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Chlorodifluoromethane (R22) Gas and Its Mixtures with CO2/N2/Air as an

Alternative to SF6

Article in Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology · March 2021

DOI: 10.1007/s42835-021-00681-0

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Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-021-00681-0

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Chlorodifluoromethane ­(R22) Gas and Its Mixtures with ­CO2/N2/Air

as an Alternative to ­SF6
Muhammad Zaheer Saleem1,2 · Muhammad Kamran1 · Salman Amin3 · Rahmat Ullah2 · Hafiz Shafqat Abbas Kharal1 ·
Nasimullah4 · Fazal Muhammad5 · Taqi ur Rahman3

Received: 30 July 2019 / Revised: 1 November 2020 / Accepted: 2 February 2021

© The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2021

Abstract
SF6 has been extensively deployed in high voltage gas insulated equipment to be used as a dielectric medium since 1960
because of its excellent dielectric strength and arc interruption performance. This research proposes promising substitute
of ­SF6, by investigating a refrigerant gas such as Chlorodifluoromethane ­(CHClF2) with a mixture of ­CO2/N2/Air to miti-
gate environmental hazards of S ­ F6. ­R22 has less atmospheric life and low cost as compared to S
­ F6. It has less GWP (1,810)
as compared to ­SF6 (23,900). In this research, the AC and DC breakdown properties of ­R22 mixtures along with varying
ratios of ­CO2, ­N2, and Air were investigated. The best alternative to S ­ F6 has been found to be a mixture of R ­ 22 + ­N2 which
is close to 81% of ­SF6 dielectric strength. The dielectric strength of different optimal mixtures was found in the order of
­SF6 > ­R22 + ­N2 > ­R22 + Air > ­R22 + ­CO2 under AC voltage at 0.4 MPa. Moreover, the boiling point and GWP were further
reduced by adding the buffer gases such as ­N2,, ­CO2, and Air. ­R22 also has acceptable insulation self-recoverability and lique-
faction temperature. The results of this study are promising in terms of low cost and environment-friendly alternative to ­SF6.

Keywords Dielectric breakdown · Gas insulation · Global warming potential · R22 gas mixtures · SF6 alternatives

1 Introduction properties like non-toxicity, nonflammability, thermal stabil-

SF6 has been extensively deployed in high voltage gas
insulated equipment to be used as a dielectric medium
since 1960 because of its excellent dielectric strength and
arc interruption performance [1]. It has also been used in
gas insulated transformers (GITs). ­SF6 is a colorless and
odorless gas which has pertinent physical and chemical
* Muhammad Zaheer Saleem
Zaheersaleem786@gmail.com
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, University
of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 39161, Pakistan
2
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, GIK Institute
of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640,
Pakistan
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, University
of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47080, Pakistan
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, College
of Engineering, Taif University KSA, P. O. Box 11099,
Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
5
University of Engineering and Technology Mardan,
23200 Mardan, KP, Pakistan
ity, strong electronegativity, and good arc-quenching ability
[2]. The breakdown strength of ­SF6 is almost 2.5 times to
that of air [3]. Due to the above-mentioned properties, ­SF6
is considered as an ideal gaseous insulation. However, after
the use of S­ F6 gas on a large-scale, its effect on global warm-
ing and other environmental issues have been highlighted.
The first issue is that S
­ F6 has high chemical stability which
enables it to absorb a high amount of infrared radiation and
scatter it to low earth atmosphere as a result in increasing
temperature. So, ­SF6 acts as potential greenhouse gas [4, 5]
with Global Warming Potential (GWP) of ­SF6 is 23,900 over
100 years compared to C ­ O2 [6]. The second issue is the high
cost of ­SF6. The issues highlighted above forced researchers
to find cheap and environment-friendly alternatives for ­SF6.
In finding alternate for S ­ F6, the first option could be
natural gas, such as ­N2 and dry air which have already in
the application for medium voltage switch apparatus, e.g.
12 kV/24 kV [7, 8]. Table 1 shows the breakdown voltage,
GWP and liquefaction temperature of ­CHClF2, ­CO2, ­N2, Air
and ­SF6 in the point-plane electrode arrangement [9].
The second option could be the mixing of gases with S ­ F6.
This option results in lowering the boiling point of ­SF6 and

13
Vol.:(0123456789)

Table 1  Gases breakdown voltage value, GWP and liquefaction tem-
perature
Gas Breakdown Volt- GWP/100 years Liquefaction
age (kV/0.5 cm) Temperature (°C) at
0.1 MPa
SF6 23 23,900 − 64
CHClF2 16.5 1810 − 40.7
CO2 13 1 − 78.5
N2 10 0 − 196
Air 10.7 0 − 194
has been used since the 1950s, but it does not completely
reduce the GWP of S ­ F6 [10]. For S­ F6 reliability in cold
areas, the breakdown voltage characteristics of ­SF6/N2 mix-
tures [11] in different percentages were tested under highly
nonuniform electric field and at low pressures. Wang et al.
[12], Li et al. [13] and Hwang et al. [14] performed a break-
down of S ­ F6/CF4 mixture but that mixture has a limitation
of liquefaction temperature (below – 40 ℃). In [15] author
and coworkers studied the mixtures of ­SF6-helium (He) to
improve the arc quenching quality of Sulphur hexafluoride.
The authors found a high thermal conduction in the case of
helium gas and the mixture of S ­ F6-He exhibit 10% reduction
in critical electric field strength than that of S
­ F6. The afore-
mentioned parameters are key point to enhance the quality
of arc quenching of mixture. This behavior is very prominent
when the mixing ratio of S ­ F6 was varied from 25-75% in the
­SF6-He mixture. Trifluoro-iodomethane (­ CF3I) has 1.2 times
higher dielectric strength than that of ­SF6 [16] with a good
tendency of electronegative attachment which makes it a
suitable substitute for ­SF6. It has a major limitation of high
liquefaction temperature (− 22.5 °C) due to which it has not
been used in a practical system. To address this C ­ F3I issue
many researchers have investigated various mixtures of ­CF3I
gas with C ­ O2, ­N2, Air and other suitable gases [17]. These
mixtures have shown the advantage in applications where
the fault current interruption was within limit of 1 to 3 kA.
Due to electron attaching property of ­CO2 the mixture of
­CF3I/CO2 [2] has high interruption performance than ­CF3I/
N2 mixture [18]. A mixture of 30%CF3I + 70%CO2 has a
dielectric strength of about 0.75 to 0.8 times than that of
­SF6 [19, 20]. Recently, an experimental study has been con-
ducted on ­C3F7CN [21] and C ­ 4F7N [22, 23, 24, 25, 26] for
its dielectric properties. In another study, dielectric charac-
teristics and decomposition mechanism of ­C4F7N/CO2 and
­C5F10O/CO2 respectively were analyzed by Zhang et al. [26,
27]. The authors noticed that the dielectric strength of ­C4F7N
is 2.72 times that of S ­ F6. However, the problem associated
with the said gas is its high boiling point of 4.8 °C.
Several alternatives have been proposed in the literature in
pure and mixture forms but still, none of them has found in
practical situations due to cost or environmental constraints.
13
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology
In lieu of this scenario, there is a need for finding a substitute
to ­SF6 with less cost and environmental impact.
This research focused on the investigation of a promising
substitute of S­ F6 having properties of low GWP, low lique-
faction temperature, strong dielectric strength, economically
suitable and chemically sustainable. Four gases R ­ 22, ­CO2,
­N2, and Air were selected with GWP and cost lower than
­SF6. Different mixtures of these four gases were made to
investigate the most suitable alternative for ­SF6.
Chlorodifluoromethane ­(R22) is a colorless non-com-
bustible refrigeration gas with a slightly sweet odour. Its
molecular weight is 86.47 g/mol. It has a melting point of
157.42 °C, the critical temperature of 96.2 °C and a dielec-
tric constant of 6.11 at 24 °C. R ­ 22 has 11.8 years of atmos-
pheric life and ozone depletion potential of 0.055. R ­ 22 is
generally considered to be minimal toxic [28] and the lethal
concentration at 50% mortality ­(LC50) exceeds 200,000 ppm
[29]. At dense concentrations, it causes respiratory neuro-
logical and cardiovascular effects [30]. However, all these
hazards are less than those produced by S ­ F6. Therefore, in
present paper this gas was selected.
Dielectric properties based on Chlorodifluoromethane
with a different mixtures of C ­ O2/N2,/Air having various
ratios and pressures under highly non-uniform electrode
configuration with applied AC and DC voltages were ana-
lyzed. The research also focused on comparative between
­SF6 gas and investigated optimal mixture.
2 Experimental Design and Setup
2.1 Experimental Circuit
The breakdown characteristics were studied under AC and
DC voltages in point-plane electrode arrangement with a gap
distance of 5 mm and a pressure range from 0 to 0.4 MPa.
2.1.1 AC High Voltage Setup
For AC high voltage tests 50 Hz, 100 kV (rms), 50 mA and
5 kVA single stage test transformer was used as displayed in
Fig. 1. Transformer output varied @ of of 0.5 kV/s [9]. To
protect the transformer from high current during breakdown
a resistor was connected in series.
2.1.2 DC High Voltage Setup
The DC high voltage setup for measuring the break-
down of different gas mixtures under nonuniform field
is shown in Fig. 2. 140 kV HVDC was achieved by con-
necting a silicon rectifier and smoothing capacitor with a
test transformer described above in Sect. 2.1.1. All used
types of equipment have built-in mechanism to discharge
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology
Fig. 1  Schematic diagram of an experimental circuit for high voltage
AC
Fig. 2  Schematic diagram of an experimental circuit for high voltage
DC
the equipment itself except the smoothing capacitor. An
Earthing switch was attached externally with smoothing
capacitor to provide a discharge path.
2.2 Electrode Arrangement
In this research, electrodes made of stainless steel were
connected in point-plane arrangement with a gap distance
of 5 mm as shown below in Fig. 3. High voltage source
was connected to a fixed-point electrode. The point elec-
trode has a 45° angle, a tip radius of 1 mm and a diameter
of 4 mm. The plane electrode having radius 25 mm, on
the other hand, is moveable vertically to adjust the gap
and attached to the ground. Before each experiment, the
electrodes were cleaned by using alcohol and dry cotton
to removes any dust particle on the surface of the elec-
trode to attain reliable results. All the experimentation
was done in a dry environment at room temperature.
Fig. 3  Point plane electrode arrangement
2.3 Precautions in Gas Filling
Before filling the gases in the test vessel made all attached
valves closed except one connected to a vacuum pump. This
will evacuate all-natural gases and water vapors inside the
vessel. After the vacuum process, the pressure vessel was
slowly filled with a desired gas mixture in such a way that
any gas in liquid form should not filled in it which could
rise the pressure inside the vessel from its maximum limits
afterward. Only two gases were mixed at a time, the partial
pressure was calculated by Daltons Law for each gas [31].
Ratios can be calculated from the total pressure of the mix-
ture. After mixing, before the application of voltage, settling
time is given for better mixing.
3 Experimental Results and Discussion
3.1 Power Frequency and DC Breakdown Under
Highly Non‑Uniform Field
3.1.1 AC and DC Breakdown Characteristics of Gases
in Pure Form
AC and DC breakdown voltages of base gas R ­ 22 and buffer
gases ­CO2, ­N2, Air were measured with pressure varying
from the 0–0.4 Mpa with a gap distance of 5 mm. The BDV
increases linearly with pressure under the AC voltage as
shown in Fig. 4. The BDV of R ­ 22 is higher than buffer gases
under the effect of AC and DC voltages with the highest
value of 32.7 kV in AC voltage at 0.4 Mpa. Here it is noted
that ­N2 has several intersections between the curves under
AC and DC BDV as shown in Figs. 4 and 5. This could be
a dispersion of measurements in ­N2 as highlighted in [32].
In fact, the electrons associated free path is reduced which
is inversely proportional to pressure of gas, and thus the
13

Fig. 4  Dielectric characteristics of R
­ 22, ­CO2, ­N2 and Air under AC
voltage in the non-uniform electrode arrangement
Fig. 5  Dielectric characteristics of ­R22, ­CO2, ­N2 and Air under DC
voltage in the non-uniform electrode arrangement
electrons accumulated kinetic energy is reduced between
the two collisions. Hence, the mechanism of generation of
ionization is reduced and therefore, the breakdown voltage
increases with pressure. This relationship is almost linear
under AC and DC applied voltage when the gas is employed
in its pure form as can be as verified from the results in
Figs. 4 and 5.
3.1.2 Mixtures of ­R22/CO2
As all selected buffer gases were inert so they can be mixed
with ­R22 to de-energize electrons from high to low energy
level. Another advantage achieved was that mixing gases
makes a more environmentally friendly alternative to ­SF6.
Figures 6 and 7 shows the AC and DC BDV of ­R22 and ­CO2
mixtures with R ­ 22 percentage ratio mentioned. Under AC
applied voltage, the relation was linear between BDV and
pressure with a maximum value observed at the mixture
percentage ratio R­ 22/CO2 (80%/20%) at 0.4 Mpa. Under DC,
13
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology
Fig. 6  Dielectric characteristics of R
­ 22/CO2 mixtures under AC volt-
age in the non-uniform electrode arrangement
Fig. 7  Dielectric characteristics of ­R22/CO2 mixtures under DC volt-
age in the non-uniform electrode arrangement
the BDV value increases linearly up to 0.3 Mpa then start
to decrease for further increase in pressure and mixture of
­R22/CO2 (70%/30%) has a maximum value at 0.3 Mpa. The
decrease in breakdown voltage after 0.3 Mpa could from
space charge and mixture breakdown mechanisms involved
in discharge phenomena. This similar behavior was also dis-
cussed in [33].
3.1.3 Mixtures of ­R22/N2
The employed proportions for making mixtures of ­R22 with
­N2 were also the same as for ­CO2 in 3.1.2. An abrupt change
was observed for all mixtures after 0.3 Mpa in the AC voltage
as shown in Fig. 8. The BDV of R ­ 22/N2 at ratio 80%/20% is
maximum from all the employed mixtures under DC voltage
as shown in Fig. 9. Under DC, the breakdown voltage growth
rate starts to decrease after the mixture pressure increases from
0.3 Mpa, which shows a saturated growth trend. Due to same
polarity effect of DC, the surface area and surface state of
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology
Fig. 8  Dielectric characteristics of R
­ 22/N2 mixtures under AC voltage
in the non-uniform electrode
Fig. 9  Dielectric characteristics of R
­ 22/N2 mixtures under DC voltage
in the non-uniform electrode arrangement
electrodes may be the factors which cause the nonlinearity in
the breakdown voltage at higher pressure but have low influ-
ence at the low pressure [26].
3.1.4 Mixtures of ­R22/Air
Figures 10 and 11 have BDV for ­R22/Air different mixtures
for AC and DC, respectively. Similar behavior like DC BDV
of ­R22/CO2 has observed for ­R22/Air but here the maximum
value of breakdown voltage for ­R22/Air (50%/50%) was lower
than ­R22/CO2 (50%/50%). Moreover, the mixture of R ­ 22 with
Air does not gain importance as compared to ­R22 mixture with
­N2 or C­ O2 in engineering applications because of O
­ 2 presence
in Air which is chemical active.
3.2 Comparison of ­SF6, ­R22 and its Buffer Gases
Mixture
As ­SF 6 is strong electronegative gas so it has the high-
est BDV in both type of applied voltages. The optimal
Fig. 10  Dielectric characteristics of R
­ 22/Air mixtures under AC volt-
age in the non-uniform electrode arrangement
Fig. 11  Dielectric characteristics of ­R22/Air mixtures under DC volt-
age in the non-uniform electrode arrangement
mixtures of ­R 22/CO 2 and ­R 22/Air have low breakdown
voltages as compared to ­R22/N2 optimal mixture. Under
AC and DC voltage most favorable results were achieved
for the optimal mixture at 0.4 MPa. So, in Fig. 12 only the
comparison between ­SF6 and optimal mixture is shown.
By comparing the AC and DC BDV in Sects. 3.1.1,
3.1.2 and 3.1.3 it can be observed that ­R22/N2 (80%/20%)
has highest value of 41.92 kV under AC. The increase
in breakdown AC than DC in mixture of base gas with
low dielectric strength buffer gases ­(CO2, ­N2 or Air) may
be attributed due to corona stabilization disablement as
described in [34].
3.3 Liquefaction Temperature Behaviour of ­R22
The Increase in gas pressure also increases its temperature
which instigates a gaseous form to liquid state. For a suitable
alternative, this condition is defined by an important fac-
tor entitled liquefaction temperature. Its value is − 40.7 °C
for ­R22 gas at standard atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa).
13
 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

temperature was − 13.7 °C. Based on liquefaction tempera-

ture parameter, gas mixture could be employed its applica-
tion in gas insulated system.

3.4 Self‑Recoverability Testing

The gas recoverability was tested by applying a continuous

voltage sequence and breakdown voltage was recorded.
The breakdown of gas was noted at 10 mm after every
1 min at pressure 0.4 MPa. The decrease in breakdown
voltage was found at 0.5 kV. A slight decrease of break-
down voltage after 52 shots from the initial breakdown
voltage value provides acceptable self-recoverability as
depicted in Fig. 14.

3.5 Synergistic Effect

The synergistic effect of ­R22 different mixtures are listed in

Tables 2 to 4. A synergistic effect characterizes either two
gases mixture (as in this paper mixture of one refrigerant
and one buffer gas) exhibit higher breakdown strength than

Fig. 12  Comparison of breakdown voltage versus pressure of ­ SF6

and ­R22 optimal mixture in the 5 mm gap of the point-plane electrode
arrangement under a). AC and b). DC voltage

Considering this value of R it is not applicable in regions

of cold or low temperature. So, a buffer gas such a C
­ O2, ­N2
which have much low liquefaction temperature of − 78.5 °C,
− 196 °C, respectively at 0.1 MPa are needed. In this way,
­R22 liquefaction temperature can be reduced further by mix-
ing the above buffer gases. A well-known equation to cal- Fig. 13  Liquefaction temperature for ­R22 different mixtures at 0.1,
culate the liquefaction temperature is given below in Eq. 1 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 MPa
[35].
25
)∑ )i∕2
(1)
( ) ( (
ln P∕PC = TC ∕T Ni 1 − T∕TC
i=2

Here in equation (1), P and P ­ C indicates the partial and criti-

cal pressure of R
­ 22 respectively in pascal (Pa). The value of
critical pressure is 4.99 MPa. The liquefaction temperature
and critical temperature is denoted by T and T ­ C, respectively.
The value of ­TC was 369 K. Ancillary coefficient of ­R22 are
denoted as ­N2, ­N3, ­N4, ­N9 and ­N25 with values of − 7.12,
2.14, − 1.85, − 3.19 and 7.65, respectively. Liquefaction
temperature for ­R22 different mixtures at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and
0.4 Mpa are shown in Fig. 13. The results revealed that at
80% mixing of ­R22 under 0.4 Mpa the obtained liquified Fig. 14  Insulation self-recoverability of ­R22

13
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

the mixing gases in pure form. Here in Tables 2, 3 and 4 Table 4  Synergistic effect of ­R22/Air in non-uniform field
S is the synergistic value. The best results were obtained Pressure, R22 mixing value
at 0.4 MPa in case of mixture (Chlorofluoromethane gas
MPa 80% 70% 50% 30%
(80%) + nitrogen gas (20%)). Under DC, at lower pressure
0.3 MPa due to highly stressed electrode filed stabilization 0.05 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.4 S
occurs. The generation of space charges near the electrode 0.1 2.1 0.7 0.1 0.4
at higher potential due to which filed stabilization occurs 0.15 1.6 0.5 0.6 0.3
increases the breakdown voltage. 0.2 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.3
0.25 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.3
0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.2
4 Conclusions 0.35 − 0.3 − 0.1 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.1 − 0.1 0.0
An experimental method to measure the breakdown char-
acteristics of ­R22 and a different mixture of ­R22 with buffer
gases in highly nonuniform point-plane electrode arrange- 0.65, 0.64 and 0.63 times of ­SF6 BDV value, respectively at
ment under AC and DC voltage was investigated in this pressure (0.4 MPa).
study. A comparative study of BDV between optimal mix- By applying DC, ­R22 mixtures with separate buffer gases
tures of R
­ 22 and S
­ F6 gas was done with the following results: do not exhibit a linear relationship between breakdown volt-
The breakdown voltage of proposed alternate ­R22 and its age and pressure higher from 0.3 MPa. The mixtures of ­R22/
mixture with buffer gases have shown approximately con- CO2 (70%/30% at 0.4 MPa), R ­ 22/N2 (70%/30% at 0.3 MPa),
stant increase in breakdown voltage with pressure. Under ­R22/Air (70%/30% at 0.3 MPa) have shown optimal values.
AC voltage, optimal mixtures of ­R22/N2 (80%/20%), ­R22 The best optimal alternate to ­SF6 is the mixture of ­R22/N2
(100%), ­R22/Air (50%/50%), R ­ 22/CO2 (80%/20%) have 0.81, (80%/20%) at 0.4 MPa under AC voltage. The mixing per-
centage of ­R22/N2 (80%/20%) have price of only 7% of S ­ F 6.
The liquefaction temperature of Chlorodifluoromethane
­(R22) can be reduced by buffer gas ­(N2, ­CO2, or Air) mix-
Table 2  Synergistic effect of ­R22/CO2 in a non-uniform field
ing with ­R22 and thus make it promise to employ in regions
Pressure, R22 mixing value with temperature well below zero to liquefaction tempera-
MPa 80% 70% 50% 30% ture. ­R22 optimal mixture is a very good alternative to S­ F6
as it has very low GWP and cost. In further, a study on
0.05 − 0.6 1.2 0.5 0.6 S Impulse breakdown voltage testing of the proposed optimal
0.1 0.0 1.4 1.3 0.7 mixture could be performed. Furthermore, investigation can
0.15 0.0 0.7 0.9 0.3 be formed on other mixtures of R ­ 22 with oxygen and helium
0.2 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 in point-plane electrode geometry with large gaps and under
0.25 1.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 higher pressure to understand more practical avenues.
0.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.3
0.35 0.2 1.7 5.0 0.1 Acknowledgements This research was supported by Taif University
0.4 0.0 0.2 2.8 0.1 Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/144), Taif Uni-
versity, Taif, Saudi Arabia. The authors acknowledge the funding of
the Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/144), Taif
University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

­ 22/N2 in a non-uniform field

Table 3  Synergistic effect of R
Pressure, R22 mixing value
MPa 80% 70% 50% 30% References
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jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Muhammad Zaheer Saleem born in Punjab province, Pakistan, on
05 May 1996. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical
Engineering from University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
in 2017 and 2019, respectively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
degree. His main research interests include gaseous and solid insula-
tion materials.
Muhammad Kamran joined University of Engineering and Technology,
Lahore in February 1994 as Lecturer. After getting PhD in July 2007
from Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, he is appointed as
Professor and Chairman of Electrical Engineering Department, UET,
Lahore, KSK Campus. His research interest includes development of
algorithms for digital system design. Intelligent method to recognize
image after compression. Transient behavior of power system with
fault remedies is also the area of interest. He was the team member of
ICEE2007, and ICEE 2008 conferences held in UET, Lahore, Pakistan.
He is a reviewer of Elsevier Science Journal of Mathematics and com-
puters in simulation. He also publishes and serves on a regular basis as
reviewer of the International Conference/Journal papers. He has also
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology
handled responsibility evaluating Laboratories in other universities. He
is also author of a chapter of a book, titles “OBOT VISION”.
Salman Amin received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
the University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan, in
2013. He is currently working as an Associate Professor with the Elec-
trical Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Tech-
nology, Taxila, Pakistan. His research interests include dielectrics and
electrical insulation materials, and composite materials.
Rahmat Ullah received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Power
Engineering from COMSATS University, Pakistan, in 2014 and 2017,
respectively. He is currently working towards his Ph.D. degree at Ghu-
lam Ishaq Khan (GIK) Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technol-
ogy Topi, Pakistan. His research interests include gaseous insulation,
environmentally friendly alternative of SF6 gas and Polymeric com-
posite insulation for high voltage applications.
Hafiz Shafqat Abbas Kharal received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
Electrical Engineering from University of Engineering and Technol-
ogy, Lahore. His main research interests include gaseous and solid
insulation materials.
Nasimullah received the Ph.D. degree in mechatronic engineering from
Beihang University, Beijing, China, in 2013. From September 2006
to 2010, he was a Senior Design Engineer with IICS, Pakistan. He is
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currently working as an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering
with TAIF University KSA. His research interests include renewable
energy, flight control systems, integer and fractional order modeling
of dynamic systems, integer/fractional order adaptive robust control
methods, Fuzzy/NN, hydraulic and electrical servos, epidemic, and
vaccination control strategies.
Fazal Muhammad received the B.Sc. and M.S. degrees in Electri-
cal Engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology,
Peshawar, Pakistan, in 2004 and 2007, respectively, and the Ph.D.
degree from the Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Science
and Technology, Topi, Pakistan, in 2017. In 2017. He is currently work-
ing as Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineer-
ing, University of Engineering & Technology, Mardan. His research
is focused on the modeling and analysis of heterogeneous cellular net-
works using tools from stochastic geometry, point process theory, and
spatial statistics. His other research interests include interference chan-
nel modeling, cognitive radio networks, mmWave, optical networks,
and antennas modeling and design for 5G application.
Taqi ur Rahman born on 23 Dec. 1996 in Punjab Pakistan. He Com-
pleted B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from UET Taxila in 2017 and 2019,
respectively. His area of research includes solid dielectric and insula-
tion materials.
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