Landlside Phase1 Report

Conflict Avoidance and Landslide Update of Vehicle in Deep Curves Using IOT
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The "Conflict Avoidance and Landslide Update System for Vehicles in Deep Curves" is
an innovative project designed to address the pressing issues of road safety in challenging
terrains, specifically in ghat sections with deep curves and potential landslide risks. The
utilization of advanced technologies such as Arduino Uno, IR sensors, Rain sensor, ADXL
sensors, LCD displays, and Zigbee communication reflects a comprehensive and
sophisticated approach to enhancing safety on these hazardous roads. The system's primary
objective is to provide real-time assistance to drivers navigating through deep curves by
employing a multifaceted sensor network. IR sensors play a crucial role in detecting
obstacles on the road, alerting drivers to potential hazards and reducing the risk of
collisions. Meanwhile, ADXL sensors monitor vehicle dynamics, offering insights into
acceleration, deceleration, and lateral movements, allowing the system to provide timely
updates on the vehicle's status. One of the notable features of this system is its ability to
address environmental challenges, such as heavy rainfall and the threat of landslides. The
Rain sensor allows the system to detect adverse weather conditions, providing drivers with
timely warnings about the possibility of slippery roads and decreased traction. Additionally,
the system incorporates landslide detection capabilities, enabling it to monitor and alert
drivers to potential landslide risks in ghat-prone areas. The integration of an LCD display
further enhances the system's effectiveness by providing drivers with critical information
about the road conditions, potential obstacles, and weather updates. Zigbee communication
facilitates seamless communication between the vehicle and the system, ensuring that real-
time data is transmitted efficiently. In regions characterized by deep curves on mountainous
roads, the risks are substantial, including reduced visibility, limited reaction time, and the
constant threat of sudden obstructions due to landslides. The "Conflict Avoidance and
Landslide Update System" addresses these challenges comprehensively, offering a holistic
solution to improve road safety in these perilous terrains. By leveraging advanced
technologies, the system not only enhances the driving experience but, more importantly,
significantly reduces the likelihood of accidents, ultimately saving lives and preserving
property and infrastructure. Moreover, the system's focus on deep curves and potential
landslide-prone areas acknowledges the unique challenges presented by mountainous
terrains. The incorporation of LCD displays ensures effective communication with drivers in
real-time. This visual interface relays essential information regarding imminent road
Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

conditions, upcoming curves, detected obstacles, and weather alerts. The system's
responsiveness is further augmented by Zigbee communication, enabling seamless wireless
data transmission among the diverse array of sensors and the central processing unit.
In practical terms, the system offers a holistic approach to road safety by addressing key
factors such as reduced visibility, limited reaction time, and the unpredictability of sudden
obstructions resulting from landslides. The real-time updates provided by the system
empower drivers to make informed decisions, navigate challenging terrain more safely, and
take preventive measures in the face of adverse weather conditions. Moreover, the system's
capability to relay updates on heavy rainfall and landslide risks in ghat-prone areas
demonstrates its commitment to comprehensive safety measures. By amalgamating these
sophisticated technologies, the Conflict Avoidance and Landslide Update System not only
strives to prevent accidents but also aims to significantly reduce the human and
infrastructural toll associated with accidents in regions characterized by deep curves and
landslide vulnerabilities. This innovative approach stands as a beacon for the future of road
safety in complex terrains, where proactive technology plays a pivotal role in preserving
lives and protecting valuable assets. In essence, the Conflict Avoidance and Landslide
Update System is not merely a collection of sensors and displays; it is a dynamic and
proactive companion for drivers negotiating intricate roadways. By amalgamating cutting-
edge technologies, this system strives to redefine the parameters of road safety in
challenging terrains, where unforeseen obstacles and natural phenomena can pose
substantial risks. Its multifaceted approach, encompassing obstacle detection, weather
monitoring, and vehicle dynamics analysis, positions it as a pioneering solution in the quest
for enhanced safety on mountainous roads prone to deep curves and landslides.
Furthermore, the system's application extends to infrastructure management and
maintenance. By continuously monitoring the conditions of roads in mountainous regions
prone to landslides, authorities can proactively address potential risks, deploy maintenance
crews promptly, and implement preventive measures to ensure the longevity and safety of
the infrastructure. In the context of environmental monitoring, the system contributes to
early warning systems for landslides. The integration of a rain sensor and IOT connectivity
allows for the collection and dissemination of data related to precipitation, aiding in the
prediction of landslide risks and facilitating timely evacuation measures to protect lives and
property.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Identification of Landslide Susceptible 1Zones Using Geographical
Information System
Landslide is one of the most worldwide nature phenomena that causing huge
damage to property and infrastructure, losses of human lives and animals almost every year.
To reduce the issues of landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) map of that particular area.
The accurate landslide zones which have been evaluated by using frequency ratio model
method, that indicates more than 85% of landslide prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the
integration of modern technologies, such as remote sensing and Geographic Information
System (GIS), enhances the accuracy and precision of LSZ mapping. In conclusion, the
development of Landslide Susceptibility Zonation maps through advanced modeling
techniques, such as the frequency ratio model method, represents a proactive and strategic
approach to managing the risks associated with landslides. These maps play a pivotal role in
disaster risk reduction by providing accurate predictions, facilitating informed decision-
making, and guiding both pre-disaster planning and post-disaster response efforts.
Published in: 2021 2nd International Conference on System, Computation, Automation

and Networking (ICSCAN)
Date of Conference: 29-30 March. 2021

Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 24 October
Bhalerao R.G
Electronics and Communication Engineering,
IFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, India
Shaik N
Electronics and Communication Engineering,
IFET College of Engineering, Pune, India

2. IOT Based Landslide Detection and Monitoring

A landslide is movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. In
monsoons the rain water percolates and develops hydraulic pressure which exceeds the
elastic limit of the soil or rocks. The main objective to study the landslide detection is to
prevent the natural calamity by detecting its early movement. In addition to preventing loss
of life, landslide detection systems contribute to infrastructure resilience and risk reduction.
By understanding the environmental conditions that lead to landslides, authorities can
implement engineering solutions, such as reinforced slopes, retaining structures, and
drainage systems, to mitigate the risk. In summary, the objectives of landslide detection are
multifaceted, encompassing both the humanitarian goal of reducing human losses and the
strategic aim of preventing or mitigating the impact of this natural calamity. Through the
integration of advanced sensing elements and real-time data analysis, landslide detection
systems play a crucial role in enhancing resilience, preparedness, and response capabilities
in regions prone to landslide hazards.
Published in: 2020 International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovative Ideas in
Education (IJARIIE).
Date of Conference: 8-10 Sept. 2020

Date Added to IJERT: 30 January 2021
Prof. Suresh Galve
Assistant professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Trinity College of Engineering
and Research, Mumbai, India.
Akshay Patil
Department of Electrical Engineering, Trinity College of Engineering and Research,
Mumbai,India.
Hardik Rathod
Mumbai,India.
Shubhangi Kharche
Mumbai,India.
Ravi Hadale
Mumbai,India.

3. Toxic Environment Monitoring using Sensors based on Arduino
The paper represents a significant contribution to the field of environmental

monitoring by introducing a system designed to detect and monitor toxic substances. This
innovative system addresses the pressing need for real-time identification and tracking of
hazardous materials in the environment, providing valuable data for environmental
management, public health, and emergency response. Key features and components of the
proposed system may include advanced sensors capable of detecting a wide range of toxic
substances. These sensors may utilize various technologies such as spectroscopy,
electrochemical sensors, or other chemical-specific detection methods. The choice of
sensors depends on the targeted substances and the desired level of sensitivity and
specificity. The system likely incorporates a data acquisition and processing unit to collect
information from the sensors. This unit is responsible for gathering, organizing, and
analysing the data generated by the sensors in real-time. User interfaces and visualization
tools are likely included in the system to present the detected toxic substance data in an
accessible and comprehensible manner. Graphical representations and maps may be used to
show the spatial distribution of toxic substances, aiding in the identification of pollution
sources and the assessment of potential risks to human health and ecosystems. To enhance
the system's versatility, it may be designed to monitor a variety environmental setting,
including air, water, and soil.
Published in: 2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Advance in Computing,

Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N)
Date of Conference: 16-17 December 2022
Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 28 March 2023
R. Rajalakshmi
DEECE, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
J. Vidhya
D. Chavan

4. Implementation of Vehicle Mishap Averting System Using Arduino
The Vehicle Mishap Averting System, designed for collision avoidance during simultaneous
turns on a U-bend, relies on an array of advanced technologies. The ultrasonic transceiver,
strategically positioned on the vehicle, continuously emits waves to gauge distances from obstacles.
The collected data is wirelessly transmitted to the Arduino microcontroller via a Wi-Fi module. The
Arduino, functioning as the system's brain, employs a sophisticated collision avoidance algorithm
that assesses the proximity and direction of obstacles. In response to potential collision risks, the
system employs various output devices for user feedback. A buzzer emits distinctive alerts, while
light-emitting displays convey visual indications, and a liquid crystal display provides detailed
information about the surroundings. The amalgamation of these components ensures that drivers
receive multi-sensory alerts, enhancing their situational awareness. Additionally, the system has the
capability to share real-time data with other equipped vehicles via the Wi-Fi module, fostering
collective awareness and collaboration to prevent collisions in shared environments. The ultimate
objective of this comprehensive system is to significantly reduce the risk of mishaps when multiple
vehicles navigate a U-bend simultaneously, thereby enhancing road safety in challenging turning
scenarios.
Published in: 2021 in the International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring
Engineering (IJITEE)
Date of Conference: 20-September 2022

Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 28 June 2023
S. Ravia
Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Ramroa Adik Institute of Technology,
Maharashtra, India
S. Rakul
Maharashtra, India
K.N Thirukulkarni
Maharashtra, India
Vivek Kadam
Maharashtra, India

5. Smart Road Safety and Vehicle Accidents Prevention System

Internet of Things connects various physical devices & objects over the globe via
internet. IOT is a system that connects computing devices, machines etc. that are provided
with unique identifiers (UIDs) and IOT provides ability to transfer data over a network
without requiring any interaction between the devices. IOT is largely expansion of services
provided by Internet. Internet of Things is that the network of physical objects like devices,
instruments and other items embedded with electronics, circuits, software, sensors and
network connectivity that permits these objects to gather and exchange data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-tocomputer interaction. Internet of Things
allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure,
also creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-
based systems, and leading to improved efficiency and accuracy.
To prevent accidents at U-turns by altering the driver about the vehicle coming from the
opposite side. This is done by keeping an IR sensor and buzzers and one red led and one
green led on both sides of the U-turn and so that if vehicle comes from one end of the curve
then sensor senses and this IR sensor gives signal to Arduino and Arduino gives command
to Buzzer, LED lights and Buzzer rings on the other side in order to alert the driver. To
avoid these problems in curve roads of mountain areas, has proposed this vehicle accident
prevention system. This accident prevention system using sensors is powered by Arduino
board, it consists of IR sensors, LED lights, and buzzer.When two cars pass from the
opposite side of a mountain curve the IR sensor senses the car and LED colour changes to
red and raises the buzzer giving signal of danger and then it changes one LED colour into
green to allow the one car to pass and then the other LED colour turns green. In this way we
can prevent the accidents of curved road.
Published in: 2022 in the International Journal from Innovative Engineering and
Management Research (IJIEMR)
Date of Conference: 6-3 November 2022
Dr Nookala Venu
Department of Electrical Engineering,Madhav Institute of Technology,Gwalior ,India
Kusumba Anusha
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gwalior, India
Govindu Rakesh

Department of Electrical Engineering ,Amity University, Gwalior, India
6. Review Paper on Vehicle Accident Prevention System for Hilly Region

This paper is introducing sensor-based accident prevention system: - That is we are
keeping ultrasonic sensor in one side of the road before the curve and keeping a LED light
after the curve. Ultrasonic sensor which is also called as obstacle sensor sends signal as
pulse from trigger. If vehicle is present signal will hit the vehicle and it is received by the
sensor. At that time light will glow at the other side of the curve. In the absence of the
vehicle the light will not glow because the signal will not be received by the sensor. As the
signal senses the vehicle light will glow that is indication to driver that some vehicle is
arriving from the front side. The driver gets noticed the signal and slow down or stop the
vehicle if necessary. This type of sensor based light system can be applicable when the
driver unable to see the vehicle coming from another end of the road. Using this idea, we
can make all the mountain roads and curve roads safer from accidents and can save
thousands of lives a year. The aim of this paper is to decrease the number of accidents in
curve roads. This is done by alerting the driver by means of LED light which glows when
vehicle comes from the other side of the curve. The vehicle is detected by the help of
Ultrasonic sensor which is interfaced to the micro controller Arduino UNO. By this we can
save thousands of lives in the curve roads. In the developing countries there are many
dangerous roads where accidents and causes very lethal effects now a day. If we talk about
dangerous roads in the world then all of them are mountain roads, T roads, narrow roads.
Some mountain roads are narrow, having many curves and very tight, this cause of the most
hazards. Vehicle accident prevention system can be crucial step in accident safety on hilly
and mountain roads. We have recognized our past, thousands of accidents and death on
mountain road, some even fall of the cliff and after that cannot view even be traced. Such
accidents not only destroy human life but also major loss financially to the individual and
government also. The purpose of this project is to decrease the number of accidents in curve
roads. This is done by alerting the driver by means of LED light which glows when vehicle
comes from the other side of the curve. The vehicle is detected by the help of IR sensor
which is interfaced to the microcontroller arduino UNO. By this we can save thousands of
lives in the curve roads. In our country there is a massive need for a modern technological
solution for safety measure on mountain roads specially the curved section of the road. This
project will definitely ensure the safety of drivers on mountain roads and hence will make
sure human lives are saved. This project is a modern solution to this problem and will ensure
safety and reliability
Published in: 2021 in International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET)
Date of Conference: April 2021
Santhosh Sarode,
Department of Electrical Engineering, AMV University, Kharagpur, India

Priyanka Malokar
Department of Electrical Engineering, ITM Institute of Technology, Chattisgarh, India
CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
In many areas prone to landslides, there is no comprehensive and integrated landslide early
warning and monitoring system. The existing systems, if any, are often fragmented and lack
real-time data integration. Here's an overview of the limitations of the existing system. Lack
of Comprehensive Monitoring: In many regions, there is a lack of advanced monitoring
systems that can comprehensively assess the factors contributing to landslides, such as soil
moisture, seismic activity, and anthropogenic disturbances.
Limited Warning Capabilities: Traditional early warning systems often rely on weather
forecasts and geological surveys, which may not provide timely and accurate information on
potential landslide events. Reliance on Manual Observation: Monitoring and assessing
landslide risk are often based on manual observations, which are labor- intensive and may
not provide sufficient lead time for evacuation or preventive measures.
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
To address the limitations of the existing system and enhance landslide prediction and
mitigation, a more sophisticated and integrated system is proposed. Comprehensive Sensor
Network a network of sensors to continuously monitor various factors contributing to
landslide risk. This may include soil moisture sensors, seismometers, and cameras for real-
time data collection. Data Integration use modern technology and data analytics to integrate
data from different sources into a centralized system. This system should be capable of
processing and analyzing the data to detect patterns and potential landslide triggers.
Machine Learning and AI employ machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence to
analyze historical data and predict landslide risk. These algorithms can identify trends and
issue warnings based on detected anomalies.Real-time Alerts implements a system that can
provide real-time alerts to relevant authorities and local communities through various
communication channels, including mobile apps, text messages, and sirens. Community

Engagement: Educate and engage local communities in landslide risk awareness and
preparedness. Encourage residents to take preventive actions based on early warnings.
Remote Sensing and Satellite Technology: Utilize remote sensing and satellite data for
comprehensive landscape monitoring. These technologies can provide valuable information
on land use changes, erosion, and other factors affecting landslide susceptibility. Geological
Surveys and Research: Continue geological research to better understand regional landslide
patterns, improve mapping, and enhance knowledge of geological factors contributing to
landslides.
3.3 Problem Statement

The project revolves around the safety challenges inherent in navigating deep curves on
mountainous roads, especially in regions susceptible to landslides. These deep curves pose
a significant risk due to reduced visibility, constrained reaction times, and the potential for
abrupt obstacles, culminating in an elevated likelihood of accidents. Additionally, the threat
of landslides in ghat sections exacerbates these dangers, as the unpredictable nature of such
events can result in substantial damage to property, infrastructure, and pose a grave risk to
human lives. The project recognizes the critical need for a system that can provide real-time
updates to drivers, enhancing their awareness of the environmental conditions, and, in
particular, the imminent risks associated with heavy rainfall and landslides. By focusing on
conflict avoidance and landslide detection, the project aims to mitigate the inherent dangers
of navigating deep curves in mountainous terrains, ultimately enhancing road safety in
these challenging and potentially hazardous environments.
3.4 Objectives
Objectives are designed to achieve the goals
 To detect and prevent the accidents to enhance safety.
 To deploy the system on ghat roads in mountainous regions, where sharp curves and
landslides are common, to prevent accidents and road closures.
 To detect the landslide occurrence.
 To develop the warning systems for the detection of landslide.
Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 10

 To improve response times for emergency services by providing them with real-time
information about road conditions and potential hazards
CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
4.1 Software Hardware Requirements:

4.1.1 Software Requirements
Embedded C
Use of embedded processors in passenger cars, mobile phones, medical equipment,

aerospace systems and defense systems is widespread, and even everyday domestic
appliances such as dish washers, televisions, washing machines and video recorders now
include at least one such device. Because most embedded projects have severe cost
constraints, they tend to use low-cost processors like the 8051 family of devices considered
in this book. These popular chips have very limited resources available most such devices
have around 256 bytes (not Uno bytes!) of RAM, and the available processor power is
around 1000 times less than that of a desktop processor. As a result, developing embedded
software presents significant new challenges, even for experienced desktop programmers. If
you have some programming experience - in C, C++ or Java - then this book and its
accompanying CD will help make your move to the embedded world as quick and painless
as possible.
Arduino IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a

text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for
common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino hardware to upload
programs and communicate with them.
Writing Sketches

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are
written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension. ino. The editor has features
for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while
saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The
bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port. The
toolbar
buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and
open the serial monitor.
Python IDE
Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data
structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s
elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal
language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms.
The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in
C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension
language for customizable applications.
OpenCV
OpenCV is a library of programming functions mainly aimed at real-time computer vision.

It has a modular structure, which means that the package includes several shared or static
libraries. We are using image processing module that includes linear and non-linear image
filtering, geometrical image transformations (resize, affine and perspective warping, and
generic table-based remapping), color space conversion, histograms, and so on. Our project
includes libraries such as Viola-Jones or Haar classifier, LBPH (Lower Binary Pattern
histogram) face recognizer, Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG).
OpenCV-Python
Python is a general-purpose programming language started by Guido van Rossum, which

became very popular in short time mainly because of its simplicity and code readability. It
enables the programmer to express his ideas in fewer lines of code without reducing any
readability.

Compared to other languages like C/C++, Python is slower. But another important feature of
Python is that it can be easily extended with C/C++. This feature helps us to write
computationally intensive codes in C/C++ and create a Python wrapper for it so that we can
use these wrappers as Python modules. This gives us two advantages: first, our code is as
fast as original C/C++ code (since it is the actual C++ code working in background) and
second, it is very easy to code in Python. This is how OpenCV-Python works, it is a Python
wrapper around original C++ implementation. And the support of Numpy makes the task
easier. Numpy is a highly optimized library for numerical operations. It gives a MATLAB-
style syntax. All the OpenCV array structures are converted to-and-from Numpy arrays. So
whatever operations you can do in Numpy, you can combine it with OpenCV, which
increases number of Parkinson Diseases in your arsenal. Besides that, several other libraries
like SciPy, Matplotlib which supports Numpy can be used with this. So OpenCV-Python is
an appropriate tool for fast prototyping of computer vision problems.
OpenCV-Python working
OpenCV introduces a new set of tutorials which will guide you through various functions
available in OpenCV-Python. This guide is mainly focused on OpenCV 3.x
version (although most of the tutorials will work with OpenCV 2.x also).
A prior knowledge on Python and Numpy is required before starting because they
won’t be covered in this guide. Especially, a good knowledge on Numpy is must to write
optimized codes in OpenCV-Python.
This tutorial has been started by Abid Rahman K. as part of Google Summer of Code 2013
program, under the guidance of Alexander Mordvintsev.
OpenCV Needs us...
Since OpenCV is an open-source initiative, all are welcome to make contributions to

this library. And it is same for this tutorial also. So, if you find any mistake in this tutorial
(whether it be a small spelling mistake or a big error in code or concepts, whatever), feel
free to correct it. And that will be a good task for freshers who begin to contribute to open-
source projects. Just fork the OpenCV in github, make necessary corrections and send a pull
request to OpenCV. OpenCV developers will check your pull request, give you important

feedback and once it passes the approval of the reviewer, it will be merged to OpenCV. Then
you become a open source contributor. Similar is the case with other tutorials,
documentation etc.
As new modules are added to OpenCV-Python, this tutorial will have to be expanded. So
those who knows about particular algorithm can write up a tutorial which includes a basic
theory of the algorithm and a code showing basic usage of the algorithm and submit it to
OpenCV.
PYTHON
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language.

Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as
other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other
languages.
 Python is interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive: You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
 Python is Object-Oriented: Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of
programming that encapsulates code within objects.
 Python is a Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for the beginner-level
programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from
simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.
Python Features
 Easy-to-learn: Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined
syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
 Easy-to-read: Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
 Easy-to-maintain: Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
 A broad standard library: Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-
platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.

 Interactive Mode: Python has support for an interactive mode which allows
interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
 Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same
interface on all platforms.
 Extendable: You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These
modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
 Databases: Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
 GUI Programming: Python supports GUI applications that can be created and
ported to many system calls, libraries, and windows systems, such as Windows
MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
 Scalable: Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than
shell scripting.
Python’s standard library
 Pandas
 Numpy
 Sklearn
 Seaborn
 Matplotlib
 Importing Datasets
 OpenCV
4.1.2 Hardware Requirements:

 Arduino Uno
 Vibration Sensor
 Moisture sensor
 Voltage Regulator
 Buzzer
 Accelerometer (ADXL Sensor)
 Rain Sensor
 LCD

 Camera
 IOT Communicator
 H Bridge
 Power supply

4.2 INTRODUCTION TO CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL

NETWORKS (CNN)
4.2.1 Neural network:
A neural network is a network or circuit of neurons, or in a modern sense, an artificial

neural network, composed of artificial neurons or nodes. Thus, a neural network is either
a biological neural network, made up of real biological neurons, or an artificial neural
network, for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problem. The connections of the biological
neuron are modeled as weights. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection,
while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight
and summed. This activity is referred as a linear combination. Finally, an activation
function controls the amplitude of the output. For example, an acceptable range of output is
usually between 0 and 1, or it could be - 1 and 1.
These artificial networks may be used for predictive modeling, adaptive control and
applications where they can be trained via a dataset. Self-learning resulting from experience
can occur within networks, which can derive conclusions from a complex and seemingly
unrelated set of information.

Fig 4.1: A Simple Neural Network
A simple neural network

A deep neural network (DNN) is an artificial neural network (ANN) with
multiple layers between the input and output layers. The DNN finds the correct
mathematical manipulation to turn the input into the output, whether it be a linear
relationship or a non-linear relationship.
4.2.2 CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS:
Convolutional Neural Networks are very similar to ordinary Neural Networks from
the previous chapter: they are made up of neurons that have learnable weights and biases.
Each neuron receives some inputs, performs a dot product and optionally follows it with a
non-linearity.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are analogous to traditional ANNs in that they
are comprised of neurons that self-optimise through learning. Each neuron will still
receive an input and perform a operation (such as a scalar product followed by a non-linear
function) - the basis of countless ANNs. From the input raw image vectors to the final
output of the class score, the entire of the network will still express a single.
perceptive score function (the weight). The last layer will contain loss functions associated
with the classes, and all of the regular tips and tricks developed for traditional ANNs still
apply.
The only notable difference between CNNs and traditional ANNs is that CNNs are
primarily used in the field of pattern recognition within images. This allows us to encode
image-specific features into the architecture, making the network more suited for image-
focused tasks - whilst further reducing the parameters required to set up the model. One
of the largest limitations of traditional forms of ANN is that they tend to struggle with
the computational complexity required to compute image data. Common machine
learning benchmarking datasets such as the MNIST database of handwritten digits are
suitable for most forms of ANN, due to its relatively small image dimensionality of
just 28 × 28. With this dataset a single neuron in the first hidden layer will contain 784

weights (28×28×1 where 1 bare in mind that MNIST is normalised to just black and
white values), which is manageable for most forms of ANN. If you consider a more
substantial coloured image input of 64 × 64, the number of weights on just a single neuron
of the first layer increases substantially to 12, 288. Also take into account that to deal
with this scale of input, the network will also need to be a lot larger than one used to
classify colour-normalised MNIST digits, then you will understand the drawbacks of using
such models.
4.2.3 CNN ARCHITECTURE:
CNNs are feedforward networks in that information flow takes place in one direction
only, from their inputs to their outputs. Just as artificial neural networks (ANN) are
biologically inspired, so are CNNs. The visual cortex in the brain, which consists of
alternating layers of simple and complex cells (Hubel & Wiesel, 1959, 1962), motivates
their architecture.
CNN architectures come in several variations; however, in general, they consist of

convolutional and pooling (or subsampling) layers, which are grouped into modules. Either
one or more fully connected layers, as in a standard feedforward neural network, follow
these modules. Modules are often stacked on top of each other to form a deep model. It
illustrates typical CNN architecture for a toy image classification task. An image is
input directly to the network, and this is followed by several stages of convolution and
pooling. Thereafter, representations from these operations feed one or more fully
connected layers.
Finally, the last fully connected layer outputs the class label. Despite this being the
most popular base architecture found in the literature, several architecture changes have
been proposed in recent years with the objective of improving image classification
accuracy or reducing computation costs. Although for the remainder of this section, we
merely fleetingly introduce standard CNN architecture.

Fig 4.2: CNN Architecture
4.2.4 ARCHITECTURE:
CNNs are comprised of three types of layers. These are convolutional layers,
pooling layers and fully- connected layers. When these layers are stacked, a CNN
architecture has been formed. A simplified CNN architecture for MNIST classification is
illustrated in Figure 2. input 0 9 convolution w/ReLu pooling output fully-connected w/
ReLu fully-connected ... Fig. 2: An simple CNN architecture, comprised of just five layers
The basic functionality of the example CNN above can be broken down into four key
areas. 1. As found in other forms of ANN, the input layer will hold the pixel values of the
image. 2. The convolutional layer will determine the output of neurons of which are
connected to local regions of the input through the calculation of the scalar product
between their weights and the region connected to the input volume. The rectified linear
unit (commonly shortened to ReLu) aims to apply an ’elementwise’ activation function
such as sigmoid to the output of the activation produced by the previous layer. 3. The
pooling layer will then simply perform downsampling along the spatial dimensionality of
the given input, further reducing the number of parameters within that activation. 4. The
fully-connected layers will then perform the same duties found in standard ANNs and

attempt to produce class scores from the activations, to be used for classification. It is also
suggested that ReLu may be used between these layers, as to improve performance.
Through this simple method of transformation, CNNs are able to transform the original
input layer by layer using convolutional and down sampling techniques to produce class
scores for classification and regression purposes. However, it is important to note that
simply understanding the overall architecture of a CNN architecture will not suffice. The
creation and optimisation of these models can take quite some time, and can be quite
confusing. We will now explore in detail the individual layers, detailing their
hyperparameters and connectivities.
4.2.5 CONVOLUTIONAL LAYERS:

The convolutional layers serve as feature extractors, and thus they learn the
feature representations of their input images. The neurons in the convolutional layers are
arranged into feature maps. Each neuron in a feature map has a receptive field, which is
connected to a neighborhood of neurons in the previous layer via a set of trainable
weights, sometimes referred to as a filter bank. Inputs are convolved with the learned
weights in order to compute a new feature map, and the convolved results are sent
through a nonlinear activation function.
All neurons within a feature map have weights that are constrained to be equal;
however, different feature maps within the same convolutional layer have different
weights so that several features can be extracted at each location.
As the name implies, the convolutional layer plays a vital role in how CNNs
operate. The layers parameters focus around the use of learnable kernels.
These kernels are usually small in spatial dimensionality, but spreads along the
entirety of the depth of the input. When the data hits a convolutional layer, the layer
convolves each filter across the spatial dimensionality of the input to produce a 2D
activation map. These activation maps can be visualised.
As we glide through the input, the scalar product is calculated for each value in
that kernel. From this the network will learn kernels that ’fire’ when they see a specific
feature at a given spatial position ofthe input. These are commonly known as activations.

Visual representation of a convolutional layer
The centre element of the kernel is placed over the input vector, of which is then
calculated and replaced with a weighted sum of itself and any nearby pixels.Every kernel
will have a corresponding activation map, of which will be stacked along the depth
dimension to form the full output volume from the convolutional layer.
As we alluded to earlier, training ANNs on inputs such as images results in models

of which are too big to train effectively. This comes down to the fullyconnected manner
of stan ard ANN neurons, so to mitigate against this every neuron in a convolutional layer
is only connected to small region of the input volume. The dimensionality of this region
is commonly referred to as the receptive field size of the neuron. The magnitude of the
connectivity through the depth is nearly always equal to the depth of the input.
For example, if the input to the network is an image of size 64 × 64 × 3

(aRGBcoloured image with a dimensionality of 64 × 64) and we set the receptive field size
as 6 × 6, we would have a total of 108 weights on each neuron within the convolutional
layer. (6 × 6 × 3 where 3 is the magnitude of connectivity across the depth of the volume)
To put this into perspective, a standard neuron seen in other forms of ANN would contain
12, 288 weights each.
Convolutional layers are also able to significantly reduce the complexity of the model
through the optimization of its output. These are optimized through three hyper
parameters, the depth, the stride and setting zero-padding.The depth of the output volume

produced by the convolutional layers can be manually set through the number of neurons
within the layer to a the same region of the input. This can be seen with other forms of
ANNs, where the all of the neurons in the hidden layer are directly connected to every
single neuron beforehand. Reducing this hyperparameter can significantly minimize the
total number of neurons of the network, but it can also significantly reduce the capabilities
of the model.
we are also able to define the stride in which we set the depth around the spatial
dimensionality of the input in order to place the receptive field. For example, if we were to
set a stride as 1, then we would have a heavily overlapped receptive field producing
extremely large activations. Alternatively, setting the stride to a greater number will
reduce the amount of overlapping and produce an output of lower spatial dimensions.
Zero-padding is the simple process of padding the border of the input, and is an
effective method to give further control as to the dimensionality of the output volumes.
It is important to understand that through using these techniques, we will alter the
spatial dimensionality of the convolutional layers output.
Despite our best efforts so far, we will still find that our models are still enormous if
we use an image input of any real dimensionality. However, methods have been
developed as to greatly curtail the overall number of parameters within the convolutional
layer.
Parameter sharing works on the assumption that if one region feature is useful to
compute at a set spatial region, then it is likely to be useful in another region. If we
constrain each individual activation map within the output volume to the same weights
and bias, then we will see a massive reduction in the number of parameters being produced
by the convolutional layer.
As a result of this as the backpropagation stage occurs, each neuron in the output will
represent the overall gradient of which can be totalled across the depth - thus only updating
a single set of weights, as opposed to every single one.
4.2.6 Pooling Layers

The purpose of the pooling layers is to reduce the spatial resolution of the feature maps and
thus achieve spatial invariance to input distortions and translations. Initially, it was
common practice to use average pooling aggregation layers to propagate the average of all
the input values, of a small neighbourhood of an image to the next layer. However, in more
recent models, max pooling aggregation layers propagate the maximum value within a
receptive field to the next layer.
Pooling layers aim to gradually reduce the dimensionality of the representation, and thus
further reduce the number of parameters and the computational complexity of the model.
The pooling layer operates over each activation map in the input, and scales its
dimensionality using the “MAX” function. In most CNNs, these come in the form of max-
pooling layers with kernels of dimensionality of 2 × 2 applied with a stride of 2 along the
spatial dimensions of the input. This scales the activation map down to 25% of the original
size - whilst maintaining the depth volume to its standard size.
Due to the destructive nature of the pooling layer, there are only two generally observed
methods of max-pooling. Usually, the stride and filters of the pooling layers are both set to
2 × 2, which will allow the layer to extend through the entirety of the spatial
dimensionality of the input. Furthermore, overlapping pooling may be utilised, where the
stride is set to 2 with a kernel size set to 3. Due to the destructive nature of pooling,
having a kernel size above 3 will usually greatly decrease the performance of the model.It
is also important to understand that beyond max-pooling, CNN architectures may contain
general- pooling. General pooling layers are comprised of pooling neurons that are able to
perform a multitude of common operations including L1/L2-normalisation, and average
pooling. However, this tutorial will primarily focus on the use of max-pooling.
4.2.7 Fully Connected Layers
Several convolutional and pooling layers are usually stacked on top of each other to extract
more abstract feature representations in moving through the network. The fully connected
layers that follow these layers interpret these feature representations and perform the
function of high-level reasoning. . For classification problems, it is standard to use the
SoftMax operator on top of a DCNN. While early success was enjoyed by using radial
basis functions (RBFs), as the classifier on top of the convolutional towers found that

replacing the SoftMax operator with a support vector machine (SVM) leads to improved
classification accuracy. The fully-connected layer contains neurons of which are directly
connected to the neurons in the two adjacent layers, without being connected to any layers
within them. This is analogous to way that neurons are arranged in traditional forms of
ANN.
Despite the relatively small number of layers required to form a CNN, there is no set way
of formulating a CNN architecture. That being said, it would be idiotic to simply throw a
few of layers together and expect it to work. Through reading of related literature it is
obvious that much like other forms of ANNs, CNNs tend to follow a common
architecture. This common architecture is illustrated in Figure 2, where convolutional
layers are stacked, followed by pooling layers in a repeated manner before feeding forward
to fully-connected layers.
Convolutional Neural Networks differ to other forms of Artifical Neural Network in that
instead of focusing on the entirety of the problem domain, knowledge about the specific
type of input is exploited. This in turn allows for a much simpler network architecture to
be set up.This paper has outlined the basic concepts of Convolutional Neural Networks,
explaining the layers required to build one and detailing how best to structure the network
in most image analysis tasks.Research in the field of image analysis using neural
networks has somewhat slowed in recent times. This is partly due to the incorrect belief
surrounding the level of complexity and knowledge required to begin modelling these
superbly powerful machine learning algorithms. The authors hope that this paper has in
some way reduced this confusion, and made the field more accessible to beginners.
4.3 Training
CNNs and ANN in general use learning algorithms to adjust their free parameters in
order to attain the desired network output. The most common algorithm used for this
purpose is backpropagation. Backpropagation computes the gradient of an objective
function to determine how to adjust a network’s parameters in order to minimize errors
that affect performance. A commonly experienced problem with training CNNs, and in
particular DCNNs, is overfitting, which is poor performance on a held-out test set after
the network is trained on a small or even large training set. This affects the model’s ability

to generalize on unseen data and is a major challenge for DCNNs that can be assuaged
by regularization.
Fig 4.3: Training


CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM DESIGN
Systems design is the process of defining the architecture, modules, interfaces and
data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. Systems design could be seen as the
application of systems theory to product development. There is some overlap with the
disciplines of systems analysis, systems architecture and systems engineering. If the
broader topic of product development “blends the perspective of marketing, design, and
manufacturing into a single approach to product development,” then design is the act of
taking the marketing information and creating the design of the product to be
manufactured.
Systems design is therefore the process of defining and developing systems to

satisfy specified requirements of the user. Until the 1990s, systems design had a crucial and
respected role in the data processing industry. In the 1990s, standardization of hardware
and software resulted in the ability to build modular systems. The increasing importance of
software running on generic platforms has enhanced the discipline of software engineering.
Object-oriented methods are becoming the most widely used methods for computer
systems design. The UML has become the standard language in object-oriented analysis
and design.
It is widely used for modelling software systems and is increasingly used for high
designing non-software systems and organizations. It is a process of planning a new
business system or replacing an existing system by defining its components or modules to
satisfy the specific requirements. Before planning, you need to understand the old system
thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently.
System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system.
The System Design Document is a required document for every project. It should
include a high-level description of why the System Design Document has been created,
provide what the new system is intended for or is intended to replace and contain detailed
descriptions of the architecture and system components of the system. Based on the user
requirements and the detailed analysis of the existing system, the new system must be
designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is the most crucial phase in the

developments of a system. The logical system design arrived at as a result of systems

analysis is converted into physical design.
System design is the phase that bridges the gap between problem domain and the existing
system in a manageable way. This phase focuses on the solution domain. It is the phase
where the SRS document is converted into a format that can be implemented and decides
how the system will operate. In this phase, the complex activity of system development is
divided into several smaller sub-activities, which coordinate with each other to achieve the
main objective of system development.
Fig 5.1: System Design
5.1 Sequence Diagram:

The flowchart outlines a system designed to detect vehicles, landslides, and

weather conditions for efficient gate control. When the user initiates the system, it begins
detecting vehicles, distinguishing between heavy and light weight ones. Simultaneously, it
checks for landslides using an accelerometer. If detected, an alert is issued.
Fig 5.2: Sequence Diagram
5.2 Data Flow Diagram:

A dataflow outline is a tool for referring to knowledge progression from one

module to the next module as shown in Fig 4.3.2. This graph gives the data of each
module's info. The map has no power flow and there are no circles at the same time.
Fig 5.3: Data Flow Diagram
5.4 Activity Diagram:
An activity diagram outlines an intelligent system that dynamically adjusts gate

operations based on real-time inputs related to vehicles, landslides, and weather. When the
user initiates the system, it begins detecting vehicles, distinguishing between heavy and
light weight ones. Simultaneously, it checks for landslides using an accelerometer. If
detected, an alert is issued; otherwise, monitoring continues. Weather information is

gathered in parallel. Based on this data, the system decides whether to block gates (due to
rain or landslides) or keep them open. Overall, this system aims to enhance safety and gate
management efficiency.
Fig 5.4: Activity Diagram
5.5 Context Diagram:

Context Diagram is an intelligent system that dynamically adjusts gate operations

based on real-time inputs related to vehicles, landslides, and weather. When the user initiates
the system, it begins detecting vehicles, distinguishing between heavy and light weight ones.
Simultaneously, it checks for landslides using an accelerometer. If detected, an alert is
issued; otherwise, monitoring continues. Weather information is gathered in parallel.
Fig 5.5: Context Diagram
5.6 Class Diagram:
The UML diagram represents a conflict avoidance system for vehicles. It

includes classes such as “Vehicle,” “Heavy Vehicle,” “Light Vehicle,” “Accelerometer,”
“Weather Sensor,” and “Conflict Avoidance System.” Each class has specific attributes and
operations. For instance, the system detects vehicle weight, prioritizes heavy vehicles,
monitors for landslides, and checks weather conditions. The “Conflict Avoidance System”
integrates data from these components to manage road safety effectively.

Fig 5.6: Class diagram
5.7 User Case Diagram:
This diagram represents a Conflict Avoidance and Landslide Detection

System for road safety. When it starts raining, the system activates and checks for signs of
landslides. If a landslide is detected, it takes action by activating gates on the road to block
traffic, ensuring safety. Additionally, a user can initiate the detection of both heavy weight
and light weight vehicles. The system prioritizes heavy vehicles when triggered, possibly
indicating an increased risk or need for management in certain conditions like landslides or
heavy rain. In essence, this system aims to enhance road safety by monitoring
environmental conditions and vehicle types, taking preventive measures when necessary.

Fig 5.7: User Case Diagram
CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 Modules Description

A module is a collection of source files and build settings that let you divide your
project into discrete units of functionality. Your project can have one or many modules,
and one module can use another module as a dependency. You can independently build,
test, and debug each module.
Additional modules are useful when creating code libraries within your own
project or when you want to create different sets of code and resources for different

device types, such as phones and wearable, but keep all the files scoped within the same
project and share some code.
6.2 Landslide Detection Module:
Sensor: ADXL sensors are used for detecting ground movement and potential
landslides. If a landslide is detected, the system triggers an alert and sends message to
respective authority and takes preventive action by closing gates on either sides and
prohibiting vehicle movement across that area.
Fig 6.1: ADXL Sensor
6.3 Rainfall Monitoring Module

Rain sensors measure the amount of rainfall in a given area. This Sensor is
interfaced with Arduino UNO. If heavy rainfall is detected, the system triggers gates
closure using DC motors to prevent landslides and it sends an alert to respective
authority.

Fig 6.2: Rain Sensor
6.4 Gate Control Module:
DC Motors control the gates positioned alongside curves.H-Bridge which is interfaced

with Arduino will control the DC motors.
Fig 6.3: DC Motors Fig 6.4: H-Bridge
6.5 Image Processing Module:

Camera: Captures images of the road. Utilizes image processing algorithms to

detect heavy vehicles on the road. Heavy vehicles are given priority, and alerts are sent to
other vehicles to avoid conflict.
Fig 6.5: WIFI-Camera
6.6 Alerting System:
Fig 6.6: Arduino UNO

Communication Module: Arduino Uno interfaces with a communication module
ESP8266 or Node MCU Sends SMS or push notifications to authorities and drivers in case
of landslides, heavy rainfall, or priority alerts.

6.7 Sensor Manager Module

A sensor manager module is responsible for managing the various sensors used in
the project. It handles sensor initialization, data acquisition, and provides an Interface for the
other modules to access data. The Sensor used are:
Rain Sensor: Used to know amount of rainfall.
ADXL Sensor: ADXL Sensor or Accelerometer Sensor is used to identify Landslide

detection across ghats area.
Fig 6.7: Rain and ADXL Sensor
6.8 SMS Manager Module
Telegram Messenger is a cloud-based instant messaging and voice over IP

service. You can easily install it in your smartphone (Android and iPhone) or
computer (PC, Mac and Linux). It is free and without any ads. Telegram allows you to
create bots that you can interact with. “Bots are third-party applications that run inside
Telegram. Users can interact with bots by sending them messages, commands and inline
requests. You control your bots using HTTPS requests to Telegram Bot API “.

Fig 6.8: Cloud and Telegram Messages
6.9 Buzzer:
A buzzer is a simple yet versatile electroacoustic device that produces a distinctive buzzing
or beeping sound. Comprising an electromechanical or piezoelectric transducer, buzzers are commonly
used for alerting or signaling purposes in various applications. They are employed in everyday
electronics, ranging from household appliances to industrial machinery. The activation of a buzzer is
typically controlled by an electrical signal, and it serves as an effective auditory indicator for events such
as alarms, notifications, or system warnings. Buzzers come in different forms, including piezoelectric
buzzers, which generate sound through the vibration of a piezoelectric crystal, and electromagnetic
buzzers, which rely on the movement of a diaphragm within a magnetic field. The simplicity and
reliability of buzzers make them indispensable in scenarios where a clear and immediate audio signal is
required, contributing to their widespread use in diverse technological applications.
Fig 6.9: Buzzer
6.10 Arduino Uno:
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on theATmega328P. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz

quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a
USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with
your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you
can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again. "Uno" means one in Italian and was
chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of
Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.
The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the
Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index
of boards.
Fig 6.10: Arduino Uno
The Arduino hardware and software was designed for artists, designers, hobbyists,
hackers, newbies, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
Arduino can interact with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS units, cameras, the
internet, and even your smart-phone or your TV! This flexibility combined with the fact
that the Arduino software is free, the hardware boards are pretty cheap, and both the
software and hardware are easy to learn has led to a large community of users who have
contributed code and released instructions for a huge variety of Arduino-based projects.
For everything from robots and a heating pad hand warming blanket to honest
fortune-telling machines, and even a Dungeons and Dragons dice-throwing gauntlet, the
Arduino can be used as the brains behind almost any electronics project. There are many

varieties of Arduino boards (explained on the next page) that can be used for different
purposes. Some boards look a bit different from the one below, but most Arduinos have the
majority of these components in common:
6.11 Power (USB / Barrel Jack)
Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino
UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power
supply (like this) that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB
connection is labeled (1) and the barrel jack is labeled (2).
The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board. More on
how to program with Arduino can be found in our Installing and Programming Arduino
tutorial.
NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will overpower (and
thereby destroy) your Arduino. The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is
between 6 and 12 Volts.
Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a
circuit (probably in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black
plastic ‘headers’ that allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has
several different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and used for different
functions.
6.12 Reset Button
Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will
temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the
Arduino. This can be very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it
multiple times. Unlike the original Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino doesn't
usually fix any problems.
6.13 Power LCD Indicator
Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit board, there’s a tiny
LCD next to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LCD should light up whenever you plug your

Arduino into a power source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something
is wrong. Time to re- check your circuit!
6.10 Main IC
The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13). Think of it as
the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from board type
to board type, but is usually from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL company. This
can be important, as you may need to know the IC type (along with your board type) before
loading up a new program from the Arduino software. This information can usually be
found in writing on the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference
between various IC's, reading the datasheets is often a good idea.
6.11 Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should) interact with on
the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage
regulator does exactly what it says -- it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the
Arduino board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that
might harm the circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to
anything greater than 20 volts.
6.12 The Arduino Family

Arduino makes several different boards, each with different capabilities. In addition,
part of being open-source hardware means that others can modify and produce derivatives of
Arduino boards that provide even more form factors and functionality. If you’re not sure
which one is right for your project, check this guide for some helpful hints. Here are a few
options that are well-suited to someone new to the world of Arduino:
6.13 Arduino Uno (R3)

The Uno is a great choice for your first Arduino. It’s got everything you need to get
started, and nothing you don’t. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a power jack, a reset button and more. It

contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer

with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
Fig.6.11: Arduino UNO (R3)

6.14 Arduino specification:
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5v
Input voltage 7-12v
Input voltage limit 6-20v
Digital I/O Pins 6
Analogue input Pins 6
DC current per I/O pins 20 mA
DC current for 3.3v Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory Of which o.5KB is used
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1KB
Clock Speed 16MHz
Length 68.6mm
Width 53.4nm
Weight 25g
Table 6.1: Arduino specification
6.15 Arduino programming:
The Arduino /Genuino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software
(IDE)).Select "Arduino/Genuino Uno from the Tools>Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). The ATmega328 on the Arduino/Genuino Uno comes pre-
programmed with a boot loader that allows us to upload new code to it without the use of an

external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference
,C header files). We can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through
the ICSP (In- Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar. The
ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot loader, which can be activated by:
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then reusing the8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2

HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.[1]
6.15 Warnings:
The Arduino/GenuinoUno has a resettable poly fuse that protects your computer's USB
ports from shorts and over current. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than500 mA is applied to the
USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is
removed.[1]
6.16 Differences with other boards:

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
6.17 Input &Output:
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digital write (), and digital read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull- up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm.A maximum of 40mAis the value that must
not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These
pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach interrupt () function for
details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog
write () function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.

Fig 6.12: Pin Specification
Implementation Overview:
1. Data Acquisition:
 Read data from ADXL sensors for landslide detection.
 Collect data from rain sensors for rainfall monitoring.

 Capture images through cameras for image processing.
2. Decision Logic:
 Implement decision-making logic on Arduino Uno based on sensor
data.
 If landslide or heavy rainfall is detected, trigger gate closure using
DC motors.
3. Image Processing:
 Process captured images to identify heavy vehicles.
 Prioritize heavy vehicles in the traffic flow.
4. Alerting System:
 Interface with communication modules to send alerts.
 Send SMS or push notifications based on detected conditions.

CONCLUSION
The "Conflict Avoidance and Landslide Update System for Vehicles in Deep Curves" project
utilizes Arduino Uno, IR sensors, ADXL sensors, LCD displays, and Zigbee communication
to provide real-time assistance and updates to drivers navigating challenging terrains. This
system aims to prevent accidents, improve road safety, and save lives while optimizing
traffic flow in areas prone to deep curves and landslides. For the driver to easily observe a
vehicle approaching from the opposite direction, convex mirrors are utilised in the existing
system at curves. This system functions fine during the day but fails miserably at night. The
suggested method makes advantage of sensors at hairpin turns, which function incredibly
well at night. We will be able to remedy the issue by placing the sensors on either side of the
curves. The sensor sends a signal that looks like this if the vehicle is 10 metres from the
bend. The various hazardous impact of landslides on environment where studied. An
efficient environment for analyzing and displaying results with powerful set of tools.
REFERENCES
1. [1] Lorate Shiny,Rajakumaran, S.Vijay (2019) are proposed “Vehicle Control System
with AccidentPrevention by Using IR Transceiver”Vol. 4, Issue 6.
2. [2] R.S. Rakul, S. Ravia and K.N. Thirukkuralkani(2016) proposed a paper on
“Implementation of Vehicle Mishap Averting System Using Arduino
Microcontroller”Vol. 5 Issue 04. April.
3. [3] K.P. Sreevishakh, Prof.S.P. Dhanure,(2015) “Automotive Crash Insight using
AMR Sensor System,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 5.May.
4. [4] S. Uvaraja and V. Raghav Prashanth, (2012) “Advanced Pre-Warning System
(Railways),” IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4,
no. 2.
5. [5] S. Kundu, D. Sharma, and A. Saha, “GisBased Statistical Landslide
Susceptibility Zonation: a Case Study in Ganeshganga Watershed, the Himalayas,”
Esriindia.Com, pp. 1–9, 2011, [Online]. Available:
http://esriindia.com/Events/UC2011_files/D M_UCP008.pdf.
6. [6] S. Hidayat, H. Pachri, and I. Alimuddin, “Analysis of Landslide Susceptibility
Zone using Frequency Ratio and Logistic Regression Method in Hambalang,
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Environ. Sci., vol. 280, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/280/1/012005.
7. [7] Mousumi Gupta, M. Ghose, and L. Sharma, “Application of Remote sensing &
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study of NH31A between Rangpo and Singtam,” J. Geomatics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 59–
63, 2009.

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Conflict Avoidance and Landslide Update of Vehicle in Deep Curves Using IOT

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

Published in: 2021 2nd International Conference on System, Computation, Automation

Date of Conference: 29-30 March. 2021

Electronics and Communication Engineering,

IFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, India

Electronics and Communication Engineering,

IFET College of Engineering, Pune, India

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

2. IOT Based Landslide Detection and Monitoring

Date of Conference: 8-10 Sept. 2020

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

3. Toxic Environment Monitoring using Sensors based on Arduino

The paper represents a significant contribution to the field of environmental

Published in: 2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Advance in Computing,

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

4. Implementation of Vehicle Mishap Averting System Using Arduino

Date of Conference: 20-September 2022

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

5. Smart Road Safety and Vehicle Accidents Prevention System

Date of Conference: 6-3 November 2022

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

Department of Electrical Engineering ,Amity University, Gwalior, India

6. Review Paper on Vehicle Accident Prevention System for Hilly Region

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page

3.3 Problem Statement

 To detect and prevent the accidents to enhance safety.

landslides are common, to prevent accidents and road closures.

 To detect the landslide occurrence.

 To develop the warning systems for the detection of landslide.

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 10

information about road conditions and potential hazards

SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

4.1 Software Hardware Requirements:

Use of embedded processors in passenger cars, mobile phones, medical equipment,

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 11

OpenCV is a library of programming functions mainly aimed at real-time computer vision.

Python is a general-purpose programming language started by Guido van Rossum, which

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 12

OpenCV Needs us...

Since OpenCV is an open-source initiative, all are welcome to make contributions to

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 13

Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language.

 Python is interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 14

Python’s standard library

4.1.2 Hardware Requirements:

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 15

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 16

4.2 INTRODUCTION TO CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL

4.2.1 Neural network:

A neural network is a network or circuit of neurons, or in a modern sense, an artificial

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 17

Fig 4.1: A Simple Neural Network

A simple neural network

4.2.2 CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS:

Dept. of ISE 2023-24 Page 18

4.2.3 CNN ARCHITECTURE: