UNIT 16: MATERIALS AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

TOPIC VOCABULARY: MATERIALS + THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

WORDS ENGLISH MEANING VIETNAMESE MEANING
1. block (v, n) /blɒk/ - a large piece of a solid material that is - khối
square or rectangular in shape and - ngăn cản, ngăn chặn
usually has flat sides
-
2. brittle (adj) /ˈbrɪtl/ - delicate and easily broken - giòn
3. chip (v, n) /tʃɪp/ - to break a small piece off something by - sứt mẻ
accident: - dăm, mảnh ( bị mẻ ra từ
- the place from which a small piece of một vật)
wood, glass, etc. has broken from an
object
4. compact (v, adj) - to press (something) so that it is harder - kết chắc lại
/kəmˈpækt/ and fills less space [+ obj] - gọn, chắc, chặt
- smaller than other things of the same
kind
5. concentrate (v) - to give all your attention to something - tập trung
/ˈkɑːnsənˌtreɪt/ and not think about anything else - cô đặc
- to make a substance stronger or purer - tập hợp, tập trung (số
by removing water or other substances lượng)
- to bring or come together in a large
number or amount in one particular area
6. crack (v, n) /kræk/ - to break (something) so that there are - làm nứt, làm rạn, vỡ
lines in its surface but it is usually not - vết nứt, khe nhỏ; sự nứt
separated into pieces [+ obj]
- a very narrow space between parts of
something
7. crumb (n) /krʌm/ - a very small piece that has fallen from - miếng, mẫu, mảnh vụn
bread , cookies, or cake
8. crush (v, n) /krʌʃ/ - the act of crushing; state of being - ép, vắt (hoa quả); nghiến,
crushed. đè nát, đè bẹp
- a great crowd - đám đông
- to press something very hard so that it - sự ép, sự vắt; sự nghiến, sự
is broken or its shape is destroyed đè nát
9. dense (adj) /dens/ - (of a substance) containing a lot of - dày đặc, chặt
matter in a small space
10. dilute (v, adj) - to make a liquid weaker by mixing it - pha loãng
/dai'lju:t/ with water or another liquid - loãng
- made weaker by diluting
11. dissolve (v) - dissolve (in something) (of a solid) to - rã ra, tan rã, phân huỷ, làm
/di'zɔlv/ mix with a liquid and become part of it tan biến
12. fabric (n) /'fæbrik/ - cloth or material for making clothes, - vải
covering furniture, etc. - công trình xây dựng, giàn
- the structure or parts of something khung, kết cấu, cơ cấu
13. firm (adj) /fɜːm/ - strong and tight - chắc, bền vững
- certain and not likely to change - kiên quyết, dứt khoát, cứng
rắn
14. flake (v, n) /fleɪk/ - to come off a surface in small, thin - (+off, away) bong ra, rơi ra
pieces từng mảnh
- a small, thin piece of something, - vảy, mảnh, mảng bong ra
especially if it has come from a surface
covered with a layer of something
15. fragile - a fragile object is easily damaged or - dễ vỡ, dễ gãy; mỏng manh
(adj) /'frædʒail/ broken
16. friction (n) /'frik∫n/ - the force that makes it difficult for one - sự cọ xát; sự ma sát
object to slide along the surface of
another or to move through a liquid or
gas
17. grain (n) /ɡreɪn/ - a small, hard seed, especially the seed - thóc lúa, lúa mì
of a food plant such as wheat, corn, rye, - hạt
oats, rice, or millet. - một chút
- a very small piece of a hard substance
- a very small amount
18. gravity (n) - the force that makes objects fall toward - trọng lực
/ˈɡræv.ə.ti/ the earth, or toward some other large - tính nghiêm trọng, tính trầm
object such as a planet or a star trọng
- seriousness
19. grind (v) /graind/ - to make something into small pieces or - xay, nghiền, tán
a powder by pressing between hard
surfaces
20. hollow - having a hole or empty space inside, or - rỗng, hóp; sâu
(adj) /'hɒləʊ/ a low area in a surface

21. liquid (n, - a substance, such as water, that is not - chất lỏng
adj) /'likwid/ solid or a gas and that can be poured - lỏng
easily
- of, relating to, or consisting of liquids
22. lump (v, n) /lʌmp/ - to unite into one aggregation, - gộp lại, gom lại, đóng cục
collection, or mass (often followed by lại, vón lại
together) - cục, tảng, miếng
 - a piece of a solid substance, usually
with no particular shape
23. mineral - a valuable or useful chemical substance - chất khoáng, khoáng vật
(n) /'minərəl/ that is formed naturally in the ground
24. mould (v, n) - to make a soft substance have a - đổ khuôn, đúc bằng khuôn,
/məʊld/ particular shape nặn hình
- a shaped cavity used to give a definite - khuôn đúc
form to fluid or plastic material
24. opaque (adj) /əʊ - preventing light from travelling - mờ đục; chắn sáng
ˈpeɪk/ through, and therefore not transparent or - không rõ; không hiểu
translucent
- difficult to understand or know about
25. pat (v, n) - to touch someone or something gently - vỗ cho dẹt xuống
and usually repeatedly with the hand flat - vỗ nhẹ, vỗ về
- to strike lightly or gently with - cái vỗ nhẹ, cái vỗ về; tiếng
something flat, as with a paddle or the vỗ nhẹ
palm of the hand, usually in order to
flatten, smooth, or shape
- the act of patting a person or animal
26. pile (v, n) /paɪl/ - to put (things) near or on top of each - (+ up, on) chất đống, chồng
other, or to collect in this way chất
- a number of things that have been - đóng cọc
placed on top of each other - chồng, đống, cọc
27. polish (v, n) /ˈpɒlɪʃ/ - to rub something using a piece of cloth - đánh bóng
or brush to clean it and make it shine - sự đánh bóng, nước bóng,
- a cream or other substance that you use nước láng
to clean something or the act of cleaning
something by rubbing it

28. scratch (v, n) - to make or remove a mark, etc. on
/skrætʃ/ something deliberately, by rubbing it
with something hard or sharp
- a cut or mark that is made in a surface
with something sharp or rough
29. scrub (v, n) /skrʌb/ - to rub something hard in order to clean
it, especially using a stiff brush, soap,
and water
- to decide not to do something you had
planned to do
- (an area of land covered with) short
trees and bushes, growing on dry ground
- cào, làm xước; rạch, gãi
- vết cào, vết xước, vết rạch,
vết xây xát; tiếng cào; tiếng
rạch
- lau, chùi, cọ, sự cọ rửa
- bỏ ( một dự định )
- bụi cây, bụi rậm; nơi có bụi
cây, nơi có bụi rậm
 of low quality
30. smash (v) /smæʃ/ - to cause something to break noisily - đập tan ra từng mảnh, vỡ
into a lot of small pieces tan
31. solid (n, - not liquid or gas - chất rắn, đặc
adj) /'sɒlid/ - tính rắn, đặc
32. speck (n) /spek/ - a very small mark, piece, or amount - dấu, vết, đốm

33. squash (v, n) - to press something so that it becomes - ép, nén, nén chặt
/skwɒʃ/ soft, damaged or flat, or changes shape - đám đông
- a situation in which there are too many
people in a small space
34. squeeze (v, n) - to press something firmly, especially - ép, vắt, nén, siết chặt, nặn
/skwiːz/ from all sides in order to change its - sự ép, sự vắt, sự siết, sự véo
shape, reduce its size, or remove liquid
from it (especially with your hands )
- the act of pressing something firmly
35. stack (v, n) /stæk/ - to arrange things in an ordered pile - chồng thành đống, chất
- a pile of things arranged one on top of thành đống
another - đống
36. stiff (adj) /stif/ - difficult to bend or move - cứng, cứng đơ, ngay đơ
37. stroke (v, n) - to move your hand slowly and gently - vuốt ve
/strəʊk/ over something. - cái vuốt ve
- the gentle movement of your hand
across skin, hair or fur…

38. stuff (v, n) /stʌf/ - to push something into a small space, - nhồi, nhét
often quickly or in a careless way - thứ, món
- a substance, especially when you do
not know or say exactly what it is
. substance (n) - a type of solid, liquid or gas that has - chất, vật chất
/ˈsʌbstəns/ particular qualities
. synthetic (adj) - made by combining chemical - tổng hợp
/sin'θetik/ substances rather than being produced
naturally by plants or animals
. tear (v, n) /teə(r)/ - to damage something by pulling it - rách, xé, làm toác ra
apart or into pieces or by cutting it on - chỗ rách, vết rách
something sharp; to become damaged in
this way
- a hole in a piece of paper, cloth, or
other material, where it has been torn
. texture (n) /'tekstʃə/ - the quality of something that can be - kết cấu
decided by touch; the degree to which - cách dệt, lối dệt (vải)
 something is rough or smooth, or soft or
hard
. transparent (adj) - If a substance or object is transparent, - trong suốt, trong trẻo, trong
/træns'peərənt/ you can see through it very clearly sạch
. built-up (adj) /ˌbɪlt - a built-up area is one where there are a - có nhà cửa san sát
ˈʌp/ lot of buildings
. bypass (v, n) /'baipɑ:s/ - to avoid something by going around it - làm đường vòng (ở nơi nào)
- a road built around a town or village so - đi vòng
that traffic does not need to travel - đường vòng (để tránh một
through it vị trí nào trên đường chính,
để tránh ùn xe lại...)
. construct (v) /kən - to build something large such as a - xây dựng
ˈstrʌkt/ building, road, or bridge
. demolish (v) /dɪ - to completely destroy a building, - phá huỷ, phá sập, san bằng
ˈmɒlɪʃ/ especially in order to use the land for
something else
. district (n) /ˈdɪstrɪkt/ - an area of a country or town - quận, huyện, khu
. dwell (v) /dwel/ - to live in a place or in a particular way - ngụ, ở
. estate (n) /i'steit/ - a group of houses or factories built in a - cơ ngơi, khu (nhà )
planned way
. evict (v) /i:'vikt/ - to force someone to leave somewhere - đuổi (ai) (khỏi nhà ở, đất
đai...)
- (pháp lý) lấy lại (tài sản...
bằng con đường pháp lý)
. high-rise - a tall modern building with many - cao tầng (nhà nhiều tầng)
(adj) /'hairaiz/ floors
. housing (n) /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/ - buildings for people to live in - nhà ở (nói chung)
. infrastructure - the fundamental facilities and systems - cơ sở hạ tầng
(n) /,infrə'strʌkt∫ə[r]/ serving a country, city, or area, as
transportation and communication
systems, power plants, and schools.
. inner city (n - the part near the centre of a large city, - nội thành
phr) /,inə'siti/ which often has social problems
. occupy (v) /ˈɒkjupaɪ/ - to fill or use a space, an area or an - chiếm, chiếm giữ
amount of time
. populated (adj) - (of a place) having people living there - có người ở
/ˈpɒpjuleɪt/
. skyline (n) /ˈskaɪlaɪn/ - a shape or pattern made against the - đường chân trời
sky, especially by buildings:
. structure (n) - a thing that is made of several parts, - công trình kiến trúc, công
/ˈstrʌktʃə(r)/ especially a building trình xây dựng
. skyscraper (n) - a very tall modern building, usually in - nhà chọc trời (toà nhà hiện
/ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/ a city đại rất cao ở thành thị)
. suburban (adj) /sə - relating to a suburb ( an area or town - (thuộc) ngoại ô
ˈbɜːbən/ near a large city but away from its
centre, where there are many houses ,
especially for middle-class people
. surroundings (n pl) /sə - the place where someone or something
- môi trường xung quanh;
ˈraʊndɪŋz/ is and the things that are in it vùng phụ cận, vùng xung
quanh
. urban (adj) /ˈɜːbən/ - relating to towns and cities, or - (thuộc) thành phố, (thuộc)
happening there thành thị; ở thành phố, ở
thành thị

PHRASAL VERBS
1. board up - to cover a door or window with - bịt kín (cửa, cửa sổ, ...) bằng
wooden boards gỗ, kim loại, ...
2. close up - lock the doors of a building or - đóng cửa
business
3. come out - to be removed - tẩy, giặt sạch
- when words come out, they are - được nói ra
spoken - được biết đến
- to become known - Sản xuất, xuất hành, xuất bản
- to be produced or published - Một vấn đề được giải quyết
- to be in a certain condition or to
achieve something at the end of a
process or activity
4. cut out - to make something by cutting - cắt
5. fix up - to repair, decorate or make - sửa sang lại
something ready
6. knock/pull/ tear - to deliberately destroy a building or - phá bỏ, phá huỷ
down wall
7. pile up - to increase in amount - nhiều chồng chất
8. prop up - to give support to something, - hỗ trợ, nâng đỡ
especially a country or organization, - chóng đỡ
so that it can continue to exist in a
difficult situation
- to lift and give support to
something by putting something
under it
9. put in - to fix a large piece of equipment or - lắp đặt
system into a room or building, ready - đưa ra ( yêu cầu)
 to be used
- to officially make a claim, request,
etc
10. put together - to put the parts of something in the - gắn, ghép, xếp, kết hợp với
correct places and join them to each nhau
other

11. put up - to build something or place - xây dựng

something somewhere - ở, cho ở
- to let somebody stay at your home - thể hiện
- to show a particular level of skill,
determination, etc. in a fight or
contest
12. set up - organize or plan something - cài đặt
- make something ready to use - thiết lập
13. spread out - if people spread out, they move - giãn ra, trải, dang ra
from being close together in a group
to being in different places across a
larger area
14. take down - to remove a structure, especially by - tháo ra
separating it into pieces - ghi chép
- to write something down
15. water down - to change a speech, a piece of - làm giảm nhẹ đi, làm yếu đi
writing, etc. in order to make it less
strong or offensive
16. wear down - to make someone feel tired and less - làm hao mòn, kiệt sức
able to deal successfully with a - bào mòn, làm sờn, xói
situation
- to become, or make something
become, gradually smaller or
smoother through continuous use or
rubbing
 IDIOMS
1. a home from home
2. blot on the landscape
3. commuter belt
4. concrete jungle
5. home sweet home
6. in the sticks
7. make yourself at home
8. on the street
9. on the town
10. satellite town
COLLOCATIONS
1. bend something - to form or cause to form a curve, - bẻ, uốn cong cái gì
Bend (into shape/ a as by pushing or pulling
circle/etc)
2. (go) round the - to become crazy
bend
- a place where you feel as - nơi quen thuộc ( như là nhà )
relaxed as you do in your
own home
- something that makes a - (thứ, điều) làm mất cảnh đẹp
place look less attractive,
for example an ugly
building
- area surrounding a large - lưu vực, vành đai
city where many people
who work in that city live
- unpleasant part of a city - ( rừng bê tông) một khu vực
where there are a lot of trong thành phố với những tòa
ugly buildings close nhà hiện đại được xem như rất
together nguy hiểm và không thoải mái.
- used for saying that you - không nơi đâu bằng nhà
are happy to be back in
your own home
- in an area far from the - vùng quê, miền quê
town or city
- feel relaxed and behave - cứ tự nhiên như ở nhà nhé
in the same way as you do
in your own home
- with no place to live - lang thang, không có nhà
- spending the evening - xuống phố chơi, giải trí
enjoying yourself in bars,
clubs, theatres, etc
- town or city that is close - thành phố vệ tinh
to and depends on a larger
city
đó
- phát điên
 3. sharp/tight bend - curves that are sharp on the road - khúc cua gấp
4. block sb’s way - to stand in front of someone, so - chặn đường
that they cannot go past
5. block of flats - a large building that has several or - tòa nhà được chia
many apartments. thành các căn hộ
Block 6. apartment block - a large building that is divided - khu chung cư
into apartments
7. high-rise block - buildings are modern buildings - nhà cao tầng
which are very tall and have many
levels or floors
8. mental/writer’s - a psychological inhibition - bị bí chữ, kẹt đề tài
block preventing a writer from viết
proceeding with a piece
9. bricks and mortar - existing as a physical building, - (cơ sở kinh doanh)
especially a shop, rather than doing truyền thống
Brick business only on the internet
10. brick wall - a wall made of brick - tường gạch
11. bricklayer - a person who builds walls or - thợ hồ ( thợ nề)
buildings using bricks, especially
as a job
12. erect ( a - to put up a statue/monument of - dựng nên bức tượng,
statue/monument/ someone tượng đài của một
Erect etc)to sb người
13. stand erect - maintain a straight posture - đứng thẳng
14. erect posture - the way in which someone usually - tư thế thẳng
holds straight their shoulders, neck,
and back
15. take/have the - if you take the floor, you start - phát biểu ý kiến
floor speaking/ having the right to speak
in a debate or discussion or at an
important public meeting
16. ground/first/etc - the floor which is level with the - tầng trệt
Floor floor ground
17. floor show - an entertainment, such as singing - sàn trình diễn, Trò
or comedy, presented at a vui diễn ở sàn (trong
nightclub, restaurant, or similar các tiệm rượu, hộp
venue đêm...)
18. floor plan - a drawing that shows the shape, - bản vẽ mặt bằng
size, and arrangement of rooms in a
building as viewed from above
19. floor board - a drawing that shows the shape, - ván sàn
size, and arrangement of rooms in a
 building as viewed from above
20. fold sth in - to bend something, especially - gấp làm đôi
half/two paper or cloth, so that a half part of
it lies on the other half part
Fold 21. fold sth - folding sth in a tidy or orderly - gấp gọn gàng
neatly/carefully way
22. fold flat - folding something like paper or a - gấp phẳng
quilt that is flat on the surface
23. fold your arm - to bend your arms so that they rest - khoanh tay
together against your body
24. lay the - to provide the conditions that - đặt nền móng
foundations of make it possible for something to
happen
Foundation 25. have no - if a statement, idea etc is without - vô căn cứ
foundation foundation, there is no proof that it
is true
26. without - not based on fact and not possible - vô căn cứ
foundation to prove
27. foundation - a college or university course that - khóa học nền tảng
course introduces students to a subject and
prepares them for studying it at a
higher level

28. foundation stone - a large block of stone that is put - đá móng

in position at the start of work on a - nền móng, nền tảng
public building, often with a
ceremony
- the basic or important principles,
ideas, facts, etc. on which
something depends:
29. move house - to change one’s home or place of - chuyển nhà
residence
30. on the house - if you are given something in a - đồ được miễn phí,
restaurant or bar on the house, you đãi
do not have to pay for it.
31. housework - the work of keeping a house clean - việc nhà
and tidy
32. housekeeping - the management of a home and - quản gia
House the work that needs to be done in it, - nhân viên dọn phòng
such as cleaning khách sạn, nhà nghỉ
- the department of a hotel that is
responsible for cleaning guest's
 bedrooms
33. housekeeper - a person, usually a woman, who is - người quản gia
paid to look after the management
of a house
34. housewife - someone who manages a home - bà nội trợ
and family instead of earning
money from employment
35. houseproud - very worried about your house - bận tâm về việc sửa
being completely clean and tidy, sang tô điểm nhà cửa
and spending a lot of time making
it so
36. mark sth with/on - to make one or more marks on - đánh dấu lên cái gì
someone or something with a đó
particular material.
37. leave a mark on - to have a very strong and - để lại một dấu ấn
noticeable effect on someone or
something, usually a bad one that
Mark lasts for a long time
38. burn/scratch/etc - a place or area that has been - vết bỏng
mark burned (especially on a person's
body)
39. the halfway mark - the point in a race, journey, or - nửa chặng đường
event that is halfway between the
start and the finish
40. be quick/slow off - to be quick to act or to react to an - phản ứng, ứng phó
the mark event or situation nhanh/chậm trong một
tình huống
41. hit/miss the mark - to achieve/not achieve the result - đạt/trật mục tiêu
that you intended
42. material - something owned; any tangible or - của cải vật chất
goods/possessions intangible possession that is owned
Material by someone
. material rewards - money or possessions that you get - phần thưởng vật chất
43. material - materials found in the natural - nguồn tài nguyên vật
resources world that have practical use and liệu
value for humans
44. raw material(s) - any material, such as oil, cotton, - nguyên liệu thô
or sugar in its natural condition,
before it has been processed for use
45. a matter of - used to refer to a small amount (a - một vài
few)
46. in a matter of - in only a few days - trong một vài ( ngày,
 (days, etc) …)
47. no matter how - used for saying that something is - dù thế nào đi chăng
not important or will not have an nữa
effect
Matter 48. no matter what - used to emphasize that something - cho dù là gì đi nữa
is always true, or that someone
must do something
49. to make matters - to make a situation worse - khiến vấn đề tồi tệ
worse hơn
50. as a matter of - if something is done as a matter of - dĩ nhiên, như một
fact/course/ course, it is a usual part of the way điều tất nhiên
urgency in which things are done and is not
special
51. a matter of - if you say that a statement is a - quan điểm cá nhân
opinion matter of opinion, you mean that it
is not a fact, and that other people,
including yourself, do not agree
with it
52. subject matter - the things that are being talked or - chủ đề, đề tài
written about, or used as the subject
of a piece of art, etc
53. precious metal - a metal that is valuable and - kim loại quý.
Metal usually rare
54. metal detector - a machine that you move over the - máy dò/ phát hiện
ground or a surface to discover if kim loại
there is metal there
- a machine that you walk through
at places such as airports, to
discover if you are carrying
anything dangerous or illegal