CHEMICAL BONDING

THE OCTET RULE

• Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in

order to get a full set of valence electrons.
• “octet” – most atoms need 8 valence electrons for
a full set
• Gaining or losing → ions = ionic bonding
• Sharing = covalent bonding
IONIC BONDING

Bonding between metal & nonmetal

PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

• High melting and boiling points

• Brittle
• Many dissolve in water
• Can conduct electricity because ions separate and are
charged in the solution
• Ex. Table salt or Sodium chloride
IONIC BONDS

• Electrons are transferred from one atom to

another creating ions
• Cations are attracted to anions (positives and
negatives attract)
• Metal + nonmetal
• Metals form cations
• Nonmetals form anions
TYPES OF IONS

• Monatomic = “one-atom”
• H+, Ca2+, Br-, N3-

• Polyatomic = “many-atoms”
• NH4+, OH-, SO42-,
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES

• Developed by American chemist Gilbert Lewis (1875-

1946)
• Valence electrons represented by dots around the
element symbol
• No more than two dots per side
• Can be used to show rearrangement of electrons
during chemical reactions
Formulas

• Empirical formula gives the lowest ratio of types of

atoms in a compound
• Molecular formula gives the exact number of
atoms of each element in a single molecule of a
compound
• Structural formula shows how atoms are bonded
together
FORMULA EXAMPLE: GLUCOSE
molecular formula
C6H12O6
empirical formula
CH2O
structural formula
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

• Contain ions of only two elements

• Formula: Cation written first, then anion
• Charges of ions written as superscripts, # of atoms in a
compound written as subscripts
• ionic compound always has a net zero charge
• Ratio written in lowest terms = empirical formula
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

• Draw the Lewis Dot Structures for sodium and

chlorine
• Using an arrow, identify how the transfer of 1
electron can create 2 new ions
• Sodium
transfers an
electron to
chlorine.
• Sodium
becomes a
positive ion
with a +1
charge.
• Chlorine
becomes a
negative ion
with a -1
charge.
THE CRISSCROSS METHOD FOR WRITING
COMPOUND FORMULAS

• Write the ion symbols (with their charges as

superscripts) for the cation and anion

• Criss-cross the two charges, moving them

diagonally from one ion’s superscript to the other
ion’s subscript
• Drop the sign!
THE CRISSCROSS METHOD FOR WRITING
COMPOUND FORMULAS
THE CRISSCROSS METHOD FOR WRITING
COMPOUND FORMULAS

magnesium ion and chloride ion

Mg2+ Cl-1

Mg with Cl =
MgCl2
COMPOUND FORMULA PRACTICE

magnesium ion + oxide ion

Mg2+ + O2- → Mg2O2
Mg2+ + O2- → MgO

calcium ion and bromide ion

Ca2+ + Br- → CaBr2

strontium ion and nitride ion

Sr2+ + N3- → Sr3N2
COVALENT BONDING

Bonding between nonmetal and nonmetal

PROPERTIES OF COVALENT BONDS

• Low melting and boiling points

• Soft, flexible
• Many won’t dissolve in water
• Cannot conduct electricity even if they do
dissolve (due to no charges being present)
COVALENT BONDS

• Formed by a shared pair of electrons between

two atoms
• Make up molecules (which make up molecular
substances)
• Between nonmetals
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES

• For molecules:
➢Show pairs of electrons that are shared
between atoms using 2 dots or 1 dash.
➢Leave electrons not involved in bonds as dots.
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES

DIATOMIC GASES:
❑ Hydrogen
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES

DIATOMIC GASES:
❑ Flourine
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES

Draw the Lewis dot structures for:

F2
NH3
H2O
C2H2
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE

• Less than an octet

• BF3
• More than an octet
• SF4
• Odd number of electrons
• NO
You are required to watch these (CLICK the pictures) youtube videos on the Lewis Dot Diagrams