‫بسمهللاالرحمنالرحيم‬

STATICS (ENGINEERING
MECHANICS-I)

LECTURE #9
Projection and Moments in 3D

By
Dr. Yazeed A Alsharedah

February 1, 2019
 Contents2
 Objectives of the present lecture
 Orthogonal projection
 Problems
 Projected area: A real life application
 Moment: Scalar and vector definitions
 Moment about a line
 Varignon’s theorem
 Problems
 Further reading

February 1, 2019
 Objectives of the Present
3 lecture

 To illustrate the concept of projection and also explain

how to find out the moments about a point and a line in
three dimension force systems.

February 1, 2019
 (Orthogonal)
 Projection
4
F
n
C

B n  unit vector in the direction of line ABC
A
Projectionof F on line ABC or in the n - direction Fn

Projection in scalar form : F  AB  F cos F.n

 
n

Projection in vector form : F  F.n n n

    n
where, n  li  mj  nk Here l, m, n are the direction cosines of unit vector n

B(x2 , y2 , z2 )
(x2  x1 ) ( y  y1 ) (z  z )
l ; m 2 ; n 2 1 A(x1, y1, z1 )
AB AB AB
AB  (x 2  x1 )2  ( y 2  y1 )2  (z 2  z1 )2
February 1, 2019
 Problem-1
5
For the shown force:
a. Determine the magnitudes of the projection of the force F = 100 N
onto the u and v axes.
b. Determine the magnitudes of the components of force F along the u
and v axes.

F = 100 N

15 
45 
O u

February 1, 2019
 Solution6
Projections of the force Components of the force
onto u and v axes along u and v axes

v
v
100 N
100 N
15 
15 
45 
45  O u
O u

Fu comp Fv comp 100

Fu proj  100 cos 45 
 70.7 N  
sin15  sin 45 sin120 
Fv proj  100 cos15  96.6 N  Fu comp  29.9 N  Fu proj
 Fv comp  81.6 N  Fv proj

February 1, 2019
 Note 7
Rectangular components of a force along the two chosen
perpendicular axes, and projection of the force onto the
same axes are the same.
y

100 N

40  x
O

Fx comp  100 cos 40   76.6 N  Fx proj

F 
y comp  100 sin 40   64.3 N  Fy proj

Check : F  Fx 2  Fx 2  76.6 2  64.3 2  100 N

February 1, 2019
 Problem-2
8

A forceF is applied at the origin O of the axes x-y-zas shown in the Figure.
Determinethe vector formof projectionFOA (i.e.find F OA ) along the line OA.

z
  
F  106i 141j 176k N
y

3m

O
m
x

2/1/2019
 Solution9
OA  L  (x2  x1 )  ( y 2  y1 )  (z 2  z1 )
2 2 2

 OA  (6  0)2  (4  0)2  (3  0)2  7.81m

(6  0) (4  0)
l  0.768; m   0.512; z
7.81 7.81   
(3  0) F  106i 141j 176k N
n  0.384
7.81 y

A
Therefore,unit vector along the line OA is :
FOA 3m
n OA  li  m j  nk
 n OA  0.768i  0.512 j  0.384k O
4m

2/1/2019
 Solution Contd.
10
    
FOA  F.nOA  (106i 141j 176k ).(0.768i  0.512 j  0.384k)  221.18 N
    
F  (F.n )n  F n  221.18(0.768i  0.512 j  0.384k )
OA OA OA
OA

OA
 
 F 169.87i 113.24 j  84.93k N
OA

z
  
F  106i 141j 176k N
y

FOA 3m

O
4m

2/1/2019
 Problem-3
11
A force with a magnitude of 100 N is applied at the origin O of the axes x-y-
z as shown. The line of action of force passes through a point A. Determine
the projection Fxy of 100N force on the x-y plane.

100 N A

3m

O
4m

2/1/2019
 Solution12
z

y
(6  0)  (4  0)  (0  0)  7.211  0.923
2 2 2
cosxy  F  100 N A (6,4,3)
(6  0)2  (4  0)2  (3  0)2 7.810

3m
θxy
(6,4,0)
Fxy  F cosxy  100(0.923)  92.3 N O B
(0,0,0) Fxy 4m

2/1/2019
 Alternative Solution
13

  (6  0)iˆ  (4  0) ĵ  (3  0)kˆ 
F  F (liˆ  mĵ  nk̂)  100 
 (6  0)2  (4  0)2  (3  0)2  z
 
  6iˆ  4 ĵ  3kˆ 
 F  100   76.8iˆ  51.2 jˆ  38.4kˆ N
 7.810  y
 
F  100 N A (6,4,3)
 ˆ ˆ ˆ (6  0)iˆ  (4  0) ĵ  (0  0)kˆ
nOB  li  mj  nk 
(6  0)2  (4  0)2  (0  0)2 3m
θ xy
(6,4,0)
 6iˆ  4 ˆj  0kˆ O
 nOB   0.832iˆ  0.554 ĵ B
7.211 (0,0,0) Fxy 4m

x

Fxy  F  nOB  76.8 0.832  51.2 0.554  38.4 0  92.3 N
 Fxy  92.3 N

2/1/2019
 Projected Area-A Real Life Application
14

Wind Resistance = A × P
A = the projected area of the item
P = Wind pressure (N/m2)
In order to reduce the wind
resistance, efforts are made in
reducing the projected area.
Less is the wind resistance, less
would be the fuel consumption.

http://www.youtube.com/v/TtLh2
P56LvY

February 1, 2019
 Moment: Scalar definition
15

The tendency of a force to rotate a body about an axis is known as

the moment (M) of the force (or torque T).
O
The magnitude of the moment about the
axis O-O normal to the plane of the body
is proportional to F
i. The force; and M
ii. The moment arm d A 90
0

d
Thus, the scalar definition of moment is
M=F d Line of action
of the force
O
Note:
Moment arm (d): Moment arm is the perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the force.

In three dimensions, the determination of the perpendicular distance between a point and the line of action
of the force can be a tedious computation. The use of vector approach using cross-product multiplication
then becomes advantageous.

February 1, 2019
 Moment: Vector Definition
16
  
M  r F O
r  Position vector that runs from the moment 
reference point A to any point in the line of action of F F

  M r 
A
Magnitude of M  M  M  rF sin d

 M  Fr sin  Fd
Direction:The right - hand rule is used to identify the direction.
O
Thus the moment of F about O-O may be identifiedas a vector
pointing in the directionof thumb, with the fingerscurledin the
directionof the tendency to rotate.

2/1/2019
Moment (contd.)
17
 
O r  rxi  ry j  rz k

  
 F  Fxi  Fy j  Fzk
M F
  
r  M rF
A
d
  
i j k

O M  rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
   
M  M xi  M y j  M z k

2/1/2019
 Zero moments
18

 If line of action of the force intersects the axis of rotation (or point
of rotation), there is no moment of the force about this axis (or
point) of rotation
 If line of action of the force is parallel to the axis of rotation, there is
no moment of the force about this axis of rotation

2/1/2019
 Moment about19a line
   
If Moment about a point O is M o ( r  F ), we have to find moment M  about a
line  (passing through the point O).
   
M   (M o .n)n
   
M   (r  F.n)n

 rx ry rz
M   M   Fx Fy Fz
  

 ,  ,  : directioncosinesof the unit vector n

2/1/2019
 Varignon’s Theorem
20

The sum of the moments of a system of concurrent forces about a given

point equals the moment of their sum about the same point.

   
r  F1  r  F2  r  F3  .....  r  (F1  F2  F3  .....)
 
 r  F
      
 M O  (r  F )  r  F  r  R
2/1/2019
 Problem-4
21

• The turnbuckle is tightened until the tension in z

the cable AB equals 20 kN (Figure).
(i) Determine the moment of the tension T about
A
• point O.
(ii)Determine the moment of the tension T about
point B.
T=20 kN
(iii)Calculate the moment of the tension T about 30 m

• line OC.
Note that points B, C and D lie in the x-y plane.
D
x O
6m

B 5m C 8m E
y

2/1/2019
 Solution22
z
Solution (i) moment about point O.
 
r  30k
    
T  20n  20[li  mj  nk ] A

 (13  0)  (6  0)   (0  30) 
AB

i j k    (0, 0, 30)
 20   7.8i  3.6 j 18k
 (13  0)  (6  0)  (0  30) 
2 2 2

        T=20 kN
M  r T  234 j 108i  M  108i  234 j kN.m
O O
30 m

Solution (ii) moment ofT about point B.

As the line of action of 20 kN force is passing D
through B, the force will not produce any x
6m
O
moment about point B. E
(0, 0, 0)
B 5m C 8m
That is MB = 0 y
(13, 6, 0) (8, 6, 0)

2/1/2019
 Solution contd.
23
z
Solution (iii) moment of T about line OC.
   
n  [li  mj  nk ]
OC
  
  (8  0)i  (6  0) j  (0  0)k    A
n    0.8i  0.6 j
 (8  0)  (6  0)  (0  0) 
OC
2 2 2
(0, 0, 30)
     
M  M .n  (108i  234 j ).(0.8i  0.6 j)  54 kN.m
OC O OC
      T=20 kN
M  (M .n )n  54(0.8i  0.6 j)
OC O OC OC 30 m
  
 M  43.2i  32.4 j kN.m
OC

D
x O
6m
(0, 0, 0)
B 5m C 8m E
y
(13, 6, 0) (8, 6, 0)

2/1/2019
 Further Reading
24

Read more about 3D-force systems from:

J.L. Meriam and L.G. Kraige, Engineering Mechanics: Statics, Sixth

Edition, Chapter 2, Force Systems.

February 1, 2019
Thank You 25

February 1, 2019