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World Climate and Climate Change Chapter 11 - Class 11 Geography NCERT - Class Notes - Samagra Book Series Batch (Hinglish)
World Climate and Climate Change Chapter 11 - Class 11 Geography NCERT - Class Notes - Samagra Book Series Batch (Hinglish)
● Tropical wet and dry climate occurs north and south of Tropical
wet-type climate (Af) regions.
● Aw climate is found to the north and south of the Amazon forest in
Brazil, as well as adjacent parts of Bolivia and Paraguay in South
America, Sudan, and south of Central Africa.
3.Tropical Wet and Dry Climate (Aw)
● It is found poleward from the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn,
mainly in North Indian plains and South China interior plains.
● The climate is similar to a Tropical wet and dry climate, except that the
temperature in winter is warm.
2.Mediterranean Climate (Cs)
● Mediterranean climate occurs around the Mediterranean sea, along
with the west coast of continents in subtropical latitudes between
30° – 40° latitudes. e.g. — Central California, Central Chile, along the
coast of southeastern and southwestern Australia.
● Here, the climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild,
rainy winters.
3.Humid Subtropical Climate (Cfa)
● The humid subtropical climate lies on the eastern parts of the
continent in subtropical latitudes. Frontal rainfall occurs due to
unstable air masses.
● They occur in the eastern United States of America, southern and
eastern China, southern Japan, northeastern Argentina, coastal South
Africa, and the eastern coast of Australia.
4.Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb)
● The west coast climate of the continents is located poleward from the
Mediterranean climate.
● The temperature is comparatively warmer in these regions due to
the moderating effects of the sea.
● The main areas of Cfb are coastal regions of North America, north of
California, Southern Chile, Southern Australia, and New Zealand.
● The average temperature in summer is 15°-20°C, and in winter
average temperature is 4°-10℃. Precipitation varies from 50-250cm.
4.Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb)
Group D- Cold Climate with Dry Winters (Dw)
● Occurs mainly over Northeastern Asia.
● Monsoon-like reversal of wind occurs in this region, i.e Anticyclonic
conditions develop in winter and weaken during summer.
● The annual precipitation is around 12-15cm.
Group E: Polar Climates
● It exists from 70° latitudes toward the pole.
● A polar climate consists of cool summers, and very cold winters,
which results in treeless tundra, glaciers, or a permanent or
semi-permanent layer of ice.
1. Tundra Climate (ET)
● Tundras are one of the coldest, and harshest biomes in the world.
● Tundras are found in the Arctic region and on top of mountains.
● These are treeless biomes characterized by high wind speed and
scanty rainfall.
● Here the soil is frozen permanently and is known as the permafrost
region.
2. Ice Cap Climate (EF)
● Here the temperature does not exceed 0℃, even in summer.
● This area receives very little rainfall.
● This climatic region occurs over the interior of Greenland and
Antarctica.
3. Highland Climates (H)
● This climate is found in high mountain areas.
● It is found on single mountains such as Mount Kilimanjaro and on
large areas of high elevation such as the Plateau of Tibet.
● Large changes in mean temperature occur over short distances in
high mountains.
● Precipitation types and intensity also vary spatially.
3. Highland Climates (H)
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