5. (a) 1·04 m (d) 56·2° (e) 0·389 m
6. (a) 64·3° (b) 36·9°
7. 43·3° 8. 30°
9. (a) 81·8° (b) 5·66 cm (c) 27·4 cm
10. (a) 10·5 cm (b) 16·1 cm (c) 164·3°

2. (a) (i) 259° (ii) 307° (iii) 044° (iv) 079°
(b) 323°
3. (a) 8·5 m (b) 518 m
4. (a) L(7, 0, 0), M(7, 0, 3), N(0, 0, 3), O(0, 0, 0), P(0, 5, 0),
Q(7, 5, 0), R(7, 5, 3), S(0, 5, 3)
(b) (0, 2  _2 , 3)
1
(c) 7·62
19-Answers_pp001-040.indd 40 10/6/15 15:04:32

Index
A calculator – standard form 133–135
acceleration 206–210 capacity 436–440
addition – algebraic fractions 520–524 centre of enlargement 284–289
addition – fractions 3–5 centre of rotation 281–283
addition – lower and upper bounds chord 73
139–142 circle – angle properties 73–88
addition – standard form 132–133 circle – area 424–426
addition – surds 11–17 circle – circumference 429
addition – vectors 335–339 circle equation 405–406
algebraic fractions 517–524 circle tangents 407–408
algebraic proof 525–526 class intervals 472, 474–476,
alternate angles 63–65 478–494
alternate segment theorem 82 column vectors 332–337
angle bisector 536–540 combinations of transformations
angles 61–88 290–291
angles in polygons 65–70 common factor 107–108
angle in semicircles 73–88 comparing data 492–494
angle of depression 571–572 complement 243
angle of elevation 571–572 completing the square 397–400
approximations 7 composite functions 175
arc length 429–431 compound interest 30–33
area 424–435 compound measures 309–314
area ratios 453–458 conditional probability 259–265
area under a graph 202–210 cone – surface area 444–447
arithmetic progression 388–392 cone – volume 441–444
asymptote 548 congruent triangles 292–296
averages 467–476, 479–491 constant of proportionality 145
average (moving) 361–364 constructions 536–540
average rate of change 204–206 co-ordinates 3D 574–575
correlation 357–360
B corresponding angles 63–65
^
bank accounts 223–226 cos A 321
bearings 568–571 cosine rule 580–585
bias 365–366 counting product rule 239–242
bisection 180–181 cover – up method for drawing
bisectors 536–540 lines 377–378
box plots 482–484 credit cards 229–230
brackets – expanding 100–104, 106–107 cubic graphs 187–190
cumulative frequency graphs
C 478–482
calculators 6–8 cyclic quadrilateral 76
20-Index._pp001-008.indd 1 10/6/15 15:05:01

cylinder – surface area 444–447 estimating powers and roots 49–51
cylinder – volume 436–440 exact values of trig functions 326
expansion 100–104
D expectation 236–237
decimals – 4 operations 2 exponential graphs 409–411
decimals to fractions 9–11 exponential growth/decay 409–411
density 312–314 expression 104–105
depression, angle of 571–572 exterior angles of polygons 68–70
differences – number sequences 388,
394 F
difference of 2 squares 110–111 factorisation – common factors
direct proportionality 142–147 107–108
distance between 2 points 316, 319 factorisation – difference of 2 squares
distance – time graphs 206–211 110–111
division – algebraic fractions factorisation – grouping 112
518–519 factorisation – quadratic 108–114
division – fractions 3–5 factors 126–128
division – indices 40 fibonacci sequence 386
division – lower and upper bounds fixed point iteration 182–183
139–142 formulae – rearranging 165–170
division – standard form 130–133 formulae – substituting 98–100
division – surds 11–17 fractions 3–5
fractions – algebraic 517–524
E fractions – indices 44–47
elevations 565–567 frequency density 485–491
elevation, angle of 571–572 frequency tables 470–475, 485–491
enlargement 284–289 front elevation 565–567
equations – algebraic fractions frustum 444
522–524 function notation 170–177
equation circle 405–406 functions – transformations 552–557
equations – forming 117–119,
162–163, 382–384, 402–403 G
equations – linear 158–163 geometric progression 386–388, 392,
equations of motion 210–212 395–396
equations – quadratic 114–119, geometry – vectors 339–343
397–403 gradient 182–184, 193–195, 204–210
equations – simultaneous 378–384 gradient – perpendicular lines
equations – solving graphically 198–201
412–415 graphs – cubic 187–190
equations of straight line 195–198 graphs – cumulative frequency
equations – trial and improvement 478–482
178–179 graphs – distance–time 206–211
equations – trigonometric 549–551 graphs – equation solving 412–415
equations with indices 48–49 graphs – exponential 409–411
estimating 7 graphs – inequalities 512–516
20-Index._pp001-008.indd 2 10/6/15 15:05:01

graphs lines 183–184 line bisector 536–540
graphs – proportionality 142, 147 line of best fit 357–360
graphs – quadratic 184–186 linear sequences 388–392
graphs – reciprocal 187–190 locus (loci) 541–545
graphs – real-life 190–192 loss–percentage 28–30
graphs – simultaneous equations lower bound 135–142
378–379 lower quartile 477–484
graphs – transformations 552–557 lowest common multiple 126–128
graphs – trigonometric 546–551
grouped data 470–475 M
map scales 533–535
H magnitude of a vector 332
highest common factor 126–128 mean 467–470
hire purchase 227–228 mean from tables 472–475
histogram 485–491 measures – compound 309–314
hypotenuse 314 median 467–470
median – box plots 482–484
I median – cumulative frequency
identity 104–105 478–482
image 279 median from tables 470–472
imperial units 308–309 metric units 306–309
independent events 248–249 midpoint of a line 574–575
indices 40–53 modal class 470–472
inequalities – quadratic 515–516 mode 467–470
inequalities – regions 512–514 modulus 332
inequalities – set notation 510–511 motion – equations 210–212
inequalities – solving 508–516 moving average 361–364
intercepts 185 multiplication – algebraic fractions
interior angles of polygons 66–70 518–519
interquartile range 477–484 multiplication – fractions 3–5
intersection of sets 243 multiplication – indices 40
interval bisection 180–181 multiplication – lower and upper
inverse functions 173 bounds 139–142
inverse proportionality 147–150 multiplication – standard form
isosceles triangle – angles 61 130–133
isosceles triangle – Pythagoras 319 multiplication – surds 11–17
isosceles triangle – trigonometry mutually exclusive events 250–252
328
iteration 178–183 N
negative gradient 193
L negative indices 42–44
Length of line joining 2 points 316, negative numbers 7, 43
319 negative scale factor 287–289
Length ratios 447–458 number lines – inequalities
linear inequalities 508–514 509–511
20-Index._pp001-008.indd 3 10/6/15 15:05:01

O proof – circle properties 85–88
‘OR’ rule (probability) 250–252 proportionality – direct 142–147
outcomes 238–239 proportionality – inverse 147–150
outlier 359 pyramid – volume 441–444
Pythagoras 314–320
P Q
parallelogram – area 424–426 quadrant 546
percentages – compound interest quadratic equations 114–119, 397–
30–33 403
percentages – decrease 25–28 quadratic equations – solving
percentages – increase 25–28 graphically 412–415
percentages – loss 28–30 quadratic equations – using the
percentage multiplier 26 formula 400–403
percentages – profit 28–30 quadratic expressions – factorising
percentages – reverse 34–36 108–114
percentages – simple interest 31–33 quadratic graphs 184–186
perpendicular bisector 536–540 quadratic inequalities 515–516
perpendicular lines – gradient quadratic sequences 394–396
198–201 quadrilaterals – angles 61
pie chart 353–356 quadrilateral – cyclic 76
plan view 565–567 quartiles 477 484
plane – angle between line and plane
589–593 R
plane of symmetry 276–277 random sampling 367
polygons – angles 65–70 range 467–470
pressure 312–314 range – interquartile 477–484
primary data 365 rate of change 193–195, 204–206
prime factors 126–128 rationalising denominators 14–17
prisms 436–440 ratio 37–39
probability 231–265 real-life graphs 190–192
probability – conditional 259–265 rearranging formulae 165–170
probability – expectation 236–237 reciprocal 42
probability – independent events reciprocal graphs 187–190
248–249 recurring decimals 10–11
probability – mutually exclusive events reflection 279–280
250–252 reflection of a graph 552–557
probability – relative frequency regular polygon 68
231–233 relative frequency 231–233
probability – the ‘OR’ rule 250–252 reverse percentages 34–36
probability – trees 253–265 root of an equation 412–415
probability – Venn diagram 246–247 rotation 281–283
product rule for counting 239–242 rotational symmetry 274–275
profit – percentage 28–30
proof – algebraic 525–526 S
proof – angles 70–72 sampling 365–369
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scalar quantity 332 subtraction – vectors 335–339
scale factor 284–289 surds 11–17
scale – maps 533–535 surds – geometric progression 395
scattergrams (scattergraphs) 357–360 surface area 444–447
secondary data 365 symmetry 274–275
sector – area 431–435 systematic sampling 367–369
segment 431–435
sequences 385–396 T
^
set notation 243–245 tan A 321
set notation – inequalities 510–511 tangent – circles 79, 407–408
side elevation 565–567 tangent to a curve 204
similar shapes – areas/volumes three-dimensional co-ordinates
453–458 574–575
similar triangles 447–452 three-dimensional problems – using
simple interest 31–33 trigonometry 587–593
simple random sample 367 transformations 277–291
simultaneous equations – graphically transformations of graphs 552–557
378–379 translations 277–278
simultaneous equations – linear translation of a graph 552–557
380–384 translation vectors 277–278
simultaneous equations – linear/ trapezium – area 424–426
quadratic 404–406 trapezium rule 202
^
sin A 321 tree – prime factor 126–128
sine rule 578–579, 582–585 tree – probability 253–265
slant height – cone 444–447 trends 361–364
speed, time and distance 309–311 trial and improvement 178–179
sphere – surface area 444–447 triangles – area 427–428
sphere – volume 441–444 triangles – congruent 292–296
spread – measure of 467, 477 triangles – similar 447–452
standard form 128–135 triangular prism 436–440
straight line – equation 195–198 trigonometry 320–331
straight line – graphs 183–184 trigonometry – angles of depression/
straight line – perpendicular lines elevation 571–572
198–201 trigonometry – bearings 568–571
stratified sampling 367–369 trigonometry – exact values 326
trigonometry – graphs 546–551
subscript sequence notation 391–393
trigonometry – isosceles triangle
subset 243
328
substitution 97–100
trigonometry – with angles of any
subtraction – algebraic fractions
size 546–551
520–524 truncation 135–142
subtraction – fractions 3–5 turning points 185, 399–400
subtraction – lower and upper bounds two-way tables 351–353
139–142
subtraction – standard form 132–133 U
subtraction – surds 11–17 union of sets 243
20-Index._pp001-008.indd 5 10/6/15 15:05:01

universal set 243
upper bound 135–142
upper quartile 477–484
V
vectors 332–343
vector geometry 339–343
vector – translation 277–278
velocity/time graph 206–210
Venn diagram 127–128, 243–247
vertically opposite angle 61
volume 436–444
volume ratios 453–458
20-Index._pp001-008.indd 6 10/6/15 15:05:01

Can you still? sections page numbers
Negative numbers 7 Fractions 232
Fractions 9 Mixed 237
Decimals 12 Mixed 241
Number Work 16 Mixed 249
Surds 27 Finding angles 251
Surds 35 Mixed 264
Negative numbers 43 Mixed algebra 283
Surds 45 Mixed 291
Recurring decimals and fractions 47 Mixed 308
Mixed percentages 64 Mixed algebra 314
Quadrilaterals 67 Mixd algebra 316
Indices 71 Mixed 323
Indices 75 Mixed 327
Percentages 80 Equations of perpendicular
Surds 83 lines 331
Mixed 86 Mixed 338
Mixed 99 Mixed 352
Mixed 101 Mixed number 355
Ratios 106 Probability trees 364
Surds 110 Equations 366
Surds 112 Forming and solving equations
Angles 114 370
Circle properties 116 Mixed 381
Mixed 134 Mixed Algebra 387
Mixed 138 Mixed 389
Indices 143 Transformations 393
Factorisation 146 Angles 396
Indices and factorising 148 Mixed Geometry 403
Mixed 163 Mixed 408
Brackets 168 Mixed 428
Mixed 171 Mixed algebra 434
Angles in circles 174 Mixed algebra 440
Mixed 176 Mixed 445
Mixed 186 Vectors 452
Mixed 198 Mixed 454
Mixed 201 Simultaneous equations 469
Mixed 212 Sampling 475
20-Index._pp001-008.indd 7 10/6/15 15:05:01

Mixed 481
Completing the square 491
Areas and volumes 511
Mixed algebra 518
Mixed algebra 521
Linear and quadratic simultaneous
equations 524
Arcs, sectors and segments 535
Mixed 539
Similar shapes 542
Cumulative frequency and
histograms 551
Mixed 554
Mixed number 567
Mixed algebra 573
Mixed geometry 576
Mixed statistics 586
20-Index._pp001-008.indd 8 10/6/15 15:05:01

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00-Prelims_pp_i-viii.indd 1 10/6/15 14:34:29

ISBN 9781 906 622 510

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M Non calculator arithmetic

1 How many 27p stamps can I buy with a £20 note?

2 Tom has to put 1000 containers into boxes. 

3 Find the value of 8 3 8 3 8 3 8

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 1 10/6/15 14:35:05

1 litre 1·5 litres 2 litres

The prices of different bottles of a drink are shown above.

9 Morgan needs to choose one of the phone plans below.

CARE PLAN ALL PLAN

£25 fixed monthly payment £32 fixed monthly payment

includes: 1000 texts includes: unlimited texts

Each extra minute

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 2 10/6/15 14:35:07

1 Work out and give the answer in its simplest form:

5 One eighth of candidates pass an exam at

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 3 10/6/15 14:35:09

9 The large triangle and each of the

10 Work out and give the answer in its simplest form:

Carol has a lawn which measures 6​ _2 ​ m

the middle of the lawn which measures

lawn (as a fraction).

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 4 10/6/15 14:35:09

15 The organiser of a cup final gives three

16 Work out and give each answer in its simplest form.

17 All the people in a business work in

What fraction of the whole workforce is women?

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 5 10/6/15 14:35:10

Estimate the cost of 58 radios at £62 each.

Clues across Clues down

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 6 10/6/15 14:35:11

7 Estimate, correct to 1 significant figure:

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 7 10/6/15 14:35:11

9 Copy and use a calculator to complete the

M Convert fractions and decimals

cannot change the denominator easily 0· 2 2 2

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 8 10/6/15 14:35:12

1 Convert the decimals below into fractions in their lowest form:

2 Use division without a

(e) ​ _9 ​ (f ) ​ __

3 By using recurring decimals, 2. Write these numbers in order of size,

4 Pair off each fraction with an equivalent decimal:

Jackson says that __

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 9 10/6/15 14:35:12

1000f 5 837·837 100f 5 42·626

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 10 10/6/15 14:35:15

if you can find a factor of 27 which is a

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 11 10/6/15 14:35:16

2 Simplify as far as possible

01-Ch_01_pp001-024.indd 12 10/6/15 14:35:16

6 Simplify as far as possible

7 Work out the exact

8 Simplify as far as possible

9 The area of the

2 Tom has to put 1000 containers into boxes.

9 The large triangle and each of the

Carol has a lawn which measures 6 _2 m

(e)  _9 (f )  __

2 Simplify as far as possible

6 Lauren thinks that the denominator

(b) Find the difference between _ 9 and __

(a) Which of the following fractions is nearest in value to _ 4 ?

At 06:00 hours one day, the temperature in Kiev is 28 _4 °C.

of day the temperature in London is 3 _6 °C. What is the difference

8 A new car costs £2320 1 VAT (20%).

For the guitar, % increase 5 ____( )