💡 "An unexamined life is not worth living.

" - Who emphasized this quote, and what

does it signify in the context of self-examination?; Socrates: It emphasizes the
importance of self-examination for a meaningful life.

What is the Self according to Stevens (1996), and what are its key attributes?; The
self is a person's essential being that distinguishes them from others. Key
attributes: separate, self-contained, independent, consistent, unitary, and
private.

How does the self manifest complexity, and what disciplines contribute to
understanding it?; The self is complex and touches disciplines like philosophy,
sociology, anthropology, and psychology. It has various aspects: physical, sexual,
material, political, spiritual, and virtual.

Explain the components of the self according to Stevens (1996), focusing on

"Separate" and "Self-Contained."; Separate - The self is distinct from other
selves. Self-Contained - It has unique thoughts, characteristics, and volition.

Describe Socrates' perspective on the nature of man and knowledge by intuition.;

Socrates believed man was formerly a soul or pure mind, and knowledge by intuition
is stored in the mind. Forgetfulness occurs when the soul assumes the body, leading
to ignorance.

What is the "Socratic Method of Question and Answer," and what questions exemplify
it?; It's a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue. Sample questions: Who is
your "self"? How does your "self" relate to the other selves?

Explain Socrates' Dualistic View of the Self and the separation of the physical
body and soul. ; Socrates believed the self has two components: the physical body
(material) and the soul (immaterial/immortal). Death marks the final separation of
the two.

Summarize Plato's perspective on the self, emphasizing the Theory of Tripartite

Soul.; Plato's self consists of reason (head), spirited elements (heart), and
bodily appetite (stomach). Dominance of each element determines personality and
life goals.

What was St. Augustine's view on the self's relationship with God, and how did he
describe the soul's connection with the body?; St. Augustine believed the soul's
ultimate fulfillment is in union with God. He viewed the self as a tripartite
being: body, soul, and spirit.

In Locke's view, how does knowledge develop, and what is the significance of the
'Memory Theory'?; Locke believed knowledge develops through sensory experience. The
'Memory Theory' states that personal identity relies on recalling past events.

What is David Hume's perspective on the self, and how does he describe it as a
'bundle of perception'?; Hume sees the self as a 'bundle of perception,' with
impressions (sensory experiences) and ideas (mental constructs). The self is
subject to change based on experiences.

How does Immanuel Kant ground his philosophy of the self on freedom and reason?;
Kant believes the self is free and rational, capable of making decisions. The self
is a product of reason, regulating experiences and making moral choices.

Differentiate between Empiricism and Rationalism in Kant's philosophy of the self.;

Empiricism relies on sensory experiences, while Rationalism, according to Kant,
involves reason as the foundation of knowledge.
Explain Kant's concept of the empirical self and transcendental self.; The
empirical self involves unique aspects known through experiences. The
transcendental self is an organizing principle interpreting sensory data, produced
by the mind.

What is Sigmund Freud's framework for analyzing the self, and how does it involve
the id, ego, and superego?; Freud's framework includes the id (impulses), ego
(mediator), and superego (morality). Their clash influences the self's personality
and behavior.

How does Gilbert Ryle contest Descartes' dualism, and how does he define the self?;
Ryle rejects dualism, stating the mind is not distinct. He defines the self as a
pattern of behavior, observable through actions and reactions.

According to Paul Churchland, how does the mind-body problem relate to

neuroscience, and what is Eliminative Materialism?; Churchland believes
neuroscience solves the mind-body problem. Eliminative Materialism argues against
folk psychology, suggesting the mind doesn't exist.

How does Maurice Marleau-Ponty challenge the dichotomy between the perceiving mind
and the acting body?; Marleau-Ponty asserts the interconnectedness of the mind and
body. The self becomes the sum of actions on the body, emphasizing an embodied
subjectivity.

Summarize the key perspectives on the self from Socrates, Plato, and St.
Augustine.; Socrates: Immortal soul; Plato: Tripartite soul; St. Augustine: Imago
Dei, tripartite being (body, soul, spirit).

What does Descartes mean by "Cogito Ergo Sum," and how does it relate to the
essence of the human being?; "Cogito Ergo Sum" means "I think, therefore I am." It
highlights that thinking is evidence of existence and the essence of being human.

Explain Locke's concept of Tabula Rasa and its significance in understanding the
self.; Tabula Rasa means a blank slate at birth. Locke argues knowledge isn't
innate, and the self's essence is conscious awareness shaped by experiences.

Describe Hume's division of the mind's contents into impressions and ideas and its
impact on the concept of the self. ;Hume divides the mind's contents into
impressions (sensory experiences) and ideas (mental constructs). He sees the self
as a 'bundle of perception' shaped by experiences.

How does Kant emphasize freedom and rationality in his philosophy of the self, and
what is the role of duty? ; Kant emphasizes the self's freedom and rationality.
Duty is a product of deliberation, and moral choices demonstrate the self as a
moral agent.

What are the two aspects of the self in Kant's philosophy, and how does he
conceptualize knowledge?; Kant identifies the empirical self (unique aspects known
through experiences) and the transcendental self (organizing principle interpreting
sensory data). Knowledge involves sensory and rational components.

How does Freud's framework analyze the self, and what are the roles of the id, ego,
and superego?; Freud's framework involves the id (impulses), ego (mediator), and
superego (morality). Their clash influences the self's personality and behavior.

How does Ryle challenge Descartes' dualism, and what is his definition of the
self?; Ryle rejects dualism, defining the self as a pattern of behavior. He
contends the mind is not a distinct entity but part of the body.
According to Churchland, how does neuroscience address the mind-body problem, and
what is Eliminative Materialism?; Churchland believes neuroscience addresses the
mind-body problem. Eliminative Materialism rejects folk psychology, suggesting the
mind doesn't exist.

How does Marleau-Ponty challenge the dichotomy between the perceiving mind and the
acting body?; Marleau-Ponty asserts the interconnectedness of the mind and body.
The self becomes the sum of actions on the body, emphasizing an embodied
subjectivity.

What is the main idea behind Socrates' statement "An unexamined life is not worth
living"?; The statement emphasizes the importance of self-examination and
reflection for a meaningful and worthwhile life.

Provide a brief summary of the main ideas and perspectives on the self from
Socrates, Plato, St. Augustine, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Freud, Ryle,
Churchland, and Marleau-Ponty.; Socrates: Immortal soul, Plato: Tripartite soul,
St. Augustine: Imago Dei, tripartite being, Descartes: "Cogito Ergo Sum," dualism,
Locke: Tabula Rasa, consciousness; Hume: 'Bundle of perception,' impressions,
ideas, Kant: Freedom, rationality, duty, empirical, transcendental self, Freud: Id,
ego, superego, multi-layered self, Ryle: Behavior as the mind, rejection of
dualism, Churchland: Neuroscience, Eliminative Materialism, Marleau-Ponty: Embodied
subjectivity, interconnected mind, and body.

What is the significance of the quote "What we call learning is really just
recollection" in Socratic philosophy?; It signifies Socrates' belief that knowledge
is innate and can be recollected through the process of introspection and
questioning.

How did Plato describe the soul's imprisonment in the body and its liberation
through contemplation?; Plato believed the soul is imprisoned in the body, subject
to bodily sensations. Contemplation, a communion of the mind with universal ideas,
leads to the soul's liberation.

Summarize St. Augustine's view on the self's relationship with God and the
tripartite nature of the self.; St. Augustine viewed the self as a tripartite being
(body, soul, and spirit) with the soul created by God. The self's ultimate
fulfillment is in union with God.

According to Locke, what is the source of authentic knowledge, and how does the
'Memory Theory' contribute to personal identity?; Locke believed sensory experience
is the source of authentic knowledge. The 'Memory Theory' states personal identity
relies on recalling past events, contributing to continuity.

How does Hume's philosophy suggest that the self is a 'bundle of constantly
changing perceptions'?; Hume contends that there is no enduring impression of the
self; instead, it is a collection of constantly changing perceptions shaped by
experiences.

Explain Kant's assertion that the self is free and rational, and how reason plays a
role in moral decision-making.; Kant believes the self is free and rational,
capable of making moral decisions. Reason guides the self in making choices and
fulfilling duties as a moral agent.

In Freud's framework, what are the roles of the id, ego, and superego in shaping
the self's personality?; The id governs impulses, the ego mediates, and the
superego provides moral standards. Their interplay shapes the self's personality
and behavior.
How does Ryle challenge the dualism of Descartes, and what does he propose about
the nature of the self?; Ryle rejects Descartes' dualism, stating the mind is not a
distinct entity but part of the body. He proposes that the self is defined by
observable behaviors.

Describe Eliminative Materialism, as advocated by Paul Churchland, and its

implications for the concept of the self.; Eliminative Materialism rejects folk
psychology, suggesting the mind doesn't exist. According to Churchland, the self is
a product of the brain's physical processes.

What is Marleau-Ponty's assertion regarding the dichotomy between the perceiving

mind and the acting body, and how does the self relate to the body?; Marleau-Ponty
rejects the dichotomy between mind and body, asserting their interconnectedness.
The self becomes the sum of its actions on the body, emphasizing embodied
subjectivity.