‫ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻟﻮﻟﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﻝ‬

‫‪ 200‬ﺳﺮﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬
2
 ‫ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫المجاز لإلستشارات الھندسية‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫المصمم المعماري‬
‫م‪2‬‬ ‫‪9714.5‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫مساحة األرض‬

‫ش ارع األمي ر مق رن ب ن عب دالعزيز – ح ي‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫الموقع‬

‫المغرزات – مدينة الرياض‪.‬‬

‫يحت ل "مستش فى لول وة العـ ـذل" بالري اض موقع ا ً ممي زاً ف ي‬

‫مدين ة الري اض عل ى أرض تبل غ مس احتھا ‪ 9714.5‬مت راً مربع اً‪،‬‬
‫وتتك ون المستش فى م ن مبن ى ذي ھيك ل خرس اني‪ ،‬وم واد بن اء‬
‫مقاومة للحريق‪.‬‬
‫ت م تص ميم المستش فى وف ق المع ايير الخاص ة بالمب اني الص حية‪،‬‬
‫وت م مراع اة أنظم ة الس المة ومكافح ة الحرائ ق بھ ا‪ ،‬حي ث ت م‬
‫اعتب ار ك ل قس م م ن األقس ام قط اع حري ق مس تقل‪ ،‬وت م تص ميم لك ل‬
‫قط اع حري ق مھ رب رئيس ي وث انوي ت م دراس تھا وتص ميمھا وفق ا ً‬
‫لنظ ام الرابط ة الوطني ة للحماي ة م ن الحري ق )‪ (NFPA‬الخاص ة‬
‫بالمستش فيات والمب اني العالي ة و ك ذلك المتطلب ات العام ة ألنظم ة‬
‫مكافحة الحريق ونظم اإلنذار للدفاع المدني‪.‬‬

‫ت م تص ميم مستش فى لول وة الع ذل لتك ون م ن أح دث المستش فيات‬

‫الطبي ة ف ي مدين ة الري اض وھ و مستش فى س عة ‪ 200‬س رير وال ذي‬
‫يحتوي على كامل التخصصات الطبية‪.‬‬

‫يتكون المبنى الرئيسي للمستشفى من ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬يتك ون م ن ع دة طواب ق و يش مل جمي ع تخصص ات المستش فى و‬
‫يحت وي أربع ة أدوار أقبي ة تح ت األرض و دور أرض ي و خمس ة‬
‫أدوار علوية متكررة‪ ،‬بسعة عدد إجمالي ‪ 200‬سرير‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬القبو الرابع‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ويتكون من مواقف سيارات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬القبو الثالث‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ويتكون من مواقف سيارات‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫‪ -3‬القبو الثاني‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ويتكون من مواقف سيارات وخدمات‬
‫‪ -4‬القبو األول‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ويتك ون م ن مواق ف س يارات وأقس ام عالجي ة‪ ،‬وقس م إداري و‬
‫خدمات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬الدور األرضي و الموقع العام‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ويتك ون م ن أقس ام عالجي ة‪ ،‬وقس م إداري و خ دمات‪ ،‬ومواق ف‬
‫سيارات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬الدور األول‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ويتكون من أقسام العيادات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬الدور الثاني‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬يتكون من أقسام التنويم‪ ،‬وأقسام عالجية‪ ،‬وقسم إداري و خدمات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬الدور الثالث‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬يتكون من أقسام التنويم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬الدور الرابع‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬يتكون من أقسام التنويم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬الدور الخامس‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬يتكون من أقسام التنويم‪ ،‬وأقسام عالجية‪.‬‬
‫‪ -11‬الملحق العلوي‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬يتكون من غرف الماكينات‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫القبو الرابع‪:‬‬
‫يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬بھو المصاعد و الساللم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬استراحة السائقين‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إدارة الممتلكات "رجال"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إدارة الممتلكات "نساء"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬قسم إداري و خدمات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬مواقف سيارات عدد )‪ (239‬موقف‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬وتبلغ مساحة القبو الرابع ‪ 9714.5‬متر مربع‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬يوجد عدد ‪ 3‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬يوجد في القبو الرابع عدد ‪ 5‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب ) عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم ھروب و عدد ‪1‬‬
‫سلم رئيسي(‪.‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬القبو الثالث‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬
‫بھو المصاعد و الساللم‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫استراحة السائقين‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫إدارة الممتلكات "رجال"‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫إدارة الممتلكات "نساء"‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم إداري و خدمات‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مواقف سيارات عدد )‪ (225‬موقف‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة القبو الثالث ‪ 9714.5‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 3‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في القبو الثالث عدد ‪ 5‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب ) عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم ھروب و عدد ‪1‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫سلم رئيسي(‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫القبو الثاني‪:‬‬

‫يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫بھو المصاعد و الساللم‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم الخدمات المساندة )تفريغ – تحميل – تخزين – تجميد ‪(... -‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫استراحة السائقين‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫استراحة موظفين "رجال"‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫استراحة موظفين "نساء"‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم خدمات‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫خزان الوقود‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫غرف المضخات‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مواقف سيارات عدد )‪ (182‬موقف‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة القبو الثاني ‪ 9714.5‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 3‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في القبو الثاني عدد ‪ 6‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب ) عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم ھروب‪ ،‬وعدد ‪1‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫سلم خدمة‪ ،‬وعدد ‪ 1‬سلم رئيسي(‪.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬القبو األول‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬
‫قسم المختبرات و المعامل‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم األشعة‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم المكتبة الطبية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم السجالت الطبية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم المغسلة‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم ثالجة الموتي )المشرحة(‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم الحاسب اآللي و نظم المعلومات‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم التعقيم المركزي‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫غرف المولدات الكھربائية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫لوحات الضغط المنخفض الكھربائية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مواقف سيارات عدد )‪ (67‬موقف‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة القبو األول ‪ 9714.5‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 5‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في القبو األول عدد ‪ 6‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب ) عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم ھروب‪،‬وعدد ‪ 2‬سلم‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫رئيسي(‪.‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬الدور األرضي‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬
‫بھو المدخل الرئيسي‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫صيدلية العيادات الخارجية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫إنتظارات )رجال ونساء(‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم الطوارئ واإلسعاف‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم االستعالمات‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم السكرتارية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم األمن و السالمة‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم المطبخ الرئيسي‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫غرف المحوالت الكھربائية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫غرف الغازات الطبية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫خزان الوقود‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مواقف سيارات عدد )‪ (53‬موقف‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة األرض ‪ 9714.5‬متر مربع و مساحة الدور األرضي ‪ 3860‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 5‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في الدور األرضي عدد ‪ 11‬مخرج للھروب في حالة الطوارئ‪ ،‬شامل المدخل‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫الرئيسي و المداخل الفرعية‪.‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬الدور األول‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬
‫قسم أول عيادات خارجية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم ثان عيادات خارجية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم ثالث عيادات خارجية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم رابع عيادات خارجية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة الدور األول ‪ 3848‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 4‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في الدور األول عدد ‪ 6‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب ) عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم ھروب‪،‬وعدد ‪ 2‬سلم‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫رئيسي(‪.‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫الدور الثاني‪:‬‬

‫يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫قسم الجراحة‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم العناية المركزة للمواليد‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم اإلدارة‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم جراحة الماظير‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة الدور الثاني ‪ 3879‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 3‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في الدور الثاني عدد ‪ 6‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب ) عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم ھروب‪،‬وعدد ‪2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫سلم رئيسي(‪.‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬الدور الثالث‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬
‫جناح التنويم "‪."1‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫جناح التنويم "‪."2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫جناح التنويم "‪."3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫جناح التنويم "‪."4‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة الدور الثالث ‪ 3872‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 3‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في الدور الثالث عدد ‪ 6‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب ) عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم ھروب‪،‬وعدد ‪2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫سلم رئيسي(‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫الدور الرابع‪:‬‬

‫يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫جناح التنويم "‪."1‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫جناح التنويم "‪."2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫جناح التنويم "‪."3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫جناح التنويم "‪."4‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة الدور الرابع ‪ 3872‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 3‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في الدور الرابع عدد ‪ 6‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب ) عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم ھروب‪،‬وعدد ‪2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫سلم رئيسي(‪.‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
 ‫الدور الخامس‪:‬‬

‫يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫قسم الوالدة‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم العناية المركزة‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫قسم العمليات‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة الدور الخامس ‪ 3872‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 3‬قطاعات للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في الدور الخامس عدد ‪ 6‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب ) عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم ھروب‪،‬وعدد ‪2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫سلم رئيسي(‪.‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
 ‫دور السطح و المالحق العلوية‪:‬‬

‫يحتوي على األقسام التالية‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫غرف الماكينات‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫المعدات الميكانيكية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وتبلغ مساحة مالحق السطح ‪ 150‬متر مربع‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد عدد ‪ 1‬قطاع للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يوجد في دور السطح عدد ‪ 4‬ساللم كمخارج ھروب‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫طبقا ً لمعايير الرابطة الوطنية للحماية من الحريق ) ‪ ( NFPA‬الخاصة بالمستشفيات‬

‫والمباني العالية و كذلك المتطلبات العامة ألنظمة مكافحة الحريق ونظم اإلنذار للدفاع‬
‫المدني‪.‬‬

‫تم التصميم بمراعاة مايلي‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬أبعاد الدرج ومواصفاته ونوعية مادة اإلنشاء في جميع األدوار‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬عرض الدرج ‪ 120‬سم صافي‪.‬‬
‫تم تشييد الساللم طبقا ً للمواصفات العربية السعودية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫جميع المواد المستخدمة في الدرج مقاومة للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫معزول ضد الدخان والحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫تم إنشائه من الخرسانة المسلحة وتركيب الدرج من الرخام‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫نموذج لساللم الھروب‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬نماذج األبواب الموزعة في الدور وما إذا كانت أبواب قطاعات حريق وتحديد مادة‬
‫الصنع ومواصفاتھا ودرجة مقاومتھا للحريق حسب كل قطاع حريق‪.‬‬

‫تم تصميم األبواب وفقا ً للمواصفات القياسية السعودية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫أبواب ساللم الھروب مصنوعة من المعدن المقاوم للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫فتحة الرؤيا في األبواب مصنوعة من الزجاج السلكي بسماكة ‪ 8‬ملم‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫أبواب مفصلية تفتح بالدفع للخارج بإتجاه مسار الخروج مزودة بقفل طوارئ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫يفتح بالدفع ومزودة بغلق ذاتي‪.‬‬
‫مقاومة األبواب للحريق لمدة ساعتين‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫غير باعثة للدخان‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫نموذج ألبواب مخارج الحريق‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫جدول المواصفات‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬أبعاد ممرات الخروج ومواصفات التشطيب ومدى تحقيقھا لمتطلبات السالمة‪.‬‬
‫تم تصميم الممرات وفقا ً للمواصفات القياسية السعودية‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫عرض ممرات الھروب ‪ 250‬سم‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫األسقف والحوائط واألرضيات جميعھا من مواد مقاومة للحريق‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ ‬جدول يوضح المخارج وعرضھا ومواصفات األبواب وذاتية الغلق ومقاومة الدخان‬
‫والحريق لكل مبنى‪.‬‬

‫مقاومة الحريق‬
‫عدد‬ ‫الدور‬ ‫م‬
‫ذاتية الغلق‬ ‫مادة الصنع‬ ‫والدخان‬
‫المخارج‬
‫) بالساعة (‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫القبو الرابع‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫القبو الثالث‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫القبو الثاني‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫القبو األول‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫الومونيوم ‪ +‬زجاج مقاوم‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫للحرائق والكسر‬ ‫األرضي‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫األول‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫الثـاني‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫الثـالث‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫الرابع‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫الخامس‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫نعم‬ ‫معدن‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫‪ ‬تحديد الفواصل بين قطاعات الحريق المختلفة ودرجة مقاومتھا للحريق‪.‬‬

‫تم تحديد كل جناح او قسم كقطاع حريق مستقل أو جزء من قطاع مستقل‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫تقسم القطاعات إما بجدران بعرض ‪ 200‬ملم بلوك اسمنتي بكامل اإلرتفاع أو‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫جدران جبسية ‪ 150‬ملم تشمل ‪ 4‬طبقات جبس مقاوم للحريق‪ ،‬سماكة الطبقة ‪ 15‬ملم‪.‬‬
‫مدة مقاومتھا للحريق ساعتين‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫األبواب في الحوائط الفاصلة لقطاعات الحريق مقاومة للحريق لمدة ساعة ونصف‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ومزودة بغلق ذاتي‪.‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬جدول التشطيبات الداخلية‪:‬‬

‫)جميع المواد المستخدمة بالتشطيب مقاومة للحريق(‬

‫األسقف‬ ‫الحوائط‬ ‫األرضيات‬ ‫نوع الفراغ‬
‫بالطات‬
‫بالطات سيراميك‪/‬‬
‫أسقف معدنية‬ ‫سيراميك‪/‬‬ ‫المناطق المبللة‬
‫بورسلين‬
‫بورسلين‬
‫تجليد رخام ‪/‬‬
‫أسقف جبسية مدھونة‬ ‫ترابيع رخام‬ ‫اإلستقبال‬
‫دھانات اكريليك‬
‫ترابيع رخام ‪/‬‬
‫أسقف جبسية مدھونة‬ ‫دھانات اكريليك‬ ‫الممرات‬
‫روالت فينيل‬
‫أسقف جبسية مدھونة‬ ‫دھانات اكريليك‬ ‫روالت فينيل‬ ‫اقسام األشعة‬
‫بالطات أسقف مستعارة عازلة‬ ‫دھانات اكريليك‬ ‫روالت فينيل‬ ‫العيادات‬
‫أسقف جبسية‬ ‫دھانات اكريليك‬ ‫روالت فينيل‬ ‫غرف التنويم‬
‫أسقف جبسية مدھونة‬ ‫دھانات اكريليك‬ ‫روالت فينيل‬ ‫غرف العمليات والجراحة‬
‫أسقف جبسية مدھونة‬ ‫دھانات اكريليك‬ ‫روالت فينيل‬ ‫المستودعات‬
‫بالطات أسقف مستعارة عازلة‬ ‫دھانات اكريليك‬ ‫روالت فينيل‬ ‫المكاتب‬
‫خرسانة ظاھرة مدھونة‬
‫دھانات اكريليك‬ ‫ترابيع رخام‬ ‫الساللم الرئيسية والفرعية‬
‫باإليبوكسي‬
‫خرسانة ظاھرة مدھونة‬
‫دھانات ايبوكسي‬ ‫دھانات ايبوكسي‬ ‫غرف الكھرباء والماكينات‬
‫باإليبوكسي‬
‫بالطات أسقف مستعارة عازلة‬ ‫دھانات اكريليك‬ ‫روالت فينيل‬ ‫غرف اإلنتظار‬
‫‪ ‬التشطيبات الخارجية‪:‬‬
‫واجھات المبانى من سواتر زجاجية مثبتة على ھيكل من األلومينيوم‪ ،‬وأجزاء من‬
‫تركيبات الحجر؛ جميعھا مقاومة للحريق لمدة ال تقل عن ساعتين‪.‬‬
‫الزجاج للواجھات والشبابيك الخارجية مزدوج )‪ (DOUBLE GLASS‬ومقاوم للكسر من‬
‫الجانبين ومقاوم للحرارة والحريق لمدة ال تقل عن ساعتين‪.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫رابعـا ً‪ :‬األكواد المستخدمة فى تصميم أنظمة األمن والوقاية من الحريق‬

‫‪21‬‬
22
23
24
25
26
 ‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫‪27‬‬
 ‫أوالً‬

‫ٔاﻧـﻈﻤـﺔ ﻣﲀﲿـﺔ اﳊﺮﻳـﻖ‬

‫‪28‬‬
 ‫أعمال مكافحة الحريق‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘ ًﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﳌﺒﲎ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺒﺎﱏ اﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ روﻋﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﲀﲿﺔ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ و ﺣﺴﺎابﲥﺎ ﻋﲇ اﻛﻮاد اﶺﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳌﲀﲿﺔ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ )‪ (NFPA‬اﻟﺘﺎﱄ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ و الاﻋامتد ﻋﲇ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﳌﺒﲎ ابﻟﲀﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﺪة اﻧﻈﻤﻪ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ الاﺳـﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﳊﺪوث اﳊﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬و‬
‫ﱓ ﻧﻈﺎم رﺷﺎﺷﺎت اﳌﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﻪ اﳌﺘﺼهل ﻋﲇ ﻧﻈﺎم رﻃﺐ ابﻧﻮاع ﳐﺘﻠﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺷﺎﺷﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ و اﻟﺸﲁ ادلﻳﻜﻮري‬
‫وﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ الاﻣﺎﻛﻦ اﳌﺮﻛﺒﻪ ﲠﺎ و ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻀﺒﺎب اﳌﺎﰄ ﻋﺎﱄ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ذو ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻘﻄﺮة اﳌﻴﺎﻩ ‪ 100-300‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮون و‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﻮم اﻻﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﲄ و ﻛﺬكل ﰎ ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ اﳌﺒﲎ ابﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﲀﲿﺔ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ الاوﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻔﺎايت اﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ الاﻧﻮاع و اﻟﺴﻌﺎت و‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺻﻮاﻋﺪ و ﻛﺒﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺮﻃﺐ و ﻛﺬكل ﻋﺴﺎﻛﺮ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﻮل اﳌﺒﲎ و اﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﻣﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ الاﻧﻈﻤﺔ و ﻛﺬكل ﻧﻈﺎم‬
‫اﳌﻄﺎﰇ ‪. wet chemical‬‬

‫اﻠﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪NFPA 1 FIRE CODE‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫تصنيف المبنى طبقا ً لــ ‪NFPA 5000‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪NFPA 101‬‬ ‫تصنيف المبنى طبقا ً لــ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪NFPA 99‬‬ ‫كود المستشفيات‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪SBC 2007‬‬ ‫كود البناء السعودى‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫الكود الدولي للبناء ‪INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫الكود الدولي للحريق ‪INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫متطلبات الوقاية للحماية من الحريق في المبانى "مجلس التعاون الخليجى"‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظام طفايات الحريق االوليه طبقا لــ ‪NFPA 10‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظام الفوم االتوماتيكي طبقا لــ ‪NFPA 11A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظام الرشاشات التلقائية طبقا ً لـ ‪NFPA 13‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظام صواعد الحريق طبقا ً لـــ ‪NFPA 14‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظام الفوم االتوماتيكي طبقا لــ ‪NFPA 16‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظام حماية المطابخ طبقا ً لــ ‪NFPA 17 A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫انظمة الطلمبات طبقا ً لــ ‪NFPA 20‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫خزانات مياه الحريق طبقا لــ ‪NFPA 22‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫المعامل طبقا ً لـ ‪NFPA 45‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫خزان االكسجين طبقا ً لـ ‪NFPA 50‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظام الغاز البترولي المسال طبقا ً لـ ‪NFPA 58‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظم التحكم في الدخان طبقا ً لـ ‪NFPA 92‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫المطابخ طبقا ً لـ ‪NFPA 96‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫الغازات الطبيه طبقا ً لـ ‪NFPA 99‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظم التحكم في الدخان طبقا ً لـ ‪NFPA 204‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نظام الضباب المائي طبقا لــ ‪NFPA 750‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪29‬‬
 ‫ً‬
‫اوﻻ‪ :‬اﻻﻧﻈﻣﺔ اﻠﺘﻟﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻧﻈﺎم رﺷﺎﺷﺎت اﳌﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫تم تغطية المبنى بالكامل باستخدام الرشاشات التلقائية طبقا ً للمرفقات التاليه‪-:‬‬

‫)‪ME.FF.01 IBC (308.3‬‬

‫)‪ME.FF.02 IFC (903.2.6‬‬

‫)‪ME.FF.03 SBC (7.3.2.5‬‬

‫)‪ME.FF.04 SBC (2A.8.3‬‬

‫)‪ME.FF.05 NFPA101 (18.3.5.1‬‬

‫)‪ (1.1‬الرشاشات‪:‬‬

‫رشاشات موجھه العلي في اماكن انتظار السيارات واالماكن دون سقف مستعار و رشاشات موجھه السفل في اغلب المبنى )غرف‬
‫المرضي ‪-‬المكاتب ‪-‬الممرات ‪-‬اماكن االنتظار(‬

‫حيث الرشاشات كالتالي‪:‬‬

‫ا‪ -‬موجھه العلي )سريعة الستجابة ‪-‬ذات معامل تدفق )‪ ((K-FACTOR 5.6‬ودرجة حرارة ‪ 135‬فھرنھايت و قطر ‪ 0.5‬بوصه‬

‫ب‪-‬موجھه ألسفل )سريعة الستجابة ‪-‬ذات معامل تدفق )‪ ((K-FACTOR 5.6‬ودرجة حرارة ‪ 135‬فھرنھايت و قطر ‪ 0.5‬بوصه‬

‫ج‪-‬موجھه ألسفل )سريعة االستجابة ‪-‬ذات معامل تدفق )‪ ((K-FACTOR 8.0‬و درجة حرارة ‪ 135‬فھرنھايت و قطر ‪0.75‬‬
‫بوصه‬

‫د‪-‬رشاشات جافة ‪ DRY TYPE SPRINKLERS‬وذلك لالماكن البارده‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (2.1‬مجموعة محابس التجكم في مناطق الحريق‪:‬‬

‫تم تزويد االدوار بمجموعه محابس التحكم في مناطق الحريق و التى تتكون من محبس ‪ OS&Y gate‬مراقب بواسطه‬
‫‪ TAMPER SWITCH‬ومتصل بلوحة االنذار و مفتاح تدفق متصل بنظام االنذار في حالة تدفق المياه للرشاشات و مجموعه‬
‫اختبار و تصريف و محبس عدم رجوع و حساسات قياس الضغط ‪.‬‬

‫حيث يكون دور القبو االول و الثانى والثالث مغطي بثالث مجموعات و االرضي بمجموعتين و االول و الثانى و الثالث و الرابع و‬
‫الخامس مغطى بأربع مجموعات لكالً منھم‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (3.1‬المساحات التصميمية‪:‬‬

‫تم مراعاة اال تزيد المساحة التصميمية لمجموعه محابس التحكم في اي منطقة للحريق عن ‪ 4831‬متر‪ 2‬او عدد)‪ (275‬ايھما اقل‬
‫رشاش طبقا ً للمرفق‪.‬‬

‫)‪ME.FF.06 NFPA 13(8.2.1‬‬

‫)‪ME.FF.07 NFPA13 (23.7.3.4‬‬

‫‪30‬‬
 ‫‪WATER MIST SYSTEM‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻀﺒﺎب اﳌﺎﰄ‬
‫تم تغطية االماكن ذات الطبيعة الخاصه )غرف العمليات‪-‬المناظير ‪-‬العناية المركزة ‪-‬المعامل ‪-‬الصيدليه‪ -‬غرف االشعه‪ -‬غرف‬
‫الكھرباء و المولدات ‪....‬الخ(‬

‫و ذلل بإستخدام طلمبات مياه خاصه للضباب المائي عالي الضغط ‪ 140‬بار عدد ‪ 12‬طلمبة )كھربية‪+‬تعويض( بسعه للطلمبة‬
‫الرئيسيه ‪ 681‬لتر‪/‬دقيقه و قدرة كھربيه مقدارھا ‪ 190‬ك وات للحصول علي قطر للقطرة الواحدة يتراوح بين ‪ 200-400‬ميكرون‪.‬‬

‫و استخدام مواسير من االستانليس ستيل عالي الجودة ) ‪ ( STAINLESS STEE 316‬ومصافي علي الخطوط الفرعيه‬

‫*خزان الضباب المائي‪:‬عدد )‪ (1‬خزان مياه خالية من االمالح من محطة تحلية المياه بالمبنى بسعة ‪ 40‬م‪ 3‬ليكون قادراً علي مد‬
‫احتياج النظام من الضباب المائي لمدة ساعه‪.‬‬

‫‪AUTOMATIC FOAM SYSTEM‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﻮم اﻻﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﲄ‬

‫وذلك لخزان الوقود الرئيسي بسعة ‪ 150‬جالون مركز الفوم ‪(AFFF) AQUAS FILM FORMING FOAM‬بنسبة تركيز ‪ %3‬من‬
‫المحلول الذي يعمل أتوماتيكيا ً حيث يرتبط بنظام اإلنذار أاللي‪.‬‬

‫‪WET CHEMICAL‬‬ ‫‪-4‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﳌﻄﺎﰇ‬

‫بإستخدام امالح البوتاسيوم الطفاء الحرائق الناتجة عن الزيوت بالمطابخ و ذلك بسعة ‪ 100‬كجم و ‪ 40‬كجم لكل نظام شامل نظام‬
‫االنذار و التفعيل االتوماتيكي و اليدوي ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛ ً‬
‫ﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪:‬اﻻﻧﻈﻣﺔ اﻠﻴﺪوﻳﻪ‬
‫‪PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUSHER‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ﻃﻔﺎايت اﳊﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﻪ‬
‫عبارة عن‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -‬طفايات متعددة االستخدام بسعة ‪ 6‬كجم بمسافات التزيد عن ‪ 22‬م طبقا لـلمرفق)‪ME.FF.08 NFPA10(6.2.1.6‬بالممرات‬

‫‪ -‬طفايات ثانى اكسيد الكربون بسعة ‪ 6‬كجم لمكافحة الحريق بغرف الكھرباء‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬طفايات نقالي بعربة لسائل الفوم ‪ 20‬جالون موزعه داخل الجراج‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬طفايات ثانى اكسيد الكربون بسعه ‪ 45‬كجم )نقالي( بغرفة المحوالت‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬طفايات بسعة ‪ 9‬لتر من الفوم لغرفة المولد‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬طفايات ثانى اكسيد الكربون بسعه ‪ 12‬كجم نقالي لغرف الجھد المتوسط‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬طفايات من الغاز النظيف لغرف االشعه‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬طفايات الضباب المائي لغرف العمليات‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬طفايات ‪ WET CHEMICAL‬للمطابخ ‪.‬‬

‫‪31‬‬
‫)‪STANDPIPE SYSTEM (WET‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﺻﻮاﻋﺪ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺮﻃﺐ )ﻛﺒﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ(‬
‫تزويد المبنى بنظام صواعد حريق رطبه بأقطار ‪ 6‬بوصه بنظام ‪ COMBINED SYSTEM‬طبقا ً للمرفق‬

‫رقم )‪ME.FF.09 NFPA 14(7.6.2‬‬

‫بحيث تكون كبائن حريق جميع االدوار من النوع االول ‪ CLASS І‬طبقا ً لتصنيف المبنى في جميع ساللم الھروب و من النوع‬
‫‪ CLASS II‬بالممرات بينما ادوار القبو بكبائن حريق من النوع الثانى ‪class ІІ‬‬

‫مرفق رقم )‪ME.FF.10 SBC (7.5.3.1‬‬

‫مرفق رقم )‪ME.FF.11 IBC ( 905.4‬‬

‫مرفق رقم )‪ME.FF.12 IFC( 905.3.1‬‬

‫مرفق رقم )‪ME.FF.13 IBC( 905.3.1-4‬‬

‫مرفق رقم )‪ME.FF.14 IFC( 905.3.1-4‬‬

‫‪PILLAR TYPE FIRE HYDRANT‬‬ ‫‪-3‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﻋﺴﺎﻛﺮ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﻮل اﳌﺒﲎ ابدلور الارﴈ‬
‫تم تزويد المبنى بعساكر حريق)حنفيات حريق ارضيه ( عدد )‪ (4‬حول المبنى متصله بالشبكة الداخليه و تتغذى من طلمبات‬
‫الحريق الرئيسيه و من و صلة الدفاع المدنى‪.‬‬

‫‪SIAMESE CONNECTION‬‬ ‫‪-5‬وﺻﻼت ادلﻓﺎع اﳌﺪﱏ )اﻟﻮﺻهل اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﻣﻴﺔ( ﻟالك ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﺎن اﻟﺮﻃﺐ و اﳉﺎف‬

‫تم تزويد المبنى بعدد )‪ (1‬وصلة سياميه رطبه لتغذية حنفيات الحريق الرطبه و شبكة الرشاشات بالمبنى من سيارات االطفاء بعد‬
‫انتھاء خزان مياه الحريق طبقا ً للمرفق )‪.ME.FF.14 NFPA 15 (6.4.5.4‬‬

‫‪PUBLIC FIRE HYDRANT‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻋﺴﻜﺮي اﳊﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ‪ 65*100‬ﱈ ﻋﲇ ﺧﻂ اﻟﺒدلﻳﻪ ﻻٕﻋﺎدة ﻣﻠﺊ ﺧﺰاانت ﺳـﻴﺎرات ادلﻓﺎع اﳌﺪﱏ‪.‬‬

‫‪FIRE PUMPS:‬‬ ‫طلمبات الحريق‪:‬‬

‫طبقا ً الرتفاع و تصنيف المبنى وطبقا ً للمرفق )‪ ME.FF.16 NFPA 14(7.2.1‬والذي ينص علي عدم زيادة الضغط عند اي‬
‫نقطة بالنظام عن ‪ 24‬بار تم التصميم علي اساس وجود مجموعة من طلمبات الحريق علي ان تتكون المجموعه من طلمبة رئيسيه‬
‫كھربيه و اخري إحتياطيه بمحرك كھربي و ثالثه طلمبة تعويض ‪.‬كالتالي‬

‫ا‪ -‬طلمبات حريق من النوع ‪ SPLITE CASE PUMP‬طبقا للمرفق رقم )‪ ME.FF.17 NFPA 20 (7.1.1‬أسفل دور القبو‬
‫الثالث وبحيث تكون ‪ ،‬و قدرات الطلمبات كالتالي‪:‬‬

‫طلمبة كھربيه سعه ‪ 1000‬جالون ‪/‬دقيقه عند رفع ‪ 12‬بار بقدرة ‪ 230‬حصان‬

‫طلمبة كھربيه احتياطيه سعه ‪ 1000‬جالون ‪/‬دقيقه عند رفع ‪ 12‬بار بقدرة ‪ 230‬حصان‬

‫طلمبة تعويض رأسيه بسعه ‪ 50‬جالون‪/‬دقيقه عند رفع ‪ 13‬بار بقدرة ‪ 10‬حصان‬

‫ويتم ربط الطلمبات الرئيسيه )الكھربية‪+‬التعويض( بمصدر احتياطي للتيار الكھربي‪.‬‬

‫‪32‬‬
‫‪FIRE WATER STORAGE TANK:‬‬ ‫خزان مياه الحريق‪:‬‬
‫خزان ارضي لمياه الحريق و التغذية بسعه ‪ 1400‬اسفل القبو مذود بوصالت ملئ و فتحات كشف و خط الفائض و مزود‬
‫م‪3‬‬

‫بعوامات لغلق محبس ملئ الخزان يخصص ‪ 230‬م‪ 3‬منھم كمياه حريق ‪.‬‬

‫مبادئ الحسابات الھيدروليكية‬

‫االدوار التى يتم عمل الحسابات الھيدروليكية لھا ھي‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬دور البدروم االول‪ :‬انتظار السيارات )المنطقة صاحبة الخطورة االعلي بالمبنى (‬

‫‪ -‬الدور الخامس‪ :‬مجموعة الرشاشات في اعلي ارتفاع من نقطة ضخ المياه‬

‫أوالً‪)-‬اﻟﺮﺷﺎﺷﺎت(‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫نوع االشغال ‪ :‬مستشفي‬

‫نوع الخطورة ‪:‬خفيفة‬

‫المسافات التباعدية للرشاشات ‪:‬ال تزيد عن ‪ 4.6‬م‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫المسافات التباعدية علي االفرع للرشاشات ‪:‬ال تزيد عن ‪ 4.6‬م ‪.‬شرط مساحة التغطية الكلية ال تزيد عن ‪ 18‬م‬

‫االرتفاع عن االرضيه‪:‬ال يزيد عن ‪ 5‬م‬

‫الكثافة التصميمية ‪ 0.1:‬جالون‪/‬دقيقه ‪/‬قدم‪ 2‬مرفق رقم )‪ME.FF.18 NFPA13(11.2.3.1.1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫مرفق رقم )‪ME.FF.18 NFPA13(11.2.3.1.1‬‬ ‫المساحة التصميمية ‪ 1500:‬قدم‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪ME.FF.19 NFPA13(8.6.2.2.1a‬‬ ‫مرفق رقم‬ ‫مساحة التغطيه للرشاش‪ 225 :‬قدم‬

‫عدد الرشاشات المفعله ‪:‬المساحة التصميمية الكليه‪/‬مساحة التغطيه =‪ 6.7=200/1500‬رشاش يتم زيادتھا بالحسابات‬
‫الي ‪8‬‬

‫التوجيه ‪:‬موجه السفل‬

‫الحدود المساحية لصاعد واحد ‪ 4831:‬م‪ 2‬او عدد ‪ 275‬رشاش ايھما اقل‪.‬‬

‫نوع الحساس‪BULB TYPE:‬‬

‫‪:‬سريع االستجابة‬ ‫االستجابة‬

‫‪33‬‬
 ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫معامل التدفق ‪ 5.6 :‬جالون‪/‬دقيقه ‪/‬باسكال‪/‬بوصه‬

‫درجة الحرارة ‪ 135:‬فھرنھايت‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ضغط اختبار ‪ 175:‬بسكال‪/‬بوصه‬

‫‪:‬ديكوري مخفي بالكامل )للموجه السفل فقط(‬ ‫التركيب‬

‫‪-2‬دور اﻟﻘﺒﻮ الاول‬

‫نوع االشغال ‪ :‬مستشفي )قبو جراج(‬

‫نوع الخطورة ‪ :‬عاديه مجموعه رقم ‪1‬‬

‫المسافات التباعدية للرشاشات ‪:‬ال تزيد عن ‪ 4.6‬م‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫المسافات التباعدية علي االفرع للرشاشات ‪:‬ال تزيد عن ‪ 4.6‬م شرط مساحة التغطية الكلية ال تزيد عن ‪ 12.1‬م‬

‫االرتفاع عن االرضيه‪:‬ال يزيد عن ‪ 5‬م‬

‫الكثافة التصميمية ‪ 0.15:‬جالون‪/‬دقيقه ‪/‬قدم‪ 2‬مرفق رقم)‪ME.FF.18 NFPA13(11.2.3.1.1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫مرفق رقم )‪ME.FF.18 NFPA13(11.2.3.1.1‬‬ ‫المساحة التصميمية ‪ 1500:‬قدم‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪ME.FF.20 NFPA13(8.6.2.2.1b‬‬ ‫مرفق رقم‬ ‫مساحة التغطيه للرشاش‪ 130 :‬قدم‬

‫عدد الرشاشات المفعله ‪:‬المساحة التصميمية الكليه‪/‬مساحة التغطيه =‪11.5=130/1500‬رشاش يتم زيادتھا بالحسابات‬
‫الي‪12‬‬

‫التوجيه ‪:‬موجه العلي‬

‫الحدود المساحية لصاعد و احد ‪ 4831:‬م‪ 2‬او عدد ‪ 275‬رشاش ايھما اقل‪.‬‬

‫نوع الحساس‪BULB TYPE:‬‬

‫‪:‬سريع االستجابة‬ ‫االستجابة‬

‫‪0.5‬‬
‫معامل التدفق ‪ 5.6 :‬جالون‪/‬دقيقه ‪/‬باسكال‪/‬بوصه‬

‫درجة الحرارة ‪ 135:‬فھرنھايت‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ضغط اختبار ‪ 175:‬بسكال‪/‬بوصه‬

‫اثﻧﻴ ًﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﻜﺒﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫نوع االشغال ‪ :‬مستشفي‬

‫نوع الخطورة ‪:‬خفيفة الدور السطح و عادية مجموعه رقم ‪ 1‬للقبو‬

‫المسافات التباعدية ‪:‬ال تزيد عن ‪ 30‬م‬

‫االرتفاع عن االرضيه‪ (0.9-1.2) :‬متر‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫الكثافة التصميمية لدور القبو‪ 0.15:‬جالون‪/‬دقيقه ‪/‬قدم‬

‫‪34‬‬
 ‫‪2‬‬
‫الكثافة التصميمية لدور السطح‪ 0.1:‬جالون‪/‬دقيقه ‪/‬قدم‬

‫‪SPRINKLER‬‬ ‫‪HOSE CABINET‬‬ ‫‪TOTAL‬‬

‫‪FLOOR‬‬
‫‪GPM‬‬ ‫‪PSI‬‬ ‫‪GPM‬‬ ‫‪PSI‬‬ ‫‪GPM‬‬ ‫‪PSI‬‬

‫‪BASEMENT 1‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪72.72‬‬ ‫‪NO NEED‬‬

‫‪501‬‬ ‫‪168‬‬

‫‪ROOF FLOOR‬‬ ‫‪NO‬‬ ‫‪501‬‬ ‫‪168‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫المساحة التصميمية ‪ 1500:‬قدم‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫الضغط المتبقي ‪ 100:‬رطل‪/‬بوصه‬

‫التدفق المطلوب لكل مخرج ‪ 250:‬جالون‪/‬دقيقه‬

‫عدد الكبائن المفعلة‪2 :‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﻠﻤﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﻴﻪ )ابﻟﻘﺒﻮ (‬

‫وﻋﲇ ﻫﺬا ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻄﻠﻤﺒﺎت ابﻟﻘﺒﻮ =‪ 500‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮن‪/‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ و رﻓﻊ ‪ 168‬رﻃﻞ‪/‬ﺑﻮﺻﻪ‪ . 2‬وﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺻﻮاﻋﺪ‬
‫ابدوار اﻟﻘﺒﻮ ﻳﻠﺰم ﻟالك ﻣﳯﻢ ‪250‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮن‪/‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ =‪ 750‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮن ﻋﲇ ادلﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﲝﺪ اﻗﴢ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﻤﺒﻪ ‪ 1000‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮن‬
‫‪/‬ادلﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫اذا ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻄﻠﻤﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﻴﻪ ﺑﺪور اﻟﻘﺒﻮ )‪ 1000‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮن‪/‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ‪ 170,‬رﻃﻞ‪/‬ﺑﻮﺻﻪ‪ 230 ,2‬ﺣﺼﺎن(‬
‫‪FIRE WATER STORAGE TANK:‬‬ ‫ﺧﺰان ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﳋﻄﻮرة ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ابﳌﺒﲎ ﺑﲔ )ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔو ﻋﺎدﻳﻪ ﶍﻮﻋﻪ‪(1‬ﻳﱲ الاﻋامتد ﻋﲇ اﳋﻄﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﶍﻮﻋﻪ رﰴ ‪1‬‬
‫رﰴ )‪ME.FF.21 NFPA 13 (11.2.3.1.2‬‬ ‫وﻛﲈ ابﳌﺮﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺎن اﳌﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﲀﲿﺔ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﳌﺒﲎ و ﻃﻠﻤﺒﺎﺗﻪ )ذاﺗﻴ ًﺎ( =‪ 60‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫وﺣﻴﺚ اﻗﴢ اﺣﺘﻴﺎج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻠﻤﺒﺎت =‪ 1000‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮن ‪/‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﱰ‪3‬‬ ‫اذا ﲩﻢ اﳋﺰان اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻠﻤﲀﲿﺔ =ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻄﻠﻤﺒﺎت *اﳌﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﻪ =‪ 60000=60*1000‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮن =‪227‬‬
‫وﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﱲ ٕاﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﺰان واﺣﺪ ٔﻻﻋﲈل اﳊﺮﻳﻖ و اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﻪ ابﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﲮﺐ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﻪ ٔاﻋﲇ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﲮﺐ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ ابﳋﺰان و ﲝﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ٕاﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﳋﺰان ابﻟﲀﻣﻞ وﻗﺖ اﳊﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
 : ‫اﳌﺮاﺟـﻊ‬
REFERENCES:

ME.FF.01

ME.FF.02

ME.FF.03

ME.FF.04

ME.FF.05

ME.FF.06

ME.FF.07

ME.FF.08

ME.FF.09

ME.FF.10

ME.FF.11

ME.FF.12

ME.FF.13

ME.FF.14

ME.FF.15

ME.FF.16

ME.FF.17

ME.FF.18

ME.FF.19

ME.FF.20

ME.FF.21

36

Division 1.5
Division 1.6
Organic peroxides, unclassified detonable
Oxidizers, Class 4
Unstable (reactive) materials, Class 3 detonable and Class 4
[F] 307.4 High-hazard Group H-2. Buildings and structures
containing materials that pose a deflagration hazard or a hazard
from accelerated burning shall be classified as Group H-2.
Such materials shall include, but not be limited to, the follow-
ing:
Class I, II or IIIA flammable or combustible liquids which
are used or stored in normally open containers or sys-
tems, or in closed containers or systems pressurized at
more than 15 psi (103.4 kPa) gage.
Combustible dusts
Cryogenic fluids, flammable
Flammable gases
Organic peroxides, Class I
Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally open
containers or systems, or in closed containers or systems
pressurized at more than 15 psi (103 kPa) gage
Pyrophoric liquids, solids and gases, nondetonable
Unstable (reactive) materials, Class 3, nondetonable
Water-reactive materials, Class 3
[F] 307.5 High-hazard Group H-3. Buildings and structures
containing materials that readily support combustion or that
pose a physical hazard shall be classified as Group H-3. Such
materials shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Class I, II or IIIA flammable or combustible liquids that
are used or stored in normally closed containers or
systems pressurized at 15 pounds per square inch gauge
(103.4 kPa) or less
Combustible fibers, other than densely packed baled cotton
Consumer fireworks, 1.4G (Class C, Common)
Cryogenic fluids, oxidizing
Flammable solids
Organic peroxides, Class II and III
Oxidizers, Class 2
Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally
closed containers or systems pressurized at 15 pounds per
square inch gauge (103 kPa) or less
Oxidizing gases
Unstable (reactive) materials, Class 2
Water-reactive materials, Class 2
[F] 307.6 High-hazard Group H-4. Buildings and structures
which contain materials that are health hazards shall be classi-
fied as Group H-4. Such materials shall include, but not be lim-
ited to, the following:
Corrosives
Highly toxic materials
Toxic materials
[F] 307.7 High-hazard Group H-5 structures. Semiconduc-
tor fabrication facilities and comparable research and develop-
ment areas in which hazardous production materials (HPM)
are used and the aggregate quantity of materials is in excess of
those listed in Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2) shall be classified
2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 
37
USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION
as Group H-5. Such facilities and areas shall be designed and
constructed in accordance with Section 415.8.
[F] 307.8 Multiple hazards. Buildings and structures containing
a material or materials representing hazards that are classified in
one or more of Groups H-1, H-2, H-3 and H-4 shall conform to the
code requirements for each of the occupancies so classified.
SECTION 308
INSTITUTIONAL GROUP I
308.1 Institutional Group I. Institutional Group I occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, in which people are cared for or live in a super-
vised environment, having physical limitations because of
health or age are harbored for medical treatment or other care
or treatment, or in which people are detained for penal or cor-
rectional purposes or in which the liberty of the occupants is
restricted. Institutional occupancies shall be classified as
Group I-1, I-2, I-3 or I-4.
308.2 Group I-1. This occupancy shall include buildings,
structures or parts thereof housing more than 16 persons, on a
24-hour basis, who because of age, mental disability or other
reasons, live in a supervised residential environment that pro-
vides personal care services. The occupants are capable of
responding to an emergency situation without physical assis-
tance from staff. This group shall include, but not be limited to,
the following:
Alcohol and drug centers
Assisted living facilities
Congregate care facilities
Convalescent facilities
Group homes
Halfway houses
Residential board and care facilities
Social rehabilitation facilities
A facility such as the above with five or fewer persons shall
be classified as a Group R-3 or shall comply with the Interna-
tional Residential Code in accordance with Section 101.2. A
facility such as above, housing at least six and not more than 16
persons, shall be classified as Group R-4.
308.3 Group I-2. This occupancy shall include buildings and
structures used for medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing or
custodial care for persons who are not capable of self-preserva-
tion. This group shall include, but not be limited to, the follow-
ing:
Child care facilities
Detoxification facilities
Hospitals
Mental hospitals
Nursing homes
308.3.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.
CHILD CARE FACILITIES. Facilities that provide
care on a 24-hour basis to more than five children, 21/2
years of age or less.
33
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
903.2.3 Group E. An automatic sprinkler system shall be
provided for Group E occupancies as follows:
1. Throughout all Group E fire areas greater than
12,000 square feet (1115 m2) in area.
2. Throughout every portion of educational buildings
below the lowest level of exit discharge serving that
portion of the building.
Exception: An automatic sprinkler system is not
required in any area below the lowest level ofexit
discharge serving that area where every classroom
throughout the building has at least one exterior
exit door at ground level.
903.2.4 Group F-1. An automatic sprinkler system shall be
provided throughout all buildings containing a Group F-1
occupancy where one of the following conditions exists:
1. A Group F-1 fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet
(1115 m2) .
2. A Group F-1 fire area is located more than three sto-
ries above grade plane.
3. The combined area of all Group F-1 fire areas on all
floors, including any mezzanines, exceeds 24,000
square feet (2230 m2) .
903.2.4.1 Woodworking operations. An automatic
sprinkler system shall be provided throughout all Group
F-1 occupancy fire areas that contain woodworking
operations in excess of 2,500 square feet in area (232 m2)
which generate finely divided combustible waste or
which use finely divided combustible materials.
903.2.5 Group H. Automatic sprinkler systemsshall be pro-
vided in high-hazard occupancies as required in Sections
903.2.5.1 through 903.2.5.3.
903.2.5.1 General. An automatic sprinkler system shall
be installed in Group H occupancies.
903.2.5.2 Group H-5 occupancies. An automatic sprin-
kler system shall be installed throughout buildings con-
taining Group H-5 occupancies. The design of the
sprinkler system shall not be less than that required under
the International BUilding Code for the occupancy haz-
ard classifications in accordance with Table 903.2.5.2.
Where the design area of the sprinkler system consists
of a corridor protected by one row of sprinklers, the
maximum number of sprinklers required to be calculated
is 13.
TABLE 903.2.5.2
GROUP H-5 SPRINKLER DESIGN CRITERIA
OCCUPANCY HAZARD
LOCATION CLASSIFICATION
Fabrication areas Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Service corridors Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Storage rooms without dispensing Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Storage rooms with dispensing Extra Hazard Group 2
Corridors Ordinary Hazard Group 2
80
ME.FF.02
38
903.2.5.3 Pyroxylin plastics. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided in buildings, or portions
thereof, where cellulose nitrate film or pyroxylin plastics
are manufactured, stored or handled in quantities
exceeding 100 pounds (45 kg).
903.2.6 Group I. An automatic sprinkler system shall be
provided throughout buildings with a Group I fire area.
Exception: An automatic sprinkler system installed in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3 shall be
allowed in Group 1-1 facilities.
903.2.7 Group M. An automatic sprinkler system shall be
provided throughout buildings containing a Group M occu-
pancy where one of the following conditions exists:
1. A Group M fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet
(1115 m 2).
2. A Group M fire area is located more than three stories
above grade plane.
3. The combined area of all Group M fire areas on all
floors, including any mezzanines, exceeds 24,000
I
square feet (2230 m2).
4. A Group M occupancy is used for the display and sale
of upholstered furniture .
903.2.7.1 High-piled storage. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided as required in Chapter 23 in all
buildings of Group M where storage of merchandise is in
high-piled or rack storage arrays.
903.2.8 Group R. An automatic sprinkler system installed
in accordance with Section 903.3 shall be provided through-
out all buildings with a Group R fire area.
903.2.9 Group S-I. An automatic sprinkler system shall be
provided throughout all buildings containing a Group S-l
occupancy where one of the following conditions exists:
1. A Group S-l fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet
(1115 m2).
2. A Group S-l fire area is located more than three sto-
ries above grade plane.
3. The combined area of all Group S-l fire areas on all
floors, including any mezzanines, exceeds 24,000
square feet (2230 m2) .
4. A Group S-l fire area used for the storage of com- I
mercial trucks or buses where the fire area exceeds
5,000 square feet (464 m2).
903.2.9.1 Repair garages. An automatic sprinkler sys-
tem shall be provided throughout all buildings used as
repair garages in accordance with Section 406 of the
International Building Code, as shown:
1. Buildings having two or more stories above grade
plane, including basements, with a fire area con-
taining a repair garage exceeding 10,000 square
feet (929 m2).
2. Buildings no more than one story above grade
plane, with a fire area containing a repair garage
exceeding 12,000 square feet (1115 m2).
2009 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

sprinkler system shall not be less than that required under the SBC 201 for the
occupancy hazard classifications in accordance with Table 7.3.2.4.2.
Where the design area of the sprinkler system consists of a corridor protected by
one row of sprinklers, the maximum number of sprinklers required to be calculated
is 13.
7.3.2.4.3 Pyroxylin plastics. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in buildings,
or portions thereof, where cellulose nitrate film or pyroxylin plastics are
manufactured, stored or handled in quantities exceeding 45 kg.

TABLE 7.3.2.4.2
GROUP H-5 SPRINKLER DESIGN CRITERIA
OCCUPANCY HAZARD
LOCATION CLASSIFICATION
Fabrication areas Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Service corridors Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Storage rooms without dispensing Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Storage rooms with dispensing Extra Hazard Group 2
Corridors Ordinary Hazard Group 2

7.3.2.5 Group p I. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout buildings

with a Group I fire area.
Exception: An automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section
7.3.3.1.2 or 7.3.3.1.3 shall be allowed in Group I-1 facilities.
7.3.2.6 Group M. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout buildings
containing a Group M occupancy where one of the following conditions exists:
1. Where a Group M fire area exceeds 1.1 m2;
2. Where a Group M fire area is located more than three stories above grade; or
3. Where the combined area of all Group M fire areas on all floors, including any
mezzanines, exceeds 2,230 m2.
7.3.2.6.1 High-piled storage. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided as required
in Chapter 21 in all buildings of Group M where storage of merchandise is in high-
piled or rack storage arrays.
7.3.2.7 Group R. An automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section
7.3.3 shall be provided throughout all buildings with a Group R fire area.
7.3.2.8 Group S-1. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout all
buildings containing a Group S-1 occupancy where one of the following
conditions exist:
1. Where a Group S-1 fire area exceeds 1.1 m2;
2. Where a Group S-1 fire area is located more than three stories above grade; or
3. Where the combined area of all Group S-1 fire areas on all floors, including
any mezzanines, exceeds 2,230 m2.
7.3.2.8.1 Repair garages. An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout all
buildings used as repair garages in accordance with the SBC 201, as follows:
1. Buildings two or more stories in height, including basements, with a fire area
containing a repair garage exceeding 929 m2.
2. One-story buildings with a fire area containing a repair garage exceeding 1.1
m2.
3. Buildings with a repair garage servicing vehicles parked in the basement.
7.3.2.8.2 Bulk storage of tires. Buildings and structures where the area for the storage of
3
tires exceeds 566 m shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 7.3.3.1.1.
SBC 801 2007 7/11
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39
 USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Convalescent facilities
A facility such as the above with five or fewer persons shall be classified as a
Group R-3 or shall comply with SBC 100. A facility such as above, housing at
least six and not more than 16 persons, shall be classified as Group R-4.

2A.8.3 Group I-2. This occupancy shall include buildings and structures used for
medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing or custodial care on a 24-hour basis of more
than five persons who are not capable of self-preservation. This group shall
bu not be limited to, the following:
include, but
Hospitals
Nursing homes (both intermediate-care facilities and skilled nursing facilities)
Mental hospitals
Detoxification facilities
A facility such as the above with five or fewer persons shall be classified as Group
R-3 or shall comply with SBC 100
2A.8.3.1 Child care facility. A child care facility that provides care on a 24-hour basis to
more than five children 21/2 years of age or less shall be classified as Group I-2.

2A.8.4 Group I-3. This occupancy shall include buildings and structures that are
inhabited by more than five persons who are under restraint or security. An I-3
facility is occupied by persons who are generally incapable of self-preservation
due to security measures not under the occupants’ control. This group shall
include, but not be limited to, the following:
Prisons
Jails
Reformatories
Detention centers
Correctional centers
Prerelease centers
Buildings of Group I-3 shall be classified as one of the occupancy conditions
indicated in Sections 2A.8.4.1 through 2A.8.4.5 (see Section 2B.8.1).
2A.8.4.1 Condition 1. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free
movement is allowed from sleeping areas, and other spaces where access or
occupancy is permitted, to the exterior via means of egress without restraint. A
Condition 1 facility is permitted to be constructed as Group R.
2A.8.4.2 Condition 2. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free
movement is allowed from sleeping areas and any other occupied smoke
compartment to one or more other smoke compartments. Egress to the exterior is
impeded by locked exits.
2A.8.4.3 Condition 3. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free
movement is allowed within individual smoke compartments, such as within a
residential unit comprised of individual sleeping units and group activity spaces,
where egress is impeded by remote-controlled release of means of egress from
such a smoke compartment to another smoke compartment.
2A.8.4.4 Condition 4. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free
movement is restricted from an occupied space. Remote-controlled release is
provided to permit movement from sleeping units, activity spaces and other
occupied areas within the smoke compartment to other smoke compartments.
2A.8.4.5 Condition 5. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free
movement is restricted from an occupied space. Staff-controlled manual release is
provided to permit movement from sleeping units, activity spaces and other
occupied areas within the smoke compartment to other smoke compartments.
SBC 801 2007 2/22
ME.FF.04

40
 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
7.10.4 Sprinkler and Automatic Spray Nozzle Location —
Duct Collar.
7.10.4.1 Each hood exhaust duct collar shall have one sprin-
kler or automatic spray nozzle located 1 in. minimum to 12 in.
maximum (25 mm minimum to 305 mm maximum) above
the point of duct collar connection in the hood plenum.
7.10.4.2 Hoods that have listed fire dampers located in the duct
collar shall be protected with a sprinkler or automatic spray
nozzle located on the discharge side of the damper and shall be
so positioned as not to interfere with damper operation.
7.10.5 Sprinkler and Automatic Spray Nozzle Location —
Exhaust Plenum Chambers.
7.10.5.1 Hood exhaust plenum chambers shall have one
sprinkler or automatic spray nozzle centered in each chamber
not exceeding 10 ft (3 m) in length.
7.10.5.2 Plenum chambers greater than 10 ft (3 m) in length
shall have two sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles evenly
spaced, with the maximum distance between the two sprin-
klers not to exceed 10 ft (3 m).
7.10.6 Sprinkler and Automatic Spray Nozzle Temperature
Ratings and K-Factors.
7.10.6.1 Where the exposed temperature is expected to be
300°F (149°C) or less, sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles
being used in duct, duct collar, and plenum areas shall be of
the extra high–temperature classification [325°F to 375°F
(163°C to 191°C)].
7.10.6.2 When use of a temperature-measuring device indi-
cates temperatures above 300°F (149°C), a sprinkler or auto-
matic spray nozzle of higher classification shall be used.
7.10.6.3 Sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles being used in
duct, duct collar, and plenum areas shall have orifices with
K-factors not less than K-1.4 (20) and not more than K-5.6 (80).
7.10.7 Sprinkler and Automatic Spray Nozzle. Access shall be
provided to all sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles for ex-
amination and replacement.
7.10.8 Cooking Equipment.
7.10.8.1 General. Cooking equipment (such as deep fat fry-
ers, ranges, griddles, and broilers) that is considered to be a
source of ignition shall be protected in accordance with the
provisions of 7.10.1.
7.10.8.2 Deep Fat Fryers.
7.10.8.2.1 A sprinkler or automatic spray nozzle used for pro-
tection of deep fat fryers shall be listed for that application.
7.10.8.2.2 The position, arrangement, location, and water
supply for each sprinkler or automatic spray nozzle shall be in
accordance with its listing.
7.10.8.3 Fuel and Heat Shutoff.
7.10.8.3.1 The operation of any cooking equipment sprinkler
or automatic spray nozzle shall automatically shut off all sources
of fuel and heat to all equipment requiring protection.
7.10.8.3.2 Any gas appliance not requiring protection but
located under ventilating equipment shall also be shut off.
7.10.8.3.3 All shutdown devices shall be of the type that re-
quires manual resetting prior to fuel or power being restored.
ME.FF.05
41
13–45
7.10.9 Indicating Valves. A listed indicating valve shall be in-
stalled in the water supply line to the sprinklers and spray
nozzles protecting the cooking and ventilating system.
7.10.10 Strainers. A listed line strainer shall be installed in the
main water supply preceding sprinklers or automatic spray
nozzles having nominal K-factors smaller than K-2.8 (40).
7.10.11 Test Connection. A system test connection shall be
provided to verify proper operation of equipment specified in
7.10.8.3.
•
7.11 Additives and Coatings.
7.11.1 Additives to the water supply intended for control of
microbiological or other corrosion shall be listed for use
within fire sprinkler systems.
7.11.2 Internal pipe coatings, excluding galvanizing, in-
tended for control of microbiological or other corrosion shall
be listed for use within fire sprinkler systems.
Chapter 8 Installation Requirements
8.1* Basic Requirements.
8.1.1* The requirements for spacing, location, and position of
sprinklers shall be based on the following principles:
(1) Sprinklers shall be installed throughout the premises.
(2) Sprinklers shall be located so as not to exceed the maxi-
mum protection area per sprinkler.
(3)*Sprinklers shall be positioned and located so as to provide
satisfactory performance with respect to activation time
and distribution.
(4) Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from areas
specifically allowed by this standard.
(5) When sprinklers are specifically tested and test results
demonstrate that deviations from clearance requirements
to structural members do not impair the ability of the
sprinkler to control or suppress a fire, their positioning
and locating in accordance with the test results shall be
permitted.
(6) Clearance between sprinklers and ceilings exceeding the
maximums specified in this standard shall be permitted,
provided that tests or calculations demonstrate compa-
rable sensitivity and performance of the sprinklers to
those installed in conformance with these sections.
(7) Furniture, such as portable wardrobe units, cabinets, tro-
phy cases, and similar features not intended for occu-
pancy, does not require sprinklers to be installed in them.
This type of feature shall be permitted to be attached to
the finished structure.
(8)*Sprinklers shall not be required to be installed within
electrical equipment, mechanical equipment, or air han-
dling units not intended for occupancy.
8.1.2* System valves and gauges shall be accessible for opera-
tion, inspection, tests, and maintenance.
8.2 System Protection Area Limitations.
8.2.1 The maximum floor area on any one floor to be pro-
tected by sprinklers supplied by any one sprinkler system riser
or combined system riser shall be as follows:
(1) Light hazard — 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
(2) Ordinary hazard — 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
2013 Edition
 PLANS AND CALCULATIONS 13–241

Upright sprinkler in
concealed space

Reducer

Ceiling
(upper)

A Plate
Upright sprinkler

Nipple, diameter D
90° ell

Tee

Ceiling
(lower)

Plate
Pendent sprinkler
A ≥ 3D

FIGURE 23.5.2.3(c) Arrangement of Branch Lines Supplying Sprinklers Above, Between, and Below Ceilings.

Table 23.5.2.4 Number of Sprinklers Above and Below Table 23.5.3.4 Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule
Ceiling
Steel Copper
Steel Copper
1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers 11⁄4 in. 3 sprinklers 11⁄4 in. 3 sprinklers
11⁄4 in. 4 sprinklers 11⁄4 in. 4 sprinklers 11⁄2 in. 5 sprinklers 11⁄2 in. 5 sprinklers
11⁄2 in. 7 sprinklers 11⁄2 in. 7 sprinklers 2 in. 10 sprinklers 2 in. 12 sprinklers
2 in. 15 sprinklers 2 in. 18 sprinklers 21⁄2 in. 20 sprinklers 21⁄2 in. 25 sprinklers
21⁄2 in. 50 sprinklers 21⁄2 in. 65 sprinklers 3 in. 40 sprinklers 3 in. 45 sprinklers
31⁄2 in. 65 sprinklers 31⁄2 in. 75 sprinklers
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm. 4 in. 100 sprinklers 4 in. 115 sprinklers
5 in. 160 sprinklers 5 in. 180 sprinklers
6 in. 275 sprinklers 6 in. 300 sprinklers
8 in. See Section 8.2 8 in. See Section 8.2
23.5.3.6 Where sprinklers are installed above and below ceil- For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
ings and such sprinklers are supplied from a common set of
branch lines or separate branch lines supplied by a common
cross main, such branch lines shall not exceed eight sprinklers Table 23.5.3.5 Number of Sprinklers — Greater Than 12 ft
above and eight sprinklers below any ceiling on either side of (3.7 m) Separations
the cross main.
23.5.3.7 Pipe sizing up to and including 3 in. (76 mm) shall Steel Copper
be as shown in Table 23.5.3.7 in accordance with Figure
23.5.2.3(a), Figure 23.5.2.3(b), and Figure 23.5.2.3(c) utiliz- 21⁄2 in. 15 sprinklers 21⁄2 in 20 sprinklers
ing the greatest number of sprinklers to be found on any two 3 in. 30 sprinklers 3 in. 35 sprinklers
adjacent levels. 31⁄2 in. 60 sprinklers 31⁄2 in. 65 sprinklers

23.5.3.8 Branch lines and cross mains supplying sprinklers For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
installed entirely above or entirely below ceilings shall be sized Note: For other pipe and tube sizes, see Table 22.5.3.4.
in accordance with Table 23.5.3.4 or Table 23.5.3.5.

ME.FF.06 2013 Edition

42
 INSTALLATION OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 10–13

Table 6.2.1.1 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class Table 6.3.1.1 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class
A Hazards B Hazards

Light Ordinary Extra Basic Maximum Travel Distance to

Hazard Hazard Hazard Minimum Extinguishers
Criteria Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Type of Extinguisher
Hazard Rating ft m
Minimum rated 2-A 2-A 4-A
single extinguisher Light 5-B 30 9.14
Maximum floor area 3000 ft2 1500 ft2 1000 ft2 10-B 50 15.25
per unit of A
Maximum floor area 11,250 ft2 11,250 ft2 11,250 ft2 Ordinary 10-B 30 9.14
for extinguisher 20-B 50 15.25
Maximum travel 75 ft 75 ft 75 ft
distance to Extra 40-B 30 9.14
extinguisher 80-B 50 15.25

For SI units, 1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2. Note: The specified ratings do not imply that fires of the magnitudes
Note: For maximum floor area explanations, see E.3.3. indicated by these ratings will occur, but, rather, they are provided to
give the operators more time and agent to handle difficult spill fires
that have the potential to occur.

6.2.1.3 Smaller fire extinguishers that are rated on Class B
and Class C fires but do not have a minimum 1-A rating shall
not be used to meet the requirements of 6.2.1.
6.2.1.3.1 Fire extinguishers of lesser rating shall be permitted
to be installed but shall not be considered as fulfilling any part
of the requirements of Table 6.2.1.1, except as permitted in
6.2.1.3.1.1 and 6.2.1.3.1.2.
6.2.1.3.1.1 Up to two water-type extinguishers, each with 1-A
rating, shall be permitted to be used to fulfill the requirements
of one 2-A rated extinguisher.
6.2.1.3.1.2 Two 21⁄2 gal (9.46 L) water-type extinguishers shall
be permitted to be used to fulfill the requirements of one 4-A
rated extinguisher.
6.2.1.4 Up to one-half of the complement of fire extinguish-
ers specified in Table 6.2.1.1 shall be permitted to be replaced
by uniformly spaced 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) hose stations for use by
the occupants of the building.
6.2.1.4.1 Where hose stations are so provided, they shall con-
form to NFPA 14.
6.2.1.4.2 The location of hose stations and the placement of
fire extinguishers shall be such that the hose stations do not
replace more than every other fire extinguisher.
6.2.1.5 Where the area of the floor of a building is less than
that specified in Table 6.2.1.1, at least one fire extinguisher of
the minimum size required shall be provided.
6.2.1.6 The protection requirements shall be permitted to be
fulfilled with fire extinguishers of higher rating, provided the
travel distance to such larger fire extinguishers does not ex-
ceed 75 ft (22.9 m).
6.3 Installations for Class B Hazards.
6.3.1 Spill Fires.
6.3.1.1 Minimum ratings of fire extinguishers for the listed
grades of hazard shall be provided in accordance with Table
6.3.1.1.
•
6.3.1.1.1 Two or more fire extinguishers of lower rating
shall not be used to fulfill the protection requirements of
Table 6.3.1.1, except as permitted by 6.3.1.1.2 and 6.3.1.1.3.
6.3.1.1.2 Up to three AFFF or FFFP fire extinguishers of at
least 21⁄2 gal (9.46 L) capacity shall be permitted to be used to
fulfill extra hazard requirements.
6.3.1.1.3 Two AFFF or FFFP fire extinguishers of at least 1.6 gal
(6 L) capacity shall be permitted to be used to fulfill ordinary
hazard requirements.
•
6.3.1.2 Fire extinguishers of lesser rating, designed for small
specific hazards within the general hazard area, shall be per-
mitted to be installed but shall not be considered as fulfilling
any part of the requirements of Table 6.3.1.1, unless permitted
by 6.3.1.1.1 or 6.3.1.1.2.
6.3.1.3 Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maxi-
mum travel distances do not exceed those specified in Table
6.3.1.1.
•
6.3.1.4 The protection requirements shall be permitted to be
fulfilled with fire extinguishers of higher ratings, provided the
travel distance to such larger fire extinguishers does not ex-
ceed 50 ft (15.25 m).
6.3.2 Flammable Liquids of Appreciable Depth.
6.3.2.1 Portable fire extinguishers shall not be installed as the
sole protection for flammable liquid hazards of appreciable
depth where the surface area exceeds 10 ft2 (0.93 m2).
6.3.2.2* Where personnel who are trained in extinguishing
fires in the protected hazards are located on the premises and
capable of responding immediately, the maximum surface
area shall not exceed 20 ft2 (1.86 m2).
6.3.2.3 For flammable liquid hazards of appreciable depth, a
Class B fire extinguisher shall be provided on the basis of at
least 2 numerical units of Class B extinguishing potential per
1 ft2 (0.09 m2) of flammable liquid surface of the largest haz-
ard area.
6.3.2.4 AFFF- or FFFP-type fire extinguishers shall be permit-
ted to be provided on the basis of 1-B of protection per 1 ft2
(0.09 m2) of hazard. (For fires involving water-soluble flammable
liquids, see 5.5.3.)
6.3.2.5 Two or more fire extinguishers of lower ratings, other
than AFFF- or FFFP-type fire extinguishers, shall not be used in
lieu of the fire extinguisher required for the largest hazard area.

ME.FF.07 2013 Edition

43
 DESIGN
7.3.4.1.1 The travel distance limitation of 7.3.3.1 shall not
apply to Class III systems.
7.3.4.1.2 For Class III systems installed without hose, the flow,
pressure, and duration requirements shall be as specified for
Class I systems.
7.4 Number of Standpipes. Separate standpipes shall be pro-
vided in each required exit stairway.
7.5* Interconnection of Standpipes.
7.5.1 Where two or more standpipes are installed in the same
building or section of building, they shall be interconnected.
7.5.2 Where standpipes are supplied by tanks located at the
top of the building or zone, the standpipes shall be intercon-
nected at the top.
7.5.3 Where standpipes are interconnected at the top and
bottom, check valves shall be installed at the base of each
standpipe to prevent circulation.
7.6 Minimum Sizes for Standpipes and Branch Lines.
7.6.1 Class I and Class III standpipes shall be at least 4 in.
(100 mm) in size.
7.6.2 Standpipes
p p that are p
part of a combined system shall be
at least 6 in. (150 mm) in size.
7.6.3 Where the building is protected throughout by an ap-
proved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, or
NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-
Rise Residential Occupancies, the minimum standpipe size shall
be 4 in. (100 mm) for systems hydraulically designed in accor-
dance with 7.8.1.
7.6.4 Branch lines shall be sized based on the hydraulic crite-
ria established in Section 7.8 and Section 7.10 but not less
than 21⁄2 in. (65 mm).
7.7 System Design and Sizing of Pipe for Delivery of System
Demand.
7.7.1 Class I and Class III standpipe systems shall be designed
so that the system demand can be supplied by each fire depart-
ment connection, which is provided in accordance with Sec-
tion 7.12.
7.7.2* Where an automatic or semiautomatic water supply is
required for a Class I, II, or III standpipe system by Section 5.4,
the standpipe system shall be designed so that the system de-
mand can be independently supplied by the attached water
supply and each fire department connection provided on the
system.
7.7.3 Where a manual system is permitted by Section 5.4 and
an attached water supply is provided to supply an automatic
sprinkler system or to maintain water in a wet system, the at-
tached water supply shall not be required to satisfy the stand-
pipe system demand.
7.7.4 When the system demand to be supplied by the fire
department at the fire department connection is being deter-
mined, the local fire department shall be consulted regarding
the water supply available from a fire department pumper.
7.8* Minimum and Maximum Pressure Limits.
7.8.1 Minimum Design Pressure for Hydraulically Designed
Systems. Hydraulically designed standpipe systems shall be de-
signed to provide the waterflow rate required by Section 7.10
ME.FF.08
44
14–19
at a minimum residual pressure of 100 psi (6.9 bar) at the
outlet of the hydraulically most remote 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose
connection and 65 psi (4.5 bar) at the outlet of the hydrauli-
cally most remote 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) hose station.
7.8.1.1 The pressure loss in the hose valve shall be calculated
using Table 8.3.1.3.
7.8.1.1.1 The valve manufacturer’s most up-to-date friction
loss data shall be used when published.
7.8.1.2* Manual standpipe systems shall be designed to pro-
vide 100 psi (6.9 bar) at the topmost outlet with the calcula-
tions terminating at the fire department connection.
7.9* Standpipe System Zones.
7.9.1 Except as permitted by 7.2.4, each standpipe system
zone shall be provided with a separate pump.
7.9.1.1 The use of pumps arranged in series to meet the re-
quirements of 7.9.1 shall be permitted.
7.9.1.2 Pumps that are arranged in series shall be permitted
to be, but are not required to be, located on the same level.
7.9.2* Each zone above the low zone shall have two or more
separate and direct supply pipes sized to automatically and
independently supply the flow and pressure requirements of
Sections 7.8 and 7.10.
7.9.2.1 Standpipes from the lower zone shall be permitted to
be used to meet the requirements of 7.9.2.
7.9.3* For systems with two or more zones in which any por-
tion of the higher zones cannot be supplied by means of fire
department pumpers through a fire department connection,
an auxiliary means of supply in the form of high-level water
storage with additional pumping equipment or other means
acceptable to the AHJ shall be provided.
7.10 Flow Rates.
7.10.1 Class I and Class III Systems.
7.10.1.1* Flow Rate.
7.10.1.1.1 For Class I and Class III systems, the minimum flow
rate for the hydraulically most remote standpipe shall be
500 gpm (1893 L/min), through the two most remote 21⁄2 in.
(65 mm) outlets, and the calculation procedure shall be in
accordance with 7.10.1.2.
7.10.1.1.2* Where a horizontal standpipe on a Class I or
Class III system supplies three or more hose connections on
any floor, the minimum flow rate for the hydraulically
most demanding horizontal standpipe shall be 750 gpm
(2840 L/min), and the calculation procedure shall be in
accordance with 7.10.1.2.2.
7.10.1.1.3 The minimum flow rate for additional standpipes
shall be 250 gpm (946 L/min) per standpipe for buildings
with floor areas that do not exceed 80,000 ft2 (7432 m2) per
floor. For buildings that exceed 80,000 ft2 (7432 m2) per floor,
the minimum flow rate for the additional standpipes shall be
500 gpm (1893 L/min) for the second standpipe and 250 gpm
(946 L/min) for the third standpipe if the additional flow is
required for an unsprinklered building.
7.10.1.1.4 Flow rates for combined systems shall be in accor-
dance with 7.10.1.3.
2013 Edition
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

7.4.11.6.2 Grease extractors. Where grease extractors are installed, they shall be operated
when the commercial-type cooking equipment is used.
7.4.11.6.3 Cleaning. Hoods, grease-removal devices, fans, ducts and other appurtenances
shall be cleaned at intervals necessary to prevent the accumulation of grease.
Cleanings shall be recorded, and records shall state the extent, time and date of
cleaning. Such records shall be maintained on the premises.
7.4.11.6.4 Extinguishing system service. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall be
serviced at least every 6 months and after activation of the system. Inspection shall
be by qualified individuals, and a certificate of inspection shall be forwarded to the
Building official upon completion.
7.4.11.6.5 Fusible link and sprinkler head replacement. Fusible links and automatic
sprinkler heads shall be replaced at least annually, and other protection devices
shall be serviced or replaced in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Exception: Frangible bulbs are not required to be replaced annually.

SECTION 7.5
STANDPIPE SYSTEMS

7.5.1 General. Standpipe systems shall be provided in new buildings and structures in
accordance with this section. Fire hose threads used in connection with standpipe
systems shall be approved and shall be compatible with Civil Defence hose
threads. The location of Civil Defence hose connections shall be approved. In
buildings used for high-piled combustible storage, fire protection shall be in
accordance with Chapter 21.

7.5.2 Installation standards. Standpipe systems shall be installed in accordance with

this section and NFPA 14.

7.5.3 Required installations. Standpipe systems shall be installed where required by

Sections 7.5.3.1 through 7.5.3.6 and in the locations indicated in Sections 7.5.4,
7.5.5 and 7.5.6. Standpipe systems are permitted to be combined with automatic
sprinkler systems.
Exception: Standpipe
Standp p systems
y q
are not required in Groupp R-3 occupancies.
p
7.5.3.1 Building height. Class III standpipe systems shall be installed throughout g
buildings
g where the floor level of the highest
g story is located more than 9.1 m
v
above the lowest level of the Civil Defence vehicle access,, or where the floor level
of the lowest storyy is located more than 9.1 m below the highest level of Civil
Defence vehicle access.
Exceptions:
1. Class I standpipes are allowed in buildings equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7.3.3.1.1 or 7.3.3.1.2.
2. Class I manual standpipes are allowed in open parking garages where the
highest floor is located not more than 45.7 m above the lowest level of Civil
Defence vehicle access.
3. Class I manual dry standpipes are allowed in open parking garages that are
subject to freezing temperatures, provided that the hose connections are
located as required for Class II standpipes in accordance with Section 7.5.5.
4. Class I standpipes are allowed in basements equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system.
7.5.3.2 Group A. Class I automatic wet standpipes shall be provided in nonsprinklered
Group A buildings having an occupant load exceeding 1,000 persons.

SBC 801 2007 7/21

ME.FF.09

45

[F] 905.3.3 Covered mall buildings. A covered mall build-
ing shall be equipped throughout with a standpipe system
where required by Section 905.3.1. Covered mall buildings
not required to be equipped with a standpipe system by Sec-
tion 905.3.1 shall be equipped with Class I hose connections
connected to the automatic sprinkler system sized to deliver
water at 250 gallons per minute (946.4 L/min) at the most
hydraulically remote hose connection while concurrently
supplying the automatic sprinkler system demand. The
standpipe system shall be designed not to exceed a 50
pounds per square inch (psi) (345 kPa) residual pressure
loss with a flow of 250 gallons per minute (946.4 L/min)
from the fire department connection to the hydraulically
most remote hose connection. Hose connections shall be
provided at each of the following locations:
1. Within the mall at the entrance to each exit passage-
way or corridor.
2. At each floor-level landing within enclosed stairways
opening directly on the mall.
3. At exterior public entrances to the mall.
4. At other locations as necessary so that the distance to
reach all portions of a tenant space does not exceed
200 feet (60 960 mm) from a hose connection.
[F] 905.3.4 Stages. Stages greater than 1,000 square feet in
area (93 m2) shall be equipped with a Class III wet standpipe
system with 11/2-inch and 21/2-inch (38 mm and 64 mm)
hose connections on each side of the stage.
Exception: Where the building or area is equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system, a
11/2-inch (38 mm) hose connection shall be installed in
accordance with NFPA 13 or in accordance with NFPA
14 for Class II or III standpipes.
[F] 905.3.4.1 Hose and cabinet. The 11/2-inch (38 mm)
hose connections shall be equipped with sufficient
lengths of 11/2-inch (38 mm) hose to provide fire protec-
tion for the stage area. Hose connections shall be
equipped with an approved adjustable fog nozzle and be
mounted in a cabinet or on a rack.
[F] 905.3.5 Underground buildings. Underground build-
ings shall be equipped throughout with a Class I automatic
wet or manual wet standpipe system.
[F] 905.3.6 Helistops and heliports. Buildings with a
helistop or heliport that are equipped with a standpipe shall
extend the standpipe to the roof level on which the helistop
or heliport is located in accordance with Section 1107.5 of
the International Fire Code.
[F] 905.3.7 Marinas and boatyards. Standpipes in mari-
nas and boatyards shall comply with Chapter 45 of the Inter-
national Fire Code.
[F] 905.4 Location of Class I standpipe hose connections.
Class I standpipe hose connections shall be provided in all of
the following locations:
1. In every required stairway, a hose connection shall be
provided for each floor level above or below grade. Hose
connections shall be located at an intermediate floor
2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®
ME.FF.10
46
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
level landing between floors, unless otherwise approved
by the fire code official.
2. On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit opening of a
horizontal exit.
Exception: Where floor areas adjacent to a horizon-
tal exit are reachable from exit stairway hose connec-
tions by a 30-foot (9144 mm) hose stream from a
nozzle attached to 100 feet (30 480 mm) of hose, a
hose connection shall not be required at the horizontal
exit.
3. In every exit passageway, at the entrance from the exit
passageway to other areas of a building.
Exception: Where floor areas adjacent to an exit pas-
sageway are reachable from exit stairway hose con-
nections by a 30-foot (9144 mm) hose stream from a
nozzle attached to 100 feet (30 480 mm) of hose, a
hose connection shall not be required at the entrance
from the exit passageway to other areas of the build-
ing.
4. In covered mall buildings, adjacent to each exterior pub-
lic entrance to the mall and adjacent to each entrance
from an exit passageway or exit corridor to the mall.
5. Where the roof has a slope less than four units vertical in
12 units horizontal (33.3-percent slope), each standpipe
shall be provided with a hose connection located either
on the roof or at the highest landing of a stairway with
stair access to the roof. An additional hose connection
shall be provided at the top of the most hydraulically
remote standpipe for testing purposes.
6. Where the most remote portion of a nonsprinklered floor
or story is more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) from a hose
connection or the most remote portion of a sprinklered
floor or story is more than 200 feet (60 960 mm) from a
hose connection, the fire code official is authorized to
require that additional hose connections be provided in
approved locations.
[F] 905.4.1 Protection. Risers and laterals of Class I
standpipe systems not located within an enclosed stairway
or pressurized enclosure shall be protected by a degree of
fire resistance equal to that required for vertical enclosures
in the building in which they are located.
Exception: In buildings equipped throughout with an
approved automatic sprinkler system, laterals that are
not located within an enclosed stairway or pressurized
enclosure are not required to be enclosed within
fire-resistance-rated construction.
[F] 905.4.2 Interconnection. In buildings where more than
one standpipe is provided, the standpipes shall be intercon-
nected in accordance with NFPA 14.
[F] 905.5 Location of Class II standpipe hose connections.
Class II standpipe hose connections shall be accessible and
located so that all portions of the building are within 30 feet
(9144 mm) of a nozzle attached to 100 feet (30 480 mm) of
hose.
[F] 905.5.1 Groups A-1 and A-2. In Group A-1 and A-2
occupancies with occupant loads of more than 1,000, hose
191
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
5. Wet-chemical extinguishing systems, NFPA 17A.
Exception: Factory-built commercial cooking recirculat-
ing systems that are tested in accordance with UL 710B and
listed, labeled and installed in accordance with Section
304.1 of the International Mechanical Code.
[F] 904.11.1 Manual system operation. A manual actua-
tion device shall be located at or near a means of egress from
the cooking area a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) and a
maximum of 20 feet (6096 mm) from the kitchen exhaust
system. The manual actuation device shall be installed not
more than 48 inches (1200 mm) or less than 42 inches (1067
mm) above the floor and shall clearly identify the hazard
protected. The manual actuation shall require a maximum
force of 40 pounds (178 N) and a maximum movement of 14
inches (356 mm) to actuate the fire suppression system.
Exception: Automatic sprinkler systems shall not be
required to be equipped with manual actuation means.
[F] 904.11.2 System interconnection. The actuation of the
fire suppression system shall automatically shut down the
fuel or electrical power supply to the cooking equipment.
The fuel and electrical supply reset shall be manual.
[F] 904.11.3 Carbon dioxide systems. When carbon diox-
ide systems are used, there shall be a nozzle at the top of the
ventilating duct. Additional nozzles that are symmetrically
arranged to give uniform distribution shall be installed
within vertical ducts exceeding 20 feet (6096 mm) and hori-
zontal ducts exceeding 50 feet (15 240 mm). Dampers shall
be installed at either the top or the bottom of the duct and
shall be arranged to operate automatically upon activation
of the fire-extinguishing system. Where the damper is
installed at the top of the duct, the top nozzle shall be imme-
diately below the damper. Automatic carbon dioxide
fire-extinguishing systems shall be sufficiently sized to pro-
tect against all hazards venting through a common duct
simultaneously.
[F] 904.11.3.1 Ventilation system. Commercial-type
cooking equipment protected by an automatic carbon
dioxide-extinguishing system shall be arranged to shut
off the ventilation system upon activation.
[F] 904.11.4 Special provisions for automatic sprinkler
systems. Automatic sprinkler systems protecting commer-
cial-type cooking equipment shall be supplied from a sepa-
rate, readily accessible, indicating-type control valve that is
identified.
[F] 904.11.4.1 Listed sprinklers. Sprinklers used for
the protection of fryers shall be tested in accordance with
UL 199E, listed for that application and installed in
accordance with their listing.
SECTION 905
STANDPIPE SYSTEMS
[F] 905.1 General. Standpipe systems shall be provided in new
buildings and structures in accordance with this section. Fire
hose threads used in connection with standpipe systems shall
be approved and shall be compatible with fire department hose
threads. The location of fire department hose connections shall
190 ME.FF.11
47
be approved. In buildings used for high-piled combustible
storage, fire protection shall be in accordance with the Interna-
tional Fire Code.
[F] 905.2 Installation standard. Standpipe systems shall be
installed in accordance with this section and NFPA 14.
[F] 905.3 Required installations. Standpipe systems shall be
installed where required by Sections 905.3.1 through 905.3.7
and in the locations indicated in Sections 905.4, 905.5 and
905.6. Standpipe systems are allowed to be combined with
automatic sprinkler systems.
Exception: Standpipe systems are not required in Group
R-3 occupancies.
[F] 905.3.1 Height. Class III standpipe systems shall be
installed throughout buildings where the floor level of the
highest story is located more than 30 feet (9144 mm) above
the lowest level of fire department vehicle access, or where
the floor level of the lowest story is located more than 30 feet
(9144 mm) below the highest level of fire department vehi-
cle access.
Exceptions:
1. Class I standpipes are allowed in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
903.3.1.2.
2. Class I manual standpipes are allowed in open
parking garages where the highest floor is located
not more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) above the low-
est level of fire department vehicle access.
3. Class I manual dry standpipes are allowed in open
parking garages that are subject to freezing tem-
peratures, provided that the hose connections are
located as required for Class II standpipes in accor-
dance with Section 905.5.
4. Class I standpipes are allowed in basements
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system.
5. In determining the lowest level of fire department
vehicle access, it shall not be required to consider:
5.1. Recessed loading docks for four vehicles
or less; and
5.2. Conditions where topography makes
access from the fire department vehicle to
the building impractical or impossible.
[F] 905.3.2 Group A. Class I automatic wet standpipes
shall be provided in nonsprinklered Group A buildings hav-
ing an occupant load exceeding 1,000 persons.
Exceptions:
1. Open-air-seating spaces without enclosed spaces.
2. Class I automatic dry and semiautomatic dry
standpipes or manual wet standpipes are allowed
in buildings where the highest floor surface used
for human occupancy is 75 feet (22 860 mm) or
less above the lowest level of fire department vehi-
cle access.
2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
5. Wet-chemical extinguishing systems, NFPA 17A.
Exception: Factory-built commercial cooking recirculat-
ing systems that are tested in accordance with UL 710B and
listed, labeled and installed in accordance with Section
304.1 of the International Mechanical Code.
[F] 904.11.1 Manual system operation. A manual actua-
tion device shall be located at or near a means of egress from
the cooking area a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) and a
maximum of 20 feet (6096 mm) from the kitchen exhaust
system. The manual actuation device shall be installed not
more than 48 inches (1200 mm) or less than 42 inches (1067
mm) above the floor and shall clearly identify the hazard
protected. The manual actuation shall require a maximum
force of 40 pounds (178 N) and a maximum movement of 14
inches (356 mm) to actuate the fire suppression system.
Exception: Automatic sprinkler systems shall not be
required to be equipped with manual actuation means.
[F] 904.11.2 System interconnection. The actuation of the
fire suppression system shall automatically shut down the
fuel or electrical power supply to the cooking equipment.
The fuel and electrical supply reset shall be manual.
[F] 904.11.3 Carbon dioxide systems. When carbon diox-
ide systems are used, there shall be a nozzle at the top of the
ventilating duct. Additional nozzles that are symmetrically
arranged to give uniform distribution shall be installed
within vertical ducts exceeding 20 feet (6096 mm) and hori-
zontal ducts exceeding 50 feet (15 240 mm). Dampers shall
be installed at either the top or the bottom of the duct and
shall be arranged to operate automatically upon activation
of the fire-extinguishing system. Where the damper is
installed at the top of the duct, the top nozzle shall be imme-
diately below the damper. Automatic carbon dioxide
fire-extinguishing systems shall be sufficiently sized to pro-
tect against all hazards venting through a common duct
simultaneously.
[F] 904.11.3.1 Ventilation system. Commercial-type
cooking equipment protected by an automatic carbon
dioxide-extinguishing system shall be arranged to shut
off the ventilation system upon activation.
[F] 904.11.4 Special provisions for automatic sprinkler
systems. Automatic sprinkler systems protecting commer-
cial-type cooking equipment shall be supplied from a sepa-
rate, readily accessible, indicating-type control valve that is
identified.
[F] 904.11.4.1 Listed sprinklers. Sprinklers used for
the protection of fryers shall be tested in accordance with
UL 199E, listed for that application and installed in
accordance with their listing.
SECTION 905
STANDPIPE SYSTEMS
[F] 905.1 General. Standpipe systems shall be provided in new
buildings and structures in accordance with this section. Fire
hose threads used in connection with standpipe systems shall
be approved and shall be compatible with fire department hose
threads. The location of fire department hose connections shall
190 ME.FF.12
48
be approved. In buildings used for high-piled combustible
storage, fire protection shall be in accordance with the Interna-
tional Fire Code.
[F] 905.2 Installation standard. Standpipe systems shall be
installed in accordance with this section and NFPA 14.
[F] 905.3 Required installations. Standpipe systems shall be
installed where required by Sections 905.3.1 through 905.3.7
and in the locations indicated in Sections 905.4, 905.5 and
905.6. Standpipe systems are allowed to be combined with
automatic sprinkler systems.
Exception: Standpipe systems are not required in Group
R-3 occupancies.
[F] 905.3.1 Height. Class III standpipe systems shall be
installed throughout buildings where the floor level of the
highest story is located more than 30 feet (9144 mm) above
the lowest level of fire department vehicle access, or where
the floor level of the lowest story is located more than 30 feet
(9144 mm) below the highest level of fire department vehi-
cle access.
Exceptions:
1. Class I standpipes are allowed in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
903.3.1.2.
2. Class I manual standpipes are allowed in open
parking garages where the highest floor is located
not more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) above the low-
est level of fire department vehicle access.
3. Class I manual dry standpipes are allowed in open
parking garages that are subject to freezing tem-
peratures, provided that the hose connections are
located as required for Class II standpipes in accor-
dance with Section 905.5.
4. Class I standpipes are allowed in basements
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system.
5. In determining the lowest level of fire department
vehicle access, it shall not be required to consider:
5.1. Recessed loading docks for four vehicles
or less; and
5.2. Conditions where topography makes
access from the fire department vehicle to
the building impractical or impossible.
[F] 905.3.2 Group A. Class I automatic wet standpipes
shall be provided in nonsprinklered Group A buildings hav-
ing an occupant load exceeding 1,000 persons.
Exceptions:
1. Open-air-seating spaces without enclosed spaces.
2. Class I automatic dry and semiautomatic dry
standpipes or manual wet standpipes are allowed
in buildings where the highest floor surface used
for human occupancy is 75 feet (22 860 mm) or
less above the lowest level of fire department vehi-
cle access.
2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

ers, listed Class K portable fire extinguishers shall be
provided as follows:
1. For up to four fryers having a maximum cooking
medium capacity of 80 pounds (36.3 kg) each: One
Class K portable fire extinguisher of a minimum
1.5 gallon ( 6 L) capacity.
2. For every additional group of four fryers having a
maximum cooking medium capacity of 80 pounds
(36.3 kg) each: One additional Class K portable
fire extinguisher of a minimum 1.5 gallon (6 L)
capacity shall be provided.
3. For individual fryers exceeding 6 square feet (0.55
m 2) in surface area: Class K portable fire
extinguishers shall be installed in accordance with
the extinguisher manufacturer's recommenda-
tions.
904.11.6 Operations and maintenance. Automatic fire-
extinguishing systems protecting commercial cooking sys-
tems shall be maintained in accordance with Sections
904.11.6.1 through 904.11.6.3.
904.11.6.1 Existing automatic fire-extinguishing sys-
tems. Where changes in the cooking media, positioning
of cooking equipment or replacement of cooking equip-
ment occur in existing commercial cooking systems, the
automatic fire-extinguishing system shall be required to
comply with the applicable provisions of Sections
904.11 through 904.11.4.
904.11.6.2 Extinguishing system service. Automatic
fire-extinguishing systems shall be serviced at least
every 6 months and after activation of the system.
Inspection shall be by qualified individuals, and a certifi-
cate of inspection shall be forwarded to the fire code offi-
cial upon completion.
904.11.6.3 Fusible link and sprinkler head replace-
ment. Fusible links and automatic sprinkler heads shall
be replaced at least annually, and other protection
devices shall be serviced or replaced in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions.
Exception: Frangible bulbs are not required to be
replaced annually.
SECTION 905
STANDPIPE SYSTEMS
905.1 General. Standpipe systems shall be provided in new
buildings and structures in accordance with this section. Fire
hose threads used in connection with standpipe systems shall
be approved and shall be compatible with fire department hose
threads. The location of fire department hose connections shall
be approved. In buildings used for high-piled combustible stor-
age, fire protection shall be in accordance with Chapter 23.
905.2 Installation standard. Standpipe systems shall be
installed in accordance with this section and NFPA 14.
905.3 Required installations. Standpipe systems shall be
installed where required by Sections 905.3.1 through 905.3.7
and in the locations indicated in Sections 905.4, 905.5 and
2009 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®
ME.FF.13
49
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
905.6. Standpipe systems are allowed to be combined with
automatic sprinkler systems.
Exception: Standpipe systems are not required in Group
R-3 occupancies.
905.3.1 Height. Class III standpipe systems shall be
installed throughout buildings where the floor level of the
highest story is located more than 30 feet (9144 mm) above
the lowest level of the fire department vehicle access, or
where the floor level of the lowest story is located more than
30 feet (9144 mm) below the highest level of fire depart-
ment vehicle access.
Exceptions:
1. Class I standpipes are allowed in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
903.3.1.2.
2. Class I manual standpipes are allowed in open
parking garages where the highest floor is located
not more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) above the low-
est level of fire department vehicle access.
3. Class I manual dry standpipes are allowed in open
parking garages that are subject to freezing tem-
peratures, provided that the hose connections are
located as required for Class II standpipes in accor-
dance with Section 905.5.
4. Class I standpipes are allowed in basements
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system.
5. In determining the lowest level of fire department
vehicle access, it shall not be required to consider:
5.1. Recessed loading docks for four vehicles
or less, and
5.2. Conditions where topography makes
access from the fire department vehicle to
the building impractical or impossible.
905.3.2 Group A. Class I automatic wet standpipes shall be
provided in nonsprinklered Group A buildings having an
occupant load exceeding 1,000 persons.
Exceptions:
1. Open-air-seating spaces without enclosed spaces.
2. Class I automatic dry and semiautomatic dry
standpipes or manual wet standpipes are allowed
in buildings where the highest floor surface used
for human occupancy is 75 feet (22 860 mm) or
less above the lowest level of fire department vehi-
cle access.
905.3.3 Covered mall buildings. A covered mall building
shall be equipped throughout with a standpipe system
where required by Section 905.3.1. Covered mall buildings
not required to be equipped with a standpipe system by Sec-
tion 905.3.1 shall be equipped with Class I hose connections
connected to the automatic sprinkler system sized to deliver
water at 250 gallons per minute (946.4 L/min) at the most
hydraulically remote hose connection while concurrently
supplying the automatic sprinkler system demand. The
87
 
14-18 INSTALLATION OF STANDPIPE AND HOSE SYSTEMS
(1) A central station, proprietary, or remote station signaling
service
(2) A local signaling service that initiates an audible signal at
a constantly attended location
(3) Locking of valves in the open position
(4) Sealing of valves and an approved weekly recorded
inspection where valves are located within fenced enclo‐
sures under the control of the owner
6.3.7.2 Underground gate valves with roadway boxes shall not
be required to be supervised.
6.3.7.3 The bypass valves required in 7.2.4(4) shall be super‐
vised in the closed position.
6.3.7.3.1 Supervision of these valves shall be in accordance
with 6.3.7.1(1) or 6.3.7.1(2).
6.3.8 Signs for Room Identification, Valves, and Hose Connec‐
tions.
6.3.8.1 All main and sectional system control valves, including
water supply control valves, shall have a sign indicating the
portion of the system that is controlled by the valve.
6.3.8.2 All control, drain, and test connection valves shall be
provided with signs indicating their purpose.
6.3.8.3 Where sprinkler system piping supplied by a combined
system is supplied by more than one standpipe (“loop” or “dual
feed” design), a sign shall be located at each dual or multiple
feed connection to the combination system standpipe to indi‐
cate that in order to isolate the sprinkler system served by the
control valve, an additional control valve or valves at other
standpipes shall be shut off.
6.3.8.3.1 The sign also shall identify the location of the addi‐
tional control valves.
6.3.8.4 Where a main or sectional system control valve is loca‐
ted in a closed room or concealed space, the location of the
valve shall be indicated by a sign in an approved location on
the outside of the door or near the opening to the concealed
space.
6.3.8.5* Where hose connections are not located in exit stair‐
ways, signs shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 170, to
identify the location of the hose connection in an approved
manner.
6.3.8.5.1 Valve cabinets, where provided, shall be marked to
indicate the contents.
6.3.8.5.2 Letters shall be red with a white background and
shall be 21∕2 in. (65 mm) in height.
6.4* Fire Department Connections.
6.4.1 Isolation valves shall not be permitted between the fire
department connection and where the fire department
connection piping connects to the system piping.
6.4.2 A listed check valve shall be installed in each fire depart‐
ment connection and shall be located in an accessible location.
[13:8.17.2.5.1]
6.4.2.1 The check valve shall be installed as close as possible to
the fire department connection inlets.
6.4.2.1.1 The check valve shall be located where it is not
subjected to freezing conditions.
2016 Edition ME.FF.14
50
6.4.2.2 The requirements of 6.4.2 shall apply to manual dry
systems.
6.4.3 The fire department connection shall be installed as
follows:
(1) Automatic wet and manual wet standpipe systems. On the
system side of the system control valve, check valve, or any
pump, but on the supply side of any isolating valves
required by 6.3.2
(2) Automatic dry standpipe systems. On the system side of the
control valve and check valve and the supply side of the
dry pipe valve
(3) Semiautomatic dry standpipe systems. On the system side of
the deluge valve
(4) Manual dry standpipe systems. Directly connected to system
piping with a check valve in the piping as required by
6.4.2
6.4.3.1 Fire department connections shall not be connected
on the suction side of fire pumps. [13:8.17.2.4.8]
6.4.4* In areas subject to freezing, an approved automatic drip
valve that is arranged to allow drainage without causing water
damage shall be installed at the low point in the piping
between the check valve and the fire department connection.
6.4.5 Location and Identification.
6.4.5.1 Fire department connections shall be visible and recog‐
nizable from the street or nearest point of fire department
apparatus accessibility or on the street side of buildings.
6.4.5.1.1 Fire department connections shall be located and
arranged so that hose lines can be attached to the inlets with‐
out interference from nearby objects, including buildings,
fences, posts, landscaping, vehicles, or other fire department
connections.
6.4.5.2 Each fire department connection shall be designated
by a sign, with letters at least 1 in. (25.4 mm) in height, that
reads “STANDPIPE.” For manual systems, the sign shall also
indicate that the system is manual and that it is either wet or
dry.
6.4.5.2.1 If automatic sprinklers are also supplied by the fire
department connection, the sign or combination of signs shall
indicate both designated services (e.g., “STANDPIPE AND
AUTOSPKR” or “AUTOSPKR AND STANDPIPE”).
6.4.5.2.2 A sign also shall indicate the pressure required at the
inlets to deliver the standpipe system demand.
6.4.5.3 Where a fire department connection services multiple
buildings, structures, or locations, a sign shall be provided indi‐
cating the buildings, structures, or locations served.
6.4.5.4* Fire department
p connections shall be located not
more than 100 ft (30.5 m) from the nearest fire hydrant
connected to an approved water supply.
6.4.5.4.1 The location of the fire department connection shall
be permitted to exceed 100 ft (30.5 m) subject to the approval
of the authority having jurisdiction.
6.4.6 Fire department connections shall be located not less
than 18 in. (457 mm) nor more than 48 in. (1219 mm) above
the level of the adjoining ground, sidewalk, or grade surface.
6.4.7 Fire department connection piping shall be supported in
accordance with Section 6.5.
 
DESIGN
6.5 Support of Piping. Support of system piping shall be in
accordance with NFPA 13.
6.6 Installation of Signs. Signs shall be secured to a device or
the building wall with corrosion-resistant chains or fasteners.
6.7 Signs for Water Supply Pumps. Where a fire pump is
provided, a sign shall be located in the vicinity of the pump
indicating the minimum pressure and flow required at the
pump discharge flange to meet the system demand.
6.8* Hydraulic Design Information Sign.
6.8.1 The installing contractor shall provide a sign identifying
the basis of the system design.
6.8.2 The sign shall be located at the water supply control valve
for automatic or semiautomatic standpipe systems and at an
approved location for manual systems.
6.8.3 The sign shall indicate the following:
(1) Location of the two hydraulically most remote hose
connections
(2) Design flow rate for the connections identified in 6.8.3(1)
(3) Design residual inlet and outlet pressures for the connec‐
tions identified in 6.8.3(1)
(4) Design static pressure and the design system demand
(i.e., flow and residual pressure) at the system control
valve, or at the pump discharge flange where a pump is
installed, and at each fire department connection
Chapter 7 Design
7.1* General. The design of the standpipe system is governed
by building height, area per floor occupancy classification,
egress system design, required flow rate and residual pressure,
and the distance of the hose connection from the source(s) of
the water supply.
7.1.1* When pressure-regulating devices are used, they shall be
approved for installation within the maximum and minimum
anticipated flow conditions.
7.2* Pressure Limitation.
7.2.1 The maximum pressure at any point in the system at any
time shall not exceed 350 psi (24 bar).
7.2.2 Express mains supplying higher standpipe zones shall be
permitted to be designed with pressures in excess of 350 psi (24
bar) in accordance with their materials listings or as approved
by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).
7.2.2.1 Where express
p mains supply
pp y higher
g standpipe
p p zones,
there shall be no hose outlets on anyy portion
p of the system
where the pressure exceeds 350 psi (24 bar).
7.2.3* Maximum Pressure at Hose Connections.
7.2.3.1 Where the residual pressure at a 11∕2 in. (40 mm) outlet
on a hose connection available for trained personnel use
exceeds 100 psi (6.9 bar), an approved pressure-regulating
device shall be provided to limit the residual pressure at the
flow required by Section 7.10 to 100 psi (6.9 bar).
7.2.3.1.1 Paragraph 7.2.3.1 shall not apply to the 11∕2 in.
(40 mm) outlet on a 21∕2 in. × 11∕2 in. (65 mm × 40 mm) reducer
as allowed by 5.3.3.2 and 7.3.4.1.
ME.FF.15
51
14-19
7.2.3.2* Where the static pressure at a 21∕2 in. (65 mm) hose
connection exceeds 175 psi (12.1 bar), a listed pressure-
regulating device shall be provided to limit static and residual
pressures at the outlet of the hose connection to no more than
175 psi (12.1 bar).
7.2.3.2.1 Where a listed pressure regulating device is not
manufactured, the AHJ shall be permitted to approve a nonlis‐
ted device.
7.2.3.3 The pressure on the inlet side of the pressure-
regulating device shall not exceed the rated working pressure
of the device.
7.2.4* Where more than two hose connections are used down‐
stream of a pressure-regulating device, the following conditions
shall apply:
(1) In systems with multiple zones, pressure-regulating
device(s) shall be permitted to be used in lieu of provid‐
ing separate pumps to control pressure in the lower
zone(s) as long as the devices comply with all require‐
ments in 7.2.4.
(2) A method to isolate the pressure-regulating device(s)
shall be provided for maintenance and repair.
(3) Regulating devices shall be arranged so that the failure of
any single device does not allow pressure in excess of
175 psi (12.1 bar) to any of the multiple hose connections
downstream.
(4) An equally sized bypass around the pressure-regulating
device(s), with a normally closed control valve, shall be
installed.
(5) Pressure-regulating device(s) shall be installed not more
than 7 ft 6 in. (2.31 m) above the floor.
(6) The pressure-regulating device shall be provided with
inlet and outlet pressure gauges.
(7) The fire department connection(s) shall be connected to
the system side of the outlet isolation valve.
(8) The pressure-regulating device shall be provided with a
pressure relief valve in accordance with the manufactur‐
er's recommendations.
(9) Remote monitoring and supervision for detecting high
pressure failure of the pressure-regulating device shall be
provided in accordance with NFPA 72.
7.3 Locations of Hose Connections.
7.3.1* General.
7.3.1.1 Hose connections and hose stations shall be unobstruc‐
ted and shall be located not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) or more than
5 ft (1.5 m) above the floor.
7.3.1.1.1 This dimension shall be measured from the floor to
the center of the hose valve.
7.3.1.2 The hose connection shall not be obstructed by any
closed or open stairwell door(s) or other objects on the land‐
ing.
7.3.2* Class I Systems. Where required to be provided, hose
connections shall be located in accordance with 7.3.2.
7.3.2.1 Hose connections shall be provided at each main floor
landing of required exit stairs.
7.3.2.1.1* Where required by the AHJ or local fire department,
hose connections shall be permitted to be installed at the high‐
est intermediate floor landings between floor levels in required
exit stairs.
2016 Edition
 
VERTICAL SHAFT TURBINE–TYPE PUMPS
Chapter 6 Centrifugal Pumps
6.1 General.
6.1.1* Types.
6.1.1.1 Centrifugal pumps shall be of the overhung impeller
design and the impeller between bearings design.
6.1.1.2 The overhung impeller design shall be close coupled or
separately coupled single- or two-stage end-suction-type [see
Figure A.6.1.1(a) and Figure A.6.1.1(b)] or in-line-type [see Figure
A.6.1.1(c) through Figure A.6.1.1(e)] pumps.
6.1.1.3 The impeller between bearings design shall be sepa‐
rately coupled single-stage or multistage axial (horizontal) split-
case-type [see Figure A.6.1.1(f)] or radial (vertical) split-case-type
[see Figure A.6.1.1(g)] pumps.
6.1.2* Application. Centrifugal pumps shall not be used where
a static suction lift is required.
6.2* Factory and Field Performance.
6.2.1 Pumps shall furnish not less than 150 percent of rated
capacity at not less than 65 percent of total rated head. (See
Figure A.6.2.)
6.2.1.1 Each discharge outlet in a multistage multiport pump
shall furnish not less than 150 percent of rated capacity at not
less than 65 percent of total rated head. (See Figure A.6.2.)
6.2.2 The shutoff head shall not exceed 140 percent of rated
head for any type pump. (See Figure A.6.2.)
6.2.2.1 For each discharge outlet in a multistage multiport
pump, the shutoff head shall not exceed 140 percent of rated
head for any type pump. (See Figure A.6.2.)
6.3 Fittings.
6.3.1* Where necessary, the following fittings for the pump
shall be provided by the pump manufacturer or an authorized
representative:
(1) Automatic air release valve
(2) Circulation relief valve
(3) Pressure gauges
6.3.2 Where necessary, the following fittings shall be provided:
(1) Eccentric tapered reducer at suction inlet
(2) Hose valve manifold with hose valves
(3) Flow measuring device
(4) Relief valve and discharge cone
(5) Pipeline strainer
6.3.3 Automatic Air Release.
6.3.3.1 Unless the requirements of 6.3.3.2 are met, pumps that
are automatically controlled shall be provided with a listed
float-operated air release valve having a nominal 0.50 in.
(12.7 mm) minimum diameter discharged to atmosphere.
6.3.3.2 The requirements of 6.3.3.1 shall not apply to over‐
hung impeller–type pumps with top centerline discharge or
that are vertically mounted to naturally vent the air.
6.4 Foundation and Setting.
6.4.1* Overhung impeller and impeller between bearings
design pumps and driver shall be mounted on a common
grouted base plate.
ME.FF.16
52
20-27
6.4.2 Pumps of the overhung impeller close coupled in-line
type [see Figure A.6.1.1(c)] shall be permitted to be mounted on
a base attached to the pump mounting base plate.
6.4.3 The base plate shall be securely attached to a solid foun‐
dation in such a way that pump and driver shaft alignment is
ensured.
6.4.4* The foundation shall be sufficiently substantial to form
a permanent and rigid support for the base plate.
6.4.5 The base plate, with pump and driver mounted on it,
shall be set level on the foundation.
6.5* Connection to Driver and Alignment.
6.5.1 Coupling Type.
6.5.1.1 Separately coupled–type pumps with electric motor or
diesel engine drivers shall be connected by a flexible coupling
or flexible connecting shaft.
6.5.1.2* Flexible couplings and flexible connecting shafts shall
be listed for fire pump service and installed in accordance with
the listing.
6.5.2 Pumps and drivers on separately coupled–type pumps
shall be aligned in accordance with the coupling and pump
manufacturers' specifications and the Hydraulic Institute Stand‐
ards for Centrifugal, Rotary and Reciprocating Pumps. (See A.6.5.)
Chapter 7 Vertical Shaft Turbine–Type Pumps
7.1* General.
pp
7.1.1* Application. Where the water supply
pp y is located below
the dischargeg flange
g centerline and the water supply
pp y pressure
p is
insufficientt to deliver the water to the fire pump, a vertical
shaft turbine–type pump shall be used.
7.1.2 Factory and Field Performance.
7.1.2.1 Pumps shall furnish not less than 150 percent of rated
capacity at a total head of not less than 65 percent of the total
rated head. (See Figure A.6.2.)
7.1.2.2 The total shutoff head shall not exceed 140 percent of
the total rated head on vertical turbine pumps. (See Figure
A.6.2.)
7.1.2.3 The vertical turbine–type pump shall be designed to
operate in a vertical position with all parts in correct align‐
ment.
7.2 Water Supply.
7.2.1 Source.
7.2.1.1* The water supply shall be adequate, dependable, and
acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
7.2.1.2* The acceptance of a well as a water supply source shall
be dependent upon satisfactory development of the well and
establishment of satisfactory aquifer characteristics.
7.2.2 Pump Submergence.
7.2.2.1* Well Installations.
7.2.2.1.1 Submergence of the pump bowls shall be provided
for reliable operation of the fire pump unit.
2016 Edition
 

DESIGN APPROACHES 13–143

Density (mm/min)
2.0 4.1 6.1 8.1 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3
5000 465
Area of sprinkler operation (ft 2 )

Area of sprinkler operation (m2)

Ex
4000 372

Ex
tra

tra
ha

ha
za

za
rd

rd
G
Ord
Ord

ro

G
3000 279

ro
up
in

up
in

1
ar y
ar y
Ligh

2
2500 232
2
1
t

2000 186

1500 139
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Density (gpm/ft 2 )

FIGURE 11.2.3.1.1 Density/Area Curves.

Table 11.2.3.1.2 Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply (9) Exterior columns under 10 ft2 (0.9 m2) in area formed
Duration Requirements for Hydraulically Calculated Systems by studs or wood joists, supporting exterior canopies that
are fully protected with a sprinkler system.
Total Combined (10)*Light or ordinary hazard occupancies where noncom-
Inside and Outside bustible or limited-combustible ceilings are attached to
Inside Hose Hose the bottom of composite wood joists either directly or on
Duration
Occupancy gpm L/min gpm L/min (minutes)
to metal channels not exceeding 1 in. (25 mm) in depth,
provided the adjacent joist channels are firestopped into
Light hazard 0, 50, or 0, 190, or 100 380 30 volumes not exceeding 160 ft3 (4.5 m3 ) using materials
100 380 equivalent to 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) gypsum board, and at least
Ordinary 0, 50, or 0, 190, or 250 950 60–90 31⁄2 in. (90 mm) of batt insulation is installed at the bot-
hazard 100 380 tom of the joist channels when the ceiling is attached
utilizing metal channels.
Extra hazard 0, 50, or 0, 190, or 500 1900 90–120
100 380 11.2.3.2 Density/Area Method.
11.2.3.2.1 Water Supply.

to the bottom of solid wood joists or solid limited-
combustible construction or noncombustible construction
so as to create enclosed joist spaces 160 ft3 (4.5 m3) or less
in volume, including space below insulation that is laid di-
rectly on top or within the ceiling joists in an otherwise
sprinklered concealed space.
(5) Concealed spaces where rigid materials are used and the
exposed surfaces have a flame spread index of 25 or less
and the materials have been demonstrated to not propa-
gate fire more than 10.5 ft (3.2 m) when tested in accor-
dance with ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for Surface
Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/
UL 723, Standard for Test for Surface Burning Characteristics
of Building Materials, extended for an additional 20 min-
utes in the form in which they are installed in the space.
(6) Concealed spaces in which the exposed materials are
constructed entirely of fire-retardant-treated wood as de-
fined by NFPA 703.
(7) Concealed spaces over isolated small rooms not exceed-
ing 55 ft2 (5.1 m2) in area.
(8) Vertical pipe chases under 10 ft2 (0.9 m2), provided
that in multifloor buildings the chases are firestopped at
each floor using materials equivalent to the floor con-
struction, and where such pipe chases contain no
sources of ignition, piping shall be noncombustible, and
pipe penetrations at each floor shall be properly sealed.
11.2.3.2.1.1 The water supply requirement for sprinklers only
shall be calculated from the density/area curves of Figure
11.2.3.1.1 or from Chapter 22 where density/area criteria are
specified for special occupancy hazards.
11.2.3.2.1.2 When using Figure 11.2.3.1.1, the calculations
shall satisfy any single point on the appropriate density/area
curve.
11.2.3.2.1.3 When using Figure 11.2.3.1.1, it shall not be nec-
essary to meet all points on the selected curves.
11.2.3.2.2 Sprinklers.
11.2.3.2.2.1 The densities and areas provided in Figure
11.2.3.1.1 shall be for use only with spray sprinklers.
11.2.3.2.2.2 Quick-response sprinklers shall not be permitted
for use in extra hazard occupancies or other occupancies
where there are substantial amounts of flammable liquids or
combustible dusts.
11.2.3.2.2.3 For extended coverage sprinklers, the minimum
design area shall be that corresponding to the hazard in Fig-
ure 11.2.3.1.1 or the area protected by five sprinklers, which-
ever is greater.
11.2.3.2.2.4 Extended coverage sprinklers shall be listed with
and designed for the minimum flow corresponding to the
density for the hazard as specified in Figure 11.2.3.1.1.

2016 Edition
ME.FF.17

53
 

INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS 13–55

8.6.2.1.2 The requirements of 8.6.2.1.1 shall not apply in a
small room as defined in 3.3.22.
8.6.2.1.2.1 The protection area of coverage for each sprin-
kler in the small room shall be the area of the room divided by
the number of sprinklers in the room.
8.6.2.2 Maximum Protection Area of Coverage.
8.6.2.2.1* The maximum allowable protection area of cover-
age for a sprinkler (As) shall be in accordance with the value
indicated in Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) through Table 8.6.2.2.1(d).
8.6.2.2.2 In any case, the maximum area of coverage of a
sprinkler shall not exceed 225 ft2 (20.9 m2).
8.6.3 Sprinkler Spacing (Standard Pendent and Upright Spray
Sprinklers).
8.6.3.1 Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers. The maxi-
mum distance permitted between sprinklers shall comply with
Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) through Table 8.6.2.2.1(d).

Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for Light Hazard

Maximum Protection Area Maximum Spacing

2 2
Construction Type System Type ft m ft m

Noncombustible Hydraulically 225 20.9 15 4.6

unobstructed calculated
Noncombustible Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
unobstructed
Noncombustible Hydraulically 225 20.9 15 4.6
obstructed calculated
Noncombustible Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
obstructed
Combustible Hydraulically 225 20.9 15 4.6
unobstructed with no calculated
exposed members
Combustible Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
unobstructed with no
exposed members
Combustible Hydraulically 225 20.9 15 4.6
unobstructed with calculated
exposed members
3 ft (910 mm) or
more on center
Combustible Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
unobstructed with
exposed members
3 ft (910 mm) or
more on center
Combustible All 130 12.1 15 4.6
unobstructed with
members less than
3 ft (910 mm) on
center
Combustible obstructed All 168 15.6 15 4.6
with exposed
members 3 ft
(910 mm) or more
on center
Combustible obstructed All 130 12.1 15 4.6
with members less
than 3 ft (910 mm)
on center
Combustible concealed All 120 11.1 15 4.6
spaces in accordance parallel to the parallel to the
with 8.6.4.1.4 slope slope
10 3.0
perpendicular perpendicular
to the slope* to the slope*

*See 8.6.4.1.4.4.

ME.FF.18
2016 Edition

54
 

13–56 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

Table 8.6.2.2.1(b) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing 8.6.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls.
of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for
Ordinary Hazard 8.6.3.2.1 The distance from sprinklers to walls shall not ex-
ceed one-half of the allowable distance between sprinklers as
indicated in Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) through Table 8.6.2.2.1(d).
Maximum
Protection Area Spacing 8.6.3.2.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
Construction System measured perpendicular to the wall.
Type Type ft2 m2 ft m
8.6.3.2.3* The requirements of 8.6.3.2.1 shall not apply where
All All 130 12.1 15 4.6 walls are angled or irregular, and the maximum horizontal
distance between a sprinkler and any point of floor area pro-
tected by that sprinkler shall not exceed 0.75 times the allow-
able distance permitted between sprinklers, provided the
Table 8.6.2.2.1(c) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing maximum perpendicular distance is not exceeded.
of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for Extra
Hazard 8.6.3.2.4* The requirements of 8.6.3.2.1 shall not apply within
small rooms as defined in 3.3.22.
Maximum 8.6.3.2.4.1 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be located not
Protection Area Spacing more than 9 ft (2.7 m) from any single wall.
Construction System
Type Type ft2 m2 ft m 8.6.3.2.4.2 Sprinkler spacing limitations of 8.6.3 and area
limitations of Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) shall not be exceeded.
All Pipe 90 8.4 12* 3.7* 8.6.3.2.5 Under curved surfaces, the horizontal distance shall
schedule be measured at the floor level from the wall, or the intersec-
All Hydraulically 100 9.3 12* 3.7* tion of the curved surface and the floor to the nearest sprin-
calculated kler shall not be greater than one-half the allowable distance
with between sprinklers.
density
≥0.25 8.6.3.3 Minimum Distances from Walls. Sprinklers shall be lo-
All Hydraulically 130 12.1 15 4.6 cated a minimum of 4 in. (100 mm) from a wall.
calculated 8.6.3.4 Minimum Distances Between Sprinklers.
with
density 8.6.3.4.1 Unless the requirements of 8.6.3.4.2, 8.6.3.4.3, or
<0.25 8.6.3.4.4 are met, sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 6 ft
(1.8 m) on center.
*In buildings where solid structural members create bays up to 25 ft
(7.6 m) wide, maximum spacing between sprinklers is permitted up to 8.6.3.4.2 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed less than
12 ft 6 in. (3.8 m). 6 ft (1.8 m) on center where the following conditions are sat-
isfied:
(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating ele-
Table 8.6.2.2.1(d) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing
ments.
of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for
(2) Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in
High-Piled Storage
place before and during sprinkler operation.
(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (200 mm) long and 6 in.
Maximum (150 mm) high.
Protection Area Spacing (4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in.
Construction System (50 mm and 75 mm) above the deflectors of upright
Type Type ft2 m2 ft m sprinklers.
(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at
All Hydraulically 100 9.3 12* 3.7*
least even with the deflectors of pendent sprinklers.
calculated
with 8.6.3.4.3 In-rack sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed
density less than 6 ft (1.8 m) on center.
≥0.25
All Hydraulically 130 12.1 15 4.6 8.6.3.4.4 Old-style sprinklers protecting fur storage vaults
calculated shall be permitted to be placed less than 6 ft (1.8 m) on center.
with 8.6.4 Deflector Position (Standard Pendent and Upright
density Spray Sprinklers).
<0.25
8.6.4.1 Distance Below Ceilings.
*In buildings where solid structural members create bays up to 25 ft
8.6.4.1.1 Unobstructed Construction.
(7.6 m) wide, maximum spacing between sprinklers is permitted up to
12 ft 6 in. (3.8 m). 8.6.4.1.1.1 Under unobstructed construction, the distance
between the sprinkler deflector and the ceiling shall be a mini-
mum of 1 in. (25 mm) and a maximum of 12 in. (300 mm)
throughout the area of coverage of the sprinkler.

2016 Edition ME.FF.19

55
 

DESIGN APPROACHES 13–143

Density (mm/min)
2.0 4.1 6.1 8.1 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3
5000 465
Area of sprinkler operation (ft 2 )

Area of sprinkler operation (m2)

Ex
4000 372

Ex
tra

tra
ha

ha
za

za
rd

rd
G
Ord
Ord

ro

G
3000 279

ro
up
in

up
in

1
ar y
ar y
Ligh

2
2500 232
2
1
t

2000 186

1500 139
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Density (gpm/ft 2 )

FIGURE 11.2.3.1.1 Density/Area Curves.

Table 11.2.3.1.2 Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply (9) Exterior columns under 10 ft2 (0.9 m2) in area formed
Duration Requirements for Hydraulically Calculated Systems by studs or wood joists, supporting exterior canopies that
are fully protected with a sprinkler system.
Total Combined (10)*Light or ordinary hazard occupancies where noncom-
Inside and Outside bustible or limited-combustible ceilings are attached to
Inside Hose Hose the bottom of composite wood joists either directly or on
Duration
Occupancy gpm L/min gpm L/min (minutes)
to metal channels not exceeding 1 in. (25 mm) in depth,
provided the adjacent joist channels are firestopped into
Light hazard 0, 50, or 0, 190, or 100 380 30 volumes not exceeding 160 ft3 (4.5 m3 ) using materials
100 380 equivalent to 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) gypsum board, and at least
Ordinary 0, 50, or 0, 190, or 250 950 60–90 31⁄2 in. (90 mm) of batt insulation is installed at the bot-
hazard 100 380 tom of the joist channels when the ceiling is attached
utilizing metal channels.
Extra hazard 0, 50, or 0, 190, or 500 1900 90–120
100 380 11.2.3.2 Density/Area Method.
11.2.3.2.1 Water Supply.

to the bottom of solid wood joists or solid limited-
combustible construction or noncombustible construction
so as to create enclosed joist spaces 160 ft3 (4.5 m3) or less
in volume, including space below insulation that is laid di-
rectly on top or within the ceiling joists in an otherwise
sprinklered concealed space.
(5) Concealed spaces where rigid materials are used and the
exposed surfaces have a flame spread index of 25 or less
and the materials have been demonstrated to not propa-
gate fire more than 10.5 ft (3.2 m) when tested in accor-
dance with ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for Surface
Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/
UL 723, Standard for Test for Surface Burning Characteristics
of Building Materials, extended for an additional 20 min-
utes in the form in which they are installed in the space.
(6) Concealed spaces in which the exposed materials are
constructed entirely of fire-retardant-treated wood as de-
fined by NFPA 703.
(7) Concealed spaces over isolated small rooms not exceed-
ing 55 ft2 (5.1 m2) in area.
(8) Vertical pipe chases under 10 ft2 (0.9 m2), provided
that in multifloor buildings the chases are firestopped at
each floor using materials equivalent to the floor con-
struction, and where such pipe chases contain no
sources of ignition, piping shall be noncombustible, and
pipe penetrations at each floor shall be properly sealed.
11.2.3.2.1.1 The water supply requirement for sprinklers only
shall be calculated from the density/area curves of Figure
11.2.3.1.1 or from Chapter 22 where density/area criteria are
specified for special occupancy hazards.
11.2.3.2.1.2 When using Figure 11.2.3.1.1, the calculations
shall satisfy any single point on the appropriate density/area
curve.
11.2.3.2.1.3 When using Figure 11.2.3.1.1, it shall not be nec-
essary to meet all points on the selected curves.
11.2.3.2.2 Sprinklers.
11.2.3.2.2.1 The densities and areas provided in Figure
11.2.3.1.1 shall be for use only with spray sprinklers.
11.2.3.2.2.2 Quick-response sprinklers shall not be permitted
for use in extra hazard occupancies or other occupancies
where there are substantial amounts of flammable liquids or
combustible dusts.
11.2.3.2.2.3 For extended coverage sprinklers, the minimum
design area shall be that corresponding to the hazard in Fig-
ure 11.2.3.1.1 or the area protected by five sprinklers, which-
ever is greater.
11.2.3.2.2.4 Extended coverage sprinklers shall be listed with
and designed for the minimum flow corresponding to the
density for the hazard as specified in Figure 11.2.3.1.1.

ME.FF.20 2016 Edition

56
 HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS

 FIRST BASEMENT
1‐ SPRINKLER SYSTEM
 ROOF FLOOR
2‐ STANDPIPE SYS

57
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS

WATER FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

(AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM)

FOR

FIRST BASEMENT

58
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General Project Data Report

General Data
Project Title: LULUA ALAZAL 200 BEDS
Project File Name: LULUA ALAZAL SP BA..fiw
HOSPITAL
Designed By: ALMAJAZ CONSULTING
Date: 2/5/2017
ENGINEERING
Code Reference: Approving Agency:
Client Name: Phone:
Address: RIYDAH,KSA City, State Zip Code:
Company Name: Representative:
Company Address: City And State:
Phone:
Building Name: LULUA ALAZAL 200 BEDS
Building Owner:
HOSPITAL
Contact at Building: Phone at Building:
Address Of Building: NORTH RIYDAH,KSA City, State Zip Code:

Project Data
Description Of Hazard: Ordinary 1 Sprinkler System Type: Wet
Design Area Of Water Application: 1500 ft² Maximum Area Per Sprinkler: 130 ft²
Default Sprinkler K-Factor: 5.60 K Default Pipe Material: SCHED 40 WET STEEL
Inside Hose Stream Allowance: 250.00 gpm Outside Hose Stream Allowance: 250.00 gpm
In Rack Sprinkler Allowance: 0.00 gpm

Sprinkler Specifications
Make: Model:
Size: 0.5" Temperature Rating: 135 F

Water Supply Test Data

Source Of Information:
Test Hydrant ID: Date Of Test:

Hydrant Elevation: 0 ft Static Pressure: 0.00 psi

Test Flow Rate: 0.00 gpm Test Residual Pressure: 0.00 psi
Calculated System Flow Rate: 299.01 gpm Calculated Inflow Residual Pressure: 72.72 psi

Calculation Project Data

Calculation Mode: Demand
HMD Minimum Residual Pressure: 7.00 psi Minimum Desired Flow Density: 0.15 gpm/ft²
Number Of Active Nodes: 30
Number Of Active Pipes: 29 Number Of Inactive Pipes: 0
Number Of Active Sprinklers: 12 Number Of Inactive Sprinklers: 0

59

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Fire - Fire Sprinkler Hydraulics Calculation Program Elite Software Development, Inc.
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Fire Sprinkler Input Data

Node Input Data

Sprinkler Pressure Node Elev (ft) Non-Sprinkler
Area Group
Node Node Description KFactor (K) Estimate (psi) Branch Non- Flow (gpm)
Branch Dia.
No. Branch Description Branch Len. Branch Stnd Stnd Fittings Branch Sprk
(in)
(ft) Fittings (ft) KFactor (K)

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 12.13 51.18 0.00

1
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 14.50 51.18 0.00

2
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 23.83 51.18 0.00

3
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 30.97 50.85 0.00

4
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 12.25 51.18 0.00

5
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 14.65 51.18 0.00

6
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 24.07 51.18 0.00

7
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 31.14 51.18 0.00

8
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 12.29 51.18 0.00

9
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 38.44 51.18 0.00

10
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 14.70 51.18 0.00

11
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 24.15 51.18 0.00

12
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Sprinkler ---- 5.60 31.24 51.18 0.00

13
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 39.78 51.18 0.00

20
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 38.81 51.18 0.00

30
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 40.16 51.18 0.00

40
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 38.93 51.18 0.00

50
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 40.76 51.18 0.00

60
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

60

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Fire - Fire Sprinkler Hydraulics Calculation Program Elite Software Development, Inc.
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Fire Sprinkler Input Data

Node Input Data (cont'd)

Sprinkler Pressure Node Elev (ft) Non-Sprinkler
Area Group
Node Node Description KFactor (K) Estimate (psi) Branch Non- Flow (gpm)
Branch Dia.
No. Branch Description Branch Len. Branch Stnd Stnd Fittings Branch Sprk
(in)
(ft) Fittings (ft) KFactor (K)
No Discharge ---- N/A 43.58 51.18 0.00
70
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 47.05 51.18 0.00

80
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 49.32 51.18 0.00

90
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 49.60 51.18 0.00

100
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 49.80 51.18 0.00

110
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 62.09 23.29 0.00

120
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 62.31 23.29 0.00

130
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 62.48 23.29 0.00

140
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 67.63 11.48 0.00

150
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 67.66 11.48 0.00

160
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 72.69 0.00 0.00

170
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 72.72 0.00 0.00

180
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

61

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hazem LULUA ALAZAL 200 BEDS HOSPITAL
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Fire Sprinkler Input Data

Pipe Input Data

Nominal Nominal Fitting Total CFactor
Beg. End. Type Fitting
Pipe Description Diameter Length Length Length (gpm/inc
Node Node Group Data
(inch) (feet) (feet) (feet) h-psi)

1 2 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.000 0 ET 12.14 7.00 19.14 120

2 3 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.000 0 ET 12.14 7.00 19.14 120

3 4 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.250 0 ET 12.14 9.00 21.14 120

4 10 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.500 0 24.28 0.00 24.28 120

10 20 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 2.000 0 E 9.42 5.00 14.42 120

20 40 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 2.500 0 9.74 0.00 9.74 120

5 6 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.000 0 ET 12.14 7.00 19.14 120

6 7 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.000 0 ET 12.14 7.00 19.14 120

7 8 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.250 0 ET 12.14 9.00 21.14 120

8 30 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.500 0 24.28 0.00 24.28 120

30 40 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 2.000 0 E 9.42 5.00 14.42 120

40 60 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 3.000 0 12.14 0.00 12.14 120

9 11 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.000 0 ET 12.14 7.00 19.14 120

11 12 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.000 0 ET 12.14 7.00 19.14 120

12 13 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.250 0 ET 12.14 9.00 21.14 120

13 50 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 1.500 0 24.28 0.00 24.28 120

50 60 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 2.000 0 T 9.42 10.00 19.42 120

60 70 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 3.000 0 T 12.14 15.00 27.14 120

70 80 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 4.000 0 E 114.83 10.00 124.83 120

80 90 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 4.000 0 E 71.65 10.00 81.65 120

90 100 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 62.34 14.00 76.34 120

100 110 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 EGC 2.82 49.00 51.82 120

110 120 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 T 27.89 30.00 57.89 120

120 130 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 43.96 14.00 57.96 120

130 140 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 8.000 0 T 138.45 35.00 173.45 120

140 150 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 8.000 0 E 11.81 18.00 29.81 120

150 160 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 8.000 0 E 13.12 18.00 31.12 120

160 170 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 8.000 0 GC 11.48 49.00 60.48 120

62

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Fire Sprinkler Input Data

Pipe Input Data (cont'd)

Nominal Nominal Fitting Total CFactor
Beg. End. Type Fitting
Pipe Description Diameter Length Length Length (gpm/inc
Node Node Group Data
(inch) (feet) (feet) (feet) h-psi)
170 180 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 8.000 0 EG 6.56 22.00 28.56 120

63

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Fire - Fire Sprinkler Hydraulics Calculation Program Elite Software Development, Inc.
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Fire Sprinkler Output Data

Overall Node Groupings Output Data

Pipe Segment Pipe Pipe Sprinkler Flow Non-Sprinkler Flow Beg. Node Imbalance
Beg. End. Type Flow Rate At Beg. Node Out (+) In (-) Residual Flow At Beg.
Node Node Group (gpm) (gpm) (gpm) (gpm) Pressure (psi) Node (gpm)

1 2 0 -19.50 19.50 0.00 0.00 12.13

2 1 0 19.50 21.33 0.00 0.00 14.50 0.00013

2 3 0 -40.83

3 2 0 40.83 27.34 0.00 0.00 23.83 0.00056

3 4 0 -68.16

4 3 0 68.16 31.16 0.00 0.00 30.97 0.00104

4 10 0 -99.33

5 6 0 -19.60 19.60 0.00 0.00 12.25 0.00004

6 5 0 19.60 21.44 0.00 0.00 14.65 0.00013

6 7 0 -41.04

7 6 0 41.04 27.48 0.00 0.00 24.07 0.00057

7 8 0 -68.52

8 7 0 68.52 31.25 0.00 0.00 31.14 0.00106

8 30 0 -99.76

9 11 0 -19.64 19.64 0.00 0.00 12.29 0.00004

10 4 0 99.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.44 0.00000

10 20 0 -99.33

11 9 0 19.64 21.47 0.00 0.00 14.70 0.00013

11 12 0 -41.11

12 11 0 41.11 27.52 0.00 0.00 24.15 0.00057

12 13 0 -68.63

13 12 0 68.63 31.30 0.00 0.00 31.24 0.00107

13 50 0 -99.93

20 10 0 99.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.78 0.00000

20 40 0 -99.33

30 8 0 99.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.81 -0.00001

30 40 0 -99.76

40 20 0 99.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.16 -0.00005

40 30 0 99.76
40 60 0 -199.09

50 13 0 99.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.93 -0.00001

50 60 0 -99.93

60 40 0 199.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.76 -0.00003

60 50 0 99.93
60 70 0 -299.01

70 60 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 43.58 0.00000

70 80 0 -299.01

64

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Fire - Fire Sprinkler Hydraulics Calculation Program Elite Software Development, Inc.
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Fire Sprinkler Output Data

Overall Node Groupings Output Data (cont'd)

Pipe Segment Pipe Pipe Sprinkler Flow Non-Sprinkler Flow Beg. Node Imbalance
Beg. End. Type Flow Rate At Beg. Node Out (+) In (-) Residual Flow At Beg.
Node Node Group (gpm) (gpm) (gpm) (gpm) Pressure (psi) Node (gpm)
80 70 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.05 0.00000
80 90 0 -299.01

90 80 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.32 -0.00002

90 100 0 -299.01

100 90 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.60 0.00000

100 110 0 -299.01

110 100 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.80 0.00000

110 120 0 -299.01

120 110 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.09 0.00000

120 130 0 -299.01

130 120 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.31 0.00000

130 140 0 -299.01

140 130 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.48 -0.00002

140 150 0 -299.01

150 140 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.63 0.00000

150 160 0 -299.01

160 150 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.66 0.00000

160 170 0 -299.01

170 160 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 72.69 -0.00001

170 180 0 -299.01

180 170 0 299.01 0.00 0.00 -299.01 72.72

65

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Fire - Fire Sprinkler Hydraulics Calculation Program Elite Software Development, Inc.
hazem LULUA ALAZAL 200 BEDS HOSPITAL
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Fire Sprinkler Output Data

Overall Pipe Output Data

q (gpm) F. L./ft Pipe-Len.
Beg. Nodal Spk/Hose Residual Nom. Dia. PF-(psi)
Elevation Q (gpm) (psi/ft) Fit-Len.
End. KFactor Discharge Pressure Inside Dia. PE-(psi)
(feet) Velocity Fittings Tot-Len.
Node (K) (gpm) (psi) C-Value PT-(psi)
(fps) Type-Grp (ft)

1 5.60 51.18 19.50 12.13 1.00 19.50 0.12423 12.14 2.378

2 5.60 51.18 21.33 14.50 1.049 19.50 ET 7.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 7.24 0 19.14 2.378

2 5.60 51.18 21.33 14.50 1.00 21.33 0.48746 12.14 9.329

3 5.60 51.18 27.34 23.83 1.049 40.83 ET 7.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 15.16 0 19.14 9.329

3 5.60 51.18 27.34 23.83 1.25 27.34 0.33096 12.14 6.996

4 5.60 50.85 31.16 30.97 1.380 68.16 ET 9.00 0.142
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 14.62 0 21.14 7.138

5 5.60 51.18 19.60 12.25 1.00 19.60 0.12544 12.14 2.401

6 5.60 51.18 21.44 14.65 1.049 19.60 ET 7.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 7.28 0 19.14 2.401

6 5.60 51.18 21.44 14.65 1.00 21.44 0.49218 12.14 9.420

7 5.60 51.18 27.48 24.07 1.049 41.04 ET 7.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 15.23 0 19.14 9.420

7 5.60 51.18 27.48 24.07 1.25 27.48 0.33412 12.14 7.063

8 5.60 51.18 31.25 31.14 1.380 68.52 ET 9.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 14.70 0 21.14 7.063

4 5.60 50.85 31.16 30.97 1.50 31.16 0.31352 24.28 7.612

10 0.00 51.18 0.00 38.44 1.610 99.33 ----- 0.00 -0.142
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 15.65 0 24.28 7.470

9 5.60 51.18 19.64 12.29 1.00 19.64 0.12583 12.14 2.408

11 5.60 51.18 21.47 14.70 1.049 19.64 ET 7.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 7.29 0 19.14 2.408

11 5.60 51.18 21.47 14.70 1.00 21.47 0.49370 12.14 9.449

12 5.60 51.18 27.52 24.15 1.049 41.11 ET 7.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 15.26 0 19.14 9.449

12 5.60 51.18 27.52 24.15 1.25 27.52 0.33514 12.14 7.085

13 5.60 51.18 31.30 31.24 1.380 68.63 ET 9.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 14.72 0 21.14 7.085

10 0.00 51.18 0.00 38.44 2.00 0.00 0.09285 9.42 1.339

20 0.00 51.18 0.00 39.78 2.067 99.33 E 5.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 9.50 0 14.42 1.339

8 5.60 51.18 31.25 31.14 1.50 31.25 0.31606 24.28 7.673

30 0.00 51.18 0.00 38.81 1.610 99.76 ----- 0.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 15.72 0 24.28 7.673

20 0.00 51.18 0.00 39.78 2.50 0.00 0.03908 9.74 0.381

40 0.00 51.18 0.00 40.16 2.469 99.33 ----- 0.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 6.66 0 9.74 0.381

66

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Fire - Fire Sprinkler Hydraulics Calculation Program Elite Software Development, Inc.
hazem LULUA ALAZAL 200 BEDS HOSPITAL
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Fire Sprinkler Output Data

Overall Pipe Output Data (cont'd)

q (gpm) F. L./ft Pipe-Len.
Beg. Nodal Spk/Hose Residual Nom. Dia. PF-(psi)
Elevation Q (gpm) (psi/ft) Fit-Len.
End. KFactor Discharge Pressure Inside Dia. PE-(psi)
(feet) Velocity Fittings Tot-Len.
Node (K) (gpm) (psi) C-Value PT-(psi)
(fps) Type-Grp (ft)

30 0.00 51.18 0.00 38.81 2.00 0.00 0.09361 9.42 1.349

40 0.00 51.18 0.00 40.16 2.067 99.76 E 5.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 9.54 0 14.42 1.349

13 5.60 51.18 31.30 31.24 1.50 31.30 0.31702 24.28 7.697

50 0.00 51.18 0.00 38.93 1.610 99.93 ----- 0.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 15.75 0 24.28 7.697

40 0.00 51.18 0.00 40.16 3.00 0.00 0.04912 12.14 0.596

60 0.00 51.18 0.00 40.76 3.068 199.09 ----- 0.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 8.64 0 12.14 0.596

50 0.00 51.18 0.00 38.93 2.00 0.00 0.09389 9.42 1.823

60 0.00 51.18 0.00 40.76 2.067 99.93 T 10.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 9.55 0 19.42 1.823

60 0.00 51.18 0.00 40.76 3.00 0.00 0.10424 12.14 2.829

70 0.00 51.18 0.00 43.58 3.068 299.01 T 15.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 12.98 0 27.14 2.829

70 0.00 51.18 0.00 43.58 4.00 0.00 0.02775 114.83 3.464

80 0.00 51.18 0.00 47.05 4.026 299.01 E 10.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 7.54 0 124.83 3.464

80 0.00 51.18 0.00 47.05 4.00 0.00 0.02775 71.65 2.266

90 0.00 51.18 0.00 49.32 4.026 299.01 E 10.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 7.54 0 81.65 2.266

90 0.00 51.18 0.00 49.32 6.00 0.00 0.00377 62.34 0.288

100 0.00 51.18 0.00 49.60 6.065 299.01 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 3.32 0 76.34 0.288

100 0.00 51.18 0.00 49.60 6.00 0.00 0.00377 2.82 0.196
110 0.00 51.18 0.00 49.80 6.065 299.01 EGC 49.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 3.32 0 51.82 0.196

110 0.00 51.18 0.00 49.80 6.00 0.00 0.00377 27.89 0.218
120 0.00 23.29 0.00 62.09 6.065 299.01 T 30.00 12.075
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 3.32 0 57.89 12.294

120 0.00 23.29 0.00 62.09 6.00 0.00 0.00377 43.96 0.219
130 0.00 23.29 0.00 62.31 6.065 299.01 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 3.32 0 57.96 0.219

130 0.00 23.29 0.00 62.31 8.00 0.00 0.00099 138.45 0.172
140 0.00 23.29 0.00 62.48 7.981 299.01 T 35.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 1.92 0 173.45 0.172

140 0.00 23.29 0.00 62.48 8.00 0.00 0.00099 11.81 0.030
150 0.00 11.48 0.00 67.63 7.981 299.01 E 18.00 5.114
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 1.92 0 29.81 5.144

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Fire Sprinkler Output Data

Overall Pipe Output Data (cont'd)

q (gpm) F. L./ft Pipe-Len.
Beg. Nodal Spk/Hose Residual Nom. Dia. PF-(psi)
Elevation Q (gpm) (psi/ft) Fit-Len.
End. KFactor Discharge Pressure Inside Dia. PE-(psi)
(feet) Velocity Fittings Tot-Len.
Node (K) (gpm) (psi) C-Value PT-(psi)
(fps) Type-Grp (ft)

150 0.00 11.48 0.00 67.63 8.00 0.00 0.00099 13.12 0.031
160 0.00 11.48 0.00 67.66 7.981 299.01 E 18.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 1.92 0 31.12 0.031

160 0.00 11.48 0.00 67.66 8.00 0.00 0.00099 11.48 0.060
170 0.00 0.00 0.00 72.69 7.981 299.01 GC 49.00 4.972
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 1.92 0 60.48 5.032

170 0.00 0.00 0.00 72.69 8.00 0.00 0.00099 6.56 0.028
180 0.00 0.00 0.00 72.72 7.981 299.01 EG 22.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 1.92 0 28.56 0.028

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Fire Sprinkler Output Data

Overall Sprinkler Output Data

Flowing Sprinkler Residual Flowing Sprinkler
Area Group Sprinkler Flowing
Sprinkler Elevation Pressure Density Discharge
Code KFactor (K) Area (ft²)
Node No. (feet) (psi) (gpm/ft²) (gpm)

1 5.60 51.18 12.13 130.00 0.150 19.50

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.150 19.50

2 5.60 51.18 14.50 130.00 0.164 21.33

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.164 21.33

3 5.60 51.18 23.83 130.00 0.210 27.34

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.210 27.34

4 5.60 50.85 30.97 130.00 0.240 31.16

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.240 31.16

5 5.60 51.18 12.25 130.00 0.151 19.60

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.151 19.60

6 5.60 51.18 14.65 130.00 0.165 21.44

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.165 21.44

7 5.60 51.18 24.07 130.00 0.211 27.48

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.211 27.48

8 5.60 51.18 31.14 130.00 0.240 31.25

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.240 31.25

9 5.60 51.18 12.29 130.00 0.151 19.64

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.151 19.64

11 5.60 51.18 14.70 130.00 0.165 21.47

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.165 21.47

12 5.60 51.18 24.15 130.00 0.212 27.52

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.212 27.52

13 5.60 51.18 31.24 130.00 0.241 31.30

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 0.241 31.30

Totals For All Groups 1560.00 0.192 299.02

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Fire Sprinkler Output Summary

Hydraulically Most Demanding Sprinkler Node

HMD Sprinkler Node Number: 1
HMD Actual Residual Pressure: 12.13 psi
HMD Actual GPM: 19.50 gpm

Sprinkler Summary
Sprinkler System Type: Wet
Specified Area Of Application: 1500.00 ft²
Minimum Desired Density: 0.150 gpm/ft²
Application Average Density: 0.199 gpm/ft²
Application Average Area Per Sprinkler: 125.00 ft²
Sprinkler Flow: 299.02 gpm
Average Sprinkler Flow: 24.92 gpm

Flow Velocity And Imbalance Summary

Maximum Flow Velocity ( In Pipe 13 - 50 ) 15.75 ft/sec
Maximum Velocity Pressure ( In Pipe 13 - 50 ) 1.67 psi

Allowable Maximum Nodal Pressure Imbalance: 0.0010 psi

Actual Maximum Nodal Pressure Imbalance: 0.0009 psi
Actual Average Nodal Pressure Imbalance: 0.0005 psi
Actual Maximum Nodal Flow Imbalance: 0.0011 gpm
Actual Average Nodal Flow Imbalance: 0.0002 gpm

Overall Network Summary

Number Of Unique Pipe Sections: 29
Number Of Flowing Sprinklers: 12

Pipe System Water Volume: 830.92 gal

Sprinkler Flow: 299.02 gpm

Non-Sprinkler Flow: 0.00 gpm

Minimum Required Residual Pressure At System Inflow

72.72 psi
Node:
Demand Flow At System Inflow Node: 299.01 gpm

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Fire Sprinkler Output Data

Hydraulic Supply/Demand Graph

100

90

80
73
70
Pressure psi

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Flowrate(x100) gpm

Demand Curve Data

Calculated Residual Pressure: 72.72 psi
Calculated Flow Rate: 299.01 gpm
Pressure Required For First Sprinkler Downstream From Inflow Node To Flow: 22.16 psi

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72
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS

WATER FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

(STANDPIPE SYSTEM)

FOR

ROOF FLOOR

73
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General Project Data Report

General Data
Project Title: LULUA ALAZAL200 BEDS Project File Name: LULUA ALAZAL LV ROOF..fiw
Designed By: ALMAJAZ CONSULTING
Date: 2/5/2017
ENGINEERING
Code Reference: Approving Agency:
Client Name: LULUA ALAZAL 200 BEDS
Phone:
HOSPITAL
Address: NORTH RIYDAH,KSA City, State Zip Code:
Company Name: Representative:
Company Address: City And State:
Phone:
Building Name: LULUA ALAZAL LOSPITAL Building Owner:
Contact at Building: Phone at Building:
Address Of Building: City, State Zip Code:

Project Data
Description Of Hazard: Light Hazard Hose System Type: Wet
Design Area Of Water Application: 1500 ft² Maximum Area Per Hose: 130 ft²
Default Hose K-Factor: 25.00 K Default Pipe Material: SCHED 40 WET STEEL
Inside Hose Stream Allowance: 100.00 gpm Outside Hose Stream Allowance: 250.00 gpm
In Rack Sprinkler Allowance: 0.00 gpm

Hose Specifications
Make: Model:
Size: 2.5" Temperature Rating: 0 F

Water Supply Test Data

Source Of Information:
Test Hydrant ID: Date Of Test:

Hydrant Elevation: 0 ft Static Pressure: 0.00 psi

Test Flow Rate: 0.00 gpm Test Residual Pressure: 0.00 psi
Calculated System Flow Rate: 501.01 gpm Calculated Inflow Residual Pressure: 167.76 psi

Calculation Project Data

Calculation Mode: Demand
HMD Minimum Residual Pressure: 100.00 psi Minimum Desired Flow Density: 0.10 gpm/ft²
Number Of Active Nodes: 20
Number Of Active Pipes: 19 Number Of Inactive Pipes: 0
Number Of Active Hoses: 2 Number Of Inactive Hoses: 0

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Fire Hose Input Data

Node Input Data

Hose KFactor Pressure Node Elev (ft) Fixed Flow
Area Group
Node Node Description (K) Estimate (psi) Branch Non- (gpm)
Branch Dia.
No. Branch Description Branch Len. Branch Stnd Stnd Fittings Branch Sprk
(in)
(ft) Fittings (ft) KFactor (K)

Hose ---- 25.00 100.81 141.40 0.00

1
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

Hose ---- 25.00 100.00 141.40 0.00

2
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 132.21 67.59 0.00

10
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 132.31 67.59 0.00

20
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 140.20 49.54 0.00

30
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 140.27 49.54 0.00

40
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 140.43 49.54 0.00

50
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 147.47 33.46 0.00

60
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 147.69 33.46 0.00

70
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 147.84 33.46 0.00

80
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 147.89 33.46 0.00

90
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 153.41 21.65 0.00

100
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 153.73 21.65 0.00

110
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 155.25 21.65 0.00

120
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 157.81 21.65 0.00

130
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 157.98 21.65 0.00

140
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 162.45 11.48 0.00

150
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 162.53 11.48 0.00

160
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

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Fire Hose Input Data

Node Input Data (cont'd)

Hose KFactor Pressure Node Elev (ft) Fixed Flow
Area Group
Node Node Description (K) Estimate (psi) Branch Non- (gpm)
Branch Dia.
No. Branch Description Branch Len. Branch Stnd Stnd Fittings Branch Sprk
(in)
(ft) Fittings (ft) KFactor (K)
No Discharge ---- N/A 167.57 0.00 0.00
170
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

No Discharge ---- N/A 167.76 0.00 0.00

180
---- 0.000 0.0 ---- 0.0 0.00

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Fire Hose Input Data

Pipe Input Data

Nominal Nominal Fitting Total CFactor
Beg. End. Type Fitting
Pipe Description Diameter Length Length Length (gpm/inc
Node Node Group Data
(inch) (feet) (feet) (feet) h-psi)

1 90 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 EG 107.45 17.00 124.45 120

2 10 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 EG 74.15 17.00 91.15 120

10 20 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 20.93 14.00 34.93 120

20 30 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 17.06 14.00 31.06 120

30 40 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 9.19 14.00 23.19 120

40 50 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 46.78 14.00 60.78 120

50 60 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 16.08 14.00 30.08 120

60 70 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 65.42 14.00 79.42 120

70 80 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 43.64 14.00 57.63 120

80 90 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 1.64 14.00 15.64 120

90 100 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 T 11.81 30.00 41.81 120

100 110 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 T 2.30 30.00 32.30 120

110 120 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 141.83 14.00 155.83 120

120 130 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 246.39 14.00 260.39 120

130 140 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 6.000 0 E 3.28 14.00 17.28 120

140 150 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 8.000 0 E 10.83 18.00 28.83 120

150 160 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 8.000 0 E 9.84 18.00 27.84 120

160 170 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 8.000 0 E 11.48 18.00 29.48 120

170 180 SCHED 40 WET STEEL 8.000 0 EGC 6.56 67.00 73.56 120

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Fire Hose Output Data

Overall Node Groupings Output Data

Pipe Segment Pipe Pipe Hose Flow Fixed Flow Beg. Node Imbalance
Beg. End. Type Flow Rate At Beg. Node Out (+) In (-) Residual Flow At Beg.
Node Node Group (gpm) (gpm) (gpm) (gpm) Pressure (psi) Node (gpm)

1 90 0 -251.00 251.01 0.00 0.00 100.81

2 10 0 -249.98 250.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.01936

10 2 0 249.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 132.21 -0.01811

10 20 0 -250.00

20 10 0 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 132.31 0.00020

20 30 0 -250.00

30 20 0 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 140.20 -0.00002

30 40 0 -250.00

40 30 0 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 140.27 -0.00022

40 50 0 -250.00

50 40 0 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 140.43 -0.00049

50 60 0 -250.00

60 50 0 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 147.47 0.00029

60 70 0 -250.00

70 60 0 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 147.69 -0.00001

70 80 0 -250.00

80 70 0 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 147.84 -0.00002

80 90 0 -250.00

90 1 0 251.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 147.89 -0.00350

90 80 0 250.00
90 100 0 -501.01

100 90 0 501.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 153.41 -0.00001

100 110 0 -501.01

110 100 0 501.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 153.73 0.00006

110 120 0 -501.01

120 110 0 501.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 155.25 0.00002

120 130 0 -501.01

130 120 0 501.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 157.81 -0.00010

130 140 0 -501.01

140 130 0 501.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 157.98 -0.00003

140 150 0 -501.01

150 140 0 501.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 162.45 0.00000

150 160 0 -501.01

160 150 0 501.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 162.53 0.00000

160 170 0 -501.01

170 160 0 501.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 167.57 0.00004

170 180 0 -501.01

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Fire Hose Output Data

Overall Node Groupings Output Data (cont'd)

Pipe Segment Pipe Pipe Hose Flow Fixed Flow Beg. Node Imbalance
Beg. End. Type Flow Rate At Beg. Node Out (+) In (-) Residual Flow At Beg.
Node Node Group (gpm) (gpm) (gpm) (gpm) Pressure (psi) Node (gpm)
180 170 0 501.01 0.00 0.00 -501.01 167.76

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Fire Hose Output Data

Overall Pipe Output Data

q (gpm) F. L./ft Pipe-Len.
Beg. Nodal Hose/Fix Residual Nom. Dia. PF-(psi)
Elevation Q (gpm) (psi/ft) Fit-Len.
End. KFactor Discharge Pressure Inside Dia. PE-(psi)
(feet) Velocity Fittings Tot-Len.
Node (K) (gpm) (psi) C-Value PT-(psi)
(fps) Type-Grp (ft)

2 25.00 141.40 250.00 100.00 6.00 250.00 0.00271 74.15 0.247

10 0.00 67.59 0.00 132.21 6.065 249.98 EG 17.00 31.964
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.78 0 91.15 32.210

10 0.00 67.59 0.00 132.21 6.00 0.00 0.00271 20.93 0.095

20 0.00 67.59 0.00 132.31 6.065 250.00 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.78 0 34.93 0.095

20 0.00 67.59 0.00 132.31 6.00 0.00 0.00271 17.06 0.084

30 0.00 49.54 0.00 140.20 6.065 250.00 E 14.00 7.813
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.78 0 31.06 7.897

30 0.00 49.54 0.00 140.20 6.00 0.00 0.00271 9.19 0.063

40 0.00 49.54 0.00 140.27 6.065 250.00 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.78 0 23.19 0.063

40 0.00 49.54 0.00 140.27 6.00 0.00 0.00271 46.79 0.165

50 0.00 49.54 0.00 140.43 6.065 250.00 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.78 0 60.78 0.165

50 0.00 49.54 0.00 140.43 6.00 0.00 0.00271 16.08 0.081

60 0.00 33.46 0.00 147.47 6.065 250.00 E 14.00 6.961
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.78 0 30.08 7.042

60 0.00 33.46 0.00 147.47 6.00 0.00 0.00271 65.42 0.215

70 0.00 33.46 0.00 147.69 6.065 250.00 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.78 0 79.42 0.215

70 0.00 33.46 0.00 147.69 6.00 0.00 0.00271 43.64 0.156

80 0.00 33.46 0.00 147.84 6.065 250.00 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.78 0 57.63 0.156

1 25.00 141.40 251.01 100.81 6.00 251.01 0.00273 107.45 0.340

90 0.00 33.46 0.00 147.89 6.065 251.00 EG 17.00 46.738
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.79 0 124.45 47.077

80 0.00 33.46 0.00 147.84 6.00 0.00 0.00271 1.64 0.042

90 0.00 33.46 0.00 147.89 6.065 250.00 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 2.78 0 15.64 0.042

90 0.00 33.46 0.00 147.89 6.00 0.00 0.00980 11.81 0.410

100 0.00 21.65 0.00 153.41 6.065 501.01 T 30.00 5.114
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 5.56 0 41.81 5.524

100 0.00 21.65 0.00 153.41 6.00 0.00 0.00980 2.30 0.317
110 0.00 21.65 0.00 153.73 6.065 501.01 T 30.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 5.56 0 32.30 0.317

110 0.00 21.65 0.00 153.73 6.00 0.00 0.00980 141.83 1.528
120 0.00 21.65 0.00 155.25 6.065 501.01 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 5.56 0 155.83 1.528

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Fire Hose Output Data

Overall Pipe Output Data (cont'd)

q (gpm) F. L./ft Pipe-Len.
Beg. Nodal Hose/Fix Residual Nom. Dia. PF-(psi)
Elevation Q (gpm) (psi/ft) Fit-Len.
End. KFactor Discharge Pressure Inside Dia. PE-(psi)
(feet) Velocity Fittings Tot-Len.
Node (K) (gpm) (psi) C-Value PT-(psi)
(fps) Type-Grp (ft)

120 0.00 21.65 0.00 155.25 6.00 0.00 0.00980 246.39 2.553
130 0.00 21.65 0.00 157.81 6.065 501.01 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 5.56 0 260.39 2.553

130 0.00 21.65 0.00 157.81 6.00 0.00 0.00980 3.28 0.169
140 0.00 21.65 0.00 157.98 6.065 501.01 E 14.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 5.56 0 17.28 0.169

140 0.00 21.65 0.00 157.98 8.00 0.00 0.00257 10.83 0.074
150 0.00 11.48 0.00 162.45 7.981 501.01 E 18.00 4.404
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 3.21 0 28.83 4.478

150 0.00 11.48 0.00 162.45 8.00 0.00 0.00257 9.84 0.072
160 0.00 11.48 0.00 162.53 7.981 501.01 E 18.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 3.21 0 27.84 0.072

160 0.00 11.48 0.00 162.53 8.00 0.00 0.00257 11.48 0.076
170 0.00 0.00 0.00 167.57 7.981 501.01 E 18.00 4.972
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 3.21 0 29.48 5.048

170 0.00 0.00 0.00 167.57 8.00 0.00 0.00257 6.56 0.189
180 0.00 0.00 0.00 167.76 7.981 501.01 EGC 67.00 0.000
SCHED 40 WET STEEL 120 3.21 0 73.56 0.189

81

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Fire - Fire Sprinkler Hydraulics Calculation Program Elite Software Development, Inc.
hazem LULUA ALAZAL200 BEDS
heaven Page 10

Fire Hose Output Data

Overall Hose Output Data

Flowing Node Residual Flowing Hose
Area Group Hose Flowing
Hose Node Elevation Pressure Density Discharge
Code KFactor (K) Area (ft²)
No. (feet) (psi) (gpm/ft²) (gpm)

1 25.00 141.40 100.81 130.00 1.931 251.01

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 1.931 251.01

2 25.00 141.40 100.00 130.00 1.923 250.00

Sub Totals For Non-Group 130.00 1.923 250.00

Totals For All Groups 260.00 1.927 501.01

82

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Fire - Fire Sprinkler Hydraulics Calculation Program Elite Software Development, Inc.
hazem LULUA ALAZAL200 BEDS
heaven Page 11

Fire Hose Output Summary

Hydraulically Most Demanding Hose Node

HMD Hose Node Number: 2
HMD Actual Residual Pressure: 100.00 psi
HMD Actual GPM: 250.00 gpm

Hose Summary
Hose System Type: Wet
Specified Area Of Application: 1500.00 ft²
Minimum Desired Density: 0.100 gpm/ft²
Application Average Density: 0.334 gpm/ft²
Application Average Area Per Hose: 750.00 ft²
Hose Flow: 501.01 gpm
Average Hose Flow: 250.50 gpm

Flow Velocity And Imbalance Summary

Maximum Flow Velocity ( In Pipe 130 - 140 ) 5.56 ft/sec
Maximum Velocity Pressure ( In Pipe 130 - 140 ) 0.21 psi

Allowable Maximum Nodal Pressure Imbalance: 0.0001 psi

Actual Maximum Nodal Pressure Imbalance: 0.0001 psi
Actual Average Nodal Pressure Imbalance: 0.0001 psi
Actual Maximum Nodal Flow Imbalance: 0.0194 gpm
Actual Average Nodal Flow Imbalance: 0.0021 gpm

Overall Network Summary

Number Of Unique Pipe Sections: 19
Number Of Flowing Hoses: 2

Pipe System Water Volume: 1313.16 gal

Hose Flow: 501.01 gpm

Fixed Flow: 0.00 gpm

Minimum Required Residual Pressure At System Inflow

167.76 psi
Node:
Demand Flow At System Inflow Node: 501.01 gpm

83

C:\Elite\Firew\PROJECTS\LULUA ALAZAL LV ROOF..fiw Sunday, February 05, 2017, 5:44 PM

Fire - Fire Sprinkler Hydraulics Calculation Program Elite Software Development, Inc.
hazem LULUA ALAZAL200 BEDS
heaven Page 12

Fire Hose Output Data

Hydraulic Supply/Demand Graph

200

180
168

160

140
Pressure psi

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Flowrate(x100) gpm

Demand Curve Data

Calculated Residual Pressure: 167.76 psi
Calculated Flow Rate: 501.01 gpm
Pressure Required For First Sprinkler Downstream From Inflow Node To Flow: 61.23 psi

84

C:\Elite\Firew\PROJECTS\LULUA ALAZAL LV ROOF..fiw Sunday, February 05, 2017, 5:44 PM

85
 ‫ثانيا ً‬

‫ٔاﻧـﻈﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﲂ ابدلﺧﺎن‬

‫‪86‬‬
 ‫أنظمة التحكم بالدخان‬
‫‪SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS‬‬
‫ينتشر دخان الحريق في أنحاء المبنى نتيجة اختالف ضغط الھواء بين مكان نشوب الحريق وبين المناطق‬
‫المختلفة في المبنى حيث ال يوجد عالقة مباشرة بين شدة حرارة الحريق وكمية الدخان الناجم وبين سرعة‬
‫انتشاره ھذا وتعتمد كمية الدخان على نوعية المادة المحترقة وكمية األكسجين المتوفرة وتعتمد سرعة انتشاره‬
‫على اختالف ضغوط الھواء‪.‬‬

‫حيث ينتقل الدخان من مكان الحريق إلى المناطق األخرى في المبنى من خالل فتحات موجودة في ھيكل المبنى‬
‫والتي تشمل‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬التشققات في البناء‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬الفتحات الموجودة في الجدران واألرضيات واألسقف والتي تمر من خاللھا مواسير انظمة الخدمات‬
‫ومجارى التكييف وكابالت الكھرباء‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬األبواب المفتوحة و الممرات وأية فتحات أخرى في جسم المبنى‪.‬‬

‫التحكم بإنتشار الدخان‬

‫مواقف السيارات‬ ‫أدوار المبنى‬

‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬

‫أوالً ‪:‬أدوار المبنى )‪(1‬‬

‫يتم التحكم بإنتشار الدخان بأربعة عمليات متداخلة وھي‬

‫سحب الدخان‬ ‫تعويض الھواء‬ ‫تضغيط راسي‬ ‫تضغيط أفقي‬

‫‪87‬‬
 ‫أوال أعمال التضغيط االفقي‪:‬‬

‫وھي ضخ الھواء الجديد بإستخدام االنظمة الميكانيكية في جميع المناطق المتاخمة للمنطقه الحادث فيھا الحريق‬
‫و كذلك في الدور االعلي و االسفل كاملين بحيث تكون ھذه المناطق ذات ضغط موجب يمنع الدخان من التسلل‬
‫إليھا ‪.‬‬

‫ثانيا ً أعمال التضغيط الرأسي‪:‬‬

‫وھي أعمال ضخ الھواء الجديد بإستخدام االنظمة الميكانيكية في جميع الفتحات الراسيه في المبنى ) المصاعد و‬
‫ساللم الھروب بحيث تكون ھذه المناطق ذات ضغط موجب ليمنع الدخان من االنتقال عبرھا إلي أالدوار االعلي‬
‫و االسفل‪.‬‬

‫ثالثا أعمال تعويض الھواء‪:‬‬

‫وھي عملية ضخ ھواء جديد في في منطقة حدوث الحريق لتسھيل عمل سحب الدخان و يكون ذلك في حدود‬
‫‪ %85‬من كميه ھواء العادم )الدخان( المسحوب‪.‬‬

‫رابعا ً أعمال سحب الدخان‪:‬‬

‫وھى عملية سحب الھواء من منطقة الحريق بأستخدام انظمة ميكانيكية بطريقتين األولي ھي الطريقه الحسابيه أو‬
‫بطريقة عدد مرات تغيير الھواء في الساعه و ھى عدد )‪ (8‬مرات بحيث تكون ھذه المناطق ذات ضغط سالب‬
‫حتى ال ينتقل الدخان منھا للمناطق االخري‪.‬‬

‫ثانيا ً ‪:‬مواقف السيارات )‪(2‬‬

‫وھي عملية سحب الھواء من مواقف السيارات بعدد )‪ (8‬مرات لتغيير الھواء في الساعه وذلك في حالة حدوث‬
‫حريق‪.‬‬

‫اﳊﺴﺎابت اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴهل ﻟﻼﻣﺎﻛﻦ الك ﻋﲇ ﺣﺪا‬

‫‪ -1‬ساللم الھروب ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬آبـار المصاعد ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬مواقف السيارات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬معدات التكييف ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬جميع المناطق المصممه معماريأ ً علي انھا منطقة حريق منفصله بفواصل حريق‬
‫‪ ‬تضغيط الھواء‬
‫‪ ‬ھواء التعويض‬
‫‪ ‬سحب الدخان‬

‫‪88‬‬
 ‫‪ -1‬ساللم الھروب‬
‫روعي بالتصميم ضغط ساللم الھروب بالھواء المجدد باستخدام أنظمة ميكانيكية )مراوح ضغط ھواء( لزيادة‬
‫ضغط الھواء بھا عنالمناطق المحيطة منعا ً لتسرب الدخان الي داخل المھرب‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬سلم الھروب )‪ (1-D‬بمروحة سعة )‪(18,850 cfm‬‬

‫‪ ‬سلم الھروب )‪ (8-D‬بمروحة سعة )‪(17,200 cfm‬‬
‫‪ ‬سلم الھروب )‪ (1-J‬بمروحة سعة )‪(18,700 cfm‬‬
‫‪ ‬سلم الھروب )‪ (8-J‬بمروحة سعة )‪(19,350 cfm‬‬
‫‪ ‬سلم الھروب )‪ (1-L‬بمروحة سعة )‪(9,000 cfm‬‬

‫تم ربط ھذه المراوح بالتيار الكھربائي اإلحتياطى‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ومرفق النوتة الحسابية لكل مروحة وھي كالتالي‪:‬‬

‫‪1- (1-D) & (8-d) calculation sheet.‬‬

‫‪2- (1-j) & (8-j) calculation sheet‬‬

‫‪3- (1-l), calculation sheet‬‬

‫**وكمية الھواء الالزمة لضغط سلم الھروب في حالة نشوب الحريق وتحدد بالمعادلة التالية‪:‬‬

‫‪Q= Aa.V +0.83Ae P1/2‬‬

‫حيث‪:‬‬

‫‪Q= The Volume of Requiredm3/sec‬‬

‫‪Ae= Leakage Area from the Space (m2), Aa= Area of opened door (m2),‬‬

‫)‪P= Pressure Differential (Pa‬‬

‫)‪n = Leakage Factor for Large Area: Doors - Etc. (n = 2‬‬

‫)‪n = Leakage Factor for Small Area: Window - Cracks - Etc. (n = 2‬‬

‫‪V= Air velocity across the door‬‬

‫يوضح المرفق )‪ ( ME-SM-03‬بالجدول رقم ‪ 3‬المعادالت الالزمة والجداول ‪Pressures Design‬‬

‫‪ Level‬معتمدة على ارتفاع المبنى‬

‫‪89‬‬
‫وكما بالمرفق )‪ (ME-SM-04‬مساحة تسريب الھواء من خالل االبواب معتمدة على نوعية الباب‬
‫وأبعاده ‪ Typical Leakage Around Doors‬بالجدول رقم ‪4‬‬

‫وتم تزويد جميع ساللم الھروب بمراوح لضغط الھواء متغيرة السرعة تعمل بمجرد تلقي اشارة من نظام إدارة‬
‫المبنى‪ BMS‬المتصل معه حساسات إستشعارالدخان بالمبنى‪.‬‬

‫وفي حال إرتفاع الضغط تبعا لعدد األبواب المفتوحة عن قيمة محددة يقوم ‪)V.F.D‬مغير السرعة بالتحكم فى‬
‫التردد ( بتغيير سرعة المروحة حتى ال يصل الضغط داخل بئر الدرج إلى درجة يصعب فيھا فتح باب الدرج ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬المصاعد‬
‫وباستخدام طرق التحكم بالدخان في بئر المصعد ‪ Elevators Smoke Control‬حيث يوجد بالمبنى عدد‬
‫)‪ (9‬مصاعد منھم ) ‪ ( 2‬يفصلھما جدار‪.‬حيث من الناحية الميكانيكية تم التحكم في الدخان عن طريق عمل‬
‫مراوح لضخ الھواء الجديد فى حالة نشوب الحريق من دور السطح وحتى دور القبو‪.‬‬

‫ومرفق النوت الحسابية لجميع ابار المصاعد وھي كالتالي‪:‬‬

‫‪1-Calculation Sheet (D-Q).‬‬

‫حيث أنه من الممكن استخدام المصاعد في الھروب شريطة أن يكون ذلك بإشراف رجال الدفاع المدنى أو‬
‫المسئولين عن إخالء المبنى‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬تكييف غرف األجھزة للمصاعد حتى ال ترتفع درجة الحرارة عن الدرجة المسموح بھا لھذه األجھزة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬تم ربط المصعد ووحدات التھوية والتبريد الخاصة بالمصعد بالتيار الكھربائي اإلحتياطى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬زيادة ضغط الھواء في بئر المصعد بإستخدام مراوح دفع الھواء‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬مواقف السيارات‬
‫تم االعتماد فى تھوية مواقف السيارات على نظامين ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬التھوية االعتيادية ‪ :‬وذلك بمعدل تغيير الھواء ‪ 6‬مرات فى الساعه طبقا للمرفق)‪(ME-SM-01‬‬
‫‪ -2‬فى حالة حدوث الحريق وارتفاع نسبة اول اكسيد الكربون عن الحدود االعتيادية طبقا للمرفق‬
‫)‪ (ME-SM-01‬يكون معدل تغيير الھواء ‪ 8‬مرات فى الساعة ‪.‬‬
‫وعلية تم تصميم انظمة الھواء وسحب الدخان بعدد ‪ 4‬مروحة من النوع )المحوري فى السحب‬
‫والطرد( متغيرة السرعات للتغذية ‪.‬وعدد ‪ 6‬مروحة من النوع )المحوري فى السحب والطرد(‬
‫متغيرة السرعات‪ .‬للسحب حيث تعمل المراوح بسرعتين احداھما فى اوقات التھوية العادية واالخري‬
‫فى حالة حدوث الحريق‪.‬‬

‫ومرفق نوته حسابية ألدوار القبو الثانى و الثالث و الرابع و المعادالت الالزمة لتغير الھواء والجداول التي تم‬
‫االعتماد عليھا في التصميم طبقا" للكود ‪Ashrae Application 2013-A 15 Page ( 15.18‬‬

‫‪90‬‬
 ‫‪ -4‬معدات التكييف‬
‫يتضمن تصميم جھاز التكييف المركزى بالمبنى اإلحتياطات الكافية لمنع إنتشار الحريق والدخان خالل قنوات‬
‫التكييف وفق الشروط التالية ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬تم األخذ فى األعتبارعند إختيار مواقع مآخذ الھواء الخارجية الخاصة بجھاز التكييف عدم تجاوره مع ماكينات‬
‫أو مصادر تكون عرضة لمخاطر نشوب حريق‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬فصل توزيع قنوات التكييف توزيعا" ال مركزيا"‪ ،‬وذلك بأن تقسم إلى أقسام مستقلة يختص كالً منھا بجزء‬
‫من المبنى‪ ،‬أما األماكن المعرضة لخطورة نشوب حريق كالمطابخ وغيرھا فتم توفير أجھزة تكييف منفصلة لھا‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬تركيب مفتاح طوارئ على كل جھاز تكييف في مكان مناسب لخدمة رجال الصيانة والدفاع المدنى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬عند إختراق قنوات التكييف للجدران أو األسقف المانعة للحريق فى البناء تم األخذ فى األعتبار أن تكون‬
‫مقاومتھا للحريق بقدر درجة مقاومة الجدران‪ ،‬وتغلق تلقائيا" بفعل وصلة منصھرة تعمل عند درجة حرارة‬
‫تتراوح بين )‪ 68‬ـ ‪ (84‬درجة مئوية‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬تم تصميم قنوات نظام التھوية والتكييف المركزى للتغذية والراجع بقواطع الحريق فى مجارى الھواء‬
‫"‪ Fire Dampers‬تعمل تلقائيا" على إيقاف منع تدفق الدخان من منطقة الي اخري عبر مجري الھواء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬مرفق مخططات توضح أماكن توزيع قواطع الحريق فى مجارى ھواء نظام سحب الدخان ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬جميع المناطق المصممه معماريأ ً علي انھا منطقة حريق منفصله بفواصل حريق‬

‫وفيھا يتم اعتبار كل منطقة منفصلة بفواصل حريق ھى منطقة ) حريق يتم سحب الدخان منھا وضخ كمية‬
‫لھواء التعويض فيھا )او( تكون منطقة مجاورة لمنطقة حدوث الحريق او في الدور االعلي مباشراً أو الدور‬
‫األدنى مباشراً فيتم ضغطھا بالھواء لعمل فرق ضغط موجب لصالحھا عن منطقة الحريق لضمان عدم تسرب‬
‫الدخان اليھا(‬

‫وكذلك تم اختيار المراوح بسعات بحيث‬

‫‪ -‬تكون مراوح سحب الدخان مصممة علي اكبر منطقة حريق في المبنى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬تكون مراوح الضغط مصممة علي حدوث الحريق في اصغر منطقة لتعظيم باقي مناطق ضغط الھواء‬
‫‪ -‬تم التصميم علي اساس اكبر احتمالية لمناطق الحريق و ذلك ان يكون الحريق بمنطقة واحدة بالدور االول فيتم‬
‫ضغط باقي الدور و الدور األعلي )الثانى( و االدنى )االرضي(‪.‬‬
‫ملحوظة‪ :‬جميع مجاري الھواء المخصصه لسحب الدخان تكون مقاومه للحريق‬
‫‪FIRE RATED 2 HOURS ,300 C0‬‬
‫مرفق ‪:‬‬

‫النوته الحسابيه النظمة سحب الدخان و ھواء التعويض و ضغط الھواء‪.‬‬

‫الفكرة التصميمة واالعتبارات المتخذه بالتصميم‪.‬‬

‫‪91‬‬
 : 
REFERENCES:

ME.SM.01

ME.SM.02

ME.SM.03

ME.SM.04

ME.SM.05

ME.SM.06

ME.SM.07

ME.SM.08

ME.SM.09

ME.SM.10

ME.SM.11

ME.SM.12

ME.SM.13

ME.SM.14

ME.SM.15

ME.SM.16

ME.SM.17

ME.SM.18

92
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 CHAPTER 4

Air Requirements of a Pressurisation System

4.1 DESIGN BACKGROUND

The design of any air movement system in-
volves an answer to the question:-
“How do I establish the AIR VOLUME
required to make this system work?”
With a Pressurisation System designed for
SMOKE CONTROL there is an initial ques-
tion to be answered.
“What PRESSURE (or VELOCITY) do I
need to develop in the escape routes to
hold back the smoke?”
The answers to both these questions were
provided as a result of research work by P.J.
Hobson and L. J Stewart in the U.K. during
the 1960’s and 1970’s (Ref 6). This work
led directly to the publication of the U.K.
code of Practice for Pressurisation Systems
- BS5588 Part 4 in 1978 (Ref 7), now super-
seded by the current code of practice in
BS5588 Part 4:1998 (Ref 8).
4.2 PRESSURE LEVELS
Stewart and Hobson studied the factors
which can cause smoke to spread around a
building. As a result they were able to sug-
gest guidelines for a Pressurisation System
designed for SMOKE CONTROL. TABLE 3
details these guidelines.
This established the DESIGN PRESSURE
levels of 50 Pa for operating MODE 1 - All
Doors Closed - of a system although re-
duced pressures would be acceptable on
buildings of lower height.
4.3 SUPPLY AIR VOLUME
Having established the PRESSURE LEVEL
required to hold back the smoke, the AIR
VOLUME to be supplied to the escape route
to develop this pressure can be calculated.
Again, the formula for doing this comes from
the work by HOBSON and STEWART.
1
n
Q = 0.83 AEP
Q = The volume of air required (m3/sec)
AE = Leakage area from the space (m2)
P = Pressure differential (Pa)
n = Leakage factor
For large leakage areas - Doors etc - n = 2
For small leakage areas - Window cracks -
n = 1.6
For the purpose of a Pressurisation System
designed to hold the smoke behind doors
the formula becomes,
1
Q = 0.83 AEP 2

Building Height Fire Pressure Wind/Stack Effect Design Pressure

(m) (Pa) (Pa) (Pa)

5 8.5 8.0 25
25 8.5 10.5 25
50 8.5 13.0 50
100 8.5 19.5 50
150 8.5 29.5 50
Table 3 - Design Pressures
ME.SM.02
17

97
4.4 DOOR LEAKAGE AREA

The effective door leakage areas can be estimated by using the values given in TABLE
4 (Ref 7). These values only apply to the door types and sizes shown.

Type of Door Size Crack Leakage

Length (m) Area (m2)

Single Leaf in Frame Opening 2 m x 800 mm 5.6 0.01

into Pressurised Space

Single Leaf in Frame Opening 2 m x 800 mm 5.6 0.02

Outwards

Double Leaf with or without 2 m x 1.6 m 9.2 0.03

Central Rebate

Lift Door 2 m High x 8.0 0.06

2 m Wide
Table 4 - Typical Leakage Areas Around Doors

For single openings, one door, AE = nett free area of the opening.

For several openings, or doors, situated in PARALLEL around a pressurised space Fig 11.

AE = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 ...

Lift Lift
A4 A3
Accomodation
Accomodation

A2 Lift A1
Lobby
+VE

Stairs +VE

Fig 14 - Doors In Parallel

ME.SM.03
98
92–12 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

5.5 Rate of Smoke Mass Production.

m = 0.36 (QW 2 ) ( zb + 0.25H )
13
(5.5.2.1b)
5.5.1 Axisymmetric Plumes.
5.5.1.1* Where the plume is axisymmetric, the mass rate of where:
smoke production shall be calculated using Equation 5.5.1.1a, m = mass flow rate in plume (kg/sec)
5.5.1.1b, or 5.5.1.1c or Equation 5.5.1.1d, 5.5.1.1e, or 5.5.1.1f as Q = heat release rate of the fire (kW)
follows: W = width of the plume as it spills under the
balcony (m)
zl = 0.533Q c2 5 (5.5.1.1a) zb = height above the underside of the balcony to the
smoke layer interface (m)
when z > zl , m = ( 0.022Q c1 3z 5 3 ) + 0.0042Q c (5.5.1.1b) H = height of balcony above base of fire (m)

when z ≤ zl , m = 0.0208Q c3 5z
where:
zl = limiting elevation (ft)
Qc = convective portion of heat release rate (Btu/sec)
z = distance above the base of the fire to the smoke
layer interface (ft)
m = mass flow rate in plume at height z (lb/sec)
(5.5.1.1c) 5.5.2.2 Equations 5.5.2.1a and 5.5.2.1b shall not be used
when the temperature rise above ambient (Tp − To) is less than
4°F (2.2°C). (See 5.5.5.)
5.5.2.3 The width of the plume, W, shall be permitted to be
determined by considering the presence of any physical barri-
ers such as draft curtains protruding below the balcony to re-
strict horizontal smoke migration under the balcony.

zl = 0.166Q c2 5 [5.5.1.1d] 5.5.2.4 Where draft curtains are used, they shall be perpen-
dicular to the opening, in order to channel smoke, and extend
when z > zl , m = ( 0.071Q c1 3z 5 3 ) + 0.0018Q c [5.5.1.1e] below the balcony ceiling a distance of at least 10 percent of
the floor-to-ceiling height of the balcony.
when z ≤ zl , m = 0.032Q c3 5z [5.5.1.1f]
5.5.2.5* In the absence of any barriers, the equivalent width
where: shall be calculated using Equation 5.5.2.5 as follows:
zl = limiting elevation (m)
Qc = convective portion of heat release rate (kW) W =w +b (5.5.2.5)
z = distance above the base of the fire to the smoke
layer interface (m) where:
m = mass flow rate in plume at height z (kg/sec) W = width of the plume (ft or m)
w = width of the opening from the area of origin (ft
5.5.1.2 Equations 5.5.1.1b, 5.5.1.1c, 5.5.1.1e, and 5.5.1.1f shall
or m)
not be used when the temperature rise above ambient (Tp − To) is
b = distance from the opening to the balcony edge
less than 4°F (2.2°C). (See 5.5.5.)
(ft or m)
5.5.1.3 The convective portion of the heat release rate of the
fire shall be determined from Equation 5.5.1.3 as follows: 5.5.2.6* Where the smoke plume is a balcony spill plume and
the height, zb , of the smoke layer is <50 ft (15 m) and the width
Q c = χQ (5.5.1.3) of the plume determined using Equation 5.5.2.5a or 5.5.2.5b
is <32.8 ft (10 m), the mass flow rate of smoke production shall
where: be calculated using either Equation 5.5.2.6a or 5.5.2.6b.
Qc = convective portion of the heat release rate of the
m b = 0.32Qc 1/ 3W 1/ 5 ( zb + 0.098W 7 /15H + 19.5W 7 /15 − 49.2 )
fire (Btu/s or kW)
χ = convective fraction (dimensionless)
(5.5.2.6a)
Q = heat release rate of the fire (Btu/ft or kW)
5.5.1.4 A value of 0.7 shall be used for the convective fraction where:
v
unless another value is substantiated in accordance with test data. m b = mass flow entering the smoke layer at height zb
(lb/sec)
5.5.2 Balcony Spill Plumes. Qc = convective heat output (Btu/sec)
5.5.2.1* Where the smoke plume is a balcony spill plume and W = length of the spill (ft)
the height, zb , of the smoke layer is <50 ft (15 m), the mass rate zb = height of plume above the balcony edge (ft)
of smoke production shall be calculated using either Equation H = height of balcony above the base of the fire (ft)
5.5.2.1a or 5.5.2.1b as follows:
m b = 0.59Q 1 / 3W 1 / 5 ( zb + 0.17W 7 /15H + 10.35W 7 /15 − 15 )
m = 0.12 (QW ) (z
2 13
b + 0.25H ) (5.5.2.1a) (5.5.2.6b)

where: where:
m = mass flow rate in plume (lb/sec) m b = mass flow entering the smoke layer at height zb
Q = heat release rate of the fire (Btu/sec) (kg/s)
W = width of the plume as it spills under the balcony (ft) Qc = convective heat output (kW)
zb = height above the underside of the balcony to the W = length of the spill (m)
smoke layer interface (ft) zb = height of plume above the balcony edge (m)
H = height of balcony above base of fire (ft) H = height of balcony above the base of the fire (m)

2012 Edition
ME.SM.04

99
 ANNEX A 92–27

Table A.4.4.4.3 Typical Leakage Areas for Walls and Floors the floor to ceiling height. An engineering analysis of the
of Commercial Buildings depth of the smoke layer can be done by comparison with full
scale experimental data, scale modeling, or CFD modeling.
Construction Element Tightness Area Ratioa
A.4.6.1 This number depends largely on the building occu-
Exterior building walls Tightb 0.50 × 10–4 pancy and the type of smoke control system. In some systems,
(includes construction Averageb 0.17 × 10–3 doors most likely are open for only short periods of time and
cracks and cracks around Looseb 0.35 × 10–3 smoke leakage is negligible. In other systems, frequent egress
windows and doors) Very looseb 0.12 × 10–2 from the smoke zone could cause at least one door to be open
Stairwell walls (includes Tightc 0.14 × 10–4 most of the time.
construction cracks but Averagec 0.11 × 10–3 Where the building egress strategy anticipates multiple
not cracks around Loosec 0.35 × 10–3 floors to be evacuated simultaneously or the design for the
windows and doors) stairwell pressurization system assumes the exit door is open,
Elevator shaft walls Tightc 0.18 × 10–3
the stairwell pressurization system should be designed to ac-
(includes construction Averagec 0.84 × 10–3
commodate more than one door open, at least one of which
cracks but not cracks and Loosec 0.18 × 10–2
gaps around doors) should be the discharge door from the stairwell.
Floors (includes Tightd 0.66 × 10–5 The effect of opening a door to the outside is usually much
construction cracks and Averagee 0.52 × 10–4 greater than that of opening interior doors. The importance
gaps around Loosed 0.17 × 10–3 of the exterior stairwell door can be explained by considering
penetrations) the conservation of mass of the pressurization air. This air
comes from the outside and must eventually flow back to the
a
For a wall, the area ratio is the area of the leakage through the wall outside. For an open interior door, the rest of the building on
divided by the total wall area. For a floor, the area ratio is the area of
that floor acts as flow resistance to the air flowing out the open
the leakage through the floor divided by the total area of the floor.
b
Values based on measurements of Tamura and Shaw [50]; Tamura
doorway. When the exterior door is open, there is no other
and Wilson [53]; and Shaw, Reardon, and Cheung [45]. flow resistance, and the flow can be 10 to 30 times more than
c
Values based on measurements of Tamura and Wilson [53] and through an open interior door. (See Annex F for information on
Tamura and Shaw [51]. types of stairwell pressurization systems.) This separation should be
d
Values extrapolated from average floor tightness based on range of as great as is practicable. Because hot smoke rises, consider-
tightness of other construction elements. ation should be given to locating supply air intakes below such
e
Values based on measurements of Tamura and Shaw [52]. critical openings. However, outdoor smoke movement that
might result in smoke feedback depends on the location of
A.4.5 The following factors should be considered in determin- the fire, the location of points of smoke leakage from the
ing the ability of the system to remain effective for the time pe- building, the wind speed and direction, and the temperature
riod necessary: difference between the smoke and the outside air.
(1) Reliability of power source(s) A.4.6.3.1 Simple single-point injection systems such as that
(2) Arrangement of power distribution illustrated in Figure A.4.6.3.1 can use roof or exterior wall-
(3) Method and protection of controls and system monitoring mounted propeller fans. The use of propeller fans without
(4) Equipment materials and construction windshields is not permitted because of the extreme effect
(5) Building occupancy wind can have on the performance of such fans.
A.4.5.1.1 Tenability analysis is outside the scope of this docu-
ment. However, other references are available that present ana-
lytical methods for use in tenability analysis. The SFPE Engineering
Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis and Design of Build- Propeller
ings describes a process of establishing tenability limits. fan
The SFPE guide references D. A. Purser, “Toxicity Assess-
ment of Combustion Products,” Chapter 2/6, SFPE Handbook Roof
level Supply
of Fire Protection Engineering [42], which describes a fractional air
effective dose (FED) calculation approach, which is also con-
tained in NFPA 269, Standard Test Method for Developing Toxic
Potency Data for Use in Fire Hazard Modeling. The FED addresses
the effects of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and anoxia.
It is possible to use the test data, combined with laboratory
experience, to estimate the FED value that leads to the survival
of virtually all people. This value is about 0.8.
A.4.5.1.2 Timed egress analysis is outside the scope of this docu-
ment. However, other references are available that present ana-
lytical methods for use in egress analysis, for example, ASHRAE/
SFPE Principles of Smoke Management [21].
A.4.5.1.3 The depth of the smoke layer depends on many FIGURE A.4.6.3.1 Stairwell Pressurization by Roof-Mounted
factors and generally ranges from 10 percent to 20 percent of Propeller Fan.

ME.SM.05 2012 Edition

100
92–8 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS
4.4.3 Fire Location. The source of the smoke from the design
basis fires shall consider fire locations within the large-volume
space and within unseparated communicating spaces.
4.4.4 Smoke Movement and Airflow.
4.4.4.1* Makeup Air. Makeup air for smoke management sys-
tems shall be provided by fans or by openings to the outside.
4.4.4.1.1 The supply points for the makeup air shall be lo-
cated beneath the smoke layer interface.
4.4.4.1.2 Mechanical mmakeup p air shall be less than the mass
flow rate of the mechanical smoke exhaust.
4.4.4.1.3 The makeup air shall not cause door-opening force
to exceed allowable limits.
4.4.4.1.4* The makeup air velocity shall not exceed 200 ft/min
(1.02 m/sec) where the makeup air could come into contact with
the plume unless a higher makeup air velocity is supported by
engineering analysis.
4.4.4.2 Communicating Spaces.
4.4.4.2.1 Managing Smoke Spread to Communicating Spaces.
4.4.4.2.1.1 Managing smoke spread to communicating spaces
shall be accomplished by one of the following methods:
(1) Maintaining the smoke layer interface at a level higher than
that of the highest opening to the communicating space
(2) Providing a smoke barrier to limit smoke spread into the
communicating space
(3) Providing an opposed airflow through the opening to pro-
hibit smoke spread into the communicating space
4.4.4.2.1.2 When smoke barriers are used to limit smoke spread
into the communicating space, engineering calculations shall be
provided to verify whether a pressure difference applied across
the smoke barrier will be needed to prevent smoke migration.
4.4.4.2.1.3 When the airflow method is used to prevent smoke
movement from the large-volume space into communicating
spaces for large openings, the flow shall be nearly perpendicular
to the plane of the opening.
4.4.4.2.2* Managing Smoke from Communicating Spaces.
4.4.4.2.2.1 When communicating spaces are designed to al-
low the smoke to spill into the large-volume space, the smoke
spilling into the large-volume space shall be handled by the
smoke management system to maintain the design smoke
layer interface height.
4.4.4.2.2.2 When the smoke control systems are designed to use
airflow to prevent the movement of smoke into the large-volume
space, sufficient exhaust from the communicating space shall be
provided to establish a minimum flow between the communicat-
ing space and the large-volume space. (See 5.10.1.)
4.4.4.3* Openings and Leakage Areas. Designs shall incorpo-
rate the effect of openings and leakage areas in smoke barriers
on the performance of smoke control systems.
4.4.4.4 Special Considerations Related to Natural Venting.
Smoke management system designs that use a mix of natural
and mechanical ventilation shall have supporting engineering
analysis or physical (scale) modeling to verify the design func-
tions as intended.
4.4.5* Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems. The operation of the
smoke control system shall not compromise the performance of
gaseous agent fire protection systems.
2012 Edition
ME.SM.06
101
4.5* System Operation.
4.5.1 Limitations
4.5.1.1* Tenability. Where the design of the smoke control sys-
tem is based on the potential for occupants being exposed to
smoke, the tenability conditions shall be assessed.
4.5.1.2* Egress Analysis. Where the design of the smoke con-
trol system is based on occupants exiting a space before being
exposed to smoke or before tenability thresholds are reached,
there shall be sufficient time for the movement of the occu-
pant as determined by a timed egress analysis.
4.5.1.3* Minimum Design Smoke Layer Depth. The minimum
design depth of the smoke layer for a smoke management
system shall be either of the following:
(1) Twenty percent of the floor-to-ceiling height
(2) Based on an engineering analysis
4.5.2 Activation. Activation of smoke control systems shall be
accomplished by an approved automatic means.
4.5.3 System Startup.
4.5.3.1 The smoke control system shall achieve full operation
prior to conditions in the space reaching the design smoke
conditions.
4.5.3.2 The determination of the time it takes for the system
to become operational shall consider the following events (as
appropriate to the specific design objectives):
(1) Time for detection of the fire incident
(2) HVAC system activation time, including shutdown and star-
tup of air-handling equipment, opening and closing of
dampers, and opening and closing of natural ventilation
devices
4.5.4 Duration.
4.5.4.1 When the design of the smoke management system is
based on occupants exiting a space before being exposed to
smoke or before tenability thresholds are reached, the follow-
ing shall be met:
(1) A timed egress analysis shall be conducted.
(2) The system shall remain operational for the duration
required.
4.5.4.2 Smoke management systems designed to maintain
tenable conditions shall not be required to prevent the de-
scent of a smoke layer in spaces where tenable conditions are
demonstrated.
4.6 Stairwell Pressurization Systems.
4.6.1* General. When stairwell pressurization systems are pro-
vided, the pressure difference between the smoke zone and
the stairwell, with zero and the design number of doors open,
shall be as follows:
(1) Not less than the minimum pressure difference specified
in 4.4.2
(2) Not greater than the maximum pressure difference speci-
fied in 4.4.2.2
4.6.2 Location of Supply Air Source. To limit smoke from en-
tering the stairwell through the supply air intake, the supply
air intake shall be separated from all building exhausts, outlets
from smoke shafts and roof smoke and heat vents, open vents
from elevator shafts, and other building openings that might
expel smoke from the building in a fire.
92–12 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

5.5 Rate of Smoke Mass Production.

m = 0.36 (QW 2 ) ( zb + 0.25H )
13
(5.5.2.1b)
5.5.1 Axisymmetric Plumes.
5.5.1.1* Where the plume is axisymmetric, the mass rate of where:
smoke production shall be calculated using Equation 5.5.1.1a, m = mass flow rate in plume (kg/sec)
5.5.1.1b, or 5.5.1.1c or Equation 5.5.1.1d, 5.5.1.1e, or 5.5.1.1f as Q = heat release rate of the fire (kW)
follows: W = width of the plume as it spills under the
balcony (m)
zl = 0.533Q c2 5 (5.5.1.1a) zb = height above the underside of the balcony to the
smoke layer interface (m)
when z > zl , m = ( 0.022Q c1 3z 5 3 ) + 0.0042Q c (5.5.1.1b) H = height of balcony above base of fire (m)

when z ≤ zl , m = 0.0208Q c3 5z
where:
zl = limiting elevation (ft)
Qc = convective portion of heat release rate (Btu/sec)
z = distance above the base of the fire to the smoke
layer interface (ft)
m = mass flow rate in plume at height z (lb/sec)
(5.5.1.1c) 5.5.2.2 Equations 5.5.2.1a and 5.5.2.1b shall not be used
when the temperature rise above ambient (Tp − To) is less than
4°F (2.2°C). (See 5.5.5.)
5.5.2.3 The width of the plume, W, shall be permitted to be
determined by considering the presence of any physical barri-
ers such as draft curtains protruding below the balcony to re-
strict horizontal smoke migration under the balcony.

zl = 0.166Q c2 5 [5.5.1.1d] 5.5.2.4 Where draft curtains are used, they shall be perpen-
dicular to the opening, in order to channel smoke, and extend
when z > zl , m = ( 0.071Q c1 3z 5 3 ) + 0.0018Q c [5.5.1.1e] below the balcony ceiling a distance of at least 10 percent of
the floor-to-ceiling height of the balcony.
when z ≤ zl , m = 0.032Q c3 5z [5.5.1.1f]
5.5.2.5* In the absence of any barriers, the equivalent width
where: shall be calculated using Equation 5.5.2.5 as follows:
zl = limiting elevation (m)
Qc = convective portion of heat release rate (kW) W =w +b (5.5.2.5)
z = distance above the base of the fire to the smoke
layer interface (m) where:
m = mass flow rate in plume at height z (kg/sec) W = width of the plume (ft or m)
w = width of the opening from the area of origin (ft
5.5.1.2 Equations 5.5.1.1b, 5.5.1.1c, 5.5.1.1e, and 5.5.1.1f shall
or m)
not be used when the temperature rise above ambient (Tp − To) is
b = distance from the opening to the balcony edge
less than 4°F (2.2°C). (See 5.5.5.)
(ft or m)
5.5.1.3 The convective portion of the heat release rate of the
fire shall be determined from Equation 5.5.1.3 as follows: 5.5.2.6* Where the smoke plume is a balcony spill plume and
the height, zb , of the smoke layer is <50 ft (15 m) and the width
Q c = χQ (5.5.1.3) of the plume determined using Equation 5.5.2.5a or 5.5.2.5b
is <32.8 ft (10 m), the mass flow rate of smoke production shall
where: be calculated using either Equation 5.5.2.6a or 5.5.2.6b.
Qc = convective portion of the heat release rate of the
m b = 0.32Qc 1/ 3W 1/ 5 ( zb + 0.098W 7 /15H + 19.5W 7 /15 − 49.2 )
fire (Btu/s or kW)
χ = convective fraction (dimensionless)
(5.5.2.6a)
Q = heat release rate of the fire (Btu/ft or kW)
5.5.1.4 A value of 0.7 shall be used for the convective fraction where:
v
unless another value is substantiated in accordance with test data. m b = mass flow entering the smoke layer at height zb
(lb/sec)
5.5.2 Balcony Spill Plumes. Qc = convective heat output (Btu/sec)
5.5.2.1* Where the smoke plume is a balcony spill plume and W = length of the spill (ft)
the height, zb , of the smoke layer is <50 ft (15 m), the mass rate zb = height of plume above the balcony edge (ft)
of smoke production shall be calculated using either Equation H = height of balcony above the base of the fire (ft)
5.5.2.1a or 5.5.2.1b as follows:
m b = 0.59Q 1 / 3W 1 / 5 ( zb + 0.17W 7 /15H + 10.35W 7 /15 − 15 )
m = 0.12 (QW ) (z
2 13
b + 0.25H ) (5.5.2.1a) (5.5.2.6b)

where: where:
m = mass flow rate in plume (lb/sec) m b = mass flow entering the smoke layer at height zb
Q = heat release rate of the fire (Btu/sec) (kg/s)
W = width of the plume as it spills under the balcony (ft) Qc = convective heat output (kW)
zb = height above the underside of the balcony to the W = length of the spill (m)
smoke layer interface (ft) zb = height of plume above the balcony edge (m)
H = height of balcony above base of fire (ft) H = height of balcony above the base of the fire (m)

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5.5 Rate of Smoke Mass Production.

m = 0.36 (QW 2 ) ( zb + 0.25H )
13
(5.5.2.1b)
5.5.1 Axisymmetric Plumes.
5.5.1.1* Where the plume is axisymmetric, the mass rate of where:
smoke production shall be calculated using Equation 5.5.1.1a, m = mass flow rate in plume (kg/sec)
5.5.1.1b, or 5.5.1.1c or Equation 5.5.1.1d, 5.5.1.1e, or 5.5.1.1f as Q = heat release rate of the fire (kW)
follows: W = width of the plume as it spills under the
balcony (m)
zl = 0.533Q c2 5 (5.5.1.1a) zb = height above the underside of the balcony to the
smoke layer interface (m)
when z > zl , m = ( 0.022Q c1 3z 5 3 ) + 0.0042Q c (5.5.1.1b) H = height of balcony above base of fire (m)

when z ≤ zl , m = 0.0208Q c3 5z
where:
zl = limiting elevation (ft)
Qc = convective portion of heat release rate (Btu/sec)
z = distance above the base of the fire to the smoke
layer interface (ft)
m = mass flow rate in plume at height z (lb/sec)
(5.5.1.1c) 5.5.2.2 Equations 5.5.2.1a and 5.5.2.1b shall not be used
when the temperature rise above ambient (Tp − To) is less than
4°F (2.2°C). (See 5.5.5.)
5.5.2.3 The width of the plume, W, shall be permitted to be
determined by considering the presence of any physical barri-
ers such as draft curtains protruding below the balcony to re-
strict horizontal smoke migration under the balcony.

zl = 0.166Q c2 5 [5.5.1.1d] 5.5.2.4 Where draft curtains are used, they shall be perpen-
dicular to the opening, in order to channel smoke, and extend
when z > zl , m = ( 0.071Q c1 3z 5 3 ) + 0.0018Q c [5.5.1.1e] below the balcony ceiling a distance of at least 10 percent of
the floor-to-ceiling height of the balcony.
when z ≤ zl , m = 0.032Q c3 5z [5.5.1.1f]
5.5.2.5* In the absence of any barriers, the equivalent width
where: shall be calculated using Equation 5.5.2.5 as follows:
zl = limiting elevation (m)
Qc = convective portion of heat release rate (kW) W =w +b (5.5.2.5)
z = distance above the base of the fire to the smoke
layer interface (m) where:
m = mass flow rate in plume at height z (kg/sec) W = width of the plume (ft or m)
w = width of the opening from the area of origin (ft
5.5.1.2 Equations 5.5.1.1b, 5.5.1.1c, 5.5.1.1e, and 5.5.1.1f shall
or m)
not be used when the temperature rise above ambient (Tp − To) is
b = distance from the opening to the balcony edge
less than 4°F (2.2°C). (See 5.5.5.)
(ft or m)
5.5.1.3 The convective portion of the heat release rate of the
fire shall be determined from Equation 5.5.1.3 as follows: 5.5.2.6* Where the smoke plume is a balcony spill plume and
the height, zb , of the smoke layer is <50 ft (15 m) and the width
Q c = χQ (5.5.1.3) of the plume determined using Equation 5.5.2.5a or 5.5.2.5b
is <32.8 ft (10 m), the mass flow rate of smoke production shall
where: be calculated using either Equation 5.5.2.6a or 5.5.2.6b.
Qc = convective portion of the heat release rate of the
m b = 0.32Qc 1/ 3W 1/ 5 ( zb + 0.098W 7 /15H + 19.5W 7 /15 − 49.2 )
fire (Btu/s or kW)
χ = convective fraction (dimensionless)
(5.5.2.6a)
Q = heat release rate of the fire (Btu/ft or kW)
5.5.1.4 A value of 0.7 shall be used for the convective fraction where:
v
unless another value is substantiated in accordance with test data. m b = mass flow entering the smoke layer at height zb
(lb/sec)
5.5.2 Balcony Spill Plumes. Qc = convective heat output (Btu/sec)
5.5.2.1* Where the smoke plume is a balcony spill plume and W = length of the spill (ft)
the height, zb , of the smoke layer is <50 ft (15 m), the mass rate zb = height of plume above the balcony edge (ft)
of smoke production shall be calculated using either Equation H = height of balcony above the base of the fire (ft)
5.5.2.1a or 5.5.2.1b as follows:
m b = 0.59Q 1 / 3W 1 / 5 ( zb + 0.17W 7 /15H + 10.35W 7 /15 − 15 )
m = 0.12 (QW ) (z
2 13
b + 0.25H ) (5.5.2.1a) (5.5.2.6b)

where: where:
m = mass flow rate in plume (lb/sec) m b = mass flow entering the smoke layer at height zb
Q = heat release rate of the fire (Btu/sec) (kg/s)
W = width of the plume as it spills under the balcony (ft) Qc = convective heat output (kW)
zb = height above the underside of the balcony to the W = length of the spill (m)
smoke layer interface (ft) zb = height of plume above the balcony edge (m)
H = height of balcony above base of fire (ft) H = height of balcony above the base of the fire (m)

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5.6.2 More than the minimum number of exhaust inlets re- S min = 0.9Ve1 2 (5.6.9b)
quired shall be permitted.
5.6.3* The maximum volumetric flow rate that can be ex- where:
hausted by a single exhaust inlet without plugholing shall be S min = minimum edge-to-edge separation between
calculated using Equation 5.6.3a or 5.6.3b. inlets (m)
Ve = volumetric flow rate of one exhaust inlet
12 (m3/sec)
⎛ T − To ⎞ (5.6.3a)
V max = 452γd 5 2 ⎜ s ⎟ 5.7* Volumetric Flow Rate. The volumetric flow rate of smoke
⎝ To ⎠ exhaust shall be determined using Equation 5.7a or 5.7b as fol-
where: lows:
V max = maximum volumetric flow rate without
plugholing at Ts (ft3/min) m
V = 60 (5.7a)
γ = exhaust location factor (dimensionless) ρ
d = depth of smoke layer below the lowest point of
the exhaust inlet (ft) where:
Ts = absolute temperature of the smoke layer (R) V = volumetric flow rate of smoke exhaust (ft3/min)
To = absolute ambient temperature (R) m = mass flow rate of smoke exhaust (lb/sec)
ρ = density of smoke (lb/ft3)
12
⎛ T − To ⎞ (5.6.3b)
V max = 4.16 γd 5 2 ⎜ s ⎟ V =
m (5.7b)
⎝ To ⎠ ρ
where: where:
V max = maximum volumetric flow rate without V = volumetric flow rate of smoke exhaust (m3/sec)
plugholing at Ts (m3/sec) m = mass flow rate of smoke exhaust (kg/sec)
γ = exhaust location factor (dimensionless) ρ = density of smoke (kg/m3)
d = depth of smoke layer below the lowest point of
the exhaust inlet (m) 5.8* Density of Smoke. The density of smoke shall be deter-
Ts = absolute temperature of the smoke layer (K) mined using Equation 5.8a or 5.8b as follows:
To = absolute ambient temperature (K)
144 Patm
ρ= (5.8a)
5.6.4* For exhaust inlets centered no closer than twice the R (T + 460 )
diameter from the nearest wall, a value of 1.0 shall be used
for γ. where:
ρ = density of smoke at temperature (lb/ft3)
5.6.5* For exhaust inlets centered less than twice the diameter
Patm = atmospheric pressure (lb/in.2)
from the nearest wall, a value of 0.5 shall be used for γ.
R = gas constant (53.34)
5.6.6* For exhaust inlets on a wall, a value of 0.5 shall be used T = temperature of smoke (°F)
for the value of γ.
Patm
5.6.7* The ratio d/Di shall be greater than 2, where Di is the ρ= (5.8b)
RT
diameter of the inlet.
where:
5.6.8 For rectangular exhaust inlets, Di shall be calculated ρ = density of smoke at temperature (kg/m3)
using Equation 5.6.8 Patm = atmospheric pressure (Pa)
R = gas constant (287)
2ab
Di = (5.6.8) T = absolute temperature of smoke (K)
a +b
5.9* Varying Cross-Sectional Geometries and Complex Geom-
where: etries. When the large space has a nonuniform cross-sectional
Di = diameter of the inlet area, the design analysis shall take into account the variation
a = length of the inlet of cross-sectional area with height.
b = width of the inlet
5.10 Opposed Airflow.
5.6.9 Where multiple exhaust inlets are required to pre-
vent plugholing (see 5.6.1), the minimum separation dis- 5.10.1 Where opposed airflow is used to prevent smoke origi-
tance shall be calculated using Equation 5.6.9a or 5.6.9b as nating in a communicating space from propagating into the
follows: large-volume space, as shown in Figure 5.10.1, the communi-
cating space shall be exhausted at a sufficient rate to cause the
S min = 0.065Ve1 2 (5.6.9a) average air velocity in the opening from the large-volume
space to exceed the limiting average air velocity, ve , calculated
where: using Equation 5.10.1a or 5.10.1b as follows:
S min = minimum edge-to-edge separation between
12
inlets (ft) ⎛ T f − To ⎞
Ve = volumetric flow rate of one exhaust inlet v e = 38 ⎜ gH ⎟ (5.10.1a)
⎜ Tf ⎟
(ft3/min) ⎝ ⎠
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A.5.6.6 The γ factor of 0.5 is used for all wall vents. Because no
⎧ T ⎫
data exist for wall exhausts, a value of γ greater than 0.5 could not ⎪ ⎪
be justified. ⎪ To ⎪
⎪ v ⎪
A.5.6.7 Noise due to exhaust fan operation or to velocity at the ⎪⎪ gl ⎪⎪ ⎛x y z ⎞
exhaust inlet should be limited to allow the fire alarm signal to be ⎨ ρ ⎬= f⎜ , , ,π ,π ,π
⎜ l l l / g 1 2 3 ⎟⎟
(A.5.11a)
heard. ⎪ ⎪ ⎝ ⎠
⎪ ρo gl ⎪
A.5.7 For smoke management purposes, the density of smoke ⎪ Ts ⎪
can be considered the same as the density of air. Equations ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ To ⎪⎭
5.8a and 5.8b apply to both smoke and air. Designers should
use the atmospheric pressure for a specific location. Standard where:
atmospheric pressure is 14.696 psi (101,325 Pa). To = ambient temperature
g = gravitational acceleration
A.5.8 For smoke management purposes, the density of l = characteristic length
smoke can be considered the same as the density of air. ρo = ambient density
Equations 5.8a and 5.8b apply to both smoke and air. De-
π1, π2, and π3 are dimensionless groups arising from the
signers should use the atmospheric pressure for a specific energy release of the fire, fan flows, and wall heat transfer as
location. Standard atmospheric pressure is 14.696 psi follows:
(101,325 Pa).
Q fire energy
A.5.9 The algebraic equations in Chapter 5 and many of π1 = 5/2 ∼ (A.5.11b)
the compartment fire models are only for spaces of uniform ρoc o gl flow energy
cross-sectional area. In practice, it is recognized that spaces
being evaluated will not always exhibit a simple uniform where:
geometry. The descent of the first indication of smoke in Q = energy release rate of the fire
varying cross sections or complex geometric spaces can be co = specific heat of the ambient air
affected by conditions such as sloped ceilings, variations in
V fan fan flow
cross-sectional areas of the space, and projections into the π2 = 5/2 ∼ (A.5.11c)
rising plume. Methods of analysis that can be used to deal gl buoyant flow
with complex and nonuniform geometries are as follows:
where:
(1) Scale models (See 5.1.2, Section 5.6, and A.5.6.) Vfan = volumetric flow rate of the exhaust fan
(2) CFD models (See 5.1.3 and Annex F.)
1.6
(3) Zone model adaptation (See Annex C.) 1 ⎛ ρo ⎞
π3 = g 0.3k 2l 0.9
(k ρc ) w ⎜⎝ μ ⎟⎠
(4) Bounding analysis (See Annex C.)
(A.5.11d)
A.5.11 In this standard, scale modeling pertains to the move- convection heat transfer
ment of hot gas through building configurations due to fire. A ∼
waall heat transfer
fire needs to be specified in terms of a steady or unsteady heat
release rate. where:
For the zone modeling of this standard, combustion and (kρc)w = thermal properties (conductivity, density, and
flame radiation phenomena are ignored. Fire growth is not specific heat) of the wall
modeled. μ = gas viscosity
k = gas thermal conductivity
A more complete review of scaling techniques and ex-
amples can be found in the referenced literature (Quin- The expression of π3 is applicable to a thermally thick con-
tiere [43]). Smoke flow studies have been made by Heskes- struction material. Additionally, more than one dimensionless
tad [8] and by Quintiere, McCaffrey, and Kashiwagi [44]. π will be needed if wall thickness and radiation effects are
Analog techniques using a water and saltwater system are significant. π3 attempts to correct for heat loss at the boundary
also available (Steckler, Baum, and Quintiere [48]). Smoke by permitting a different construction material in the scale
flow modeling for buildings is based on maintaining a bal- model in order to maintain a balance for the heat losses.
ance between the buoyancy and convective “forces” while The scaling expression for the fire heat release rate follows
ignoring viscous and heat conduction effects. Neglecting from preserving π1. Similarly, expressions for the volumetric
these terms is not valid near solid boundaries. Some com- exhaust rate and wall thermal properties are obtained from
pensation can be made in the scale model by selecting dif- preserving π2 and π3.
ferent materials of construction. The wall properties condition is easily met by selecting a
Dimensionless groups can be formulated for a situation construction material that is noncombustible and approxi-
involving a heat source representing a fire along with ex- mately matches (kρc)w with a material of sufficient thickness to
maintain the thermally thick condition. The thermal proper-
haust and makeup air supply fans of a given volumetric flow
ties of enclosure can be scaled as follows:
rate. The solution of the gas temperature (T), velocity (v),
pressure (p), and surface temperature (Ts) expressed in di- 0.9
⎛l ⎞
mensionless terms and as a function of x, y, z, and time (t) (k ρc )w ,m = (k ρc )m , F ⎜ m ⎟ (A.5.11e)
are as follows: l ⎝ F ⎠

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5.6.2 More than the minimum number of exhaust inlets re- S min = 0.9Ve1 2 (5.6.9b)
quired shall be permitted.
5.6.3* The maximum volumetric flow rate that can be ex- where:
hausted by a single exhaust inlet without plugholing shall be S min = minimum edge-to-edge separation between
calculated using Equation 5.6.3a or 5.6.3b. inlets (m)
Ve = volumetric flow rate of one exhaust inlet
12 (m3/sec)
⎛ T − To ⎞ (5.6.3a)
V max = 452γd 5 2 ⎜ s ⎟ 5.7* Volumetric Flow Rate. The volumetric flow rate of smoke
⎝ To ⎠ exhaust shall be determined using Equation 5.7a or 5.7b as fol-
where: lows:
V max = maximum volumetric flow rate without
plugholing at Ts (ft3/min) m
V = 60 (5.7a)
γ = exhaust location factor (dimensionless) ρ
d = depth of smoke layer below the lowest point of
the exhaust inlet (ft) where:
Ts = absolute temperature of the smoke layer (R) V = volumetric flow rate of smoke exhaust (ft3/min)
To = absolute ambient temperature (R) m = mass flow rate of smoke exhaust (lb/sec)
ρ = density of smoke (lb/ft3)
12
⎛ T − To ⎞ (5.6.3b)
V max = 4.16 γd 5 2 ⎜ s ⎟ V =
m (5.7b)
⎝ To ⎠ ρ
where: where:
V max = maximum volumetric flow rate without V = volumetric flow rate of smoke exhaust (m3/sec)
plugholing at Ts (m3/sec) m = mass flow rate of smoke exhaust (kg/sec)
γ = exhaust location factor (dimensionless) ρ = density of smoke (kg/m3)
d = depth of smoke layer below the lowest point of
the exhaust inlet (m) 5.8* Density of Smoke. The density of smoke shall be deter-
Ts = absolute temperature of the smoke layer (K) mined using Equation 5.8a or 5.8b as follows:
To = absolute ambient temperature (K)
144 Patm
ρ= (5.8a)
5.6.4* For exhaust inlets centered no closer than twice the R (T + 460 )
diameter from the nearest wall, a value of 1.0 shall be used
for γ. where:
ρ = density of smoke at temperature (lb/ft3)
5.6.5* For exhaust inlets centered less than twice the diameter
Patm = atmospheric pressure (lb/in.2)
from the nearest wall, a value of 0.5 shall be used for γ.
R = gas constant (53.34)
5.6.6* For exhaust inlets on a wall, a value of 0.5 shall be used T = temperature of smoke (°F)
for the value of γ.
Patm
5.6.7* The ratio d/Di shall be greater than 2, where Di is the ρ= (5.8b)
RT
diameter of the inlet.
where:
5.6.8 For rectangular exhaust inlets, Di shall be calculated ρ = density of smoke at temperature (kg/m3)
using Equation 5.6.8 Patm = atmospheric pressure (Pa)
R = gas constant (287)
2ab
Di = (5.6.8) T = absolute temperature of smoke (K)
a +b
5.9* Varying Cross-Sectional Geometries and Complex Geom-
where: etries. When the large space has a nonuniform cross-sectional
Di = diameter of the inlet area, the design analysis shall take into account the variation
a = length of the inlet of cross-sectional area with height.
b = width of the inlet
5.10 Opposed Airflow.
5.6.9 Where multiple exhaust inlets are required to pre-
vent plugholing (see 5.6.1), the minimum separation dis- 5.10.1 Where opposed airflow is used to prevent smoke origi-
tance shall be calculated using Equation 5.6.9a or 5.6.9b as nating in a communicating space from propagating into the
follows: large-volume space, as shown in Figure 5.10.1, the communi-
cating space shall be exhausted at a sufficient rate to cause the
S min = 0.065Ve1 2 (5.6.9a) average air velocity in the opening from the large-volume
space to exceed the limiting average air velocity, ve , calculated
where: using Equation 5.10.1a or 5.10.1b as follows:
S min = minimum edge-to-edge separation between
12
inlets (ft) ⎛ T f − To ⎞
Ve = volumetric flow rate of one exhaust inlet v e = 38 ⎜ gH ⎟ (5.10.1a)
⎜ Tf ⎟
(ft3/min) ⎝ ⎠

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A.5.5.3 Window plumes are not expected for sprinkler-
controlled fires.
A.5.5.3.1 Equation 5.5.3.1a or 5.5.3.1b is appropriate when the
heat release rate is limited by the air supply to the compartment,
the fuel generation is limited by the air supply, and excess fuel
burns outside the compartment using air entrained outside the
compartment. The methods in 5.5.3.1 are also valid only for com-
partments having a single ventilation opening.
Equations 5.5.3.1a and 5.5.3.1b are for a ventilation-
controlled fire where the heat release rate can be related to
the characteristics of the ventilation opening. These equa-
tions are based on experimental data for wood and polyure-
thane by Modak and Alpert [32] and Tewarson [54].
A.5.5.3.2 The air entrained into the window plume can be
determined by analogy with the axisymmetric plume. This is
accomplished by determining the entrainment rate at the tip
of the flames issuing from the window and determining the
height in an axisymmetric plume that would yield the same
amount of entrainment. The mass entrainment for window
plumes is given as follows:
m = ⎡0.022Q c1 / 3 ( zw + a ) ⎤ + 0.0042Q c
5/3
⎣ ⎦
Substituting Equation 5.5.3.1 into this mass flow rate and
using Qc = 0.7j results in Equation 5.5.3.2.
The virtual source height is determined as the height of a
fire source in the open that gives the same entrainments as the
window plume at the window plume flame tip. Further en-
trainment above the flame tip is assumed to be the same as for
a fire in the open. Although this development is a reasonably
formulated model for window plume entrainment, no data
are available to validate its use. As such, the accuracy of the
model is unknown.
A.5.5.4 As a plume rises, it entrains air and widens. The re-
quired values of Kd will result in conservative calculations.
A.5.5.5 The mass flow rate of the plume can be calculated
from Equation 5.5.1.1b, 5.5.1.1c, 5.5.2.1, or 5.5.3.2, which
were developed for strongly buoyant plumes; for small tem-
perature differences between the plume and ambient, errors
due to low buoyancy could be significant. This topic needs
further study; in the absence of better data, it is recommended
that the plume equations not be used when this temperature
difference is small [<4°F (<2.2°C)].
The temperature from Equation 5.5.5 is a mass flow aver-
age, but the temperature varies over the plume cross section.
The plume temperature is greatest at the centerline of the
plume; the centerline temperature is of interest when atria are
tested by real fires.
The plume’s centerline temperature should not be con-
fused with the average plume temperature. The centerline
temperature of an axisymmetric plume should be determined
using Equation A.5.5.5a as follows:
For U.S. units,
1/ 3
⎛ T ⎞ Q 2/3
Tcp = To + 9.1⎜ 2o 2 ⎟
⎜ gC p ρo ⎟ z 5/3
⎝ ⎠
where:
Tcp = absolute centerline plume temperature of an
axisymmetric plume at elevation z (R)
To = absolute ambient temperature (R)
ANNEX A 92–35
g = acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/sec2)
Cp = specific heat of air (0.24 Btu/lb-R)
ρo = density of ambient air (lb/ft3)
Q = convective heat release rate of the fire
(Btu/sec)
z = height above base of fuel (ft)
For SI units,
Tcp = absolute centerline plume temperature of an
axisymmetric plume at elevation z (K)
To = absolute ambient temperature (K)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/sec2)
Cp = specific heat of air (1.0 kJ/kg-K)
ρo = density of ambient air (kg/m3)
Q = convective heat release rate of the fire (kW)
z = height above base of fuel (m)
Based on the first law of thermodynamics, the average tem-
perature of the plume above the flame should be determined
using Equation A.5.5.5b, as follows:
Qc
Tp − To + (A.5.5.5b)
mC p
where:
Tp = average plume temperature at elevation z (°F or °C)
To = ambient temperature (°F or °C)
Qc = convective portion of heat release (Btu/sec or kW)
m = mass flow rate of the plume at elevation z (lb/sec
or kg/sec)
Cp = specific heat of plume gases (0.24 Btu/lb-°F or
1.0 kJ/kg-°C)
A.5.6 The sizing and spacing of exhaust fan intakes should
balance the following concerns:
(1) The exhaust intakes need to be sufficiently close to one
another to prevent the smoke from cooling to the point
that it loses buoyancy as it travels along the underside of
the ceiling to an intake and descends from the ceiling.
This is particularly important for spaces where the length
is greater than the height, such as shopping malls.
(2) The exhaust intakes need to be sized and distributed in
the space to minimize the likelihood of air beneath the
smoke layer from being drawn through the layer. This
phenomenon is called plugholing.
The objective of distributing fan inlets is to establish a
gentle and generally uniform rate over the entire smoke layer.
To accomplish this, the velocity of the exhaust inlet should not
exceed the value determined from Equation 5.6.3a or 5.6.3b.
A.5.6.3 The plugholing equations in this paragraph are con-
sistent with and derived from the scale model studies of Spratt
and Heselden [47]. These equations are also consistent with
the recent study of Nii et al. [39].
A.5.6.4 The γ factor of 1.0 applies to ceiling vents remote
from a wall. Remote is regarded as a separation greater than two
times the depth of the smoke layer below the lower point of
(A.5.5.5a)
the exhaust opening.
A.5.6.5 The γ factor of 0.5 is based on potential flow consider-
ations for a ceiling vent adjacent to a wall. While γ should vary
smoothly from 0.5 for a vent directly adjacent to a wall to 1.0 for a
ceiling vent remote from a wall, the available data do not support
this level of detail in the requirements of the standard.
ME.SM.12 2012 Edition
107
92–26 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

From the first equation, ΔP = 0.087 in. w.g. Adding the safety Table A.4.4.2.2 Maximum Pressure Differences Across Doors
factor and rounding off, the minimum design pressure differ-
ence is 0.12 in. w.g. Door Width (in. w.g.)†
A.4.4.2.2 The forces on a door in a smoke control system are
Door-Closer
illustrated in Figure A.4.4.2.2. The force required to open a
Force*
door in a smoke control system is as follows:
(lbf) 32 in. 36 in. 40 in. 44 in. 48 in.
5.2 (WA ) ΔP
F = Fr + 6 0.45 0.40 0.37 0.34 0.31
2 (W − d ) 8 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.28
10 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.26
where:
12 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23
F = total door-opening force (lb)
14 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21
Fr = force to overcome the door closer and other
friction (lb) For SI units, 1 lbf = 4.4 N; 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 0.1 in. w.g. = 25 Pa.
W = door width (ft) Notes:
A = door area (ft2) (1) Total door-opening force is 30 lbf.
ΔP = pressure difference across the door (in. w.g.) (2) Door height is 7 ft.
d = distance from the doorknob to the knob side of (3) The distance from the doorknob to the knob side of the door is 3 in.
the door (ft) (4) For other door-opening forces, other door sizes, or hardware other
than a knob (e.g., panic hardware), the calculation procedure provided
F Low-pressure in ASHRAE/SFPE Principles of Smoke Management should be used.
side *Many door closers require less force in the initial portion of the
Knob opening cycle than that required to bring the door to the fully open
position. The combined impact of the door closer and the imposed
pressure combine only until the door is opened enough to allow air to
pass freely through the opening. The force imposed by a closing de-
Mr d High-pressure vice to close the door is often different from that imposed on opening.
Hinge ADP side †Door widths apply only if the door is hinged at one end; otherwise,
the calculation procedure provided in ASHRAE/SFPE Principles of
W Smoke Management should be used.

FIGURE A.4.4.2.2 Forces on a Door in a Smoke Control

System.
A.4.4.4.2.2 Fires in communicating spaces can produce
When the maximum door-opening force is specified at buoyant gases that spill into the large space. The design for
30 lbf, Table A.4.4.2.2 can be used to determine the maximum this case is analogous to the design for a fire in the large
pressure difference across the door. space. However, the design has to consider the difference in
entrainment behavior between an axisysmmetric plume
A.4.4.4.1 Makeup air has to be provided to ensure that the
and a spill plume. If communicating open spaces are pro-
exhaust fans are able to move the design air quantities and to
tected by automatic sprinklers, the calculations set forth in
ensure that door-opening force requirements are not ex-
this standard might show that no additional venting is re-
ceeded. The large openings to the outside can consist of open
quired. Alternatively, whether or not communicating spaces
doors, open windows, and open vents. The large openings to
are sprinklered, smoke can be prevented from spilling into
the outside do not include cracks in the construction, gaps
the large space if the communicating space is exhausted at a
around closed doors, g p around closed windows, and other
gaps
rate to cause a sufficient inflow velocity across the interface
p
small paths. . It is recommended that makeup air be designed
to the large space.
at 85 percent to 95 percent of the exhaust, not including the
leakage through small paths. This is based on experience that A.4.4.4.3 In the design of smoke control systems, airflow
the remaining air (5 percent to 15 percent) to be exhausted paths must be identified and evaluated. Some leakage paths
will enter the large-volume space as leakage through the small are obvious, such as gaps around closed doors, open doors,
paths. The reason that less makeup air is supplied than is be- elevator doors, windows, and air transfer grilles. Construction
ing exhausted is to avoid positively pressurizing the large- cracks in building walls and floors are less obvious but no less
volume space. important. The flow area of most large openings can be calcu-
lated easily. The flow area of construction cracks is dependent
A.4.4.4.1.4 The maximum value of 200 ft/min (1.02 m/sec)
on workmanship, for example, how well a door is fitted or how
for makeup p air is to prevent
p g
significant plume
p deflection and
well weather stripping is installed. Typical leakage areas of
p
disruption g
of the smoke interface. An engineering g analysis
y of
construction cracks in walls and floors of commercial build-
g
the effect of a higher makeupp air velocityy can be done byy com-
ings are listed in Table A.4.4.4.3. Doors open for short periods
parison with full-scale experimental data, scale modeling, or
of time result in a transition condition that is necessary to
CFD modeling. The maximum makeup air velocity is based on
provide egress from or access to the smoke zone.
flame deflection data (Mudan and Croce [36]). Where main-
taining a smoke layer height is not a design goal, plume dis- A.4.4.5 In the event that the smoke control and the suppression
ruption due to supply velocity might not be detrimental. systems are activated concurrently, the smoke control system
When the exhaust is provided by natural venting, makeup air might dilute the gaseous agent in the space. Because gaseous
should also be supplied by natural venting to avoid pressuriz- suppression systems commonly provide only one application of
ing the space. the agent, the potential arises for renewed growth of the fire.

2012 Edition
ME.SM.13

108
 ANNEX A 92–29

openings in their tops. The building stack effect has provided +

the driving force that has readily moved smoke into and out of +
the loosely constructed elevator hoistways. Several methods of + +
– Smoke –
correcting this problem have been proposed and investigated. + zone +
These methods include the following: +
+
(1) Exhaust of the fire floor (a) (b)
(2) Pressurization of enclosed elevator lobbies
(3) Construction of smoke-tight elevator lobbies +
(4) Pressurization of the elevator hoistway +
(5) Closing of elevator doors after automatic recall +
+ +
(Note: Rule 211.3a, Phase I Emergency Recall Operations, of + +
+ +
ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, requires – –
that elevator doors open and remain open after the elevators are – Smoke –
– zone –
recalled. This results in large openings into the elevator hoist-
+ +
ways, which can greatly increase the airflow required for pressur- + +
ization. NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protec- + +
tives, permits closing of elevator doors after a predetermined +
time when required by the authority having jurisdiction. Local +
+
requirements on operation of elevator doors should be deter-
(c) (d)
mined and incorporated into the system design.)
The methods listed in A.4.7(1) through A.4.7(5) have been
employed either singly or in combination. However, their ap- + + +
+ + +
plication to a particular project, including the effect of any + + – Smoke
+ + + zone
vents in the elevator hoistway, should be closely evaluated. The
open vent at the top of the elevator hoistway could have an + + +
+ + +
undesirable effect on elevator smoke control systems.
(e)
The following references discuss research concerning el-
evator use during fire situations: Klote and Braun [17]; Klote FIGURE A.4.8.1.1.1 Arrangements of Smoke Control Zones.
[15]; Klote, Levin, and Groner [20]; Klote, Levin, and Groner
[19]; Klote [13]; Klote et al. [18]; and Klote et al. [16].
If it is intended to open the elevator doors during opera-
tion of the smoke control system, the maximum pressure dif-
ference across the elevator doors that allows the elevator doors lets of pressurized stairwells also apply to the supply air inlets
to operate should be established. for non–smoke zones.
In cold climates, the introduction of large quantities of out-
A.4.8 The pressurized stairwells discussed in Section 4.6 are side air can cause serious damage to building systems. There-
intended to control smoke to the extent that they inhibit fore, serious consideration should be given to emergency pre-
smoke infiltration into the stairwell. However, in a building heat systems that temper the incoming air and help to avoid or
with a pressurized stairwell as the sole means of smoke control, limit damage. Alternatively, pressurizing only those zones im-
smoke can flow through cracks in floors and partitions and mediately adjacent to the smoke zones could limit the quantity
through other shafts and threaten life and damage property at of outside air required, as in Figure A.4.8.1.1.1, parts (b) and
locations remote from the fire. The concept of zoned smoke (d). However, the disadvantage of this limited approach is that
control discussed in this section is intended to limit this type of it is possible to have smoke flow through shafts past the pres-
smoke movement within a building. surized zone and into unpressurized spaces. When this alter-
Limiting fire size (mass burning rate) increases the reliability native is considered, a careful examination of the potential
and viability of smoke control systems. Fire size can be limited by smoke flows involved should be accomplished and a determi-
fuel control, compartmentation, or automatic sprinklers. It is nation of acceptability made.
possible to provide smoke control in buildings not having fire- Smoke zones should be kept as small as practicable so that
limiting features, but in those instances careful consideration evacuation from these zones can be readily achieved and so
must be given to fire pressure, high temperatures, mass burning that the quantity of air required to pressurize the surrounding
rates, accumulation of unburned fuels, and other outputs result- spaces can be kept to a manageable level. However, these
ing from uncontrolled fires. zones should be large enough so that heat buildup from the
A.4.8.1.1.1 Arrangements of some smoke control zones are fire will be sufficiently diluted with surrounding air so as to
illustrated in Figure A.4.8.1.1.1. prevent failure of major components of the smoke control
In Figure A.4.8.1.1.1, the smoke zone is indicated by a minus system. Design guidance on dilution temperature is provided
sign and pressurized spaces are indicated by plus signs. Each in ASHRAE/SFPE Principles of Smoke Management.
floor can be a smoke control zone, as in (a) and (b), or a smoke A.4.8.3 Methods of design for smoke refuge areas are pre-
zone can consist of more than one floor, as in (c) and (d). A sented in Klote [14].
smoke zone can also be limited to a part of a floor, as in (e).
A.4.9 Examples of smoke control systems that can interact
When a fire occurs, all the non–smoke zones in the build-
when operating simultaneously include the following:
ing can be pressurized as shown in Figure A.4.8.1.1.1, parts
(a), (c), and (e). This system requires large quantities of out- (1) Pressurized stairwells that connect to floor areas that are
side air. The comments concerning location of supply air in- part of a zoned smoke control system

ME.MS.14 2012 Edition

109
 ANNEX A 92–33

Table A.5.4.1 Increase in Time for Smoke Layer Interface to mass rate of combustion p products generated
g and to the
Reach Selected Position for Axisymmetric Plumes amount of air entrained onlyy being g a function of the strength
fire).
(i.e., rate of heat release of the fire)
t/t0 Fires can be located near the edge or a corner of the open
space. In this case, entrainment might not be from all sides of
z/H m/me = 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 0.85 0.95 the plume, resulting in a lesser smoke production rate than
where entrainment can occur from all sides. Thus, conserva-
0.2 1.12 1.19 1.3 1.55 1.89 2.49
tive design calculations should be conducted based on the
0.3 1.14 1.21 1.35 1.63 2.05 2.78
assumption that entrainment occurs from all sides.
0.4 1.16 1.24 1.4 1.72 2.24 3.15
0.5 1.17 1.28 1.45 1.84 2.48 3.57 Physical model tests (Lougheed [24]; Lougheed [25]) with
0.6 1.20 1.32 1.52 2.00 2.78 4.11 steady-state fires have shown that Equation 5.5.1.1b provides a
0.7 1.23 1.36 1.61 2.20 3.17 4.98 good estimate of the plume mass flow rate for an atrium
0.8 1.26 1.41 1.71 2.46 3.71 6.25 smoke management system operating under equilibrium con-
ditions (see 5.5.1.1). The results also showed that the smoke
where: layer was well mixed. The average temperature in the smoke
t = time for smoke layer interface to descend to z layer can be approximated using the adiabatic estimate for the
t0 = value of t in absence of smoke exhaust (see Equation 5.4.2.1) plume temperature at the height of the smoke layer interface
z = design height of smoke layer interface above base of the fire (see Equation 5.5.5).
H = ceiling height above fire source At equilibrium, the height z in Equation 5.5.1.1b is the lo-
m = mass flow rate of smoke exhaust (minus any mass flow rate into cation of the smoke layer interface above the base of fuel (see
smoke layer from sources other than the plume)
Figure A.3.3.13.1). For an efficient smoke management sys-
me = value of m required to maintain smoke layer interface indefinitely
at z (see Equation 5.5.1.1b) tem, the depth of the transition zone is approximately 10 per-
cent of the atrium height. In the transition zone, the tempera-
ture and other smoke parameters decrease linearly with
The equations are based on limited experimental data height between the smoke layer interface height and the lower
(Cooper et al. [4]; Hagglund, Jansson, and Nireus [6]; Heske-
edge of the transition zone.
stad and Delichatsios [12]; Mulholland et al. [38]; Nowler
[40]) from investigations using the following: Plume contact with the walls can be of concern for cases
where the plume diameter increases (see 5.5.4) to contact
(1) Uniform cross-sectional areas with respect to height multiple walls of the atrium below the intended design smoke
(2) A/H2 ratios ranging from 0.9 to 14 layer interface. The effective smoke layer interface will occur
(3) z/H ≥ 0.2 at or below the height where the plume is in contact with all
A.5.4.2.2 See Annex I for additional information on unsteady the walls.
fires. In situations where the flame height as calculated from
Equation 5.5.1.1a is greater than 50 percent of the ceiling
A.5.5.1.1 The mass rate of smoke production is calculated
based on the rate of entrained air, because the mass rate of com- height or in a condition of dispersed fuel packages (see 5.2.5)
bustion products generated from the fire is generally much less that can be burning simultaneously, the application of the vir-
than the rate of air entrained in the plume. tual origin concept can make a difference in the mass flow
Several entrainment relations for axisymmetric fire plumes calculation. Equations that include the virtual origin and re-
have been proposed. Those recommended here were first de- vised flame height calculation can be found in NFPA 204, Stan-
rived in conjunction with the 1982 edition of NFPA 204, Standard dard for Smoke and Heat Venting, 9.2.3, Mass Flow Rate in Plume.
for Smoke and Heat Venting. The relations were later slightly modi- A.5.5.2.1 Equation 5.5.2.1 is based on Law’s interpretation
fied by the incorporation of a virtual origin and were also com- [22] of small-scale experiments by Morgan and Marshall [35].
pared against other entrainment relations. For more informa- Scenarios with balcony spill plumes involve smoke rising
tion about fire plumes, see Heskestad [9] and Beyler [2]. above a fire, reaching a ceiling, balcony, or other significant
The entrainment relations for axisymmetric fire plumes in horizontal projection, then traveling horizontally toward the
this standard are essentially those presented in the 1982 edi- edge of the “balcony.” Characteristics of the resulting balcony
tion of NFPA 204. Effects of virtual origin are ignored, because spill plume depend on characteristics of the fire, width of the
they generally would be small in the current application.
spill plume, and height of the ceiling above the fire. In addi-
The base of the fire has to be the lowest point of the fuel tion, the path of horizontal travel from the plume centerline
array. The mass flow rate in the plume depends on whether
to the balcony edge is significant.
locations above or below the mean flame height are consid-
ered (i.e., whether the flames are below the smoke layer inter- Agreement of the predictions from Equation 5.5.2.1 with
face or reach into the smoke layer). those from small-scale experimental efforts is presented in Fig-
The rate of mass supplied by the plume to the smoke layer ure A.5.5.2.1. Whereas the agreement is quite good, the results
is obtained from Equation 5.5.1.1c for clear heights less than are from only two small-scale experimental programs.
the flame height (see Equation 5.5.1.1a and otherwise from The results of full-scale tests conducted as part of a joint
Equation 5.5.1.1b). The clear height is selected as the design research project involving the American Society for Heating,
height of the smoke layer interface above the fire source. Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers and the Na-
q
It should be noted that Equations 5.5.1.1b and 5.5.1.1c do tional Research Council (Lougheed [27]; Lougheed [28]) in-
p
not explicitlyy address the types
yp of materials involved in the dicate that the balcony spill plume equation developed by Law
fire, other than throughg the rate of heat release. This is due to provides a reasonable but conservative estimate for smoke
the mass rate of air entrained being much greater than the layer interface heights up to 50 ft (15 m).

ME.SM.15 2012 Edition

110
 ANNEX A 92–29

openings in their tops. The building stack effect has provided +

the driving force that has readily moved smoke into and out of +
the loosely constructed elevator hoistways. Several methods of + +
– Smoke –
correcting this problem have been proposed and investigated. + zone +
These methods include the following: +
+
(1) Exhaust of the fire floor (a) (b)
(2) Pressurization of enclosed elevator lobbies
(3) Construction of smoke-tight
g elevator lobbies +
(4) Pressurization of the elevator hoistwayy +
(5) Closing of elevator doors after automatic recall +
+ +
(Note: Rule 211.3a, Phase I Emergency Recall Operations, of + +
+ +
ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, requires – –
that elevator doors open and remain open after the elevators are – Smoke –
– zone –
recalled. This results in large openings into the elevator hoist-
+ +
ways, which can greatly increase the airflow required for pressur- + +
ization. NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protec- + +
tives, permits closing of elevator doors after a predetermined +
time when required by the authority having jurisdiction. Local +
+
requirements on operation of elevator doors should be deter-
(c) (d)
mined and incorporated into the system design.)
The methods listed in A.4.7(1) through A.4.7(5) have been
employed either singly or in combination. However, their ap- + + +
+ + +
plication to a particular project, including the effect of any + + – Smoke
+ + + zone
vents in the elevator hoistway, should be closely evaluated. The
open vent at the top of the elevator hoistway could have an + + +
+ + +
undesirable effect on elevator smoke control systems.
(e)
The following references discuss research concerning el-
evator use during fire situations: Klote and Braun [17]; Klote FIGURE A.4.8.1.1.1 Arrangements of Smoke Control Zones.
[15]; Klote, Levin, and Groner [20]; Klote, Levin, and Groner
[19]; Klote [13]; Klote et al. [18]; and Klote et al. [16].
If it is intended to open the elevator doors during opera-
tion of the smoke control system, the maximum pressure dif-
ference across the elevator doors that allows the elevator doors lets of pressurized stairwells also apply to the supply air inlets
to operate should be established. for non–smoke zones.
In cold climates, the introduction of large quantities of out-
A.4.8 The pressurized stairwells discussed in Section 4.6 are side air can cause serious damage to building systems. There-
intended to control smoke to the extent that they inhibit fore, serious consideration should be given to emergency pre-
smoke infiltration into the stairwell. However, in a building heat systems that temper the incoming air and help to avoid or
with a pressurized stairwell as the sole means of smoke control, limit damage. Alternatively, pressurizing only those zones im-
smoke can flow through cracks in floors and partitions and mediately adjacent to the smoke zones could limit the quantity
through other shafts and threaten life and damage property at of outside air required, as in Figure A.4.8.1.1.1, parts (b) and
locations remote from the fire. The concept of zoned smoke (d). However, the disadvantage of this limited approach is that
control discussed in this section is intended to limit this type of it is possible to have smoke flow through shafts past the pres-
smoke movement within a building. surized zone and into unpressurized spaces. When this alter-
Limiting fire size (mass burning rate) increases the reliability native is considered, a careful examination of the potential
and viability of smoke control systems. Fire size can be limited by smoke flows involved should be accomplished and a determi-
fuel control, compartmentation, or automatic sprinklers. It is nation of acceptability made.
possible to provide smoke control in buildings not having fire- Smoke zones should be kept as small as practicable so that
limiting features, but in those instances careful consideration evacuation from these zones can be readily achieved and so
must be given to fire pressure, high temperatures, mass burning that the quantity of air required to pressurize the surrounding
rates, accumulation of unburned fuels, and other outputs result- spaces can be kept to a manageable level. However, these
ing from uncontrolled fires. zones should be large enough so that heat buildup from the
A.4.8.1.1.1 Arrangements of some smoke control zones are fire will be sufficiently diluted with surrounding air so as to
illustrated in Figure A.4.8.1.1.1. prevent failure of major components of the smoke control
In Figure A.4.8.1.1.1, the smoke zone is indicated by a minus system. Design guidance on dilution temperature is provided
sign and pressurized spaces are indicated by plus signs. Each in ASHRAE/SFPE Principles of Smoke Management.
floor can be a smoke control zone, as in (a) and (b), or a smoke A.4.8.3 Methods of design for smoke refuge areas are pre-
zone can consist of more than one floor, as in (c) and (d). A sented in Klote [14].
smoke zone can also be limited to a part of a floor, as in (e).
A.4.9 Examples of smoke control systems that can interact
When a fire occurs, all the non–smoke zones in the build-
when operating simultaneously include the following:
ing can be pressurized as shown in Figure A.4.8.1.1.1, parts
(a), (c), and (e). This system requires large quantities of out- (1) Pressurized stairwells that connect to floor areas that are
side air. The comments concerning location of supply air in- part of a zoned smoke control system

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111
92–28 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

One major advantage of using propeller fans for stairwell
pressurization is that they have a relatively flat pressure re-
sponse curve with respect to varying flow. Therefore, as doors
are opened and closed, propeller fans quickly respond to air-
flow changes in the stairwell without major pressure fluctua-
tions. A second advantage of using propeller fans is that they
are less costly than other types of fans and can provide ad-
equate smoke control with lower installed costs.
A disadvantage of using propeller fans is that they often
require windshields at the intake because they operate at low
pressures and are readily affected by wind pressure on the
building. This is less critical on roofs, where the fans are often
protected by parapets and where the direction of the wind is at
right angles to the axis of the fan.
Propeller fans mounted on walls pose the greatest suscepti-
bility to the adverse effects of wind pressures. The adverse ef-
fect is at a maximum when wind direction is in direct opposi-
tion to the fan airflow, resulting in a lower intake pressure and
thus significantly reducing fan effectiveness. Winds that are
variable in intensity and direction also pose a threat to the
ability of the system to maintain control over the stairwell
static pressure.
A.4.6.4 Figure A.4.6.4(a) and Figure A.4.6.4(b) are two ex-
amples of the many possible multiple-injection systems that
can be used to overcome the limitations of single-injection
systems. The pressurization fans can be located at ground
level, at roof level, or at any location in between.
Roof
level
tem is especially prone to failure. Careful design analysis is
needed for all single-bottom-injection systems and for all
other single-injection systems for stairwells in excess of 100 ft
(30.5 m) in height to ensure proper pressurization through-
out the stairwell.
A.4.6.4.2 Many multiple-injection systems have been built with
supply air injection points on each floor. These systems represent
the ultimate in preventing loss of pressurization air through a few
open doors; however, that many injection points might not be
necessary. For system designs with injection points more than
three stories apart, the designer should use a computer analysis
such as the one in ASHRAE/SFPE Principles of Smoke Management
[21]. The purpose of this analysis is to ensure that loss of pressur-
ization air through a few open doors does not lead to substantial
loss of stairwell pressurization.
A.4.7 If elevators are intended to be used for evacuation dur-
ing a fire, the elevator pressurization system should be pro-
tected against heat, flame, smoke, loss of electrical power, loss
of elevator machine room cooling, water intrusion, and inad-
vertent activation of controls.
Historically, elevator hoistways have proved to be a readily
available conduit for the movement of smoke throughout
buildings. The reason is that elevator doors have not been
tight-fitting and elevator hoistways have been provided with
Centrifugal
Roof fan
level
Duct shaft

Duct shaft

Duct

Duct

Centrifugal
fan

FIGURE A.4.6.4(b) Stairwell Pressurization by Multiple In-

jection with Roof-Mounted Fan.
FIGURE A.4.6.4(a) Stairwell Pressurization by Multiple In-
jection with the Fan Located at Ground Level.
Centrifugal
In Figure A.4.6.4(a)and Figure A.4.6.4(b), the supply duct is fan Roof
shown in a separate shaft. However, systems have been built that level
have eliminated the expense of a separate duct shaft by locating
the supply duct in the stair enclosure itself. Care should be taken
so that the duct does not reduce the required exit width or be-
come an obstruction to orderly building evacuation.
A.4.6.4.1.1 The most common injection point is at the top of
the stairwell, as illustrated in Figure A.4.6.4.1.1.
A.4.6.4.1.2 Single-injection systems can fail when a few doors
are open near the air supply injection point. All the pressuriza-
tion air can be lost through these open doors, at which time
the system will fail to maintain positive pressures across doors
farther from the injection point.
Because a ground-level stairwell door is likely to be in the
open position much of the time, a single-bottom-injection sys- FIGURE A.4.6.4.1.1 Stairwell Pressurization by Top Injection.

2012 Edition
ME.SM.17

112
 CALCULATION SHEETS
(1) EXIT STAIRS PRESSURIZATION CALCLATIONS:

1-Calculation Sheet (1-D) & (8-D)

2-Calculation Sheet (1-J) & (8-J)

3-Calculation Sheet (1-L)

(2) ELEVATORS WELL PRESSURIZATION CALCLATIONS:

1-Calculation Sheet (5-D).

(3) CAR PARKING VENTILATION CALCLATIONS:

1- Ventilation Calculation Sheet (First Basement)

2- Ventilation Calculation Sheet (Second Basement)

3- Ventilation Calculation Sheet (Third Basement)

(4) SMOKE, MAKEUP & PRESSURIZATION AIR ZONE FLOOR CALCULATION:

1- SMOKE EXHAUSTE CALCULATION

2-MAKEUP, PRESSURIED AIR & (MAKEUP-PRESSURIZED AIR RELATION)

CALCULATIONS

113
 CALCULATION SHEETS

1) EXIT STAIRS PRESSURIZATION CALCLATIONS:

1-Calculation Sheet (1-D) & (8-D)

2-Calculation Sheet (1-J) & (8-J)

3-Calculation Sheet (1-L)

114
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: Feb-17 Sheet no.: 1 1 Computed by:

Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL-200 BED ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING

Stairwell Pressurisation with some doors opened. Summer axises-1-D &8-D

Conditions : Fire Escape on : 10 Floors

Stair Doors: 10
Escape Door : 1
Building Height : 39.0 m

Pressure Level : 25 Pa

1- Air volume required when all doors are closed : Q1= 0.827 x AE x P1/n

Q = Volume of Air Required (m 3)/sec

AE = Leakage Area from the space (m2)

= 0.010 (m2) for single leaf in frame opening into pressurized space
= 0.100 (m2) for 10 Stair Doors

P = Pressure Differential = 25 Pa n = Leakage Factor = 2

Q1 = 0.827 x 0.10 x 25 ½ : Q1 = 0.414 m3 / sec

Although the effective leakage area is known, there are other leaks we are not aware of.
To account for these leaks, Q is increased by 50%, hence:

Q1 = 0.414 +50% Q1 = 0.62 m3 / s

2- Air volume required when doors are opened :

2
Door Area = 2 x 1 = 2.00 m
Air Velocity Across Door = 0.75 m/s = 200 fpm

Minimum Number of Opened Doors = main escape doors + 10% of remaining straiwell doors
= 1 + 1
Open door area = Area of escape doors + 50% of the 10% of remaining straiwell doors
= 2 + 2
= 4.00 m2
Q2 = A x V => Q2 = 4.00 m3 / s
3- Total Air Supplied by the fan :

QT = Q1 + Q2 => QT = 4.6 m3 / s = 9790 cfm

979 cfm per floor

115
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: Sheet no.: 2 2 Computed by: M.A
Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL-200 BED Checked by:
Stairwell Pressurisation with some doors opened. Summer Approved by:

QT = 4.6 m3 / sec = 9790 cfm = 4620 l/s

at 2300 fpm => f= 0.342 "/100 ft

Duct Length = 50.0 m

Friction Loss through duct: = (Duct Length x 1.25 x 3.28 x f)

Friction Loss = 0.70 "

Total Static Pressure = (PD at Register + Friction Loss + Volume Damper)*30%

= 0.20 + 0.70 + 0.1
= 1.24 "
= 30.9 mm
= 308 Pa

Total Static Pressure on Fan = 308 + 25

Total Fan Static Pressure = 333 Pa = 1.3 " = 33.4 mm

Relief Damper Sizing :

Air to be releived = Q 2 = 4.0 m3/sec

Area of Pressure Relief A= 4.0

0.827 x 25
A= 0.97 m2

116
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: Feb-17 Sheet no.: 1 1 Computed by:

Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL-200 BED ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING

Stairwell Pressurisation with some doors opened. Summer axises-1-J & 8-J

Conditions : Fire Escape on : 7 Floors

Stair Doors: 7
Escape Door : 1
Building Height : 30.5 m

Pressure Level : 25 Pa

1- Air volume required when all doors are closed : Q1= 0.827 x AE x P1/n

Q = Volume of Air Required (m3)/sec

AE = Leakage Area from the space (m2)

= 0.010 (m2) for single leaf in frame opening into pressurized space
= 0.070 (m2) for 7 Stair Doors

P = Pressure Differential = 25 Pa n = Leakage Factor = 2

Q1 = 0.827 x 0.07 x 25 ½ : Q1 = 0.289 m3 / sec

Although the effective leakage area is known, there are other leaks we are not aware of.
To account for these leaks, Q is increased by 50%, hence:

Q1 = 0.289 +50% Q1 = 0.43 m3 / s

2- Air volume required when doors are opened :

Door Area = 2 x 1 = 2.00 m2

Air Velocity Across Door = 0.75 m/s = 148 fpm

Minimum Number of Opened Doors = main escape doors + 10% of remaining straiwell doors
= 1 + 1
Open door area = Area of escape doors + 50% of the 10% of remaining straiwell doors
= 2 + 2
= 4.00 m2
Q2 = A x V => Q2 = 4.00 m3 / s
3- Total Air Supplied by the fan :

QT = Q1 + Q2 => QT = 4.4 m3 / s = 9396 cfm

117
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: Sheet no.: 2 2 Computed by: M.A
Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL-200 BED Checked by:
Stairwell Pressurisation with some doors opened. Summer Approved by:

QT = 4.4 m3 / sec = 9396 cfm = 4434 l/s

at 2300 fpm => f= 0.342 "/100 ft

Duct Length = 50.0 m

Friction Loss through duct: = (Duct Length x 1.25 x 3.28 x f)

Friction Loss = 0.70 "

Total Static Pressure = (PD at Register + Friction Loss + Volume Damper)*30%

= 0.20 + 0.70 + 0.1
= 1.24 "
= 30.9 mm
= 308 Pa

Total Static Pressure on Fan = 308 + 25

Total Fan Static Pressure = 333 Pa = 1.3 " = 33.4 mm

Relief Damper Sizing :

Air to be releived = Q 2 = 4.0 m3/sec

Area of Pressure Relief A= 4.0

0.827 x 25
A= 0.97 m2

118
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: Feb-17 Sheet no.: 1 1 Computed by:

Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL-200 BED ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING

Stairwell Pressurisation with some doors opened. Summer axises-5-L

Conditions : Fire Escape on : 4.0 Floors

Stair Doors: 4.0
Escape Door : 1.0
Building Height : 14.0 m

Pressure Level : 25 Pa

1- Air volume required when all doors are closed : Q1= 0.827 x AE x P1/n

Q = Volume of Air Required (m 3)/sec

AE = Leakage Area from the space (m2)

= 0.010 (m2) for single leaf in frame opening into pressurized space
= 0.040 (m2) for 4 Stair Doors

P = Pressure Differential = 25 Pa n = Leakage Factor = 2

Q1 = 0.827 x 0.04 x 25 ½ : Q1 = 0.165 m3 / sec

Although the effective leakage area is known, there are other leaks we are not aware of.
To account for these leaks, Q is increased by 50%, hence:

Q1 = 0.165 +50% Q1 = 0.25 m3 / s

2- Air volume required when doors are opened :

2
Door Area = 2 x 1 = 2.00 m
Air Velocity Across Door = 0.75 m/s = 148 fpm

Minimum Number of Opened Doors = main escape doors + 10% of remaining straiwell doors
= 1 + 1
Open door area = Area of escape doors + 50% of the 10% of remaining straiwell doors
= 2 + 2
= 4.00 m2
Q2 = A x V => Q2 = 4.00 m3 / s
3- Total Air Supplied by the fan :

QT = Q1 + Q2 => QT = 4.2 m3 / s = 9002 cfm

2250 cfm per floor

119
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: Sheet no.: 2 2 Computed by: M.A
Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL-200 BED Checked by:
Stairwell Pressurisation with some doors opened. Summer Approved by:

QT = 4.2 m3 / sec = 9002 cfm = 4248 l/s

at 2300 fpm => f= 0.342 "/100 ft

Duct Length = 50.0 m

Friction Loss through duct: = (Duct Length x 1.25 x 3.28 x f)

Friction Loss = 0.70 "

Total Static Pressure = (PD at Register + Friction Loss + Volume Damper)*30%

= 0.20 + 0.70 + 0.1
= 1.24 "
= 30.9 mm
= 308 Pa

Total Static Pressure on Fan = 308 + 25

Total Fan Static Pressure = 333 Pa = 1.3 " = 33.4 mm

Relief Damper Sizing :

Air to be releived = Q 2 = 4.0 m3/sec

Area of Pressure Relief A= 4.0

0.827 x 25
A= 0.97 m2

120
 CALCULATION SHEETS

(2) ELEVATOR WELL PRESSURIZATION CALCLATIONS:

1-Calculation Sheet (5-D).

121
 Design calculation sheet
Project no: 11-07-01 Date: Jul-17 Sheet no.: Computed by:

Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL-200 BED ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING

Pressurization fan for elevator axises-5-D

No. Of Stops = Gr. + 7 Floors + Service Floor = 9 Floors

No. Of elevators = 2 Nos.

No. Of Elev.Doors = 2 (Gr.) + 16 (Typical Floors) = 18 Doors

Door Size :-
W = 1.1 M
H = 2.0 m

Qe = KAe (P)1/2

Where :
Ae = 0.003 x(( 2.0 + 1.1 )x 2 )+ 2.0 x 18 = 0.44 M2

K = 0.839
P = 50 Pascal.

Qe = 0.839 x Ae x (50)1/2

Qe = 2.6 M3/Sec. = 92.7 CFM

In Case One Door Opened :

Where :-
A = Door Area
V = Air Velocity = 0.75 m/sec.
Af = Area Factor = 0.6

3
VA 0.75 x 2.0 x 1.1 M /Sec.
Qo = = = 2.75
Af 0.6

= 5825 CFM

Conclusion :
System Description :
Left Well Pressurization fan For elevators .
Qty. : 1 Nos. Fan
Capacity : 6,000 cfm
Type : : variable speed fan

Provide fresh air pressurized fan located on roof

of 6000 CFM & 1.5 In.wg.

122
 CALCULATION SHEETS

(3) CAR PARKING VENTILATION CALCLATIONS:

1- Ventilation Calculation Sheet (First Basement)

2- Ventilation Calculation Sheet (Second Basement)

3- Ventilation Calculation Sheet (Third Basement)

4- Ventilation Calculation Sheet (Fourth Basement)

123
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: 8/2016 Computed by:

Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING

CAR PARKING -1ST BASEMENT - VENTILATION CALCULATION

***BY NUMBERS OF CARS

DESCRIPTION VALUE UNIT I/O

NUMBER OF CARS 67.00 CAR INPUT

HIGHT,H 13.80 FT INPUT

AREA OF PARKING,A 5325.00 M² INPUT

AREA OF PARKING,AF 57318.30 FT² OUTPUT

TIME OF CAR OPERATION, Ө 120.00 SEC RECOMMENDED

MAX CO2 LEVEL REQUIRED 25.00 PPM RECOMMENDED

OPERATION CARS AT PEAK 60.00 % RECOMMENDED

NUMBER OF OPERATION CARS AT PEAK, N 40.20 CAR OUTPUT

EMISSION RATE , E 700.00 GAL/HR AVERAGE

GENERATION RATE G 0.49 g/hr.ft² OUTPUT

NORMALIZE VALUE OF GENERATION RATE ,GO 2.48 g/hr.ft² RECOMMENDED

F 19.80 - OUTPUT

C 0.0001363 CFM/FT²-S RECOMMENDED

VENTELATION RATE 0.32 CFM/FT² OUTPUT

REQUIRED AIR CHANGE /HR 1.41 ACH OUTPUT

AIR FLOW RATE 18559 CFM OUTPUT

STATIC PRESSURE 2.00 IN" W INPUT

FAN POWER 12.37 HP OUTPUT

***BY CFM /FT2 AS PER NFPA 88A

1 CFM/FT2 57318.30 CFM

4ACH 52732.84 CFM
EXHAUST RATE (FIRE CASE)

SECOND SPEED ACTIVATED FOR 8 ACH 105465.67 CFM

* 2007 ASHRAE Application-A 12 Page ( 12.9 )

124
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: 8/2016 Computed by:

Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING

CAR PARKING -2ND BASEMENT - VENTILATION CALCULATION

***BY NUMBERS OF CARS

DESCRIPTION VALUE UNIT I/O

NUMBER OF CARS 182.00 CAR INPUT

HIGHT,H 11.80 FT INPUT

AREA OF PARKING,A 8490.00 M² INPUT

AREA OF PARKING,AF 91386.36 FT² OUTPUT

TIME OF CAR OPERATION, Ө 120.00 SEC RECOMMENDED

MAX CO2 LEVEL REQUIRED 25.00 PPM RECOMMENDED

OPERATION CARS AT PEAK 60.00 % RECOMMENDED

NUMBER OF OPERATION CARS AT PEAK, N 109.20 CAR OUTPUT

EMISSION RATE , E 700.00 GAL/HR AVERAGE

GENERATION RATE G 0.84 g/hr.ft² OUTPUT

NORMALIZE VALUE OF GENERATION RATE ,GO 2.48 g/hr.ft² RECOMMENDED

F 33.73 - OUTPUT

C 0.0001363 CFM/FT²-S RECOMMENDED

VENTELATION RATE 0.55 CFM/FT² OUTPUT

REQUIRED AIR CHANGE /HR 2.81 ACH OUTPUT

AIR FLOW RATE 50413 CFM OUTPUT

STATIC PRESSURE 2.00 IN" W INPUT

FAN POWER 33.61 HP OUTPUT

***BY CFM /FT2 AS PER NFPA 88A

1 CFM/FT2 91386.36 CFM
4ACH 71890.60 CFM
EXHAUST RATE (FIRE CASE)
SECOND SPEED ACTIVATED FOR 8 ACH 143781.21 CFM

* 2007 ASHRAE Application-A 12 Page ( 12.9 )

125
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: 8/2016 Computed by:

Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING

CAR PARKING -3RD BASEMENT - VENTILATION CALCULATION

***BY NUMBERS OF CARS

DESCRIPTION VALUE UNIT I/O

NUMBER OF CARS 225.00 CAR INPUT

HIGHT,H 11.80 FT INPUT

AREA OF PARKING,A 8490.00 M² INPUT

AREA OF PARKING,AF 91386.36 FT² OUTPUT

TIME OF CAR OPERATION, Ө 120.00 SEC RECOMMENDED

MAX CO2 LEVEL REQUIRED 25.00 PPM RECOMMENDED

OPERATION CARS AT PEAK 60.00 % RECOMMENDED

NUMBER OF OPERATION CARS AT PEAK, N 135.00 CAR OUTPUT

EMISSION RATE , E 700.00 GAL/HR AVERAGE

GENERATION RATE G 1.03 g/hr.ft² OUTPUT

NORMALIZE VALUE OF GENERATION RATE ,GO 2.48 g/hr.ft² RECOMMENDED

F 41.70 - OUTPUT

C 0.0001363 CFM/FT²-S RECOMMENDED

VENTELATION RATE 0.68 CFM/FT² OUTPUT

REQUIRED AIR CHANGE /HR 3.47 ACH OUTPUT

AIR FLOW RATE 62324 CFM OUTPUT

STATIC PRESSURE 2.00 IN" W INPUT

FAN POWER 41.55 HP OUTPUT

***BY CFM /FT2 AS PER NFPA 88A

1 CFM/FT2 91386.36 CFM

4ACH 71890.60 CFM
EXHAUST RATE (FIRE CASE)

SECOND SPEED ACTIVATED FOR 8 ACH 143781.21 CFM

* 2007 ASHRAE Application-A 12 Page ( 12.9 )

126
Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: 8/2016 Computed by:

Subject: LOLOA HOSPITAL ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING

CAR PARKING -4TH BASEMENT - VENTILATION CALCULATION

***BY NUMBERS OF CARS

DESCRIPTION VALUE UNIT I/O

NUMBER OF CARS 239.00 CAR INPUT

HIGHT,H 11.80 FT INPUT

AREA OF PARKING,A 8950.00 M² INPUT

AREA OF PARKING,AF 96337.80 FT² OUTPUT

TIME OF CAR OPERATION, Ө 120.00 SEC RECOMMENDED

MAX CO2 LEVEL REQUIRED 25.00 PPM RECOMMENDED

OPERATION CARS AT PEAK 60.00 % RECOMMENDED

NUMBER OF OPERATION CARS AT PEAK, N 143.40 CAR OUTPUT

EMISSION RATE , E 700.00 GAL/HR AVERAGE

GENERATION RATE G 1.04 g/hr.ft² OUTPUT

NORMALIZE VALUE OF GENERATION RATE ,GO 2.48 g/hr.ft² RECOMMENDED

F 42.01 - OUTPUT

C 0.0001363 CFM/FT²-S RECOMMENDED

VENTELATION RATE 0.69 CFM/FT² OUTPUT

REQUIRED AIR CHANGE /HR 3.49 ACH OUTPUT

AIR FLOW RATE 66202 CFM OUTPUT

STATIC PRESSURE 2.00 IN" W INPUT

FAN POWER 44.13 HP OUTPUT

***BY CFM /FT2 AS PER NFPA 88A

1 CFM/FT2 96337.80 CFM

4ACH 75785.74 CFM
EXHAUST RATE (FIRE CASE)

SECOND SPEED ACTIVATED FOR 8 ACH 151571.47 CFM

* 2007 ASHRAE Application-A 12 Page ( 12.9 )

127
 CALCULATION SHEETS

(4) SMOKE, MAKEUP & PRESSURIZATION AIR ZONE FLOOR CALCULATION:

1- SMOKE EXHAUSTE CALCULATION

2- MAKEUP, PRESSURIED AIR & (MAKEUP-PRESSURIZED AIR RELATION)

CALCULATIONS

128
 Design calculation sheet
Project no: DATE 2017 Computed by:

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING
Subject: LOLOA ALAZAL 200 Beds Hospital - RIYADH
ENGINEERING

CALC,TYPE SMOKE,MAKEUP AIR & PRESSURIZATION CALCULATION AS PER FLOOR & ZONE

MAKEUP AIR (CFM)

AREA Height Exhaust EXHAUST PER FLOOR TOTAL MAKEUP AIR PER FLOOR
compartment

Zone No

M2 M L/S CFM CFM CFM

BS1 FLOOR
1 ZONE 1 86 2.60 373 790 671.2
5 ZONE 2 253 2.60 1096 2323 1974.7
9 ZONE 3 83 2.60 360 762 647.8
ZONE 4 55 2.60 238 505 429.3
ZONE 5 123 2.60 533 1129 960.0
11 2341 8703
ZONE 6 51 2.60 221 468 398.1
ZONE 7 76 2.60 329 698 593.2
12 ZONE 8 58 2.60 251 533 452.7
10 ZONE 9 255 2.60 1105 2341 1990.3
14 ZONE 10 75 2.60 325 689 585.4

GROUND FLOOR
ZONE 1 162 2.60 702 1488 1264.4
5 ZONE 4 40 4.30 287 607 516.3
ZONE 5 40 2.60 173 367 312.2
ZONE 2 68 2.60 295 0 300.0
7
ZONE 3 28 2.60 121 257 200.0
5321 11306
6 ZONE 6 159 2.60 689 1460 1241.0
ZONE 7 378 2.60 1638 3471 2950.3
1
ZONE 8 186 8.10 2511 5321 4522.0

129
 Design calculation sheet
Project no: DATE 2017 Computed by:

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING
Subject: LOLOA ALAZAL 200 Beds Hospital - RIYADH
ENGINEERING

CALC,TYPE SMOKE,MAKEUP AIR & PRESSURIZATION CALCULATION AS PER FLOOR & ZONE

MAKEUP AIR (CFM)

AREA Height Exhaust EXHAUST PER FLOOR TOTAL MAKEUP AIR PER FLOOR
compartment

Zone No

M2 M L/S CFM CFM CFM

1ST FLOOR
ZONE 1 84 2.60 364 771 655.6
1
ZONE 1/ 113 2.60 490 1038 882.0
ZONE 2 73 2.60 316 670 569.8
2
ZONE 2/ 46 2.60 199 422 359.0
ZONE 3 188 2.60 815 1726 1467.3
3
ZONE 3/ 207 2.60 897 1901 1615.6
4453 13019
4 ZONE 4 59 2.60 256 542 460.5
ZONE 5 165 2.60 715 1515 1287.8
5 ZONE 5/ 68 2.60 295 624 530.7
ZONE 8 43 2.60 186 395 335.6
6 ZONE 6 485 2.60 2102 4453 3785.4
7 ZONE 7 137 2.60 594 1258 1069.3
2ND FLOOR
1 ZONE 1 154 2.60 667 1414 1202.0
ZONE 2 166 2.60 719 1524 1295.6
2
ZONE 9 90 2.60 390 826 702.4
ZONE 3 54 2.60 234 496 421.5
3 ZONE 8 213 2.60 923 1956 1662.5
ZONE 11 73 2.60 316 670 569.8
1956 9702
4 ZONE 4 27 2.60 117 248 210.7
5 ZONE 5 43 2.60 186 395 335.6
ZONE 6 125 2.60 542 1148 975.6
6
ZONE 10 80 2.60 347 735 624.4
ZONE 7 138 2.60 598 1267 1077.1
7
ZONE 12 80 2.60 347 735 624.4

130
 Design calculation sheet
Project no: DATE 2017 Computed by:

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING
Subject: LOLOA ALAZAL 200 Beds Hospital - RIYADH
ENGINEERING

CALC,TYPE SMOKE,MAKEUP AIR & PRESSURIZATION CALCULATION AS PER FLOOR & ZONE

MAKEUP AIR (CFM)

AREA Height Exhaust EXHAUST PER FLOOR TOTAL MAKEUP AIR PER FLOOR
compartment

Zone No

M2 M L/S CFM CFM CFM

3RD FLOOR
ZONE 1 83 2.60 360 762 647.8
1
ZONE 3 134 2.60 581 1230 1045.9
ZONE 2 83 2.60 360 762 647.8
2
ZONE 4 127 2.60 550 1166 991.2
4 ZONE 5 33 2.60 143 303 200.0
ZONE 6 119 2.60 516 1093 928.8
3 1341 8436
ZONE 8 23 2.60 100 211 179.5
5 ZONE 7 119 2.60 516 1093 400.0
ZONE 9 74 2.60 321 679 577.6
6
ZONE 11 146 2.60 633 1341 1139.5
ZONE10 74 2.60 321 679 577.6
7
ZONE 12 141 2.60 611 1295 1100.5
4TH FLOOR
ZONE 1 83 2.60 360 762 647.8
1
ZONE 3 134 2.60 581 1230 1045.9
ZONE 2 83 2.60 360 762 647.8
2
ZONE 4 127 2.60 550 1166 991.2
4 ZONE 5 33 2.60 143 303 200.0
ZONE 6 119 2.60 516 1093 928.8
3 ZONE 8 23 2.60 100 211 179.5 1341 8553
ZONE 13 15 2.60 65 138 117.1

5 ZONE 7 119 2.60 516 1093 400.0

ZONE 9 74 2.60 321 679 577.6

6
ZONE 11 146 2.60 633 1341 1139.5
ZONE10 74 2.60 321 679 577.6
7
ZONE 12 141 2.60 611 1295 1100.5

5TH FLOOR

ZONE 1 118 2.60 511.33 1084 921.0

2

131
 Design calculation sheet
Project no: DATE 2017 Computed by:

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING
Subject: LOLOA ALAZAL 200 Beds Hospital - RIYADH
ENGINEERING

CALC,TYPE SMOKE,MAKEUP AIR & PRESSURIZATION CALCULATION AS PER FLOOR & ZONE

MAKEUP AIR (CFM)

AREA Height Exhaust EXHAUST PER FLOOR TOTAL MAKEUP AIR PER FLOOR
compartment

Zone No

M2 M L/S CFM CFM CFM

2
ZONE 2 64 2.60 278.63 590 501.9

1 ZONE 3 311 2.60 1347.67 2856 2440.0

3 ZONE 4 72 2.60 312.00 661 562.0

ZONE 5 92 2.60 398.67 845 718.1

5 2856 7664
ZONE 6 65 2.60 281.67 597 507.3

ZONE 7 98 2.60 424.67 900 764.9

7 ZONE 8 96 2.60 416.00 882 749.3

ZONE 9 34 2.60 147.33 312 265.4

6 ZONE 10 30 2.60 130.00 275 234.1

132
 ‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪133‬‬
 ‫تقرير فني كهربى ألنظمة السالمة‬

‫لمشروع‬

‫مستشفى لولوة العذل ( ‪ ) 200‬سـرير ‪ -‬بالرياض‬

‫المحتويات‬ ‫رقم الباب‬

‫أنظمة األنذار من الحريق‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫وحدات التوليد االحتياطيه ونظام التغذية عديمة األنقطاع(‪)UPS‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫إنارة سبل الهروب والطوارىء واللوحات اإلرشاديه لمخارج الطوارىء‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫نظام التأريض والحمايه من الصواعق‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫نظام النداء العام و االنذار الصوتى‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫نظام نداء الممرضات‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫إعـداد‬

‫‪134‬‬
 ‫تقرير فنى لمخططات األمن والسالمة‬

‫لمستشفى لولوة العـذل ‪ 200‬سرير ‪ -‬بالرياض‬

‫‪ -1‬أنظمة األنذار من الحريق ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ :1-1‬األسس المستخدمة فى التصميم‪:‬‬
‫‪ :1-1-1‬تم تصميم نظام إنذار الحريق وفقا لمتطلبات الجمعيه الوطنية للحماية من‬
‫الحـريق (‪ )National Fire Alarm Code :NFPA72‬و‬
‫( ‪ ) NFPA 101: Life Safety Code‬وكـذلك متـطـلبـات الحماية من‬
‫الحريق لدول مجلس تعاون الخليج العربى واشتراطات الدفاع المدنى بالمملكة‬
‫العربية السعودية الخاصة بمبانى الرعاية الصحية كما هو موضح بالمخططات‬
‫(‪.)EL-FA-01.. TO.... EL-FA-17‬‬

‫‪ : 2-1-1‬نظام إنذار الحريق من النوع المعنون بالكامل ( ‪ )Addressable‬ويتم االنذار فى‬

‫النظام بطريقتين ‪:‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬يدويا ً فى جميع الطوابق بأستخدام نقاط نداء يدوية يتم تشغيلها يدويا بكسر الغطاء‬
‫الزجاجى ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬تلقـائـي ـا ً ف ى جمي ع الغ رو وأجنح ة التن ويم والرده ات والمم رات وك ذلك أم اكن‬
‫الخطورة الخاصة واألقبية ومجارى التكيي و طبق ا للمعي ار ( ‪)NFPA72 : 5.5.2.1‬‬
‫بواس طة حساس ات ومكتش خات لخط ر الحري ق وم ن ا م ينطل ق إن ذار وه ى عب ارة ع ن‬
‫كاشخات حريق ( دخان – لهب – حرارة ‪ ...... -‬الخ ) ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :3-1-1‬يوفر النظام الخصائص التالية ‪:‬‬

‫الكشو األوتوماتيكي عن حدوث الحرائق وإصدار إنذار داخلي مرئي وصوتي‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫إصدار إنذار مرئي وصوتي عند التشغيل اليدوي لنقطة االستدعاء‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫اإلغالق األوتوماتيكي لنظام تكييو الهواء وقيادة المصاعد إلى الدور االرضى أو‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫أقرب دور وذلك في حالة الحريق ‪.‬‬
‫مراقبة حالة ما قبل االنذار وتحديد حساسية الكاشخات‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫إصدار إنذار بمركز اإلطخاء المحلى بواسطة االتصال الهاتخي أوتوماتيكيا‪.‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫إصدار إشارة تداخل بيني لتس مح ب اإلعالن األوتوم اتيكي لرس الة مس بقة التس جيل‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫على جهاز النداء اآللي وذلك في حالة الحريق‪.‬‬
‫الربط والتداخل البينى مع نظام المصاعد و النداء العام ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-7‬‬

‫(‬ ‫‪ : 4-1-1‬ت م تغطي ة المبن ى بع دد ( ‪ ) 2‬لوح ة تحك م أح دهما رئيس يه ش بكية‬

‫‪ ) MAIN NETWORK Fire Alarm Control Panel‬بغرف ة المراقب ه وال تحكم‬
‫بالدور األرضي وسعتها ( ‪ )15‬حلقة واللوحه الاانيه بغرفة التي ار الخخي و بال دور الاال ث‬
‫وس عتها ( ‪ ) 8‬حلق ات واللوح ات م زودة بشاش ة بي ان و طابع ة لتحدي د موق ع الحري ق‬
‫ومزودة ببطاريات احتياطيه فى حالة انقط اع التي ار للتش غيل نظ ام اإلن ذار ض د الحري ق‬
‫لمدة ( ‪ )24‬س اعة ف ى حال ة ع دم وج ود إن ذار (‪ )STAND BY‬و لم دة ( ‪) 15‬‬
‫دقيقه فى حالة وجود إنذارطبقا ً للكود (‪.)NFPA72 :4.4.1.5.3‬‬

‫‪135‬‬
136
137
‫‪ : 5-1-1‬كاشخات حرارة معنونة ‪ :‬يتم استخدامها ف ى المط ابخ و تعم ل كاش خات الح رارة المعنون ة‬
‫لكشو الحريق بواسطة جمع بين درجة الحرارة الاابتة ومبدأ معدل ارتخاع درجة الحرارة‪.‬‬
‫وال تتطلب استبدال لألجزاء بعد كل عملية و‪/‬أو اختبار‪ .‬يكون للكاشخات مبين إنذار ‪LED‬‬
‫مابت به ا‪ .‬تك ون الكاش خات م ن الن وع ذو اإلدخ ال ب اإليال )‪ (Plug-in‬يناس ب القواع د‬
‫العادية لالستبدال مالما هو مستخدم لكاشخات الدخان‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 6-1-1‬كاشخات الدخان البصرية القابل ة للعنون ة ‪ :‬ت م اس تخدامها ف ى المكات ب ومن اطق الخ دمات‬
‫والمخ ازن الص غيرة وف ى البس طة الرئيس ية لس اللم اله روب ف ى ك ل دور وف وق الس قو‬
‫المستعار فى اماكن مرور الكابالت الكهربائية‬
‫وت م توزي ع المكتش خات بمس افات بيني ه كم ا ه و م ذكور ف ى الك ود‬
‫(‪.NFPA72: )Annex B.4.1.1‬‬

‫‪ : 7-1-1‬كاشخات الدخان والحرارة (المجتمعة)‪ :‬يتم استخدامها ف ى غ رو الكهروميكانيك ا وغ رو‬

‫أجهزة السرفرات ومراكز المعلومات وغرو البطاريات ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :-8-1-1‬الكاشخات المعنونة المركبة فى مجارى الهواء ‪ :‬الكاشخات المركبة فى مجارى الهواء‬

‫تكون ذكية متناظرة ومعنونة ولها عازل قصر الدائرة مابت بها طبقا للكود‬
‫( ‪.)NFPA72 : 5.16‬‬

‫‪ : 9-1-1‬تم استخدام كواشو لهب فى المختبرات والمستودعات المحتويه على مواد طبيه خطره‬
‫وسريعة االشتعال ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :10-1-1‬تم إضافة كواشو دخان فوق السقو المستعار فى اماكن مرور الكابالت الكهربائيه ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 11-1-1‬فى مواقو السيارات فى البدرومات واألقبيه ت م تركي ب نظ ام مراقب ة نس بة أول أكس يد‬
‫الكربون وكواشو لالنذار عند زيادة نسبة غاز أول أكسيد الكربون والذي يعطى إش ارة‬
‫لمراوح التهويه عن طريق لوحات التحكم ( ‪.)MCC‬‬

‫‪ :12-1-1‬مح ط ات إن ذار الحري ق اليدوي ة القابل ة للعنون ة ‪ :‬ت م توزيعه ا طبق ا لمتطلب ات الجمعي ه‬
‫الوطني ة للحماي ة م ن الحري ق )‪ ) NFPA 101) , (NFPA 72: 5.13‬وذل ك ف ى‬
‫جميع االدوار بطريق الهروب وبجوار المخار ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 13-1-1‬أج راس اإلن ذار ‪ :‬ج رس إلكترون ي بض وء متقط ع (‪ )Strobe Light‬بع ازل دائ رة‬
‫القص ر ال داخلي ي تم تركيبه ا عل ى ارتخ اع ( ‪ 2400‬م م ) كم ا ه و م ذكور ف ى الك ود‬
‫( ‪)NFPA72 :7.5.4.1‬‬

‫‪138‬‬
139
140
141
142
‫‪ : 14-1-1‬ف ى حال ة وج ود إن ذار حري ق ي تم ارس ال اش ارة لنظ ام الص وتيات إلط الق رس الة‬
‫صوتيه مسجلة تخيد بوجود إنذار حريق طبقا للكود ( ‪. )NFPA72 :6.9‬‬

‫‪143‬‬
 ‫‪ : 2-1‬المواصخات الخنية للمعدات المستخدمة ‪:‬‬

‫‪ : 1-2-1‬يتم توريد جميع مكونات نظام انذار الحريق من انتا صانع واحد وبحيث تك ون مطابق ة‬
‫لمتطلب ات ‪ BS 5839 , IEC 60839‬ومق اييس ‪ " BS 5750‬مق اييس ض مان الج ودة "‬
‫ومختبرات الضامنين )‪ (UL‬ومقاييس )‪ (FM‬أو ما يكافئها من لوائح‪.‬‬

‫‪ :2-2-1‬لوحة تحكم إنذار حريق معنون )‪:(AFACP‬‬

‫ا) لوح ة تحك م نظ ام إن ذار الحري ق م ن الن وع المعن ون ويج ب أن تتواف ق م ع المواص خه‬
‫القياسيه البريطانيه (‪ )BS. 5839‬وتكون الخزانة من منتجات الص انع القياس ية مص نعة‬
‫من أل وح ص لب المض غوطة و يك ون ل وح الب اب األم امي م ن الص لب المش كل بالدلخن ة و‬
‫م دون عليه ا "أجه زة تحك م حري ق" باإلنجليزي ة والعربي ة وم دون عل ى الل وح األم امي‬
‫بالمصنع جميع الوظائو بك ل م ن اللغ ة العربي ة واإلنجليزي ة و يك ون م ن الممك ن مراقب ة‬
‫وتشغيل لوحة التحكم بدون فتح الخزانة‪.‬‬

‫ب) يجب أن تكون الطابعة مدمجة باللوحة ‪.‬‬

‫) التغذيه الكهربائيه الرئيسيه للوحات على تيار متردد بقدرة جهد ‪ 220‬فولت ‪60/‬‬
‫هيرتز‪%10+‬‬
‫د) يجب ان ترى المؤشرات بوضوح تحت جميع ظروو اإلناره الداخليه الطبيعيه وكل‬
‫مؤشريتكون من ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬مصباح الكتروني انائي )‪ (LED S‬لكل منطقه مبرمجه ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬سبع (‪ )7‬أجزاء انائيه لرقم الحلقه ورقم لمنطقه ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬سبع (‪ )7‬اجزاء االاية لرقم العنوان ‪.‬‬
‫يجب ان تحتوي اللوحه على سطرين ‪ 40 X‬حرو(‪80‬حرو) ‪ -ICD-‬إلظهار الوقت‬ ‫هـ)‬
‫والتاريخ وحالة النظام ووضعه ورسالة إختبار مبينه للمستخدم لمواقع األجهزه الخطيه‪.‬‬
‫يجب ان تكون اللوحه قابله للبرمجه في الموقع وكذا قابله للبرمجه في حالة التشغيل ‪.‬‬ ‫و)‬
‫لإلنذارات المتعدده يوجد زر يمكن من عرض توالي اإلنذارات وحالتها‪.‬‬ ‫ز)‬
‫يجب ان تكون وحة التحكم مزوده بأزرار تشغيل إنضغاطيه ويطبع بجوار كل زر وظيخته ‪.‬‬ ‫ح)‬
‫مؤشرات اخرى يجب ان توجد للحاالت التاليه ‪:‬‬ ‫ط)‬
‫يرى عندما يتحول الجهاز لوضع الحريق ‪.‬‬ ‫‪FIRE-1‬‬
‫يرى عندما يتحول الجهاز إلى حالة عطل او حدوث عطل في التجهيزات‪.‬‬ ‫‪FAULT-2‬‬
‫يرى طوال الوقت طالما التغذيه الكهربائيه موجوده‪.‬‬ ‫‪POWER ON-3‬‬
‫‪ SUPPLY FAULT-4‬يرى عند حدوث إنقطاع تغذيها الكهربائيه‪.‬‬
‫‪ ALARM FAULT-5‬يرى عند حدوث إنذار بعطل طارئ ‪.‬‬
‫يرى عند عزل أى جهاز‪.‬‬ ‫‪ISOL DEVICE-6‬‬
‫يرى عند حدوث إنذار منطقه ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ZONAL FIRE-7‬‬

‫م) زياده على ماذكر من المميزات فإن لوحة التحكم يجب أن تحوي المميزات التاليه ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬مختاح إخالء عام والذي يشغل جميع الصافرات ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬وحدة مراقبة إرسال اإلشارات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬وحدة مراقبة كل كابالت اإلشارات إلى لوحات الترديد التابعه ‪.‬‬

‫‪144‬‬
‫ن) يجب أن يكون التشغيل مناسب فى درجة حرارة تتراوح بين ‪ 10-‬درجة إلى ‪ 55+‬درجة‬
‫ورطوبة نسبية حتى ‪( %95‬غير متكاخة)‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 3-2-1‬لجميع الكاشخات المتطلبات التالية وأن يتم توريدها بالملحقات التالية ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬نطاق درجة حرارة تشغيل من ‪ °0‬إلى ‪.°50+‬‬
‫‪ ‬رطوبة نسبية حتى ‪.%95‬‬
‫ً‬
‫‪ ‬معدالت صدم ‪ /‬تأاير‪ /‬تردد ‪ /‬تآكل طبقا لمقاييس ‪BS5445‬‬
‫‪ ‬مصنوع من مواد مقاومة للحريق‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬تكون درجة حماية الغالو ‪ IP43‬أو ما يكافئها‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬تكون الكاشخات بأسالك قطبية مستقلة‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬تكون الكاشخات مزودة بموضع إيقاو للخدمة والصيانة‬

‫‪ :4-2-1‬كاشخات الدخان ‪ SMOKE DETECTORS‬القابلة للعنونة‪:‬‬

‫كاشخات النوع المابت بالسقو و الكاش و س يكون عن ده مجموع ة دوائ ر حال ة ص لبة ومؤش ر‬
‫إنذار بصري)‪ (LED‬و الكاشو يستجيب لجميع أشكال النيران متض منة ذل ك الن ار المش تعلة‬
‫البطيئ ة والن ار الملتهب ة المختوح ة‪ .‬و لدي ه مناع ة عالي ة ض د اإلن ذار الك اذب‪ .‬ف ي الظ روو‬
‫المحيط ة الطبيعي ة يتص رو الكاش و البص ري الع الي األداء ككاش و بص ري ذو حساس ية‬
‫طبيعية‪ .‬إن حساسية نظام الصو البصري للكاشو تتزايد مع اإلرتخاع في درجة الحرارة مما‬
‫يؤدي إلى االستجابة المبكرة في حالة الحريق‪.‬‬
‫يجب أن يكون الكاشو حساسا لجزيئات الدخان المرئيه ذات القطر من ‪ .,5‬ميكرون إلى‬
‫‪ 10‬ميكرون و يجب ان يكون مقاوما للغبار والحشرات والرياح الشديده ويجب ان يحوي‬
‫المميزات التاليه على األقل ‪:‬‬
‫لمبه إليكترونيه فوق حمراء)‪. (LED‬‬ ‫مصدر الكشو‬
‫‪ 30-18‬فولت مستمر‪.‬‬ ‫الجهد المغذي‬
‫‪ 110‬ميكرو أمبير‪.‬‬ ‫تيار السكون عند ‪ 24‬فولت مستمر‬
‫‪50‬مللي أمبير‪.‬‬ ‫تيار اإلنذار عند ‪ 24‬فولت مستمر‬
‫لمبه إليكترونيه حمراء )‪. (LED‬‬ ‫مؤشر اإلنذار‬
‫‪ 60-20‬درجه مئويه‪.‬‬ ‫حرارة التشغيل‬
‫‪%95‬‬ ‫الرطوبه دون تكايو‬
‫‪ 25‬مللي أمبيرعلى األكار‪.‬‬ ‫خر نبضة نقل اإلنذار للخار‬

‫‪: -5-2-1‬كاشخات حرارة ‪:HEAT DETECTORS‬‬

‫تكون كاشخات الحرارة المعنونة مطابقة للمواصخات القياسية ‪ : BS544S‬جزء ‪ 5‬أو ما‬
‫يعادلها و الكاشخات ال تتطلب استبدال لألجزاء بعد كل عملية و‪/‬أو اختبار ويكون للكاشخات‬
‫مبين إنذار ‪ LED‬مابت بها‪ .‬تكون الكاشخات من النوع ذو اإلدخال باإليال ()‪Plug-in‬‬
‫يناسب القواعد العادية لالستبدال مالما هو مستخدم لكاشخات الدخان‪.‬‬
‫ويجب ان يحوي المميزات التاليه على األقل ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 30-18‬فولت مستمر‪.‬‬ ‫الجهد المغذي‬
‫تيار السكون عند ‪ 24‬فولت مستمر ‪ 70‬ميكرو أمبير على األكار‪.‬‬
‫‪ 50‬مللي أمبير على األكار‪.‬‬ ‫تيار اإلنذار عند ‪ 24‬فولت مستمر‬
‫لمبه إليكترونيه حمراء‪.‬‬ ‫مؤشر اإلنذار‬
‫‪ 60 - 20‬درجه مئويه‪.‬‬ ‫حرارة التشغيل‬
‫‪%95‬‬ ‫لرطوبه دون تكايو‬

‫‪145‬‬
 ‫‪: FLAME DETECTORS‬‬ ‫‪ -6-2-1‬كاشخات لهب‬
‫كاشو لهب معنون مصنع من عناصر إلكترونية دقيقة و عالية الجودة قادرة على رصد‬
‫اللهب خالل مدة أقصاها ‪ 10‬اواني يكون الكاشو من النوع الذي يستجيب للمعدل‬
‫السريع في ظهور اللهب – ويعتمد في نظرية عمله على وجود عناصر حرارية و ضوئية‬
‫حساسة ويكون المكتشو من النوع المتكرر االستخدام بعد كل تشغيل دون الحاجة الى‬
‫إجراء اية صيانة له – او تغيير لبعض أجزائه و التؤار به سرعة الرياح‪ .‬و يحتوي‬
‫على لمبه إليكترونيه حمراء كمؤشر لالنذار و لمبة خضراء كمؤشر على عمله الجيد‪.‬‬
‫يتم وضع المكتشو في حالة (‪ ( Resetting‬عن طريق لوحة التحكم‬

‫‪ -7-2-1‬الكاشخات المتناظرة المعنونة المركبة فى مجارى الهواء‪:‬‬

‫الكاشخات المركبة فى مجارى الهواء تكون ذكية متناظرة ومعنونة ولها عازل قصر الدائرة‬
‫مابت بها ‪.‬‬
‫يصنع الكاشو من بالستيك عالى التحمل للصدمات مع غطاء شخاو لسهولة الرؤيا‬
‫لشاشات ‪ LED‬لإلنذار وللعد‪ .‬تزود بأنبوبتين ألخذ العينات وتركبان فى مجرى الهواء‪.‬‬
‫يجب ان تمنع حشوات اإلحكام ( الجوانات) تسرب الهواء‪ .‬يتم تأمين محطات انذار واختبار‬
‫مستقلة لكل كاشو موضوع فى مجرى هواء‪.‬‬

‫‪ -8-2-1‬محطات إنذار الحريق اليدوية القابلة للعنونة‪:‬‬

‫محط ات إن ذار الحري ق اليدوي ة س تتوافق م ع المتطلب ات القابل ة للتطبي ق ( ‪)BS 5938‬‬
‫جزء ‪ 2‬أو معايير مكافئة‪ .‬نقط ة الن داء اليدوي ة س تكون نوع ا زجاجي ا ق ابالً للكس ر مناس ب‬
‫للعمل بالنظام القابل للعنونة‪ .‬المحطة اليدوية ستكون بغطاء ‪ polycarbonate‬بتشطيب‬
‫أحمر المع بعازل دائرة القصر الداخلي معالج دقيق داخلي مخت اح إتص ال مخت وح ع ادة‬
‫وستكون مناسبة للتركي ب الس طحي‪ .‬س يكون م ن الممك ن إختب ار نقط ة الن داء دون الحاج ة‬
‫لكسر الزجا وذلك بإدخال مختاح إختبار خاص‪.‬‬

‫‪ -9-2-1‬وحدات االنذار الصوتية الداخليه ‪:‬‬

‫جرس إلكتروني يستمد طاقته من حلق ة متع ددة األغ راض ول ه ‪ 3‬إش ارات قابل ة للبرمج ة‬
‫‪ 180‬مم قطر‪ .‬سيتوافق مع ‪ LPCB BS 5839‬ج زء ‪ 1‬أو مع ايير مكافئ ة وبخ ر‬
‫ص وت ال يزي د ع ن ‪ 110 dB‬مس تويات حج م قابل ة للتع ديل وحماي ة دخ ول ‪.IP 30‬‬
‫األجراس الخارجية إذا كانت مطلوبة ستكون ضد العوامل الجوية‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 10-2-1‬وحدات االنذار الصوتيه الخارجيه ‪:‬‬

‫وحدة انذار صوتي خارجية معنونة عب ارة ع ن ب وق إلكترون ي )‪(Electronic Horn‬‬
‫ومحتواه في غالو معدني قوي وهذه الوحدة من الن وع ال ذي يرك ب ظ اهرا عل ى الح ائط‬
‫خار المبنى تعمل هذه الوح دة عل ى جه د لوح ة ال تحكم و مس توى ض غط الص وت ‪211‬‬
‫ديس بل عن د ‪ 1‬مت ر وذات درج ة حماي ة ومع دل التي ار عن د جه د ‪ 24‬فول ت تي ار مس تمر‬
‫وت صلح للعمل في درجات الح رارة والرطوب ة الس ائدة بالمملك ة‪ .‬وي تم التوري د و التركي ب‬
‫طبقا لمواصخات ‪NFPA.‬‬

‫‪ :11-2-1‬األسالك المستخدمة من النوع ‪LOW SMOKE ZERO HALOGEN‬‬

‫(‪ )LSZH‬المقاوم للحريق عند ‪ 105‬درجة سيلزية و تمدد فى مواسير )‪( EMT‬‬
‫والتمديدات ألسالك األجهزة تكون برمز لونى ولها رقم حسب الموضح في المخطط‬
‫البياني للتوصيالت ‪.‬‬

‫‪146‬‬
‫‪ : 12-2-1‬نظام مراقبة نسبة أول أكسيد الكربون (‪)Carbone Monoxide‬‬
‫للتحكم فى نسبة أول أكسيد الكربون فى مواقو السيارات فى األقبية ‪.‬‬

‫‪147‬‬
148
149
150
151
 ‫‪ -2‬وحدات التوليد األحتياطيه ونظام التغذية عديمة األنقطاع (‪-: )UPS‬‬

‫‪ : 1-2‬األسس المستخدمة فى التصميم ‪:‬‬

‫‪ :1-1-2‬تم توفير القوى الكهربائية األحتياطية حسب الووافبتاا األوريكيبة ) ‪NFPA 110‬‬
‫بحيببت تىطببق القببوى الكهربائيببة وتط ببباا‬ ‫وعيببار م ببم الطالببة لحببرا الطببوارى‬
‫السروة التالية ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬م ام إمارة الطوارى‬
‫‪ -2‬م ام إمذار الحريق‬
‫‪ -3‬وضخاا وياه إطتا الحريق‬
‫‪ -4‬جويع وفاعد الورضي والزائرين تم ربطها ع ق الوولد األحتياطي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬جويع الوعداا الويكاميكية لوم ووة سح الدخان ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬أجهبببزة البببتحكم والورال ببببة كم بببام كببباويراا الورالببببة األوميببب والمبببدا األلبببق‬
‫واستدعا الوورضاا‪.‬‬

‫‪ :2-1-2‬تم تىطية أحوال الطوارى بعدد ( ‪ 2‬وولد سعة كل ومهوا ( ‪2 MVA‬‬

‫طبقا ً ألحوال الطوارى الوط وبة كوا هو ووضح بالوخطط األحادى ل قوى وجداول‬
‫األحوال بالوخططاا ( ‪. EL-PB-01 .. to… EL-PB-23‬‬
‫وهذان الوولدان يعورن أتوواتيكيا عمد امقطاع التيار الكهربائق عن طريق وتتاح‬
‫التحويل االتوواتيكق ( ‪ ATS‬و تم ربطهوا ع ق لوحة تزاون‬
‫(‪. SYNCHRONIZING‬‬

‫‪ :3-1-2‬يوجببد بالتفببويم م ببام التىذيببة عديوببة األمقطبباع ( ‪ UPS‬يببربط ع ي ب األحوببال‬

‫الكهربائي ب الحرجببة و بببكة البيامبباا وبعببو الوعببداا واألجهببزه الطبي ب طبقببا لوببا هببو‬
‫وذكور فق كود ( ‪ NEC:517‬و(‪. NFPA:99‬‬

‫‪ : 2-2‬المواصفات الفنيه ‪:‬‬

‫‪ :1-2-2‬الوولد وطابق ل ووافت (‪ NFPA110‬ويكون تفميت ‪TYPE10, CLASS X‬‬

‫‪ , LEVEL 1‬ووجهزة ببطارياا وجهاز حن بتيار وحبدود بقبوة ‪ 24‬فولبا ل بحن‬
‫البطارياا أتوواتيكيا ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :2-2-2‬لوحة التحكم ل وولد تبزود بوبيمباا ضبىط زيبا الواكيمب ودرجبة حبرارة الوبا وأويتبر‬
‫لقياس وعدل حن البطاري ووتتباح ببد ت بىيل ي إيقبال ل ت بىيل اليبدود ل وحبدة ولباطع‬
‫دائره ووم م جهد اسبتاتيكق ورزيتب ضببط جهبد وفولتباويتر واويتبر بوتتباح امتقبا الطبور‬
‫ووبين ولا ت ىيل وعداداا تردد وون الموع الذد يقبل التوفيل باجهزة تسوح بالفيام‬
‫الختبار أدا لوحة التحكم بدون ت ىيل الواكيم ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :-3-2-2‬وتتاح التحويل األتوواتيكق (‪ ATS‬بوقمن ( ‪ 3200‬أوبير ويكبون وبدر لبدى‬

‫‪ UL-1008‬وسبق أختباره ويقوم بتوفيل دائرة الحول الخاف ب وع الوولد االحتياطق‬
‫أتوواتيكيبا عمببد أمقطبباع وفببدر التيببار العببادد ا عمبد عببودة التيببار العببادى إلببق العوببل يقببوم‬

‫‪152‬‬
‫وتتاح التحويل أتوواتيكيا أيضا بإعادة توفيل دوائر الحول الورتبط ب وع وفبدر التيبار‬
‫العادد وع تزويده بورحل تأخير زومق لابل ل ضببط بحيبت يسبوح بووازمب الطالبة العاديبة‬
‫لبل إعادة التحويل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 4-2-2‬م ام التىذية عديوة األمقطاع (‪: UPS‬‬

‫أ‪ -‬يتألل الم ام ون وقوم ل تيار وودخراا و احن ووببدل ل تيبار ووتتباح توريبر جبامبق‬
‫(‪ By Pass Switch‬ووتتاح تورير جامبق داخ ق ون أجل الفيام ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬عدد (‪ 3‬وحداا تىذية عديوة االمقطاع بقبدراا ( ‪ 50 &80 & 200‬ك ل أ‬

‫‪ -‬جهبببد ‪ 400‬فولبببا – ‪ 60‬هرتبببز ببباو ة البطاريببباا االساسبببي واالحتياطيببب‬
‫ووتتبباح الببتحكم والتببق تكتببق ل عوببل لوببدة (‪ 30‬دليقببة ع ببق الحوببل الكاوببل عمببد‬
‫امقطاع التىذية الرئيسي ‪.‬‬

‫ا‪ -‬بطارياا التخزين ل م ام ‪:‬‬

‫ـ ب تكببون وببن المببوع الببذد ال يحتببا إلببق فببيام حوضببية رفافببية وى قببة وتكببون‬
‫وتطابق وع الووافتة ‪IEC 60896-1‬‬
‫ـ تكون البطارياا وزودة بأجهزة تحكم لبيان حالبة ال بحن وجهبد وسبتوى الخبر ‪.‬‬
‫ـببتزود البطاريبباا بقبباطع وسببتقل ل حوايببة وببن زيببادة الحوببل حراريببا ولفببر الببدائرة‬
‫وففل الدائرة ل حواي فق حاالا الطوارى ‪.‬‬
‫ـ يج تأوين تهوية ل بطاراا ي غرفة البطارياا حس توفياا ال ركة الوفمع ‪.‬‬

‫‪153‬‬
 ‫‪ -3‬إنارة سبل الهروب والطوارىء واللوحات اإلرشادية لمخارج الطوارىء‬

‫‪ : 1-3‬األسس المستخدمة فى التصميم ‪:‬‬

‫‪ : 1-1-3‬تم تصميم إنارة سبل الهروب ( الممرات – مسارات الساللم ‪ –-‬المداخل – أبواب‬
‫الخروج ‪ -‬الساللم وجميع الطرق المؤدية للمخارج ) ويكون مصدر اإلضاءة مزدوجا ً‬
‫أي يغذي من المصدر الرئيسي للكهرباء بالمبنى باإلضافة إلى مصدر احتياطي (‬
‫بطاريات) طبقا ً للكود ( ‪ )NFPA110‬وتمت إنارة مسارات الهروب بما يحقق أال‬
‫تقل اإلضاءة عن )‪ ) 10.8 Lux‬فى أرضيات ممرات سبل الخروج بالكامل بما في‬
‫ذلك الزوايا وتقاطعات الممرات والردهات واألبراج والساللم والبسطات وأبواب‬
‫المخارج وغيرها كما هو مذكور فى الكود ( ‪ ) NFPA101: 7.8‬و كما هو‬
‫موضح بالمخططات ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 2-1-3‬تم إنارة كافة اللوحات والالفتات واألسهم الخاصة بالمخارج وممرات الهروب بصفة‬
‫دائمة ليالً ونهاراً ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 3-1-3‬سعععة الطا ة المخزونة لوحدات إنارة الطوارىء كافية للتشععغيل بشععكل مسععتمر لمدة‬
‫ال تقل عن ساعه ونصف عند انقطاع التيار‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 4-1-3‬تم وضعععععععع وحدة إنارة إرشعععععععادية بوجه واحد أو وجهين مكتوب عليها (‪)EXIT‬‬
‫ومزودة بلمبات ليد (‪ )LED Light‬وبطارية تكفى لثالث ساعات وذلك عند أبواب المخارج‬
‫والساللم والممرات‪ .‬و كما هو موضح بالمخططات ‪.‬‬

‫‪154‬‬
155
‫‪ : 2-3‬المواصفات الفنية للمعدات المستخدمة ‪:‬‬

‫‪156‬‬
 ‫‪ : 1-2-3‬وحدات إنارة الطوارىء ‪:‬‬

‫أ) وحدات توفر اإلنارة المطلوبة لفترة حدها األدنى سعععععععاعة ونصعععععععف بعد انقطاع التيار‬
‫الكهربائى ‪.‬‬

‫ب)يتم توفير الوحدات مع كافة البطاريات الضرورية وشاحنات تعمل بصورة اتوماتيكيه تامة‬
‫ومرحالت تحويل ‪.‬‬

‫ج) كل وحدة مزوده بمفتاح اختبار مبيت ومؤشر يبين وضع البطاريه‬

‫د) وحععدات االنععارة والبطععاريععات الخععاصععععععععة بععننععارة الطوارىء يجععب أن تكون مععدرجععة فى‬
‫)‪ ) ANSI/UL924‬وذلك كما هو مذكور فى الكود ( ‪.) NFPA101: 7.9.2.5‬‬

‫‪157‬‬
158
 ‫‪ : 2-2-3‬وحدات انارة سبل الهروب والمخارج‬

‫‪ -‬يجب وضعععععع أسعععععهم دليليه توضعععععح سعععععبل الهروب ووحدات توضعععععح توضعععععح مخارج‬
‫الطوارىء تعمل لمدة ساعة ونصف عاال ل بعد انقطاع التيار الكهربائى‬

‫‪159‬‬
160
161
‫‪ : 3-3‬حسابات اإلنارة لـسبل الهروب وإنارة الطوارىء ‪:‬‬

‫‪162‬‬
LOLOA ALAZAL
16.01.2017

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING Operator Engr.AHMED HAMADA

Telephone 0114791140
RIYADH Fax
e-Mail

PHILIPS DN450B 1xDLM2000/840 / Luminaire Data Sheet

Luminous emittance 1:

Luminaire classification according to CIE: 100 Luminous emittance 1:

CIE flux code: 78 99 100 100 100
GreenSpace – high-efficiency sustainable LED solution
Customers want to strike the ideal balance between their initial investment
and the cost of the installation during its lifetime. GreenSpace is a
cost-efficient and sustainable downlight that can be used to replace
conventional CFL downlights in general lighting applications. It features the
latest LED technology, which enables extremely low power consumption,
while
delivering consistent light output, stable color performance and high color
rendering. The product’s long lifetime makes it a true ‘fit and forget’
solution

163 Page 1
LOLOA ALAZAL
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ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING Operator Engr.AHMED HAMADA

Telephone 0114791140
RIYADH Fax
e-Mail

FIRST FLOOR CORRIDOR / Summary

Height of Room: 2.700 m, Mounting Height: 2.700 m, Maintenance factor: Values in Lux, Scale 1:458
0.80

Surface  [%] Eav [lx] Emin [lx] Emax [lx] u0

Workplane / 327 172 513 0.525
Floor 20 268 161 334 0.600
Ceiling 70 51 35 55 0.688
Walls (4) 50 108 36 266 /

Workplane:
Height: 0.750 m
Grid: 128 x 32 Points
Boundary Zone: 0.500 m
Illuminance Quotient (according to LG7): Walls / Working Plane: 0.313, Ceiling / Working Plane: 0.155.

Luminaire Parts List

No. Pieces Designation (Correction Factor)  (Luminaire) [lm]  (Lamps) [lm] P [W]
1 40 PHILIPS DN450B 1xDLM2000/840 (1.000) 2000 2000 25.0
Total: 80000 Total: 80000 1000.0

Specific connected load: 5.21 W/m² = 1.59 W/m²/100 lx (Ground area: 192.12 m²)

164 Page 2
LOLOA ALAZAL
16.01.2017

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING Operator Engr.AHMED HAMADA

Telephone 0114791140
RIYADH Fax
e-Mail

FIRST FLOOR CORRIDOR / Luminaire parts list

40 Pieces PHILIPS DN450B 1xDLM2000/840

Article No.:
Luminous flux (Luminaire): 2000 lm
Luminous flux (Lamps): 2000 lm
Luminaire Wattage: 25.0 W
Luminaire classification according to CIE: 100
CIE flux code: 78 99 100 100 100
Fitting: 1 x DLM2000/840/- (Correction Factor
1.000).

165 Page 3
LOLOA ALAZAL
16.01.2017

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING Operator Engr.AHMED HAMADA

Telephone 0114791140
RIYADH Fax
e-Mail

FIRST FLOOR CORRIDOR / Photometric Results

Total Luminous Flux: 80000 lm

Total Load: 1000.0 W
Maintenance factor: 0.80
Boundary Zone: 0.500 m

Surface Average illuminances [lx] Reflection factor [%] Average luminance [cd/m²]
direct indirect total
Workplane 285 42 327 / /
Floor 220 48 268 20 17
Ceiling 0.00 51 51 70 11
Wall 1 61 48 109 50 17
Wall 2 33 44 77 50 12
Wall 3 61 48 109 50 17
Wall 4 33 45 78 50 12

Uniformity on the working plane

u0: 0.525 (1:2)
Emin / Emax: 0.335 (1:3)

Illuminance Quotient (according to LG7): Walls / Working Plane: 0.313, Ceiling / Working Plane: 0.155.
Specific connected load: 5.21 W/m² = 1.59 W/m²/100 lx (Ground area: 192.12 m²)

166 Page 4
LOLOA ALAZAL
16.01.2017

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING Operator Engr.AHMED HAMADA

Telephone 0114791140
RIYADH Fax
e-Mail

FOURTH FLOOR CORRIDOR / Summary

Height of Room: 2.700 m, Mounting Height: 2.700 m, Maintenance factor: Values in Lux, Scale 1:249
0.80

Surface  [%] Eav [lx] Emin [lx] Emax [lx] u0

Workplane / 297 209 338 0.703
Floor 20 217 127 268 0.585
Ceiling 70 37 26 40 0.703
Walls (4) 50 79 25 128 /

Workplane:
Height: 0.750 m
Grid: 128 x 32 Points
Boundary Zone: 0.500 m
Illuminance Quotient (according to LG7): Walls / Working Plane: 0.226, Ceiling / Working Plane: 0.125.
Luminaire Parts List

No. Pieces Designation (Correction Factor)  (Luminaire) [lm]  (Lamps) [lm] P [W]
1 15 PHILIPS DN450B 1xDLM2000/840 (1.000) 2000 2000 25.0
Total: 30000 Total: 30000 375.0

Specific connected load: 4.32 W/m² = 1.46 W/m²/100 lx (Ground area: 86.75 m²)

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LOLOA ALAZAL
16.01.2017

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING Operator Engr.AHMED HAMADA

Telephone 0114791140
RIYADH Fax
e-Mail

FOURTH FLOOR CORRIDOR / Luminaire parts list

15 Pieces PHILIPS DN450B 1xDLM2000/840

Article No.:
Luminous flux (Luminaire): 2000 lm
Luminous flux (Lamps): 2000 lm
Luminaire Wattage: 25.0 W
Luminaire classification according to CIE: 100
CIE flux code: 78 99 100 100 100
Fitting: 1 x DLM2000/840/- (Correction Factor
1.000).

168 Page 6
LOLOA ALAZAL
16.01.2017

ALMAJAZ CONSULTING ENGINEERING Operator Engr.AHMED HAMADA

Telephone 0114791140
RIYADH Fax
e-Mail

FOURTH FLOOR CORRIDOR / Photometric Results

Total Luminous Flux: 30000 lm

Total Load: 375.0 W
Maintenance factor: 0.80
Boundary Zone: 0.500 m

Surface Average illuminances [lx] Reflection factor [%] Average luminance [cd/m²]
direct indirect total
Workplane 267 30 297 / /
Floor 179 38 217 20 14
Ceiling 0.00 37 37 70 8.23
Wall 1 42 37 79 50 13
Wall 2 38 33 72 50 11
Wall 3 43 37 80 50 13
Wall 4 38 34 72 50 11

Uniformity on the working plane

u0: 0.703 (1:1)
Emin / Emax: 0.617 (1:2)

Illuminance Quotient (according to LG7): Walls / Working Plane: 0.226, Ceiling / Working Plane: 0.125.
Specific connected load: 4.32 W/m² = 1.46 W/m²/100 lx (Ground area: 86.75 m²)

169 Page 7
FIRST FLOOR COORIDOR

170
 ‫‪ -4‬نظام التأريض و الحمايه من الصواعق ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ : 1 - 4‬األسس المستخدمة فى التصميم ‪:‬‬

‫‪ :1-1-4‬تم تصميم نظام التأريض بالمبنى وفقا ً للكود )‪ ) BS 7430( , (NFPA780‬كما‬

‫هو موضح بالمخططات ( ‪. ) EL-ERL-01 to… EL-ERL-05‬‬

‫‪ :1-1-4‬تم فصل شبكة التأريض ألنظمة التيار الخفيف عن شبكة األرضى العام و كذلك تم‬
‫عمل شبكة تأريض منفصلة للوحات العزل الجراحيه ‪.‬‬

‫‪171‬‬
172
173
‫‪ ,:-2-1-4‬تم تصميم مانعة الصواعق وفقا للكود (‪ )BS6651 , BS 62305‬كما هو موضح‬
‫بالمخططات ( ‪. ) EL-ERL-01… to… EL-ERL-05‬‬

‫‪174‬‬
 ‫‪ : 2- 4‬المواصفات الفنية للمعدات المستخدمة ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1-2-4‬أقطاب التأريض‪:‬‬
‫‪ ) 1‬الوتد األرضي ‪:‬‬
‫ويتكون من قضيييب فويذم مفلف بالنحاس بقطر ‪ 20‬مم الفالف النحاسييي بسييماكة ‪ 0.25‬مم على‬
‫األقييل وبشيييييييكييل النحيياس ايلكترولين ‪ %99.9‬منييه و ومرتبط ما القلييب الفويذم جز يييا وتكون‬
‫الوصيييالت سيييبيكة البرونز م األلومنيوم القطا العلوية التي تتحمل الطرق لفرس الوتر في األرضيييي‬
‫تكون من الفويذم مواصفات الشد العالية‪.‬‬
‫‪ )2‬ناقل حلقي‪:‬‬
‫تألف من ناقل نحاسي مقطا ‪ 120‬مم‪ 2‬يلف حول المبنى على شكل حلقة موصولة النهايات‪.‬‬
‫‪ )3‬حديد التسليح‪:‬‬
‫تم إستخدام حديد التسليح المدفون ضمن أسمنت المباني‬

‫‪ :2-2-4‬الكوابل األرضية‪:‬‬
‫تكون الكوابل األرضييية مسييحوبة سييحب لينا من السييلك النحاسييي العادم المجدول المطابق‬
‫للمواصييفة القياسييية ‪ ASTM B-8‬أو كابل توصيييل نحاس مجدول معزول حسييب الموضيح‬
‫بالرسومات ‪ .‬يجب أن يكون الحد األدنى لقطاع الكبل طبقا للمواصفات القياسية ‪. NEC‬‬

‫‪ : 3-2-4‬موصالت الشرائح والوصالت لنظام مانعة الصواعق ‪:‬‬

‫تكون موصالت السطح والهابطة من النحاس وفقا للمحدد بالرسومات وتكون نهايات ايرضى من‬
‫النحاس ‪ .‬تكون شييريحة النحاس مطابقة لمقاييس ‪ BS 2870‬درجة ‪ C 101‬أو ‪ C102‬وتكون مسيياحة‬
‫مقطا الشيييييييريحة ‪ 20‬مم × ‪ 3‬مم مالم يحدد خالف ذلك وتكون كافة الوصيييييييالت من نوع المشيييييييابك أو‬
‫الملحوم‪.‬‬

‫‪175‬‬
TECHNICAL ATTACHMENTS

1) steel copper bonded earthling rods:

A Threaded copper bond earth rods

They are made by molecularly
bonding 99.9% pure electrolytic copper
onto a low carbon steel core.
highly resistant to corrosion
, and because the steel used has
a very high tensile strength,
they can be driven by power
hammers to great depths

Normal diameter Length Thread diameter 'B' Shank diameter 'A' Weight
3/4" 3000mm 3/4" 17.2mm 5.44kg

176
TECHNICAL ATTACHMENTS

2) Earth inspection pits

The lightweight inspection pit weighs only 1.8kg yet is load

rated to 5,000kg. It has a lockable lid
and improved working area compared to the concrete inspection pit

177
TECHNICAL ATTACHMENTS

178
TECHNICAL ATTACHMENTS

179
TECHNICAL ATTACHMENTS

180
TECHNICAL ATTACHMENTS

181
TECHNICAL ATTACHMENTS

182
TECHNICAL ATTACHMENTS

183
 Prepared by: Ahmed A.Hamada

:) Earthing System Calculation SHEET( ‫ حسابات شبكة التأريض‬3‫ـ‬4

* According to the BS 7430 Standard

1. Calculating the resistance to earth of single rod

The resistance to earth of a single rod electrode is given by the

following equation

Where:

ρ Resistvity of soil in ohm. Meter

L Length of electrode in (m)

d diameter of the electrode in (m)

When:
ρ 300 Ω.m

L 3 m

d 0.02 m

Then:
R = 96.98 Ω

184
 Prepared by: Ahmed A.Hamada

2. Calculating the resistance of multiple rods

The combined resistance of rod electrodes (RN) in Ohms. Is given by

the following equation as identified by the BS 7430 standard

RESISTANCE O F N (numbers) PIT (Rn):

Where :
R resistance of one rod in isolation in (Ω)
ρ Resistvity of soil in (Ω.m)
S distance between adjacent rod in (m)
‫ג‬ factor given in the table no " 3 "
n number of electrodes

and:

When:
R 96.98
ρ 300
S 12 (average)
‫ג‬ 7.9
n 42
α 0.041050385

Rn = 3.06 Ω

185
 Prepared by: Ahmed A.Hamada

3. Calculating the resistance of earthing cable

The resistance of earthing cable (Rc) Is given by the following

equation as identified by the BS 7430:1998 standard .

Where :
ρ Resistvity of soil in (Ω.m)
L length of earthing conductor (m)
W diameter of conductor (m)
h depth of earthing conductor to be buried in (m)
P&Q coefficients given in BS table " 5"

When:
ρ 300
L 425
W 0.0142 ( C.S.A = 120mm2 ), From table 3 -BS 7430
h 3
P 2 CSA mm2 diam (m)
Q -1.3 25 0.00642
35 0.00765
Rc = 1.65 Ω 50 0.0089
70 0.0107
95 0.0126
120 0.01421
150 0.01575
185 0.01764
240 0.02025
300 0.02268
400 0.02565
4. Calculating The equivalent resistance of the earthing system :

Re = 1.07 Ω

186
 ‫‪ - 5‬نظام االنذار الصوتى والنداء العام‪-:‬‬

‫‪ :1-5‬األسس المستخدمة فى التصميم ‪:‬‬

‫‪ :1-1-5‬تم تصميم نظام االنذار الصوتى والنداء العام وفقا لمتطلبات الجمعيه الوطنية للحماية‬
‫من الحريق ( ‪ )NFPA - National Electrical Code‬كما هو موضح‬
‫بالمخططات ( ‪.)EL –PAVA-01 … to …EL –PAVA-13‬‬

‫‪ : 2-1-5‬أغراض نظام االنذار الصوتى و النداء العام هي اإلخالء في حالة الحريق ‪ ،‬والنداء ‪،‬‬
‫واإلعالن وتم ربط النظام مع نظام انذار الحريق والتليفونات واستدعاء الممرضات ونظام‬
‫ادارة المبانى (‪)BMS‬‬
‫وتم وضع الراك الرئيسى للنظام في غرفة التحكم والمراقبه بالدور األرضي بينما ستكون‬
‫الميكروفونات ولوحات التشغيل في اإلستقبال بالدور األرضي و أماكن السماعات بالمناطق‬
‫العامة بالمركز كما هو موضح المخططات ويتكون نظام اإلذاعة من ( ‪ ) 10‬مناطق‬
‫والمضخمات والسماعات والميكروفونات والبطاريات االحتياطيه والملحقات ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 3-1-5‬مربوط على النظام (‪ )10‬مناطق (‪ )10 ZONES‬تخدم المناطق العامة مثل‬

‫الممرات والردهات واماكن االنتظار و مواقف السيارات‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 4-1-5‬تم التصميم بحيث يكون مستوى الصوت (‪)SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL‬‬

‫على االقل )‪ (15dB‬فوق متوسط الصوت المحيط كما هو مذكور بالكود‬
‫(‪ .)NFPA72 :18.4.3.1‬وفى أماكن التنويم كما هو مذكور بالكود‬
‫)‪( NFPA : 18.4.5.1‬‬

‫‪187‬‬
188
189
 ‫‪ :2-5‬المواصفات الفنية للمعدات المستخدمه‪:‬‬

‫‪ :1-2-5‬نظام نداء عام يتكون من مضخم الطاقة ومضخمات الخطط وموالطف ومشطغل االسططوانات‬
‫المدمجة وم شغل الكاسيت وميكروفونات ديناميكيطة والسطماعات ومغطذى الطاقطة والمكونطات االخطرى‬
‫المطلوبة الكتمال النظام‪ .‬تكون كافة معدات نظام النداء العام الثابتطة مطن النطول المركطى علطى حامطل‬
‫وموردة بحامل خزانة الصانع القياسية ‪ .‬يكون لنظام النداء العام مخرج للنداء للصطالة ولنظطام انطذار‬
‫الحريق لالعالن المسبق التسجيل فى حالة حدوث حريق ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2-2-5‬المضخخخم ذو الرخخدرا م االميلفخخاير ‪ :‬مضططخم الطاقططة ) سططعة األمبلفططاير ‪ 5000‬واط (‬

‫ويجى ان يكون مزدوج القنوات بالطاقة االسمية المثلى المالئمة الحمال السماعات ‪ .‬يجى ان تكون‬
‫باسططتجابة تردديططة ممتططازة ومعططدالت تشططويت توافقيططة‪ .‬يططورد مفتططاب طاقططة عبططارة عططن قططاطع دائططرة‬
‫مغناطيسى بتأخير تشغيل فتح ثالثة ثوانى ‪ .‬يجى ان يكون مضخم الطاقة بحماية من قصور الطدائرة‬
‫ويكون مزودا بوحدة تحديد التيار بالدائرة باالضافة الى الحماية وحضور االشارة ومبين ‪. LED‬‬

‫‪ -3-2-5‬مضخمات الخط ‪ :‬تقوم بربط اإلشارات قبل التكبير بدون أى فقطد نتيجطة الخلطط ‪ ،‬ويكطون‬
‫لها الخصائص التالية ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬بتحكم بعمق (انخفاض الحدة) وثالثي النغمة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬تحكم بشدة الصوت ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬مقاومة االخراج ‪ 600 :‬أوم متوازن ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬االستجابة الترددية ‪ 20000 – 30 :‬ميجاهيرتز (‪ 1 ±‬ديسيبل) ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬التشويت ‪ :‬أقل من ‪ %0.3‬لكل ا كيلو هيرتز ‪.‬‬

‫‪190‬‬
 ‫‪ : 4-2-5‬ميكروفون النداء‪:‬‬
‫‪Controlled‬‬ ‫يجى أن يكون من نول سطح المكتطى و يعتمطد علطى تقنيطة المعطالغ الصطغر‬
‫‪ Microprocessor‬ويحتو على شاشة ‪ LCD‬مع لوحة مفاتيح رقمية وعنق قابل للتعطديل‬
‫و من النول الكهربائي يعمل عل ‪ 24‬فولت مستمر وبأشرة خرج صفر ديسطبل ويمتلطك امكانيطة‬
‫اتخاى و نداء ‪ 744‬منطقة كذلك امكانية تحزين و اعادة أخر رسالة بلضغط على مفتطا واحطد‬
‫كما يجى ان تتوفر فيه امكانية وضع الرسطالة الصطوتية فطي قائمطة االنتظطار عنطدما يكطون الخطط‬
‫مشغوال ُ واعادة بتها بشكل أوتوماتيكي عند خلو الخطز‬
‫ويجى أن يتوافق الميكروفون مع المميزات التالية ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 280‬هيرتز ‪ 15 -‬كيلو هيرتز‬ ‫االستجابة الترددية‬

‫أكبر من ‪ 56‬ديسبل‬ ‫نسبة األشارة الى الضجيغ‬
‫‪ 170‬ميلي أمبير‬ ‫االستهالك‬

‫‪191‬‬
192
 ‫‪ :‬وحدة الريط مع نظام إنذار الحريق و الهاتف‪:‬‬ ‫‪5-2-5‬‬
‫يجى أن تمتلك هذه الوحدة نفس ميزات ميكروفطون النطداء باالضطافة الطى أنهطا يجطى أن تحتطو‬
‫على سبعة مداخل لالستشعار عن بعد ويجى أن تتوافق مع الميزات التالية‪:‬‬

‫لوحة المراقية ‪:‬‬ ‫‪:6-2-5‬‬

‫تراقى محتويات برنامغ اإلذاعة بواسطة لوحة المراقبة ( ذات ‪ 22‬إتجاه و ‪ 100‬فولت) تعمطل‬
‫حيث خرج اإلشارات مطن كطل منطقطة وتشطمل الوحطدة مفتطاب اختيطار ‪ 12‬منطقطة ‪ ،‬سطماعه مطع‬
‫مفتاب شدة الصوت لمراقبة خرج المضخم ( ‪ 100‬فولت ) ومقياس أنوار مسانده ‪.‬‬

‫لوحة التوزيع الرئيسية ‪:‬‬ ‫‪: 7-2-5‬‬

‫تحو لوحة التوزيع الرئيسية مفتاب تشغيل أساسي وفيوز على خط التغذية ( اللوحة األمامية )‬
‫تشغل وتوزل إلى جميع الوحدات في الرف‪ ,‬ويجى تركيى لوحة توزيع كهربائية فطي كطل رف‬
‫معدات في خزانة المعدات ‪.‬‬

‫‪193‬‬
 ‫‪ : 8-2-5‬السماعات السرفية‪:‬‬
‫سططتورد السططماعات السططقفية الغاطسططة كاملططة مططع براغططي التثبيططت البسططيطة والمحططول وتصططيالت‬
‫التسليك ‪.‬‬
‫ويجى أن تكون للسماعة السقفية الحد اآلدنى من المميزات التالية ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 6‬وات‬ ‫معدل اإلستهالك ( ) ‪RMS‬‬
‫‪ 6 ، 3 ، 1.5‬وات‬ ‫مآخذ االستهالك‬
‫‪ 90‬ديسبل‬ ‫‪ SPL‬عند معدل اإلستهالك‬

‫‪ :9-2-5‬خزانة المعدات ‪:‬‬

‫أ) يجى تزويد خزانة معدات رفية بعرض قيسي ‪ 19‬انت وارتفال يمكنهطا مطن اسطتيعاى جميطع‬
‫مكونات النظام وبعمق ‪ 610‬ملم ويجى أن تبنى الخزانة من الفطوالذ مقطاس ‪ 14‬أو ‪ 16‬وكطذلك‬
‫اإلطارات واألرفف وستكون الحواف زوايا مربعة ‪.‬‬
‫ى) يجى أن تكون القاعدة فوالذية مجمعة في المصطنع ومطزودة بمعطايرات مسطتوى ‪ .‬وسطتكون‬
‫الخزانة مفتوحة من األمام على شكل لوحة قياسية وهيكل التثبيت شرائح مع أبواى شطفافة ذات‬
‫قفل بمفتاب ‪ .‬ويجى تزويد باى خلفي ( مزود بكوة عليا ذات فتحات ) من الفطوالذ مقطاس ‪. 16‬‬
‫ويجى أن تكون أحد جوانى اللوحة قابلة للفتح وذلطك لطربط خطزانتين تثبيطت أو أكثطر ويجطى أن‬
‫يكون الجانى اآلخر قابل للفك ألغراض الصيانة ‪.‬‬
‫د) هذه الخزانة سطتكون مصطقولة حراريطا وذات إنهطاء ألطوان المصطنع القياسطية و تهطوى اللوحطة‬
‫وستؤمن مراوب التبريد تهوية إضافية ‪.‬يجهطز كطل رف‬ ‫األمامية لتمكن من تبريد الخزانة ‪.‬‬
‫بلوحة توزيع كهربائية ( تغذية متناوبه )‬
‫د) يجى أن تزود الخزانة بلوحات مخرمة للته وية بحيث توضع واحطدة بطين كطل مكبطرين كطذلك‬
‫مروحة تهوية تضم أربعة مراوب باالضافة الى لوحات التغطية لكل مكان فارغ ويجى ان تمدد‬
‫األسالك ضمن الخزانة بطريقة فنية وضمن مواسير ‪ PVC‬و أن تزود اللوحة الخلفية للخزانطة‬
‫بمأخذ عالية الجودة لتوصيل الميكروفونات و السماعات الى األجهزة ضمن الخزانة‬

‫‪194‬‬
 ‫‪ - 6‬نظام نداء الممرضات ( ‪-:) IP NURSE CALL SYSTEM‬‬

‫‪ :1-6‬األسس المستخدمة فى التصميم ‪:‬‬

‫‪ :1-1-6‬تم تصميم نظام نداء الممرضات وفقا لمتطلبات الجمعيه الوطنية للحماية من‬
‫الحريق ( ‪ )NFPA - National Electrical Code‬كما هو موضح بالمخططات‬
‫( ‪. )EL – IPN-01 … to …EL – IPN-05‬‬

‫‪ .:2-1-6‬يوجد زر استدعاء للتمريض فوق رأس كل مريض وفى الحمامات وأسرة العناية‬
‫المركزة مما يسمح للمريض بأستدعاء طقم التمريض عند الحاجه ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 4-16‬يوجد لمبة إنارة تطلق ضوء متقطع عند غرفة كل مريض مع صافرة تنبيه فى‬
‫محطة التمريض فى حالة االستدعاء من المريض‪.‬‬

‫‪ : 2-6‬المواصفات الفنية للمعدات المستخدمة ‪:‬‬

‫‪ : 1-2-6‬نقطة استدعاء الخاصة بالمريض مع زر االلغاء‬

‫‪Patient Call Point With Cancel Button‬‬

‫‪195‬‬
 ‫‪ : 2-2-6‬زر االستدعاء باللون الكودى‬

‫) ‪Patient Call Point ( Code Blue , Code White, Code Pink & Emergency Call‬‬

‫‪ : 3-2-6‬حبل االسحب للطوارىء مع زر االلغاء (‪) Patient Pull Cord With Cancel Button‬‬
‫تقوم محطات حبل الطوارئ بتنبيه أفراد الطاقم بالمكان الذي يحتاج لمساعدة عاجلة سحب الحبل الذي‬
‫ينطلق من المحطة إلى األرض يصدر استدعاء طارئ وذلك يسمح للمرضى اللذين سقطوا أن يصدروا‬
‫استدعاء طارئ وهم مطروحين أرضا‪.‬‬

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 )LED Visual Signal above Door ( ‫ انارة تنبيه فوق الباب‬: 4-2-6

‫ محطة المريض‬: 5-2-6

Patient Station ( Nurse Call, Staff Assist and Cancel Button ) With Entertainment Connection

197
‫‪ : 6-2-6‬محطة الممرضات بشاشة تعمل باللمس‬

‫‪198‬‬