States of Matter
▪ Intermolecular Forces –Van der Waals, Dispersion
-Dipole-dipole. Dipole-induced dipole
-Hydrogen bonding
▪ Thermal Energy & intermolecular Forces vs Thermal Interactions
▪ Gaseous State -Boyle' law (p=1/v or P1V1=P2V2)
▪ -Charles Law (V1/T2=V2/T2)
-Avogadro Law9V1/n1=V2/n2)
-Ideal equation (PV=nRT)
▪ Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases (Kinetic Energy & Molecular Speed)
▪ Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Gas
▪ Liquefaction of Gases
▪ Liquid State (Vapor pressure & Surface tension Viscosity)
Thermodynamics
▪ Thermodynamic Terms- System & surrounding
- isolated Closed Open
-Heat & Work
▪ Thermodynamics Law -Equilibrium with third system
-Energy conservation
-entropy
▪ Extensive & intensive property
▪ Heat capacity Cp & Cv for ideal gas
▪ Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry
▪ Enthalpy Change of Reaction -Reaction Enthalpy
-enthalpy Reaction
-Enthalpy formation
-Hess law; heat summation
-Atomization enthalpy
-Solution & Dilution enthalpy
-Lattice enthalpy
▪ Spontaneity & Entropy & Gibbs energy
▪ Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
▪ Occurrence of Metals
▪ Concentration of Ores –Hydraulic Washing, Magnetic
Separation -Froth Floatation, Leaching
▪ Metal Crude Extraction -Oxide Conversion (Calcination: Roasting)
-Oxide Reduction
▪ Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy & Blast furnace
▪ Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy & Aluminum, Copper
▪ Oxidation Reduction
▪ Refining -Distillation Liquation Electrolysis Zone refining
-Vapor phase refining (Mond van Arkel) Chromatography
▪ Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron
Surface Chemistry 5
▪ Absorption & Adsorption(physisorption & chemisorption)
▪ Catalysis (heterogenous homogenous enzymes)
▪ Colloids & Classification of Colloids
▪ Emulsions
Solid State Solutions
▪ Solid State (crystalline & amorphous) ▪ Pressure & Solubility (Liquid Gas Solid In liquid Solvent)
▪ Crystalline Solids (Metallic Covalent Ionic Molecular) ▪ Henry & Roults Law
▪ Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells ▪ Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
▪ Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell (Body & face centered cubic) ▪ Colligative Properties -Vapor pressure Lowering
▪ Close Packed Structures (Void & formula) -Boiling Point Elevation
▪ Packing Efficiency (HCP CCP BCC Simple cubic) -Freezing Point Depression
▪ Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions -Osmosis & osmotic pressure
▪ Imperfections in Solids
▪ Electrical Properties (Conductor Insulator & Semiconductor)
▪ Magnetic Properties (di para ferro antiferro feri-magnetism)
Equilibrium Redox Reactions
▪ Equilibrium in Physical Processes ▪ Redox Reactions- Oxidation and Reduction
▪ Chemical Processes Equilibrium ▪ Oxidation State & number
▪ Law of Chemical Equilibrium & Equilibrium Constant ▪ Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes
▪ Homogeneous Equilibria & Heterogeneous Equilibria
▪ Applications of Equilibrium Constants (Le Chatelier principal)
▪ Relationship between Equilibrium Constant K, Q and G Electrochemistry
▪ Factors Affecting Equilibria -concentration temp pressure catalyst ▪ Electrochemical Cells
▪ Ionic Equilibrium in Solution ▪ Daniel cell – Cell potential & EMF
▪ Acids, Bases and Salts (Arrhenius & Lowry & Lewis) ▪ Nernst Equation (Equilibrium constant & Gibbs energy)
▪ Acids Bases Ionization-water acid bases ionization constant ▪ Conductance, Molar conductivity & Kohlrausch law
-pH scale Ka &kb relation common ion effect ▪ Faraday law of electrolysis
-Salt hydrolysis ▪ Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
▪ Buffer Solutions ▪ Batteries (mercury and Dry)
▪ Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts (solubility product constant) (Nickle- cadmium & lead storage)
▪ Fuel Cells
▪ Corrosion
Chemistry in Everyday Life Environmental Chemistry
▪ Medicines ▪ Pollution -S N CO2 CO Hydrocarbon Gases
▪ Drugs -Antacid, Tranquilizer, Noradrenaline -Global warming Gree house effect
-Barbituric acid, Analgesic(narcotic, Non-Narcotic -Particulate- Smoke Dust Mist Fume
-Antimicrobial, Antipyretics, Antibiotics ,penicillin -Petrochemical smog
-Antiseptics, Disinfectants -ozone Hole &depletion
▪ Drug-Target Interaction ▪ Water Pollution -Pathogen Organic waste
▪ Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs -Chemical Pollutant
▪ Chemicals in Food -Artificial sweetening, Saccharin Cyclamate -Biochemical oxygen Demand
-Aspartame, Alitame, Sucralose ▪ Water Standard
▪ Food Preservatives-Sodium benzoate
-Antioxidants (butylated-hydroxyaniline/toluene) ▪ Soil Pollution – (Pesticide Industrial waste)
▪ Cleansing Agents –Preparation of Soaps ▪ Environmental Pollution control
-Anionic Cationic Non-ionic Detergent ▪ Green Chemistry (Dry cleaning, Paper Bleaching, Ethanol)
▪ Dye (Vat Direct Acid Bases Ingrain Mordant)
Types- Anthraquinone Phthalein Triarybnethane Indigo Nitroso Azo
▪ Cosmetics(Cream Perfume Talcum Powder Deodorant
▪ Rocket Propellent & Solid Propellant
 Polymers
▪ Polymers -Natural Synthetic Semi-Synthetic
-Linear Branched Network
-Addition & Condensation
-Elastomer Thermoplastics Thermosetting Fiber
▪ Condensation & Addition Polymerization
▪ Molecular Mass of Polymers
▪ Rubber (Vulcanization)
▪ Biodegradable & Non-Biodegradable Polymers
▪ Nylon Neoprene Bakelite Polypropylene Polystyrene PET PTFE PVC

Hydrogen Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles & Techniques Hydrocarbons Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
▪ Dihydrogen (Occurrence & Isotopes) ▪ Carbon Tetravalence (Organic Compounds Shapes , Pi bond) ▪ Alkanes -Nomenclature & isomerism ▪ Classification & Nomenclature
Preparation -Zn with alkali or HCl ▪ Structural Representations of Organic Compounds Preparation-Alkene Alkyl-halide ▪ Preparation of Haloalkanes -Alkanes(Free radical halo
-Electrolysis, Steam-coke ▪ Classification of Organic Compounds –Aliphatic, Alicyclic (aromatic) -Carboxylic acid (Kolbe electrolysis) -Alkenes (Halogen & hyd
 Property -Physical(Colorless Odorless Combustible Gas) ▪ Functional Group (X OH CHO COOH CO CN ROR COO COOR COX NH2)
-Reaction (N2 O2 X Metal ion & oxide) ▪ Isomerism-Position Metamer Functional group Laevo, Dextro, Cis, Trans
(Hydrogenation, Hydroformylation) ▪ Homo/hetero-lytic cleavage & Electro/Nucleo-phile
▪ Hydrides(Ionic & Covalent& Metallic) ▪ Effect (Inductive, +/- Resonance, Electrometric, Hyperconjugation)
▪ Water (Structure & Ice) ▪ Reactions (Substitution Addition Elimination Rearrangement)
Property- Amphoteric, Redox, hydrolysis, Hydrate ▪ Purification -Sublimation,
Soft & Hard Water (Temporary- Boiling & Clark method Crystallization - -Alcohol(dehydration)
(Permanent-Sodium Carbonate, Calgon's) Chromatography(adsorption, column, thin layer, Partition)
(Ion exchange, Synthetic resin) -Distillation(steam, fractional)
▪ Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 (Structure & Uses) ▪ Qualitative Analysis (Test for- H C S P halogen & Lasssaigne Test)
Preparation -Acidifying barium peroxide Peroxodisulphate ▪ Quantitative Analysis (H C N[dumas kejdohl] S P O)
-2-alkylanthraquinol Oxidation
Property -Colorless pale blue miscible liquid
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
-Oxidizing action –acidic /basic medium
▪ Classification & Nomenclature, Methanol & Ethanol
-Reducing action –acidic /basic medium
▪ Alcohols Preparation -Alkenes (acid catalyzed &Hydroboration- oxidation)
▪ Heavy Water(D2O) & Dihydrogen as a Fuel
-Aldehyde Ketone (Grignard Reagent& Reduction)
-Carboxylic acid & Ester (Reduction)
▪ Alcohol Reaction -Acidity, Esterification, Alcohol (&Dehydration)
▪ -Oxidation (Aldehyde & Ketone)
▪ Phenols Preparation -chlorobenzene, sulphonic acid
▪ -Diazonium salt, Cumene
▪ Phenol Reaction -Electrophilic substitution(Br NO2 SO3H)
▪ -Kolbe(COOH) & Rieman Tiemann(CHO) Reaction
-with Zn dust, Oxidation(benzoquinone)
▪ Ethers Preparation – Alcohol (dehydration & Williamson synthesis)
▪ Ether Reaction -Hydrogen halide & Electrophilic Substitution(Br, NO2 SO3H)
-Freidal Crafts(alkylation acylation)
▪ Physical Properties- Solubility and Boiling Point
Properties –Melting, Boling p0int & Solubility
-Halogenation, Combustion, Pyrolysis
-Oxidation, Isomerization, Aromatization ▪
-Conformation
▪ Alkenes-Nomenclature & Isomerism
Preparation-Alkyne Alkyl-halide(beta-elimination)
Properties –Melting, Boling p0int & Solubility
-Addition(Dihydrogen Halogen H-halide) ▪
- Water addition, Oxidation, Ozonolysis
-Polymerization
▪ Alkynes- Nomenclature & isomerism
Preparation -Calcium carbide, Vicinal-dihalide
Properties –Melting, Boling p0int & Solubility
-Addition(Dihydrogen, Halogen, H-halide)
-Water addition, Polymerization
-Acidic property
▪ Aromatic Hydrocarbon -Nomenclature & isomerism
▪ Benzene (Structure, Stability, Resonance)
Preparation -Ethyne polymerization, Phenol reduction
-Aromatic acid decarboxylation
Properties -Halogenation, Sulphonation, Combustion
-Freidel-crafts (acylation, alkylation)
-ortho para & meta directing group influence
▪ Carcinogenicity and Toxicity
-Alcohol
-Halogen exchange (Swa
Preparation of Haloarenes -Amines -Sandmeyer's rea
-Electrophilic substitution
▪ Reactions Haloalkane -Nucleophilic (SN1 & SN2), Elim
▪ Reactions Haloarene -Nucleophilic, Electrophilic & Fr
▪ Chirality (enantiomer) -Inversion & retention
▪ optical activity (laveo & dextrorotatory) & Racemizat
Physical Properties -Solubility Melting and Boiling Poi
▪ Polyhalogen Compounds -Dichloromethane, Trichlor
-Tetrachloromethane, Freon
Amines
▪ Structure Classification & Nomenclature
▪ Amines Preparation -Ammonolysis Reduction o
-Hoffmann Bromide , Gabr
▪ Physical Properties -Basicity (arylamines & alkyla
▪ -Solubility & boiling Point
▪ Chemical Reactions -Alkylation ( R-X pri sec tert
-Acylation (Anhydride, ester
-Carbylamine, Heinsberg Re
-Electrophilic Substitution (
▪ Diazonium Salt Reaction -Coupling, Sandmeyer,
-Replacement by I F H

Biomolecules
▪ Carbohydrates –Monosaccharides (Glucose Galactose Fructose Ribose)
-Oligosaccharide (Lactose Sucrose Maltose)
-Polysaccharide - (Strach [amylose+ amylopectin] Glycogen)
▪ Amino acids (Essential Non-essential)
Protein –Peptide linkage
-Primary Secondary(Helix & pleated) Tertiary(globular & Fibrous) Quaternary
▪ Enzymes
▪ Nucleic Acids – RNA & DNA (Adenine Guanosine Cytosine Thymine/Uracil)
▪ Hormones & Vitamins (water soluble, fat soluble)

▪ Alkenes (acid catalysed hydration, hydroboration-oxidation)

▪ carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, ester
reduction)
▪ Alcohol ▪ Gringnard reagent (RMgX)
▪ Alkanes (free radical halogenation) PHENOL • Alcohol (OH o
▪ Alkenes (hydrogen halides &halogen addition) ▪ Haloarene ▪ Alcohol dehydration • Hydrocarbon
▪ Hydrocarbon (electrophilic substitution) ▪ Benezensuphonic acid ▪ Williamson synthesis • Methylbenzen
▪ Halogen exchange (for Cl, Br) ▪ Amines (sandmeyer reaction) ▪ Diazonum salt • Methylbenzen
▪ cumene • Benzene Gatt
HALOALKANE HALOARENE ALD
ALCOHOL ETHER

▪ Substitution nucleophilic (bi &uni molecular) ▪ Nucleophilic substitution(OH replacement)

▪ Metals ▪ Electrophilic substitution Nucleo
(halogenation, Nitration, sulphonation, Friedel craft) ▪ Alcohol and phenol (as nucleophile O-H bond break) ▪ Hydrogen halides (C-O bond break) Reduct
▪ Wurtz reaction ▪ Metals (wurtz-fittig, fittig) ▪ Metal ▪ Electrophilic substitution (halogenation, nitration, Friedal crafts) Methy
▪ Acidity Oxidat
▪ Esterification Electro
▪ Alcohol and phenol (as electrophile C-O bond break) Canniz
▪ Hydrogen halides & phosphorous trihalides a-hydro
▪ Oxidation
▪ Phenol (only)
▪ Electrophilic aromatic substitution( halogenation and bromine)
▪ Zinc dust and oxidation
▪ Kolbe reaction
▪ Riemer tiemar reaction

DNA Mutation
DNA Recombinant &
CRISPER

Agarose gel electrophoresis DNA PCR DNA isolation DNA Replication RNA Polypetide chain
protein

DNA Rapair &

Damage

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