Introduction To Practical Computer Science II

Lecture: Introduction To OOP

Herat University
Computer Science Faculty
Lecturer: Azita Azimi
Date: May 28, 2021
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Course Introduction

¡ Course Name : Introduction to Practical Computer Science II

¡ Number of Credits: 5 CP
¡ Course Description:
¡ Introduction to Object Oriented Programming
¡ Students learn to analyze small problems and to find solutions for them
¡ Students learn to distinguish between Structural programming and Object-Oriented programming
¡ Understand Object-Oriented concept
¡ Understand main functionalities of Object-Oriented Programming
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Course Text book

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Teaching Methods/Strategies

¡ Lecture presentation
¡ Exercises:
¡ Assignments
¡ Debriefing
¡ Q &A
¡ Tutorial
¡ Q &A
¡ Panel discussions

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Grading Scheme

¡ Exercises and Class Activity: 20 %

¡ Mid-Term Exam: 20 %
¡ Final Exam: 60 %

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Organizational Issues

¡ Please come on time

¡ Be quiet during the lectures
¡ Silent your mobile phone
¡ If you have any question just rise your hand
¡ Don’t take photo of the codes during class
¡ Study the reference book carefully

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Outline:

¡ Different Styles of Programming

¡ Procedural/Structure Programming
¡ Object Oriented Programming
¡ Why Object Oriented Programming?
¡ Basic Components of OOP
¡ What is an object?
¡ Class
¡ Object vs. Class
¡ Class Structures
¡ Constructors
¡ Constructors Usages

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Different Styles Of Programming

¡ There are two styles of programming:

1. Procedural/Structure Programming
2. Object Oriented Programming

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Procedural/Structure Programming

¡ A program in a procedural language is basically a list of instructions.

¡ As programs become larger they are usually broken down into
¡ smaller units, such as functions, procedures, subroutines.
¡ Procedural language's techniques were based on creating programs with a structure,
clean flow.
¡ Examples of procedural languages: Pascal, Fortran

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Problems with Structured Programming:

¡ For many years the structured programming model was prevalent in the software
industry.
¡ But structured programming is a program development methodology. It does not
deal with the real-world problem at the origin of every software project
¡ We can say that structured programming focuses on the solution-set of a software
project. But defining, and modeling the problem-set is one of the major blocks of
software development,
¡ The object-oriented approach focuses on this problem set.

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Object Oriented Programming

¡ In the beginning of 1960 attempt to design a programming language that extended in

a way suitable for performing Computer simulations of real-world situation.
¡ So they create Objects Programming , it models real world Objects.

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Why Object Oriented Programming?

¡ The following are the most important claims of the object-oriented approach:
1. The OO model can be understood by clients and software users with no technical
knowledge of programming or computers. For this reason, program analysis and design
methods based on object-orientation facilitate communications with clients.
2. Real-world problems can be modeled in object-oriented terms.
3. Object-oriented programming languages promote and facilitate code reuse. Reusing code
increases programmer productivity.
4. The need to modify program behavior with minimal changes to existing code.

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Basic Components of OOP

¡ Basic components of Object Oriented Programming Language:

1. Objects
2. Classes

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What is an Object?

¡ If we consider the real-world we can find many objects around us:

All these objects have state and behavior!

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What is an Object?

Object = State + Behavior

¡ State defines the object attributes
¡ Behavior defines what the object does.

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Car Object Example

¡ State: ¡ Behavior:
¡ four wheels, ¡ driving,
¡ four doors, ¡ Brake,
¡ a car radio ¡ slowing down,

¡ more. ¡ Speed Up.

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Objects in Programming

¡ Object is most important feature of OOP.

¡ In object-oriented programming we create software objects that model real world
objects.
¡ They have state and behavior.
¡ An object in software programs maintains its state in one or more variables.
¡ An object in software programs implements its behavior with methods
An object is a software bundle of variables and related methods
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Cont…

¡ An object is also known as an instance. An instance refers to a particular object.

¡ A software object has variables that formally known as instance variables. They
contain state for particular car object.
¡ In addition of variables a software car would have methods to brake, speed up and
change gears. These methods are known as instance methods.

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Class

¡ In real world, you often have many objects of the same kind.
¡ Objects of the same kind are similar and you can create a prototype for those
objects.
¡ A prototype of objects is called a class.
¡ Using object oriented terminology, we say that your car object is an instance of the
class of cars.
¡ Object is a variable of user defined type called class.

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Car Class

¡ A class is a prototype, that defines the variables and the methods common to all
objects of a certain kind.

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Instance Of a Class

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Instance Of a Class

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Class Example: Teacher

1. Mr.Farman teaches Database

2. Mr.Ali teaches Software Engineering
3. Mr.Ahmadi teaches Computer Science
¡ Each one is a Teacher
¡ We say these objects are instances of the Teacher class

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Class Example: Students

1. Ahmad studies mathematics

2. Shoaib studies physics
3. Mahmood studies chemistry
¡ Each one is a Student
¡ We say these objects are instances of the Student class

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Object vs Class

¡ Objects ¡ Classes
¡ has state + behavior ¡ we can implement state and behavior
¡ has specific state + behavior ¡ has specifiation of state and behavior

Object is an instance of a class

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Student Class

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Class Structure:

¡ An object is created based on class.

¡ A class can contain:
¡ Class Declaration
¡ Variables
¡ Constructors
¡ Standard
¡ Overloaded
¡ Methods
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Student Class:

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Constructor:

¡ A constructor is a special method.

¡ Constructors has the same name as our class.
¡ Constructor do not return any value. So it should not have any return type.
¡ A class can have more than one constructor.
¡ There are Two types of Constructors:
¡ Standard
¡ Overloaded

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Standard (Default) Constructor
¡ Standard (Default) Constructor.
¡ Constructor without any argument is called the Standard constructor.
¡ If we do not define a default constructor the compiler will generate a default constructor.

¡ Example:
class Student{
// member variables go here
public Student(){
// This constructor does not parameter
}
}
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Overloaded Constructor
¡ Overloaded Constructor
¡ As any other method, a constructor can get parameters.
¡ This parameters can be used to set initial values of the objects properties.
¡ A constructor with arguments is called the Overload constructor.
¡ Example:
class Student{
// member variables go here
public Student(String name){
// This constructor has one parameter, name.
}
}
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Constructor usage

The constructor is called when an object of the class is created

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 Any Question???

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