¤fl¡fl¡ 4 q fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ ı˛

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú¬, ˆ”¬ø˜-¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ÚœøÓ¬, ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬

¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì¬, ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§-¸—flË¡±z¬
·‘˝√œÓ¬ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬
·Í¬Ú
4.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
4.1 õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±
4.2 fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛
4.2.1 õ∂±flƒ¡-fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±Ê√
4.2.2 ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛
4.2.3 Ê√ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú±
4.2.4 fl‘¡ø¯∏Ê√±Ó¬ ^À¬ı…¬ı˛ ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
4.2.5 ‹øÓ¬˝√√…¬ı±˝√√œ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ò√ı—À¸¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú±
4.3 ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
4.3.1 õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜ › ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
4.3.2 ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˜≈‚˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
4.3.3 ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡˘œ ‡±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
4.4 ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§-¸—flË¡±z¬ ÚœøÓ¬ [1757-1772]
4.5 ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√À√¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì
4.6 ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§-¸—flË¡±z¬ ·‘˝√œÓ¬ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ¬Û√À鬬Û
4.6.1 Ú”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± [1772-1777]
4.6.2 ¤fl¡¸±˘± ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ¬ı± Ê√ø˜√±ø¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ õ∂Ó¬…±¬ıÓ«¬Ú [1777-1786]
4.7 ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬
4.7.1 ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜
4.7.2 ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ¢∂±KI◊, Œ˙±¬ı˛ › fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘À¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡

91
4.8 ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı
4.8.1 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œé¬ÀS õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı
4.8.2 Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı
4.8.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı
4.9 ¸±¬ı˛±—˙
4.10 ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ
4.11 ¢∂&Ô¬Û?œ

4.0 ά◊ÀV˙…
ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Úfl¡±À˘ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡
Ú”Ó¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛ ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±À√¬ı˛ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˘› ø¬ıËøȬ˙
˙±¸Ú±ÒœÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ú”Ó¬Ú Œ¸Ë±Ó¬ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ 鬘Ӭ± ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ¬Û√Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛
¸Àe· ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛± ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú ’±øÔ«fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˘±¬Û ‚øȬÀ˚˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ‰¬À˘øÂ√˘ Ú”Ó¬Ú ’±øÔ«fl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛º
¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂±flƒ¡-ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˚≈À·¬ı˛ [õ∂±˚˛ ˝√√±Ê√±¬ı˛ ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú] ¶§˚˛yˆ¬¬ı˛ ¢∂±˜œÌ ’Ô«ÚøøÓ¬ Œˆ¬À„√√ ¬ÛάˇÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º
¢∂±˜œÌ ¶§˚˛—¸•Û”Ì« Œ˚ÃÔ Ê√œ¬ıÚ˚±S±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ±˙ ˚Ó¬˝◊√ Œ¬ı√Ú±√±˚˛fl¡ Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Ú ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡
› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‹Àfl¡…¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú øÂ√˘ [˚ø√› ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ øÚÀ˚˛ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ√]º ¤˝◊√
¤fl¡fl¡øȬ ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛±ñ
l fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ Œfl¡˜Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˝√√˘ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚº
l õ∂±flƒ¡-ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˚≈À· ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ıÚº
l ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√À√¬ı˛ Ú”Ó¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ÚœøÓ¬ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ ά◊ÀV˙… ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ıÚº
l ¸À¬ı«±¬Ûø¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ά◊M√¬ı˛Ì fl¡±˘¬Û¬ı« [˚± ¬Û“±‰¬ √˙fl¡
¬Û”À¬ı« ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘] øfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±5 ˝√√À26√ Œ¸øȬ ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ñÚ±Ú± Ó¬fl«¡-ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±
fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ¶§±ÒœÚ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe·Àfl¡ õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜ ˝√√À¬ıÚº

4.1 õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±
ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ’±øÒ¬ÛÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« øÚÀ˚˛ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ’±Ê√› ‰¬À˘ÀÂ√º ¤fl¡È¬± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬ ‘˚±¬ı˛±
øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ Œ√À˙ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˘±¬Û ‚øȬÀ˚˛ ¬ı≈ÀÊ«√±˚˛± ¸˜±Ê√ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘, ¤fl¡øȬ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ Ê√±øÓ¬
˚±¬ı˛± ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊ißÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛
ά◊ÀͬøÂ√˘, Œ˚ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬‡Ú Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√ õ∂¬ı˘ñÀ¸ Ê√±øÓ¬ ø¬ıËøȬ˙ Ê√±øÓ¬, ˚±¬ı˛± ά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛
92
’±øÔ«fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡ ·Î¬ˇÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√˘ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úøˆ¬øM√√fl¡º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ ¬Û±åȬ± ø‰¬S ˝√√˘ õ∂±flƒ¡-ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬
ά◊M√¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸º ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸fl¡¬ı˛± ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙ àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú Œ√˙œ˚˛ ø˙Àä¬ı˛
ά◊À26√√ ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, ’Ú…øÀfl¡ ë¤˙œ˚˛ ά◊¬Û±√±Úøˆ¬øM√√fl¡í ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚øȬÀ˚˛ ¬Û±(±Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬
øˆ¬øMÀfl¬ àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¬À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º ¤øȬ fl¬¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ÊÚ… √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ øÂ√˘ ˜≈‚˘À¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬› ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸—˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
‹fl¡…º fl‘¡ø¯∏¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ “√±øάˇÀ˚˛ Œ˚ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊√ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛± Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√˘
¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‹Àfl¡…¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√Àfl¡ ¸≈‘√Ϭˇ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬º Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ¬ı±—˘±-¸≈¬ı±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛
Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú±, Ó¬±˝◊√ ¤˝◊√ ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú øÚÀ˚˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı
ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº
˝◊√√±øÚ— ά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙¬ı±√ ˙søȬ¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√˘ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ Œ√‡± ˚±À2º ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ¤˝◊√ ˙s ¤fl¡ øˆ¬iß ‚¬ı˛±Ú±¬ı˛
¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˝◊øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ ‚¬ı˛±Ú± Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±˝◊√ñ
[1] Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Úfl¡ √±√±ˆ¬±˝◊√ ŒÚìı˛Ê√œ, ˜˝√√±À√¬ı Œ·±ø¬ıµ ¬ı˛±Ú±Àά › ¬ı˛À˜˙‰¬f √ÀM√√¬ı˛
Œ˘‡±, ›·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ’±ø√ ‚¬ı˛±Ú±› ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ¤“À√¬ı˛ Œ˘‡±˚˛ Œ√›˚˛±Úœ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl ¢∂±˜¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’¬ıé¬˚˛ ¤¬ı— ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√À√¬ı˛ ·‘˝√œÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘
¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬±, fl‘¡¯∏fl¡fl≈¡À˘¬ı˛ ≈√«√˙± ˝◊√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡˝◊√ √±˚˛œ
fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º [2] øԛά¬ı˛ ˜ø¬ı˛¸Ú, Ê√Ê«√ Œ‰¬¸øÚ, ø¬ı˛‰¬±Î«¬ Œà√∏Cø‰¬ õ∂˜≈À‡¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ˝√√˘ñά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛
’¢∂¸¬ı˛ ¸yˆ¬¬ı¬Û¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¬Û±(±ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ¸—¶ÛÀ˙« ’±¸±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘, Œ¬ı˛˘, ¬ı˛±d¬±, ¬ıµ¬ı˛, ø¬ı≈√…» ˝◊√Ó¬…±ø√ øÚÀ‰¬¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¤¬ı— ά◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ [fl‘¡ø¯∏ › ø˙Àä] ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙˬfl¡± ’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛
ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ˚Ó¬ [3] ˜±ÚÀ¬ıf ¬ı˛±˚˛, ¬ı˛Ê√Úœ¬Û±˜ √M√, øά. øά. Œfl¡y˙±¡∫œ õ∂˜≈À‡¬ı˛ ˜±'«¬œ˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±˚˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬
’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ‰¬‰«¬± Ú”Ó¬Ú ˜±S± ¤ÀÚÀÂ√º [4] ·À¬ı¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ıq¡¬ı… ˝√√˘ñ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√À√¬ı˛ ·‘˝√œÓ¬
ά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ÚœøÓ¬ › ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ú”Ó¬ÚQ øfl¡Â≈√ øÂ√˘ Ú±º ‹øÓ¬˝√√…-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ˚± ‰¬±˘≈ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√˘
Œ¸øȬ ’±¸À˘ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛˝◊√ ’Ú≈¬ı‘øM√√ ˜±Sº

4.2 fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛

ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ά◊¬Û˜˝√√±À√À˙ ˙fl¡, ˝≈√Ì, ¬Û±Í¬±Ú, ˜≈‚˘¬ı˛± 鬘Ӭ± √‡À˘¬ı˛ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤À¸ fl¡‡ÀÚ±˝◊√ ¢∂±˜œÌ
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂øӬᬱ˚˛ ø˘5 ˝√√˚˛øÚº fl‘¡ø¯∏õ∂Ò±Ú ¢∂±˜œÌ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« Œ√˙œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√±˚˛ ˚≈X
øÂ√˘ ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡¬ı˛±, Ê√ø˜ √‡À˘¬ı˛ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√ Ú˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ˝◊√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛
ˆ”¶§±˜œ¬ı˛± ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’—À˙¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛˝◊√ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√ fl¡À¬ı˛øÚ, ¬ı±Ò…Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ |À˜¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± fl‘¡ø¯∏ÀÓ¬ Ú”Ó¬Ú
¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ √õ∂¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¬¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ ¸±˜ôL√Ó¬±øLafl¬ ¬ı…¬ı¸Ô± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˝◊ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ‘ø©Üˆ¬øe·ÀÓ¬
Œ˚ ’Ô« “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø‰¬˝ê ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±. ˝◊√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛
¸±˜z¬Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± øÂ√˘ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√± ¬ı± ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π¬ı˛± ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛

93
’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ Œfl¡Àάˇ ŒÚ˚˛øÚ ¤¬ı— ά◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡› øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛øÚº ’±¸À˘ ë¤˙œ˚˛ ά◊»¬Û±√Úøˆ¬øM√√fl¡
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛í ¤fl¡øȬ øÚø«√©Ü ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤Àfl¡ fl¡‡ÀÚ±˝◊√ ¸•Û”Ì« ’ÀÔ« ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ’¬ı˙…
’Úάˇ Ú± ˝√√À˘› ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√ øÂ√˘ ë¬ıXí ¸˜±Ê√º

4.2.1 õ∂±flƒ¡-fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±Ê√

õ∂±5 ά◊¬Û±√±Ú¸˜”˝√ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ˚È≈¬fl≈¡ Ó¬Ô… ’±˝√√¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛± Œ·ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√ ’Ú≈˜±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛, ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ˆ”¬ø˜-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬøÂ√˘º ˆ”¬ø˜-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘
¢∂±˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬, ’±RøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ ¬ı± ¶§˚˛—¸•Û”Ì«Ó¬± øÂ√˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜œÌ
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ø√fl¡º ‰¬±¯∏¬ı±À¸¬ı˛ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ¬ÛXøÓ¬ › ¸˝√√Ê√ ¸¬ı˛˘ ˚LaøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úøˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ˝√√d¬ø˙Àä¬ı˛
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬøÂ√˘ ’±RøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ ¢∂±˜·≈ø˘º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ¢∂±À˜ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏
¸˜Ô«ÚÀ˚±·… Ó¬Ô…±ø√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¢∂±À˜ ’z¬·«Ó¬ Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ øÂ√˘ ¢∂±˜¸ˆ¬± ¬ı± ¬Û=±À˚˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛
˝√√±ÀÓ¬º ¸øy¬úø˘Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛|˜√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ‰¬±¯∏-’±¬ı±√ ¸•Ûiß ˝√√Ó¬º Œ·±‰¬±¬ı˛Ì ˆ”¬ø˜, ¬ıÚˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛
øÂ√˘ ¸¬ı±¬ı˛, Œ¸‰¬, Ê√˘¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√, fl¡œÈ¬¬ÛÓ¬e· › ·¬ı±ø√¬Û˙≈¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ù¬¸˘ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡
¸˝√√À˚±ø·Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ¢∂±À˜ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸fl¡±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛± Œ˚ÃÔ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ÛÚ±˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ø¬ıø¬ıÒ ¸≈À˚±·-¸≈ø¬ıÒ±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ
øÂ√˘º Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¸•⁄±È¬ ¬ı± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ¬ı˛± ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜ øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ Œfl¡Àάˇ ŒÚ˚˛øÚº
¤˝◊√ ¢∂±˜œÌ fl‘¡ø¯∏ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ’é≈¬J øÂ√˘ √œ‚«fl¡±˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛º [Œ√‡≈Ú, A. R. Desai—Social Background
of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, 1876)º
Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± øÂ√˘ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úøˆ¬øM√√fl¡º ά◊»¬Ûiß ˙À¸…¬ı˛ ’—˙ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı
õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı±øfl¡È¬± ’øÒfl¡±—˙ àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ά◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ˝√√d¬ø˙ä ˚± øfl¡Â≈√ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬøÂ√˘ Œ¸øȬ›
øÂ√˘ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÚÀfl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¢∂±˜¬ı˛ Â≈√ÀÓ¬±¬ı˛, ˜≈ø‰¬, fl≈¡À˜±¬ı˛, ŒÒ±¬ı±, ŒÓ¬ø˘ õ∂˜≈À‡¬ı˛± ά◊»¬Û±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬ ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛
õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ˜È¬±ÀÓ¬º ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ø¬ıøÚ˜˚˛ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¢∂±˜øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ø¬ıøÚ˜˚˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ›Àͬº ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛
|˜ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú øÂ√˘ ’¸•Û”Ì«º fl‘¡¯∏fl¡¬ı˛± ’¬ı¸¬ı˛ ¸˜À˚˛ Œ˚˜Ú ¸≈Ó¬± fl¡±È¬Ó¬, fl¡±ø¬ı˛·À¬ı˛¬ı˛±› õ∂±5 Ê√ø˜ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±¯∏
fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ fl¡±ø¬ı˛·ø¬ı˛ fl¡˘±Àfl¡Ã˙˘ ‡≈¬ı ¤fl¡È¬± ά◊ißÓ¬ ˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ Ú±º ¬ı…¬ı¸±-¬ı±øÌÊ√… ·G¬¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀȬ˝◊√
¸œ˜±¬ıX øÂ√˘º ¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ õ∂Àùü ¢∂±˜·≈ø˘ øÂ√˘ ¶§˚˛—¸•Û”Ì«º ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬, ¢∂±˜·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§
¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·Àάˇ ά◊Àͬº ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ˙Ó¬±sœ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¶§øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ ¢∂±À˜ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸fl¡±¬ı˛œ Ê√Ú·À̬ı˛ ˜Ú øÂ√˘ ¸—fl¡œÌ«Ó¬±˚˛
’±¬ıXº õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¬Û˚«À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜≈À‡ ’¸˝√√±˚˛ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜Ú Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ó¬œøf˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±fl‘¡©Ü ˝√√Ó¬º
¸±¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ, ’±øÔ«fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ-Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ·Àάˇ ›ÀͬøÚ Ó¬‡Úº ‹Àfl¡…¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œ˚È≈¬fl≈¡ øÂ√˘ Œ¸øȬ øÂ√˘
Ò˜π˚˛ ’ÀÔ«º ¬Û=˜Ó¬, ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ê√±Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Úº ¢∂±˜¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛± Ê√±Ó¬õ∂Ô±Àfl¡ ∆√¬ı±ø√©Ü ¬ıÀ˘
·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º Ê√±Ó¬¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¶§±ÒœÚ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛¬ı≈øX õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± Œ¸ ˚≈À·¬ı˛ ¢∂±˜¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ õ∂±˚˛
øÂ√˘˝◊√ Ú±º ¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛ õ∂±flƒ¡-fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˚≈À· ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜¸˜±Ê√ ’±RøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ › ¬ı…øq¡˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±˝√√œÚ
˝√√À˘› ά◊√±¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı øÂ√˘ (Social Background of
Indian Nationalism, p. 22)º

94
4.2.2 ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛
ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸ÀÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ‚Ȭ±¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ ˜”˘Ó¬ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛Ìº Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛
¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊æ√±¬ıÚ › ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±-øÚ¬ı˛œé¬±
‰¬±˘±˚˛º 1765 ø‡ËàȬ±s ŒÔÀfl¡ Ú±À˚˛¬ı-Œ√›˚˛±ÚÀfl¡ ¸±˜ÀÚ Œ¬ı˛À‡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ Œ˚ õ∂À‰©Ü± ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ 1793
ø‡ËàȬ±Às ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ Œ¸ ¬ÛÀ¬ı«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚ÀȬº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ˝◊√—˘…±À`¬¬ı˛ ø˙äø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸±¬ı˛œ
¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl‘¡ø¯∏ ά◊»¬Û±√ÚÀfl¡ Ê≈√Àάˇ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛ ˝◊√—˘…±`¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬Àfl¡
¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı…±¬Ûœ ˚ÀLa¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ’—À˙ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ˝◊√øÓ¬¬Û”À¬ı« ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ı¯∏« ¬ı˝≈√¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√±øÓ¬
¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ø¬ıøÊ√Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º øfl¡z≈¬ Œ¸ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√À˚˛¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘, ¢∂±˜œÌ
’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ÛÀάˇøÚº ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S Ó¬±˝◊√ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛À˚˛ ø·À˚˛øÂ√˘
√œ‚«fl¡±˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ’±øÒ¬ÛÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« øÂ√˘ øˆ¬iߺ ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¶§˚˛—¸•Û”Ì«
¢∂±˜œÌ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ › ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤ÀÚøÂ√˘ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úº ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ’Ò…±À˚˛ Œ¸ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú·≈ø˘ øÚÀ˚˛
¸—Àé¬À¬Û ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
4.2.3 Ê√ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú±
˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ’øÒfl‘¡Ó¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« ’©Ü±√˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏ ŒÔÀfl¡ ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜Ò…ˆ¬±· ¬Û˚«z¬ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
øÂ√˘ øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ñÊ√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ, ¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬›˚˛±¬ı˛œ › ˜˝√√˘›˚˛±¬ı˛œº [1] ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ’±Ú≈fl”¡À˘… ‰¬±¯∏-’±¬ı±√ ˝√√À˘ ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛
˝√√±¬ı˛ ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±À¬ı › fl‘¡ø¯∏ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ‚ȬÀ¬ı [˚± ˝◊√øÓ¬¬Û”À¬ı« ˝◊√—˘…±À`¬ ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘], [2] ά◊√œ˚˛˜±Ú Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛¬ı˛± Œ|Ìœ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛
‡±øÓ¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬Àfl¡ ˙q¡ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı, [3] √é¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı Œ√‡± ø√À˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ˝√√±Ó¬ ¬ı√˘ ˝√√À¬ı
[ø¬ıøflË¡]ñ¤˝◊√ øÓ¬Ú ø‰¬z¬± ˜±Ô±˚˛ Œ¬ı˛À‡ Ê√ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚ›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛
˚± ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ Ú±À˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ¸¬ı«õ∂Ô˜ ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛
ˆ¬±„√√Ú ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Ú¬ı õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú ’Ê«√Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂ùüøȬ ˜±Ô±˚˛
Œ¬ı˛À‡ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ Œfl¡Ú±À¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±Ô«› ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Ô« fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√˘º ’¬Û¬ı˛
¤fl¡øȬ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬›˚˛±¬ı˛œ, Œ˚øȬÀÓ¬ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡ Ê√ø˜ Œfl¡Ú±À¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛
51 ˙Ó¬±—˙ Ê≈√Àάˇ øÂ√˘ ¤˝◊√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º ¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬›˚˛±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ά◊ˆ¬˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ÚœøÓ¬˝◊√ ¢∂±˜øˆ¬øM√√fl¡
˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ õ∂Ô±Àfl¡ Œˆ¬À„√√ Œ√˚˛º ¤˝◊√ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√ø˜ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± ¸•ÛøM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛, Ê√ø˜
˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬ Œfl¡Ú±À¬ı‰¬±À˚±·… ¬ÛÌ… [¸¬ı…¸±‰¬œ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«ñfi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1996, ¬Û‘.
16-20]º
4.2.4 fl‘¡ø¯∏Ê√±Ó¬ ^À¬ı…¬ı˛ ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì
Ú”Ó¬Ú ˆ”¬ø˜-¸•Ûfl«¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ô± ‰¬±˘≈ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¢∂±˜œÌ fl‘¡ø¯∏¬ı˛ ’±ø√¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ı√À˘ Œ·˘º
õ∂±flƒ¡-fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˚≈À· fl‘¡ø¯∏^¬ı… ά◊»¬Û±√Ú Œfl¡¬ı˘ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úøˆ¬øM√√fl¡ øÂ√˘ ¤¬ı— ¢∂±˜œÌ ¬ı±øÌÊ√… Œfl¡¬ı˘ ˝√√±ÀȬ˝◊√
¸œ˜±¬ıX øÂ√˘ ¬ıÀ˘ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ ¤ ’±¬ı˛. Œ√˙±˝◊√ Œ˚ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ ˝◊√¬ı˛Ù¬±Ú ˝√√±ø¬ı¬ı Œ¸ ˚≈øq¡Àfl¡
’¬ı˙… ‡G¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¢∂±˜·≈ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ fl‘¡ø¯∏^¬ı… Œ˚ ˙˝√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ê√±À¬ı˛ ’±¸Ó¬ñ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡
95
˝√√±ø¬ıÀ¬ı¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏̱ Œ¸øȬ õ∂˜±Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ (Irfan Habib—The Agrarian System of Mughal
India. Bombay. 1963) ¤˝◊√ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ Ô±fl¡À˘› ë’±Ê√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ø√ÀÚ Œ˚ ·ÀÌ˙ fl‘¡ø¯∏-˘ÑœÀfl¡ ‰¬±˘Ú± fl¬À¬ı˛íñ
Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± øfl¡z≈¬ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬ ÒÀ¬ı˛º ¢∂±˜ ŒÂ√Àάˇ Ù¬¸˘ ˙˝√√À¬ı˛ ø¬ıøflË¡¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˘ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ
fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌñ[fl¡] Ú·À√ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ó¬±Î¬ˇÚ±˚˛ Ù¬¸˘ ø¬ıøflË¡, [‡] fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ« Œ¬ı˛˘, ¬ıµ¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±d¬±‚±ÀȬ¬ı˛
ά◊ißøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ õ∂Ó¬…z¬ ¤˘±fl¡± ŒÔÀfl¡ ˙˝√√À¬ı˛ ˜±˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı˝√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¸‘ø©Ü, [·] fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ø˙äÀfl¡
¬ı“±ø‰¬À˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Ú”Ó¬Ú Ú”Ó¬Ú Ù¬¸˘ ά◊»¬Ûiß fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±, ˚± ά. ø¬ıÚ˚˛ˆ”¬¯∏Ì Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı˛œ¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏̱˚˛ Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀάˇÀÂ√º
(B. B. Chowdhury—Growth of Commercial Agriculture in Bengal, 1757-1900,
Calcutta, 1964) flË¡˜˙ fl‘¡ø¯∏^À¬ı…¬ı˛ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú › ‰¬±ø˝√√√± øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ͬÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡
¬ı±Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√ ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ˚≈q¡ ˝√√˘ ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe·º ’±RøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ ¢∂±˜ ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ͬ˘
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸±¬ı˛œº fl≈¡øȬ¬ı˛-ø˙Àä¬ı˛ Ò√ı—À¸¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˘, Œ√‡± ø√˘ ë’¬ıø˙ä±˚˛Úíº ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¸‘ø©Ü
˝√√˘ Ú”Ó¬Ú Œ|Ìœ,ñ˜˝√√±Ê√Ú, √±˘±˘, Ù¬Àάˇ, Œ¬ıøÚ˚˛± ¬Û±˝◊√fl¡±¬ı˛º Ê√±Ó¬¬Û±Ó¬øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Œˆ¬À„√√
¬Ûάˇ˘º ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ú”Ó¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˙±¯∏À̬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˘º
4.2.5 ‹øÓ¬˝√√…¬ı±˝√√œ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ò√ı—À¸¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú±
ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ fl¡±˘« ˜±'«¬ ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Úñ댈¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ√‡À˘
fl¡À˚˛fl¡ ˙Ó¬ ¬ı± ˝√√±Ê√±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡¬ı˛ ’±¬ı±√œ ¬ı± ¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬ Ê√ø˜ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤fl¡S fl¡øȬ ¢∂±˜, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ√‡À˘
Œ¬Ûìı˛À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±º ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬Û≈ø˘À˙¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√, ˙¸…¬Û±˝√√±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¸˝√√À˚±ø·Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ é≈¬À√ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛¬ÛøÓ¬,
˙±¸Úfl¡Ó«¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸œ˜±Ú√±¬ı˛ñ¤˝◊√ ¸¬ı˛˘ Œ¬Ûìı˛-˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±˚˛ √œ‚«fl¡±˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ı±¸œ ¬ı±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛
¤À¸ÀÂ√º....¤˝◊√ ŒÂ√±È¬ ŒÂ√±È¬ ¸Ú±Ó¬Ú ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—àÔ±·≈À˘± fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±!¡±˚˛ Œˆ¬À„√√ Œ·ÀÂ√º Ó¬±¬ı˛
fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˛q¡À‰¬±¯∏fl¡ fl¡¬ı˛¸—¢∂˝√fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı± Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı¬ı«¬ı˛ ∆¸Ú…À√¬ı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±À¬ı˛ Ú˚˛, ˝◊√—À¬ı˛ÊÀ√¬ı˛ ¬ı±©Û › ’¬ı±Ò
¬ı±øÌÀÊ√…¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘˝◊√ [˜±'« › ¤Àe·˘¸ñõ∂Ô˜ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±, ¸—¢∂±˜, ˜À¶®±, 1971, ¬Û‘.
18-19] ¢∂±˜¸˜±Ê√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ √œ‚«ø√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√… øÚÀ˚˛ ¸¬ı¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Á¡Àάˇ¬ı˛ ˜≈À‡ Œ¬ı“À‰¬ øÂ√˘º øfl¡z≈¬
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ‰¬±À¬Û › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙±¸Ú › ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜¸˜±Ê√ ¬Û¬ı˛±ˆ”¬Ó¬
˝√√˘º ¤˝◊√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ¤fl¡√˘ ¶§±·Ó¬ Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√, ’¬Û¬ı˛√˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤. ’±¬ı˛. Œ√˙±˝◊√ õ∂˜≈‡
Œ˘‡fl¡¬ı˛± [¤˜Úøfl¡ fl¡±˘« ˜±'«¬›] ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±À√¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛, ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ˜±Ú › ά◊ißÓ¬
¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚfl¡Àä ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ¶§±·Ó¬ Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ˚±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú [·±&ÒœøÊ√ ŒÔÀfl¡
¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô] Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛¬ı±ø¬ı˛fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ øÂ√˘ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬-fl¡±È¬± ¸≈Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ fl¡±¬Ûάˇ
Œ¬ı±Ú± › øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±¯∏¬, ¸˜i§À˚˛¬ı˛ fl≈¡øȬ¬ı˛ø˙ä ˚± ’±RøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˙øq¡ñŒ¸øȬ ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ Œ·˘º ˜±Úø¬ıfl¡
¸•Ûfl«¡ ’¬ı˘≈5 ˝√√˘º ¤fl¡È¬± ’±øÔ«fl¡ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± øÂ√˘ ˚± ˚≈X › ≈√øˆ«¬À鬬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛› ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛
‰¬À˘øÂ√˘ñŒ¸øȬ› ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ Œ·˘º
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ« Œfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ flË¡À˜ ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« [ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬±] øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛
˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ó≈¬À˘ ŒÚ›˚˛±˚˛ ¶§˙±ø¸Ó¬ ¢∂±˜¸˜±Ê√ Œfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’Àe· ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡, ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛
96
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ıù´¬ı…±¬Ûœ ’±øÔ«fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ › ˙±¸ÚÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜Q
Œ˘±¬Û ¬Û±›˚˛±˚˛ Œ˚˛ÃÔ ¸˝√√À˚±ø·Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÀÓ«¬ ¢∂±˜Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ Œ√‡± ø√˘ õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± › ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ (A.
R. Desai—Social Background of Indian Nationalism, p. 40, Bombay, 1876)º

4.3 ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˚Ô±Ô« ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ √±Ú ’±Ê√› ¸yˆ¬¬ı Ú˚˛, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛À˚±·… ά◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ıº
Ó¬±•⁄Ù¬˘fl¡ › ø˘ø¬Û˜±˘± ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ˚¸¬ı Ó¬Ô…±ø√ ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ·ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ¶§Q±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ øÚÀ˚˛ ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛
’¬ı¸±Ú› ˝√√˚˛øÚº ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜-¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂Àùü¬ı˛ ά◊M√¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±À¬ı Ú±, Ó¬À¬ı ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ’Ò…±À˚˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬Ô…±ø√
¬Û˚«±5 Ô±fl¡±˚˛ ’¬ı˙… ˜Ò…fl¡±˘œÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ › ˆ”¬ø˜ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ¤¬ı— ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı« ¬Û˚«z¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ÚœøÓ¬
øÚÀ˚˛ ø¬ıd¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±› ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ’Ò…±˚˛·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±À¬ıº
4.3.1 õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜ › ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
800 ø‡Ë– ¬Û”¬ı«¬ıÓ¬π ø˘ø¬Û·≈ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ñ¬ı±d≈¬,
Œé¬S › ø‡˘Àé¬S, ’Ô«±» ¬ı±¸À˚±·… ˆ”¬ø˜, fl¡¯∏«ÌÀ˚±·… ˆ”¬ø˜ › ’Ú±¬ı±√œ Œé¬Sº ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ø˘ø¬Û˜±˘±ÀÓ¬ Ó¬˘,
¬ı±È¬fl¡, ’±ø˘ ˝◊√Ó¬…±ø√ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛› ά◊À~‡ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ø˘ø¬Û˜±˘±˚˛ ¬ıÚˆ”¬ø˜, Œ·±‰¬±¬ı˛Ì ˆ”¬ø˜√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±›
ø˘ø¬ÛX ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º ·≈5˚≈À· ˙¸… ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±¬Û Œ√À‡ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√Ó¬º ¢∂±˜·≈ø˘ øÂ√˘
’±RøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘º ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ˜”˘… fl¡œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ¸ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛øÚº Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ά◊»¬Ûiß ˙À¸… 1˚6 ’—˙ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¤˘±fl¡±˚˛ ¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬, Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂˜±Ì ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º ˝√√±È¬, Œ‡˚˛± ¬Û±¬ı˛±¬Û±¬ı˛
˝◊√Ó¬…±ø√ ŒÔÀfl¡› ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± øÂ√˘º 800-1300 ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ø˘ø¬Û·≈ø˘ ˆ”¬ø˜√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±é¬… ¬ı˝√√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛,
¤¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú≈˜±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛ Ê√ø˜ flË¡˚˛-ø¬ıflË¡À˚˛¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú õ∂±˚˛ øÂ√˘˝◊√ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√± ¸¬ı«˜˚˛ 鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛
’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√À˚˛› õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ˚ÀÔ26√±‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Ú± [Œ√‡≈Ú, Úœ˝√√±¬ı˛¬ı˛?Ú ¬ı˛±˚˛ñ¬ı±„√√±˘œ¬ı˛
˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸]º
4.3.2 ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˜≈‚˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
ø√ø~ÀÓ¬ ¸≈˘Ó¬±Úœ ˙±¸Ú õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ›ÀͬøÚº øfl¡z≈¬ ‡¬ı˛‰¬±¬ı˛
Ê√Ú… fl‘¡ø¯∏ ŒÔÀfl¡ ά◊»¬ÛÀi߬ı˛ ¤fl¡±—˙ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú øÂ√˘, Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ‰¬±˝◊√ ¤fl¡øȬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ˚La, ·Àάˇ ›Àͬ
ë˝◊√q¡±í ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º Œ˜±¬ı˛˘…±`¬ ˆ”¬ø˜ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√fl¡±¬ı˛œ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú ë˝◊√q¡±í ¤¬ı— ë˝◊√q¡±í¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ
ë˜≈øq¡í¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ √±ø˚˛Qº ’±˘±Î¬◊øVÀÚ¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úfl¡±À˘ ë˝◊√q¡±í¬ı˛ ·Í¬Ú › ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’±À¸º ˜≈‚˘
¸•⁄±È¬ ’±fl¡¬ıÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¤fl¡øȬ ά◊ißÓ¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û ¬Û±˚˛, ˚±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ’¬ı˙… Œ˙¬ı˛˙±À˝√√¬ı˛
’±˜À˘º ’±fl¡¬ı˝√√¬ı˛ ŒÈ¬±Î¬¬ı˛˜À˘¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˚ ˆ”¬ø˜-¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú Œ¸øȬ
ë’±¸˘ Ê≈√˜± Ó≈¬˜±¬ı˛í Ú±À˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º 1582 ø‡Ë– ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜-¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ 1,06,93,152

97
Ȭ±fl¡± (N. K. Sinha—The Eco-History of Bengal, vol.-II. Calcutta, 1968, p. 12)º fl¡±·ÀÊ√-
fl¡˘À˜ ¸•⁄±È¬ ‡±Ê√Ú± ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√À˘› ¬ı±d¬À¬ı Œ¸ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ’¬Û«Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛
øfl¡Â≈√ Œ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ √±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬Û√±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ ¬ı˘± ˝√√Ó¬ ë˜Ú¸¬ı√±¬ı˛í,
˚±¬ı˛± ¤fl¡È¬± øÚø«√©Ü ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ëÊ√±·œ¬ı˛í Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬Ú, ˚±¬ı˛ ‡±Ê√Ú± Œ¬ıÓ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±Úº ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±˚˛fl¡±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±
øÂ√˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛, ¤¬ı˛± ‡±Ê√Ú± ’±√±˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛± Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ˙±øz¬-˙‘∫˘±, ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛¸˝√√ Ú±Ú± √±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ’±√±˚˛fl¡±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±
øÂ√˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛, ¤¬ı˛± ‡±Ê√Ú± ’±√±˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛± Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ˙±øz¬-˙‘∫˘±, ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛¸˝√√ Ú±Ú± √±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬
Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛·Ì ˜±˘·≈Ê√±¬ı˛œ, Œ¬Û˙fl¡±ø˙ › ø‡√˜»fl¡±¬ı˛œ øÓ¬Ú Œ|ÌœÀÓ¬ ø¬ıˆ¬q¡ øÂ√˘º ˜≈‚˘ ˚≈À· ‡±˘¸± › Ê√±·œ¬ı˛
≈√˝◊√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜ÀÓ¬˝◊√ Êø˜±¬ı˛œ √õ∂Ô± √õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ øÂ√˘º ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê˜˝˘, ¬ı˛—¬Û≈¬ı˛ › Œ˜øÚœ¬Û≈À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¸œ˜±ôL√¬ıÓ¬œ«
ŒÊ˘±ÀÓ¬› Êø˜±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q Œ‰¬±À‡ ¬ÛÀάˇº ˜≈‚˘ ˚≈À· ˜”˘Ó¬ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜-¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬
Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±º Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬Û Œ˚ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ øÂ√˘ Ú± Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂˜±Ì ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±À¬ı øÚÀ‰¬¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛¸—‡…±Ú ŒÔÀfl¡ñ
¸±˘ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ [Ȭ±fl¡±]
1582 1,06,93,152
1700 1,17,28,541
1721 1,41,09,194
[¸”SñThe Economic History of Bengal, vol-II, pp. 8-9)º
ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ˜≈‚˘ ˙±¸fl¡¬ı˛± Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ fl¡‡ÀÚ±˝◊√ Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ıø=Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊√Ó¬ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
Ê√˜± ’øÚ˚˛ø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À˘ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ÛœÎ¬ˇÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ˜fl≈¡À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± øÂ√˘º Œ¸ ˚≈À·
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛Ó¬± Ô±fl¡À˘› ≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬ øÂ√˘ fl¡˜º ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ õ∂Ô± ˜≈¸ø˘˜ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı« ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√
øÂ√˘, øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ‡±Ê√Ú± Œ√¬ı±¬ı˛ ˙ÀÓ«¬ Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ Œˆ¬±·Àfl¡ ’é≈¬J ¬ı˛±À‡º ’Ú≈¬ı«¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜Àfl¡ ‰¬±¯∏À˚±·…
fl¡À¬ı˛ Œˆ¬±·√‡˘œ√±¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¬ı˘± ˝√√Ó¬ ëÊ√e·˘¬ı±¬ı˛íº ’±¸À˘ ˜≈‚˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ õ∂Ô±·Ó¬ ¬ı—˙±flË¡ø˜fl¡
Œˆ¬±·√‡˘œ øÚ˚˛˜ ‰¬±˘≈ øÂ√˘º ’±fl¡¬ı¬ı˛ › ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ˙±¸fl¡·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±ÀÔ« ¬ı±—˘±Àfl¡ 1660øȬ
¬Û¬ı˛·Ú±˚˛ ø¬ıˆ¬q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ˚±À√¬ı˛ ’ÒœÀÚ øÂ√˘ õ∂±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ˘é¬ ¢∂±˜¬, 1660øȬ ¬Û¬ı˛·Ú±Àfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ 34øȬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛
’ÒœÀÚ ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬ (Eco-History of Bengal, vol-II, p. 8-9)º
˜≈‚˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±√˙« øÂ√˘ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ‰¬±¯∏œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ‡±Ê√Ú± ¢∂˝√Ì, øfl¡z≈¬ ’±√˙« › ¬ı±d¬À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
øÂ√˘ ∆¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬…º ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±ÀÓ«¬ Ó¬±˝◊√ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬøÂ√˘ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π Œ|Ìœº ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜≈‚˘ √ø˘À˘ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬πÀfl¡
‡±Ê√Ú±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ά◊À~‡ ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ·ÀÂ√º ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ¬ı± ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π
Œ|Ìœ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ‡±Ê√Ú±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡È¬± ¬ıάˇ ’—˙º Œ¸ ˚≈À· Ú±Ú± fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ‡±Ê√Ú±¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛ ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ√˘, ¤˝◊√
Œ¬ı±Á¡± ‰¬±¯∏œÀ√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛› ¬ı˝◊√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√Ó¬º Ù¬À˘ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú Œ|̜լı¯∏˜… ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀÂ√ ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ‡±Ê√Ú±¬ı˛
Œ¬ı±Á¡± ¸fl¡˘ Œ|ÌœÀfl¡ ¶Û˙« fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√º
˜≈‚˘ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La › ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı…øq¶§±Ô« Ê√øάˇÓ¬ øÂ√˘ Ú±º ¤˝◊√ ¬Û√·≈ø˘
[¸≈¬ı±√±¬ı˛ › Œ√›˚˛±Ú] øÂ√˘ ’Ú… Œ˚-Œfl¡±ÀÚ± √±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±, ˚±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ÛÀ√±ißøÓ¬ › ¬ı√ø˘¬ı˛ ’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛±

98
˝√√Ó¬ Œfl¡¬ı˘º ¤˝◊√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ 鬘Ӭ± Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø√fl¡ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º ˝◊√¬ı˛Ù¬±Ú ˝√√±ø¬ıÀ¬ı¬ı˛
·À¬ı¯∏̱ õ∂˜±Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ . fl‘¡ø¯∏ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ê√±·œ¬ı˛ ˝√d¬±z¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ı±Ò± ˝√√À˚˛ “√±øάˇÀ˚˛øÂ√˘º ¬ı±—˘±˚˛
˜≈‚˘ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬Ú, Œ˚ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ √±ø˚˛Q øÚÀ˚˛ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤À¸ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬±˝◊√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜« ›
ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±˚˛ √œ‚«àÔ±˚˛œ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ Â√±¬Û ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ˚ ø‰¬S Ó¬¬ÛÚ ¬ı˛±˚˛À‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı˛œ
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏̱¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…Àƒ˜ (Bengal Under Akbar and Jahangir) ¤“Àfl¡ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬±Àfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙˝◊√ ¸˜Ô«Ú
fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸√± ø¬ı‚Ƙ”˘fl¡ ¬ı…˚˛¸±Ò… ˙øq¡ õ∂À˚˛±· Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ˜≈‚˘ ˙±¸fl¡¬ı˛± àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛
’±¬Û¸ ¬ı˛Ù¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ øȬÀfl¡ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ‰©Ü± ‰¬±˘±˚˛º ¤fl¡øȬ øÚø«√©Ü ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± øÚÀ˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ’±‡…±Úõ∂±5 àÔ±Úœ˚˛
˙øq¡Ò¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬Ûάˇ± fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚ˚˛º
4.3.3 ¬˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ ‡±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
ÚÀ¬ı˛ffl‘¡c ø¸—˝√√, ˚≈√Ú±Ô ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛, ’±s≈˘ fl¡¬ı˛œ˜ › ¸•xøÓ¬ ’øÚ¬ı˛≈X ¬ı˛±˚˛ ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ ‡±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§-
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˚¸¬ı ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ ‡±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º 1700 ø‡Ë– ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ ‡±Ú ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛±Ú › ˜‡¸≈√±¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ŒÙ¬ÃÊ√√±¬ı˛
øÚ˚≈q¡ ˝√√Ú ¤¬ı— 1717 ø‡Ë– ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±˜‘Ó≈¬… øÂ√À˘Ú ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¸≈¬ı±√±¬ı˛º øÚ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√ øÓ¬øÚ È¬±fl¡± ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√Úº 1702 ¤¬ı— 1711 ø‡Ë– ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ Œ¬ıø˙º ¸yˆ¬¬ıÓ¬ Œ√›˚˛±ÀÚ¬ı˛
¬Û√ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛ ¬ı‘øX fl¡À¬ı˛ øÓ¬øÚ ˜≈‚˘ ¸•⁄±ÀȬ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü ŒÙ¬¬ı˛±ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº 1722 ø‡Ë–
˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ ëfl¡±ø˜˘ Ê√˜± Ó≈¬˜±¬ı˛œí Ú±À˜ Ú”Ó¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘Úº Ú”Ó¬Ú ëά±fl¡˘±í ¤fl¡fl¡ ˙≈¬ı˛≈
fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘± ¸≈¬ı±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬À¬ı˛±øȬ ‰¬±fl¡˘±˚˛ ø¬ıˆ¬q¡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ú”Ó¬Ú ’±øÔ«fl¡ ¤fl¡fl¡º ’±¸À˘ ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘¬ı˛
˘é¬… øÂ√˘ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√, Ù¬À˘ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò…º Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ Ú·√
Ȭ±fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇº ˜Ú¸¬ı√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ’Ú… õ∂À√À˙ ¬ı√˘œ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ Ú·√œ ∆¸ÀÚ…¬ı˛ ¸—‡…± ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀÓ¬
Ô±Àfl¡º Œ¬ıÓ¬Ú Ú± Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ Ú·√œ Œ¸Ú±¬ı˛± ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘Àfl¡ ¤fl¡¸˜˚˛ ’±flË¡˜Ì› fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ˜Ú¸¬ı√±¬ı˛ ¬ı√˘œ
˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ Ê√±·œ¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ë‡ø˘¸±í˚˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Œ¸·≈ø˘ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛± Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º
ÚÀ¬ı˛ffl‘¡c ø¸—˝√√ ’øˆ¬À˚±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ ŒÂ√±È¬ ŒÂ√±È¬ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ά◊À26√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıάˇ Ê√ø˜√±ø¬ı˛
·Í¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√øȬ ¸˝√√Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ’ÀÒ«fl¡ ’±¸ÀÓ¬± 6øȬ ¬ıάˇ
Ê√ø˜√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡º ˚≈√Ú±Ô ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬À˚±· ˝√√˘ ≈√øȬñ[1] ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ Œ¬ıø˙˜±S±˚˛ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ‰¬±˘≈ fl¡¬ı˛±˚˛ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú ø˝√√µ≈ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛·≈ø˘ Ò√ı—¸ ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛, [2] ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘¬ı˛ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì øÂ√˘ ø˝√√µ≈
Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀ鬺 ’±s≈˘ fl¡ø¬ı˛À˜¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬À˚±·˝◊√ øˆ¬iߺ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡˘œ Ê√·» Œ˙ͬÀfl¡ õ∂|˚˛ ø√À˚˛
˙øq¡ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤˝◊√ Ê√·» Œ˙ͬ˝◊√ Œ˙¯∏ ¬Û˚«z¬ ø¸¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ‰¬flË¡±Àz¬ ¬ıάˇ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±
øÚÀ˚˛øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√ ’øˆ¬À˚±··≈ø˘¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ά◊M√¬ı˛ ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ·ÀÂ√ ’Ú≈¬ı˛≈X ¬ı˛±À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸√… õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ¤fl¡øȬ
õ∂¬ıÀ&Ò [ì˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ ‡±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± . ¤fl¡øȬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±î, ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú-15, ¬Û‘. 273-
281]º ά. ¬ı˛±˚˛ ˚≈øq¡ › Ó¬Ô… ø√À˚˛ Œ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ√Úñ [fl¡] ¬ı˛±Ê√˙±˝√√œ Â√±Î¬ˇ± ’Ú…±Ú… ¬ıάˇ Ê√ø˜√±ø¬ı˛·≈ø˘ ’±À·
ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú øÂ√˘º ë˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±í ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü Ú˚˛, ¤øȬ ¤fl¡øȬ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú ˜≈‚˘ õ∂Ô±º ¬ı±—˘±˚˛

99
ë˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±í ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ‰¬±˘≈ ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛¬ı˛± õ∂±¬Û… ë˝√√fl¡í ŒÔÀfl¡ øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ıø=Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛øÚº [‡] Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ’±˚˛
fl¡À˜ Œ·À˘› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜˚«±√± é≈¬J ˝√√˚˛øÚº Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ Ò√ı—À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ˜”˘ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì øÂ√˘ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ fl¡˘˝√√º
[·] √œ‚«ø√Ú Ê√ø˜ Ê√ø¬ı˛¬Û Ú± ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ˜”˘… ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı±øάˇÀ˚˛ ŒÚ˚˛º ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘
¤˝◊√ Œ¬ıøÚ˚˛˜ ’±˚˛ ¬ı&Ò fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ ø˝√√µ≈, ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¤˝◊√ ø˝µ≈ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ ·Àάˇ ›Í¬± øÂ√˘ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡º [‚] ˜≈‚˘À√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂Ô±
øÂ√˘ ¬ı±øÌÊ√… › ¬ı…¬ı¸±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û Ú± fl¡¬ı˛±º ’±›¬ı˛e·ÀÊ√¬ı› Œ¸ ÚœøÓ¬ ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú, ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘
ÿÒ√ı«Ó¬Ú fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀ鬬ı˛ õ∂Ô±øȬ ’˜±Ú… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±ÚøÚº Ê√·» Œ˙Àͬ¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± › õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı [¬ı±øÌÊ√…Àé¬ÀS]
¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Œ¸ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√ ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ øÚ(≈¬Û øÂ√À˘Úº

4.4 ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ÚœøÓ¬ [1757-1772]

˜œ¬ı˛Ê√±Ù¬¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ Ú¬ı±¬ıœ ¬ÛÀ√ ¬ı¸±¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛÀϬÃfl¡Ú ¶§¬ı˛”¬Û Ú±Ú± ’Ô«¸˝√√ 24 ¬Û¬ı˛·Ì±¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛
˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛±º ¤øȬ øÂ√˘ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ õ∂±5 õ∂Ô˜ [’±˝◊√Ú·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı] ˆ”¬ø˜ ¤˘±fl¡±º Ùˬ…±efl¡˘…±À`¬¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ ¤˝◊ ¤˘±fl¡±˚˛
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ÚœøÓ¬ ·‘˝√œÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛øÚº Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œøȬ
¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¤fl¡øȬ fl¡ø˜øȬ ·Í¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ¤˘±fl¡± 15 ‡ÀG¬ ø¬ıˆ¬q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛± Œ›˚˛± ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º
Ê√ø˜ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ Ù¬±È¬fl¡±¬ı±Ê√¬ı˛± √¬ı˛ Ó≈¬À˘ Œ√›˚˛±˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Œ¸Ú±√À˘¬ı˛
[˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√] ¬ı…˚˛ øÚ¬ı«±À˝√√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√À˘ ˜œ¬ı˛Ê√±Ù¬¬ı˛ ¬ıÒ«˜±Ú, Œ˜ø√Úœ¬Û≈¬ı˛ › ‰¬A¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ
Œfl¡±•Û±øÚÀfl¡ õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ ø¬ıd¬œÌ« ¤˘±fl¡±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ıÓ«¬±˚˛º ¤˜Úøfl¡
˜œ¬ı˛fl¡±ø˙˜› ¬Û”À¬ı«±q¡ ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚÀfl¡ ¸—¢∂˝√ › ¢∂˝√À̬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬ ø√À˚˛øÂ√˘º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜-
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ :±Ú øÂ√˘ ¸œø˜Ó¬º Ó¬±˝◊√ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ÚœøÓ¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂Àùü Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛
fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó¬‡Ú ≈√øȬ ¬ÛÔ Œ‡±˘± øÂ√˘ñ[fl¡] ˜≈‚˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, Œ˚øȬ ‰¬À˘ ’±¸ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ ¡Z±¬ı˛± øfl¡Â≈√
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√, Œ¸øȬ ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ÚÓ≈¬¬ı± [‡] ¤fl¡øȬ Ú”Ó¬Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±º ˝◊—À¬ı˛Ê¬ı˛± Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê¶§
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ‰¬±˘≈ øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ ’±àÔ±˙œ˘ øÂ√˘ Ú±, ’Ú…øÀfl¬ øÚʶ§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬ 鬘Ӭ±›
øÂ√˘ Ú±º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ øÚÀ˚˛ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±Ú± ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±-øÚ¬ı˛œé¬±º
õ∂Ô˜ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛± ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’ø¬ıù´±¸œ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı±¬Ûiß øÂ√˘º ’ÀÚfl¡
Œé¬ÀS Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸øͬfl¡ ¸˜À˚˛ Ê√˜± ø√Ó¬ Ú±, ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ ’Úœ˝√√±º øfl¡z≈¬ ‡¬ı˛‰¬±¬ı˛
¤fl¡È¬± ¬ıάˇ ’—˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸—¢∂À˝√√ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ’±¢∂˝√ Ô±fl¡±˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡ä ¬ÛÔ Œ‡“±ÀÊ√º
˜≈‚˘ ˚≈À· Ê√ø˜±ø¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛ øÂ√˘, øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛± øÂ√˘ ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛˝◊√ ’øÒ¬ı±¸œ ¤¬ı— ¬ı—˙¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛±˚˛
’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ Œˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ˜≈‚˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡‡ÀÚ±˝◊√ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± õ∂¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛øÚº øfl¡z≈¬ Ê√ø˜ ŒÔÀfl¡
’øÓ¬ø¬ı˛q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ ’±˙±˚˛ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛± Ù¬±È¬fl¡± ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ Œ√˚˛º Œ¬ıøÚ˚˛±À√¬ı˛
fl¡±ÀÂ√ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛± ˘±ˆ¬ øÂ√˘ ˜≈Ú±Ù¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¶§·«¬ı˛±Ê√…º Ù¬±È¬fl¡± ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¸˝√√À˚±ø·Ó¬±˚˛ ’øÓ¬¬ı˛?Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛À̬ı˛
˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛ ¸¬ı«Ú±À˙¬ı˛ ’Ò…±˚˛º ˜œ¬ı˛fl¡±ø˙À˜¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ fl¡Àͬ±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√ › ’øÓ¬¬ı˛q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì

100
¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±˚˛ ¬ıάˇ ’±‚±Ó¬ Œ˝√√ÀÚøÂ√˘º ά◊»¬Ûiß Ù¬¸À˘¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ ¬ı±ø¯∏«fl¡ ‡±Ê√Ú±
øÚÒ«±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¸øͬfl¡ ÚœøÓ¬ Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛ Œˆ¬À„√√ ¬ÛÀάˇº ˜œ¬ı˛Ê√±Ù¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ Ú¬ı±¬ı ˝√√À˘Ú Ú±Ê√˜-ά◊ƒ√-Œ√Ã~±¬,
Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ú¬ıøÚ˚≈q¡ Ú±À˚˛¬ı Ú±øÊ√˜ Œ¬ı˛Ê√± ‡“±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬº Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±øȬ Ê√¬ı˛±Ê√œÌ« ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ÀͬøÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ 1765 ø‡Ë– Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ ¶§˝√Àd¬ Œ√›˚˛±Úœ ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√
˜”˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛À̺
1765 ø‡Ë– Œ√›˚˛±Úœ ˘±ˆ¬ øÂ√˘ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ’øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√Ú¸e·Ó¬ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬º ¤˝◊√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
鬘Ӭ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œfl¡±•Û±øÚÀfl¡ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ √±ø˚˛Q› ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q ¢∂˝√À̬ı˛ Ê√Ú…
˜±Úø¸fl¡ õ∂d≈¬øÓ¬ › ¸é¬˜Ó¬± Œfl¡±ÀڱȬ±˝◊√ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛ øÂ√˘ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊√ flv¡±˝◊√ˆ¬ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘Ú ∆¡ZÓ¬-
˙±¸Ú Ú±À˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ŒÊ√±Î¬ˇ±Ó¬±ø˘ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º ¤˝◊√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q¬ı±Ú ¬ı…øq¡
øÂ√À˘Ú Œ¬ı˛Ê√± ‡“±º Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú ¤fl¡˜±S ˘é¬… ˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛ ’øÓ¬ø¬ı˛q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡¬ı˛±,
Ó¬±˝◊√ Œ¬ı˛Ê√± ‡“± ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±À̬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… øÓ¬øÚ øÚ˚≈q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛± ¬ı˘¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜º ¤˝◊√ fl¡±ÀÊ√ Œ¬ı˛Ê√±
‡“± ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙ ¸±Ù¬˘…› Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº 1764-65 ø‡Ë– Œ√›˚˛±Úœ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û”À¬ı« ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¸—·‘˝√œÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì øÂ√˘ 81,75,533 Ȭ±fl¡±¬, 1764-65 ø‡Ë– Œ¬ı˛Ê√± ‡“± Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸—¢∂˝√ ¬ı±øάˇÀ˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú
1,47,04,875 Ȭ±fl¡± [¸”S, ¬ı˛À˜˙‰¬f √M√ñˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˝◊√øÓ¬√˝√±¸, 1757-1837, ¬Û‘. 88]º Œ¬ı˛Ê√±
‡“± ‰¬Î¬ˇ± ˝√√±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ fl≈¡Ù¬˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸±¬ıÒ±Ú fl¡¬ı˛À˘› fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
¬Û±À¬ı˛øÚº Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ Œ√›˚˛±Úœ ¤˘±fl¡±› ‘Ceeded land’-¤¬ı˛ ¸øͬfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ fl¡Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ
øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˜Ú ¬Û±À¬ı˛øÚ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸˜˚˛ Œ√˚˛øÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ÚœøÓ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…º ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ˝√√±À¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ Ú± ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛±˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ’±ø˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡˜«‰≈¬…øÓ¬ ‚Ȭ˘, Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ± ˝√√˘ ’±¬ı˛› ¸e·œÚº õ∂ùü
Œ√‡± ø√˘ flv¬±˝◊√Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ∆¡ZÓ¬-˙±¸Ú øÚÀ˚˛º
¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ·ˆ¬Ú«¬ı˛ Œˆ¬À¬ı˛À˘àȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± øÚÀ˚˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q
¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±À¬ı ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛À√¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ó≈¬À˘ Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û鬬۱Ӭœ øÂ√À˘Ú Ú±º ’Ó¬…±‰¬±¬ı˛œ, õ∂Ó¬±¬ı˛fl¡ › ˙ͬ ’±ø˜ÚÀ√¬ı˛
鬘Ӭ± ˝}√±¸ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ÚÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… øÚ˚≈q¡ fl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú ¸≈¬Û±¬ı˛ˆ¬±˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬ Œ√›˚˛±Úœ
¤˘±fl¡±˚˛ ¸≈¬Û±¬ı˛ˆ¬±˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛±· øÂ√˘ ¤fl¡øȬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¬ÛÀ鬬ۺ 1770 ø‡Ë– Œ¬ı˛Ê√± ‡“±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√ ¸ÀN›
’±ø˜ÚÀ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸À¬ı˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Court of Directors-¤¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√À˙ ¸≈¬Û±¬ı˛ˆ¬±˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛¬ı˛± 1772
ø‡Ë– ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂±˝√√Àfl¡¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ¬ı˛Ê√± ‡“±¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ Ê√Ú… 1770 ø‡Ë– ˜≈ø˙«√±¬ı±√
› ¬Û±È¬Ú±˚˛ ·øͬӬ ˝√√˚˛ “Comptrolling Councils of Revenue”º ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… 1768 ø‡Ë– ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú
¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ’±¬ı˛› Œˆ¬Àe· ¬ÛÀάˇº 1770 ø‡Ë– ¸˜¢∂ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ≈√øˆ«¬é¬ ‰¬¬ı˛˜ ’±fl¡±À¬ı˛ ’±Rõ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À¬ı˛º ≈√øˆ«¬é¬
‰¬˘±fl¡±˘œÚ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¸—·‘˝√œÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì øfl¡z≈¬ ˝}√±¸ ¬Û±˚˛øÚº ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ‡±√…±ˆ¬±¬ı, ^¬ı…˜”À˘…¬ı˛
’±fl¡±˙À“√±˚˛± √±˜, S±Ì ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡À˘¬ı˛ ’Úœ˝√√±, ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√±fl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±¬ı˛, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ˜‘Ó≈¬…¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±˘
¢∂±¸ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À¸ ≈√«√˙±º Ê√Ú¸—‡…±¬ı˛ 1˚3 ’—˙ ˜‘Ó≈¬…˜≈À‡ ¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛,

101
ø¬ıd¬œÌ« ¤˘±fl¡± ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇ Ê√e·˘±fl¡œÌ«º ¤˝◊√ ∆Ú¬ı˛±˙… › ∆Ú¬ı˛±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ ‘Court of Directors’
Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬± fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬Àfl¡ ∆¡ZÓ¬-˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚øȬÀ˚˛ Ú”Ó¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ÚœøÓ¬ ¢∂˝√À̬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ ¬Û±Í¬±˚˛º
›˚˛±À¬ı˛Ú Œ˝√√øàȬ—¸ 鬘Ӭ±˚˛ ¤À¸ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± øÚÀ˚˛ ¤fl¡ w¬±z¬Ó¬˜ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±-øÚ¬ı˛œé¬± ‰¬±˘±Ú Œ˚øȬ
ëÚ”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œí ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Ú±À˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º

4.5 ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√À√¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì

˝◊√àȬ ˝◊√ø`¬˚˛± Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ ¬Û˘±˙œ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛Q ø√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡, Œ√›˚˛±Úœ
˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ‰¬Î¬ˇ± ˝√√±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±˚˛ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛º øÂ√˚˛±M√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜i§z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ‚Ȭڱ ‚ȬÀ˘› ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛
˝√√±¬ı˛ øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛± fl¡˜±˚˛øÚº 1793 ø‡Ë– ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ õ∂¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±À˘ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛
“√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛ 34,00,000 ¬Û±Î¬◊`¬ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ 1865 ø‡Ë– Œ√›˚˛±Úœ¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ øÂ√˘ ˜±S 14,70,000 ¬Û±Î¬◊`¬º
Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øȬ ά◊ÀV˙… › ¶§±Ô« ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Ô« fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬±
˘≈øfl¡À˚˛ øÂ√˘º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬, ˝◊√àȬ ˝◊ø`¬˚˛± Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ¬ı˛˙˜ › ¬ı¶a¸±˜¢∂œ øfl¡ÀÚ ˝◊√ά◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ê√±À¬ı˛
ø¬ıflË¡˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ıøÚÀ˚˛±· fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬ Œ¸±Ú± › ¬ı˛”¬Û± [¬ı≈ø˘˚˛Ú]º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıflË¡˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ^¬ı…› Ó¬±À√¬ı˛
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ øÂ√˘ Ú±º ˝◊√—˘…±`¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ¸±Ú± › ¬ı˛”¬Û± ¬ı±˝◊√À¬ı˛ ‰¬À˘ ˚±›˚˛±øȬ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ÿÒ√ı«Ó¬Ú fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ ˆ¬±À˘±
Œ‰¬±À‡ Œ√‡øÂ√˘ Ú±º Œ√›˚˛±Úœ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬº ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¤fl¡øȬ
’±À˚˛¬ı˛ ά◊»¸ ˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º ¸—·‘˝√œÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ’Ô« ¬ı…¬ı¸±¬ı˛ ^¬ı… flË¡À˚˛ ¬ı…˚˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ˝◊√—˘…±`¬ ŒÔÀfl¡
Œ¸±Ú±, ¬ı˛”¬Û± ¬Û±Í¬±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ ø√Ú Œ˙¯∏ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì ¬ı±øάˇÀ˚˛º ˝◊√À26√Ȭ±, 똱ÀÂ√¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˘ ø√À˚˛ ˜±Â√
ˆ¬±Ê√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıºí ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ Œ¬ıÓ¬Úˆ¬±Ó¬± õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬ø¬ı˛q¡ ’±˚˛ ø¬ıøÚÀ˚˛±·
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛ ‰¬œÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±øÌÀÊ√…º Ù¬À˘ ’±˚˛ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬ÛøȬ ø·À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬,
˝◊√e·-˜˝√√œ˙”¬ı˛ ˚≈X ¤¬ı— ˝◊√e·-˜±¬ı˛±Í¬± ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı…˚˛¸±À¬Ûé¬ › √œ‚«À˜˚˛±√œ ˚≈X fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚÀfl¡
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ«º ¤˝◊√ ¬ı…À˚˛¬ı˛ ’Ô« ¤À¸øÂ√˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ŒÔÀfl¡º Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬±˚˛
¬ı…¬ı¸± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À˜ ø·À˚˛øÂ√˘, Ó¬±˝◊√ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ õ∂¸e·øȬ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√
õ∂±Ò±Ú… ¬Û±˚˛º Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ± ˜±Ô±ˆ¬±¬ı˛œ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬ ˝◊√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬˝√√±À¬ı˛ Œ¬ıÓ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…
¬ı…˚˛, 1793 ø‡Ë– ‰¬±È«¬±¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√Ú ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ˝◊√—˘…±À`¬¬ı˛ ‘Board of Control’-¤¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Œ¬ıÓ¬Ú ¤¬ı—
1813 ø‡Ë– ‰¬±È«¬±¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ øάøˆ¬ÀάKI◊ [101˚2%] ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ŒÔÀfl¡
õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ñõ∂˜±Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛Ó¬±º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¬ı±ÀÊ√Ȭ ‚±È¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛
øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ’©Ü±√˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ Œ˙±¯∏À̬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøȬ Œé¬S
¶Û©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ÀͬøÂ√˘ñ[fl¡] ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±˚˛ ¬ı±Ò…Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ |À˜¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ¬ı˛Ã¬Û…‡øÚ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸•Û√ ’±˝√√¬ı˛Ì, [‡]
’±øÙˬfl¡±ÚÀ√¬ı˛ √±¸ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ‰¬±˘±Ú ¤¬ı— [·] ¤ø˙˚˛±˚˛ ŒÚɬ˘±‰¬˘ › Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬ø¬ı˛q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±Á¡±º
[Œ√‡≈Ú, Capitalism in History—by Irfan Habib (Bengalee Muslim ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú-11]º
˝√√±ø¬ıÀ¬ı¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Ê√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ fl‘¡¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÚ√±¬ı˛˘…±`¬À¸¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ Œ˚ Œ˙±¯∏À̬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

102
¬Û˘±˙œ¬ı˛ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıËøȬ˙ √‡˘√±¬ı˛œ øÂ√˘ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ˜≈˝”√Ó«¬º Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ Ó¬±¬ı˛ √‡˘œ¶§N ˆ”¬ø˜ ¤˘±fl¡± ŒÔÀfl¡
·‘˝√œÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ˜”˘Ó¬ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˚Ó¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ıÀ¶a¬ı˛ ’±fl¡±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Ú±Ú± ’±fl¡±À¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
˝◊√—˘…±À`¬ ‰¬À˘ Œ˚Ó¬, ˚±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì ’©Ü±√˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛ 1 Œfl¡±øȬ 70 ˘é¬ ¬Û±Î¬◊`¬º ¬ı±—˘±
ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ’Ô« ˝◊√—˘…±À`¬ ¤˝◊√ ¬Û±‰¬±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ı√·À̬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛ ‘Economic Drain’, ’•°±Ú
√M√ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú ë’¬Û˝√√±¬ı˛íº ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ ˝◊√¬ı˛Ù¬±Ú ˝√√±ø¬ı¬ı ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’øÊ«√Ó¬
¸•Û√ ø˙äø¬ıõ≠À¬ı ά◊¬ı«¬ı˛Ó¬± ø√À˚˛øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√ øÚá≈¬¬ı˛ ά◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙¬ı±√ øÂ√˘ ÒÚÓ¬La ά◊æ√À¬ı¬ı˛ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡ ˙Ó«¬º ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ
¬Û≈“øÊ√ ·Î¬ˇÀÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ı˛±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ √‡˘ fl¡¬ı˛± øÂ√˘ Ê√¬ı˛≈ø¬ı˛ [Œ√‡≈Ú, ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú-11, ¬Û‘. 8-9]º
¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛ ø˙äø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√iß ¬Û≈ø“ Ê√ ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±À˝√√ ˝◊√—˘…±`¬ ’ÀÚfl¡‡±øÚ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ øÂ√˘ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛, Ó¬±˝◊√ ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı±øάˇÀ˚˛ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±ÚÀfl¡ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬º

4.6 ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ·‘˝√œÓ¬ øÓ¬ÚøȬ ¬Û√À鬬Û

1770 ø‡Ë– ¤¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ‚Ú ‚Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
øÚ˚˛LaÀ̬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ˜≈ø˙«√±¬ı±À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ Comptrolling Councils of Revenue-¤¬ı˛ ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú fl¡¬ı˛±
˝√√˘ √¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√ Œ¬ı˛ø¸ÀάKI◊Àfl¡º 1771 ø‡Ë– ’±·àȬ ˜±À¸ 댬ı±Î«¬ ’¬ıƒ øάÀ¬ı˛"√¬ı˛¸ƒí Œ√›˚˛±Úœ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛
˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¢∂˝√À̬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ ŒÚ˚˛ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q ¢∂˝√À̬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ Œ√˚˛º ¤˝◊√
·≈¬ı˛≈√±ø˚˛Q øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˝√√øàȬ—¸ 1772 ø‡Ë– ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ·ˆ¬Ì«¬ı˛ øÚ˚≈q¡ ˝√√Úº øfl¡z≈¬ Œ˝√√øàȬ—À¸¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±˚˛ ›
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ Œ˚˜Ú øÂ√˘ Ú±, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ fl¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛
Œfl¡±ÀÚ± øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛À˚±·… Ó¬Ô…±ø√› øÂ√˘ Ú±º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬, ¸œø˜Ó¬ 鬘Ӭ± › fl¡±Î¬◊økÀ˘¬ı˛
¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¸√± ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± ¸˜¸…±Àfl¡ ’±À¬ı˛± Ê√øȬ˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¤˝◊√ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±-øÚ¬ı˛œé¬±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛
øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ ‡≈“Ê√ÀÓ¬ ¶§À‰¬©Ü ˝√√Úº

4.6.1 Ú”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± [1772-1777]

¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Œ˝√√øàȬ—¸ ≈√øȬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ÚœøÓ¬·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Úñ[1] Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ŒÊ√˘±,
¬Û¬ı˛·Ú± ¬ı± ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸øͬfl¡ fl¡Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ¸øȬ ˚‡Ú Ê√±Ú± ŒÚ˝◊√ Ó¬‡Ú øÚ˘±À˜¬ı˛ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬
fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ fl¡Ó¬, Œ¸øȬ ŒÊ√ÀÚ ŒÚ›˚˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º [2] ¬Û“±‰¬ ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… øÚ˘±À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl¡À¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ øàÔøÓ¬˘Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ’±¸±º ’Ó¬¬Û¬ı˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ ø‰¬z¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ·Àάˇ Ó≈¬˘À˘Ú
Ú”Ó¬Ú õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± 1772 ø‡Ë– fl¡±Î¬◊økÀ˘¬ı˛ ¸√¸… øÚÀ˚˛ ·øͬӬ ˝√√˘ 댬ı±Î«¬ ’¬ıƒ Œ¬ı˛Àˆ¬Ú≈…í ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
¬Ûø¬ı˛¯∏√ ˚±¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛˝◊√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ ¬Û”Ì« √±ø˚˛Q ¤˝◊√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¯∏À√¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú ¸√¸… øÚÀ˚˛ ·Àάˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±
˝√√˘ ëfl¡ø˜øȬ ’¬ıƒ ¸±øfl«¡È¬í ˚±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ˝√√˘ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ŒÊ√˘±˚˛ ‚≈À¬ı˛ fl¡±À˘"√√¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¸˝√√À˚±ø·Ó¬±˚˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ øÚ˘±À˜¬ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜ ¬Û“±‰¬ ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ê√ø˜ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛± Œ√›˚˛±º ¤˝◊√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±øȬ Ú”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
Ú±À˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ŒÊ√˘±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… øÚ˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˘Ú ¤fl¡Ê√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˝◊√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ fl¡±À˘"√√¬ı˛, ˚±Àfl¡
¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ¤fl¡Ê√Ú Œ√˙œ˚˛ Œ√›˚˛±Úº ’¬ı˘≈ø5 ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ± ˝√√˘ ë¸≈¬Û±¬ı˛ˆ¬±˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛í ¬Û√øȬ¬ı˛º

103
 1772 ø‡Ë– Ê≈√Ú ˜±À¸ Œ˝√√øàȬ—¸ ëfl¡ø˜øȬ ’¬ıƒ ¸±øfl«¡È¬í-¤¬ı˛ ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Ú√œ˚˛± ŒÊ√˘±˚˛ ά◊¬ÛøàÔÓ¬
˝√√À˘Úº Ú√œ˚˛±Àfl¡ Ò¬ı˛± ˝√√˘ ¸˜¢∂ õ∂À√À˙¬ı˛ ’±√˙« ŒÊ√˘± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Œ˚ Ú”Ó¬Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± õ∂¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√À¬ı
Œ¸˝◊√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ‰¬±˘≈ ˝√√À¬ı ’Ú…Sº Ú√œ˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¬ı±√ ø√À˚˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ õ∂√±ÀÚ ’±¢∂˝√œ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe·
˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˝√√˘º ¬Û“±‰¬ ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ‰≈¬øq¡ÀÓ¬ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±À¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬
Ô±fl¡˘ Ú±Ú± ŒÊ√˘±˚˛º Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛, Ó¬±˘≈fl¡√±¬ı˛, ŒÂ√±È¬ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√ ¤‡Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛ñÊ√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ øfl¡Â≈√
¬ı˛˝◊√˘ Ú±º øfl¡Â≈√ø√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˝√√øàȬ—À¸¬ı˛ Ú”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ é¬øÓ¬fl¬¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº øÚ˘±À˜
Ê√ø˜ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ’ÀÚÀfl¡ ˜˚«±√± ¬ı˛é¬±ÀÔ« › ŒÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ¸ ‰¬Î¬ˇ± ˝√√±À¬ı˛ øÚ˘±˜ ά±fl¡À˘› ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛
¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±±¬ı˛¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı±fl¡œ ¬ı˛±À‡, Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±øȬ
’¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ› Œ¬ıÚ±˜œÀÓ¬ Ê√ø˜ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ˝◊√2±fl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı±øfl¡ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œÀÓ¬ ’—˙ øÚÀ˚˛øÂ√˘ ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œ¬ıøÚ˚˛±Ú › ˜˝√√±Ê√Ú Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛
Œ˘±fl¡, ˚±À√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡˜±S ˘é¬… øÂ√˘ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±ˆ≈¬q¡ Ê√ø˜ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ˜≈Ú±Ù¬± ’±√±˚˛º Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’ÒœÚàÔ √¬ı˛-
˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛·Ì ¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬ø¬ı˛q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ‰¬±˘±ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ’¬ı±Ò ˘≈FÚº ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú
Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛± ¬ı—˙˜˚«±√± ¬ı˛é¬±ÀÔ« ‰¬Î¬ˇ± ˝√√±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ √±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬ ø√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú, Ó¬±¬ı˛±› ø¬ı¬Û±Àfl¡ ¬ÛάˇÀ˘Úº
ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ı˛±øÚ ˆ¬¬ı±Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı±øfl¡ Ô±fl¡±˚˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ Œfl¡Àάˇ ŒÚ›˚˛±
˝√√˘º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¸¬ı ø˜ø˘À˚˛ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ‰¬¬ı˛˜ ’¬ı˛±Ê√fl¡Ó¬± › ø¬ı˙‘∫˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ˝√√øàȬ—¸
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ√À‡ Ú”Ó¬Ú Ó¬Ô… ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… øÚ˚≈q¡ fl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú ë’±ø˜Úœ fl¡ø˜˙Úí [1776]º
¤ø√Àfl¡ ¬Û“±‰¬ ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œ˜˚˛±√ Œ˙¯∏ ˝À˘, Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı±øÓ¬˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ‰¬±˘≈ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘ ’¬Û¬ı˛
¤fl¡ Ú”Ó¬Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º

4.6.2 ¤fl¡¸±˘± ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ¬ı± Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ õ∂Ó¬…±¬ıÓ«¬Ú [1777-1786]

Œ˝√√øàȬ—À¸¬ı˛ ¬Û=¬ı±ø¯∏«fl¡ Ú”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’±(˚«Ó¬˜ ø√fl¡ ˝√√˘ ≈√øˆ«¬À鬬ı˛ ¬Û”À¬ı«¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ fl¡˜
¸—‡…fl¡ ¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ ‡±Ê√Ú±¬ı˛ √±¬ıœº Ù¬À˘ ¤˝◊√ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ò±!¡±˚˛
ë¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬¬ı˛± Ó¬ø˘À˚˛ Œ·˘ ≈√«√˙±¬ı˛ ’&Òfl¡±À¬ı˛, ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛±˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂±q¡Ú ¸y¬ú±Ú, ≈√øˆ«¬é¬ Œ˚ ’±˝◊√Ú-
˙‘∫˘±¬ı˛ ’¬ıÚøÓ¬ ‚øȬÀ˚˛øÂ√˘ Œ¸øȬ øÚ˘ ’±À¬ı˛± ˆ¬˚˛efl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Ûí [ÚÀ¬ı˛ffl‘¡c ø¸—˝√√ñ¬ı±˘±¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ,
¬Û‘. 53]º 1757 ø‡Ë– ¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú ‰¬±ø˝√√√±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ˜≈‚˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
Œ˚˜Ú ’Àfl¡ÀÊ√± ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀάˇøÂ√˘, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬Û“±‰¬¸±˘± Ú”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› Œ˚ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ¸øȬ
ø√¬ı±À˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¶Û©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº ¤˝◊√ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ‘Court of Directors’ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ‚Ú ‚Ú
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, fl¡ø˜øȬ ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú › ˆ¬ø¬ı¯∏…ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ÚœøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ó¬fl«¡-ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚øȬÀ˚˛
¤fl¡ ø‰¬øͬÀÓ¬ Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ Œ√˚˛, ’±¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fläÚ± ¢∂˝√Ì Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¶§äÀ˜˚˛±√œ
¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º Ù¬À˘ 1777 ø‡Ë– ¬Û“±‰¬¸±˘± ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ Œ˜˚˛±√ Œ˙À¯∏ ¤fl¡¸±˘± ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ˜Ò…
ø√À˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Û≈Ú–õ∂¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘º ¤˝◊√ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ñ[1] ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı˘≈ø5 ‚øȬÀ˚˛

104
ŒÊ√˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛º Ê√ø˜√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œ¬ıø˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ õ∂√±ÀÚ
’±¢∂˝√œ Ô±fl¡À˘› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ’¢∂±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬Û±À¬ı Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ [2] ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS øÚ¬ı·Ó¬ øÓ¬Ú ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛
·Î¬ˇ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§Àfl¡ Ò¬ı˛± ˝√√˘º [3] ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı±øfl¡ ¬ÛάˇÀ˘ Œfl¡¬ı˘ ά◊»¬Ûiß ˙¸… ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ıÀfl¡˚˛± ø˜øȬÀ˚˛ ŒÙ¬˘±¬ı˛
¸≈À˚±· Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˘º ’±¸À˘ ¤˝◊√ ¤fl¡¸±˘± ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ øÂ√˘ ¤fl¡øȬ ’àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, Œ˝√√øàȬ—¸ ¤fl¡øȬ àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… √õ∂d≈¬Ó¬ ˝√√ø26√À˘Úº ¤˝◊√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛·Ì ¬Û≈Ú–õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˘› ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛
¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘º ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬Â√±Î¬ˇ± ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ fl¡±Ú≈ÚÀ·± fl¡±˚«±˘˚˛ Ú©Ü
˝√√À˚˛ ø·À˚˛øÂ√˘¬, Ó¬±˝◊√ Ê√ø˜-¸—flË¡±z¬ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬ Œ¬ı˛±Ò fl¡¬ı˛± ’±¬ı˛ ¸yˆ¬¬ı ˝√√˘ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ˚± øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘
Œ¸øȬ› øÂ√˘ ˜±S±øÓ¬ø¬ı˛q¡º ¤˝◊√ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ 1786 ø‡Ë– fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤À˘Ú, Ó¬±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ø√Ú ’±À·˝◊√
ø¬ÛÀȬ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬ ’±˝◊√ÀÚ [1784] Œfl¡±•Û±øÚÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ øÚÀ«√˙ ¬Û±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛
√±ø˚˛QøȬ ¬Ûάˇ˘ fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘À¸¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛º

4.7 ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬

ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ά◊»¸ ¸&Ò±Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± ≈√øȬ ¸˜±z¬¬ı˛±˘ Ò±¬ı˛± ˘é¬… fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±øfl¡ñ [1]
¤˝◊√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±øȬ øÂ√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±-øÚ¬ı˛œé¬± › õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˘t :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬º
[2] ’Ú…ø√fl¡øȬ ˝√√˘ Ó¬N·Ó¬ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±ø‰¬z¬±º ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏ √˙fl¡ ¬Û˚«z¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ¤˝◊√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±
øÂ√˘ Œ˚ fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸ ˝√√À˘Ú ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ õ∂ÀÌÓ¬±º ¤˝◊√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øȬ Â√øάˇÀ˚˛ ø√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú ŒÊ√˜¸ƒ ø˜˘
Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‘The History of British India’ (London, 1848) ¢∂&ÔøȬ¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛º ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜
√˙Àfl¡ ø¬ıÀ√…±» ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø˜À˘¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı é¬œÌ ˝√√À˚˛ ’±À¸, ’ÀÚÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ê√ij±ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡, ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¤fl¡± fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸Àfl¡ √±˚˛œ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¬ı˛ÌøÊ√» ·≈À˝√√¬ı˛ A Rule of Property of Bengal’.
‘An Essays on the Idea of Permanent Settlement’, Cambridge Eco-History of India
(Vol.-2), ø¬ıÚ˚˛ˆ”¬¯∏Ì Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı˛œ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ı&Ò, ÚÀ¬ı˛ffl‘¡c ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ ‘The Eco-History of Bengal,’ (Vol.-II),
˝◊√Ó¬…±ø√ ·À¬ı¯∏̱-¢∂&Ô Œ˚˜Ú ø¬ı¯∏øȬ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ú”Ó¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡º ά.
·≈˝√ ˝◊√ά◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛À√¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ˜Ó¬ ·Àάˇ ›Í¬±¬ı˛
ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ øÂ√˘ Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ øÙ¬øÊ√›flË¡…±È¬ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıƒ√À√¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıº ά. ø¬ıÚ˚˛ˆ”¬¯∏Ì Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı˛œ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÀ&Ò¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ˝√√˘,
Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡ ά◊ißøÓ¬ ø¬ıÒ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… › ¬ı≈ø˘˚˛Ú ˝◊√—˘…±`¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±¸± ¬ı&Ò fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ øÚ˚˛ø˜Ó¬ ˆ”¬ø˜-
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ˜±˘ ‡ø¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ (Investment) ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√¸¬ı Ú”Ó¬Ú
Ú”Ó¬Ú Ó¬fl«¡-ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛÀȬ˝◊√ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬Àfl¡º

4.7.1 ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜
øÂ√˚˛±M√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜i§z¬¬ı˛ ˚‡Ú ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¸˜¢∂ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ ¢∂±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ øͬfl¡ Ó¬‡Ú˝◊√ ¶®øȬ˙ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ı√ ’±À˘fl¡Ê√±`¬±¬ı˛
√±› õ∂Ô˜ √±ø¬ı fl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú, ¬ı±—˘±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À˘ ∆¡ZÓ¬-˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚øȬÀ˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛
ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ [Œ√‡≈Ú, Alexander Daw—The History of Hindoostan, London,

105
1968)º ’±À˘±fl¡Ê√±`¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ √õ∂d¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ øͬfl¡ ≈√í¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛˝◊√ ¤fl¡ øÙ¬øÊ√›flË¡…±È¬ Œ˝√√Ú¬ı˛œ Œ¬ÛAÀ˘± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‘Essays
upon the Cultivation of the Lands and Improvements of the Revenues of Bengal’
(London, 1772) ¢∂À&Ô õ∂±flƒ¡-ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ˚≈À·¬ı˛ Ùˬ±Àk¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ‰¬±˘≈ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤˝◊√ ≈√˝◊√ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıq¡±¬ı˛ ’¬ı˙… ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛
¬Û±Ô«fl¡… øÂ√˘º ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ ¶§˝√Àd¬ Œ√›˚˛±Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ √±ø˚˛Q ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ‰¬±˘≈ ˝√√˚˛ Ú”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ
[¬Û“±‰¬ ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…] ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º ¤˝◊√ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± øÚÀ˚˛ Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛˝◊√ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º fl¡±Î¬◊øk˘ ¸√¸…
øÙ¬ø˘¬Û ŒÎ¬fl¡±¬ı˛¸, Ϭ±fl¡± ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ı˛‰¬±Î«¬ ¬ı±¬ı˛›À˚˛˘ ¤¬ı— ˜≈ø˙«√±¬ı±√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø˜Î¬˘È¬Ú Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· √œ‚«À˜˚˛±√œ
‰≈¬øq¡¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘Úº ÚœøÓ¬·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√¸¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛± ¤fl¡˜Ó¬ ˝√√À˘› Ú±Ú± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÂ√˘
˜Ó¬±ÕÚfl¡…º Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸¬ıÀÔÀfl¡ ŒÊ√¬ı˛±À˘± ¬ıq¡¬ı… Œ¬ı˛À‡øÂ√À˘Ú øÙ¬øÊ√›flË¡…±È¬ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬, ˜ÀKI◊¶≈®
› ¤…±Î¬±˜ ø¶úÀÔ¬ı˛ Œ˘‡±˚˛ ˜≈* øÙ¬ø˘¬Û Ùˬ±øk¸º Œ˝√√øàȬ—À¸¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Ú”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±
fl¡À¬ı˛ 1776 ø‡Ë– Ê√±Ú≈˚˛±ø¬ı˛ ˜±À¸ ¤fl¡øȬ ¬Û±åȬ± ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Œ¬Û˙ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº
¤˝◊√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ Ó¬»fl¡±˘œÚ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¸•Ûiß fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ·Ì
˚±¬ı˛± øÂ√˘ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¡º Ùˬ±øk¸ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú, Ùˬ±k › ˝◊√—˘…±À`¬ ¤˝◊√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı…¬ıàÔ±
˚ø√ fl‘¡ø¯∏ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±˝√√À˘ ¬ı±—˘±À√À˙› ’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl‘¡ø¯∏ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º øÓ¬øÚ
˚≈øq¡ ø√À˚˛ õ∂˜±Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ˜≈‚˘ ˚≈À·› ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± øÂ√˘, Ó¬±˝◊√
Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¤‡Ú ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀ˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ‰≈¬øq¡ fl¡¬ı˛±º Ùˬ±økÀ¸¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ øÂ√˘ñ[fl¡] Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ¤fl¡˜±S ˜±ø˘fl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛fl¡±À˘¬ı˛
Ê√Ú… Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ‡±Ê√Ú± ¸œ˜±¬ıX fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛±º [‡] ¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛fl¡±À˘¬ı˛
Ê√Ú… Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ‡±Ê√Ú± ¸œ˜±¬ıX fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛±º [·] ¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ › ¶§±Ô« Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛
ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÂ√Àάˇ Œ√›˚˛±º [‚] ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ ˝◊√—˘…±À`¬¬ı˛ ˆ”¬¶§±˜œÀ√¬ı˛ Ú…±˚˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬fl¡±˜œ ˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ͬÀ¬ı Œ¸
ˆ¬ø¬ı¯∏…ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±àÔ± ¬ı˛±‡± [˜≈ÚÓ¬±¸œ¬ı˛ ˜±˜≈Úñø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ › ¬ı±„√√±˘œ ¸˜±Ê√, Ϭ±fl¡±, 1975, ¬Û‘.
40-41]º ‘Court of Directors’ ’¬ı˙… Ùˬ±økÀ¸¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ¤¬ı— Œ˝√√øàȬ—À¸¬ı˛ ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ά◊ˆ¬˚˛˝◊√
¬ı±øÓ¬˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¤fl¡ ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ÚœøÓ¬ ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º 1784 ø‡Ë– ø¬ÛÀȬ¬ı˛
ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬ ’±˝◊√ÀÚ ’¬ı˙… ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ’±˝◊√Ú õ∂Ì˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º 1786 ø‡Ë– Court of
Directors-¤¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ¬Û“ÃÂ√±À˘ Œ˙±¬ı˛ › fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘À¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ√‡±
Œ√˚˛ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡º Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛ Œ˙±¬ı˛ øÂ√À˘Ú ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¬ı˙±¬ı˛√ ¬ı…øq¡º fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸ Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ά◊¬ÛÀ©Ü±
øÚÀ˚˛±· fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Úº ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛ÀÚ Œ˚ Œ˙±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸ øÂ√À˘Ú ¸•Û”Ì« øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘º ¤‡Ú Œ¸
¬ı…øq¡øȬ õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ı±Ò± ˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¤˝◊√ ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÊ√˜¸ ¢∂±KȬ¬, ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛
Ó“¬±¬ı˛› øÂ√˘ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±º ¤˝◊√ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ‰¬À˘øÂ√˘ øÓ¬ÚøȬ õ∂ùüÀfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ñ[1] Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡
Œfl¡∑ fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À¬ı∑ [2] ¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì fl¡Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı∑ [3] ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ øfl¡ ˚≈øq¡˚≈q¡
˝√√À¬ı∑ ¤˝◊√ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ñ

106
4.7.2 ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ¢∂±KI◊, Œ˙±¬ı˛ › fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘À¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡
¢∂±KI◊
[fl¡] ˜≈‚˘ ’±˜À˘ ¬ı˛±©Ü™˝◊√ øÂ√˘
Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡º Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ Œfl¡¬ı˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøÚ˜À˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛
Œ¬ÛÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛|ø˜fl¡º ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ˝◊√26√± fl¡¬ı˛À˘
Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ › õ∂Ê√± ˝◊√26√±˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛
¸Àe· Ê√ø˜ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
[‡] ˜≈‚˘ ’±˜À˘ ˜œ¬ı˛fl¡±ø˙À˜¬ı˛
¸˜˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ√˘º
1765 ø‡Ë– Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ Œ√›˚˛±Úœ
¢∂˝√À̬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ øÂ√˘ Œ¸øȬÀfl¡
ÒÀ¬ı˛˝◊√ ¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡¬ı˛±
Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º
Œ˙±¬ı˛
[fl¡] Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛˝◊√ øÂ√˘ Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬
˜±ø˘fl¡, øfl¡z≈¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ õ∂√±ÀÚ
Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı±Ò…º ˙±øz¬-˙‘∫˘± ¬ı˛é¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ √œ‚«fl¡±˘œÚ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬
Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√, ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
¸—flË¡±z¬ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe·˝◊√ fl¡¬ı˛±
ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º
[‡] ˜≈‚˘ ’±˜À˘ Œ‚±ø¯∏Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
’À¬Û鬱 õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ Œ¬ıø˙º
¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ó¬Ô… ›
Ó¬√Àz¬¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ’±¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬
1787 ø‡Ë– ’±√±˚˛œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§Àfl¡ ˝√√±¬ı˛
ø˝√ √ ¸ ±À¬ı Ò¬ı˛ ± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ º Ó¬Ô…
ŒÊ√±·±Àάˇ¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ øÚÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ fl¡Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ıº
fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸
[fl¡] ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ fl‘¡ø¯∏ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe·
Ê√øάˇÀ˚˛ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡
¶§±Ô«º fl‘¡ø¯∏¬ı˛ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ√˙œ˚˛
Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬ ø√ÀÓ¬
˝√√À¬ıº √œ‚«fl¡±˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛¬ı˛±˝◊√ Ê√ø˜
Œˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛±˚˛ ˜±ø˘Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛À˚±·… ¸˜Ô«fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛
¸Àe·˝◊√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº
[‡] ø¬ı·Ó¬ 25 ¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ó¬Ô… ¸—¢∂˝√ ˚‡Ú ¸•Û”Ì« ˝√√˚˛øÚ,
Ó¬‡Ú ’±¬ı˛ ’À¬Û鬱 fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º
1789 ø‡Ë– ’±√±˚˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§Àfl¡ øˆ¬øM√√
¬ı¯∏« ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ÒÀ¬ı˛ Œ¸øȬÀfl¡˝◊√ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

[·] ¬ı˛±Ê√À¶§¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ [·] Ê√ ø ˜√ ± ¬ı˛ À √ ¬ ı˛ ¸Àe· ¤fl¡È¬± [·] Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«¬ı˛é¬±˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ
˝√√À˘› Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¤˝◊√ ˜≈˝”√ÀÓ«¬ √œ‚«À˜˚˛±√œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ˆ¬ø¬ı¯∏…ÀÓ¬ √±˚˛¬ıX, Ó¬±˝◊√ ¸Q¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬
ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡¬ı˛± øͬfl¡ ˝√√À¬ı øfl¡Ú± ¬ı˛ ± Ê√ ¶ § ¬ı‘ ø X¬ı˛ ¸≈ À ˚±· Ô±fl¡À¬ı Ú±º fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ ’±¢∂˝√œº ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
ˆ¬±¬ıÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ’±¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ √˙ ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ‰≈¬øq¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ Ú± fl¡¬ı˛±˚˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬
Ê√ø˜ Ê√ø¬ı˛¬Û › Ó¬Ô…±ø√ ¸—¢∂˝√ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ø¬ÛøÂ√À˚˛ ˚±À26√º Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¶§ä
¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ˆ¬±¬ı± ˚±À¬ıº ˜ÀÚ±À˚±·œ ˝√√À¬ıº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛
¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ’±√±À˚˛ ’±¸À¬ı øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±º

¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— Œ√‡± ˚±À26√ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ õ∂Àùü Œ˙±¬ı˛, ¢∂±KI◊ › fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘À¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ÚœøÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… øÂ√˘
Ú±º ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛ ‰≈¬øq¡ fl¡±À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˝√√À¬ı ¤¬ı— fl¡‡Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤øȬ øÚÀ˚˛º ¤˝◊√ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸
1789 ø‡Ë– ¬ı±—˘± › ø¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛ ‰¬±˘≈ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú √˙¸±˘± ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬, 1790 ø‡Ë– ά◊øάˇ¯∏…±ÀÓ¬› Œ¸øȬ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√˚˛º
fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸, Œ˙±¬ı˛ ¢∂±KI◊Àfl¡ Ê√±Ú±Ú Œ˚, Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ ’Ú≈˜øÓ¬ Ú± ¬Û±›˚˛± ’¬ıøÒ √˙¸±˘± ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬˝◊√
‰¬±˘≈ Ô±fl¡À¬ıº ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ¢∂±KI◊, Œ˙±¬ı˛ õ∂˜≈À‡¬ı˛ ¸≈¬Û±ø¬ı˛˙ › fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘À¸¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ¬Û±øͬÀ˚˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ ‘Court
of Directors’-¤¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√º Œfl¡±È«¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬ Ú±Ú± ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘À¸¬ı˛ õ∂d¬±¬ıÀfl¡
¸˜Ô«Ú Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ ø‰¬øͬÀÓ¬ Œ˘À‡, ë’±˜¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡ø¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ’¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛Ì± fl¡À¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬Àfl¡ ø¬ÛøÂ√À˚˛
107
Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ’Ô« ˝√√À26√ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸≈‡-¸˜‘øXÀfl¡ ø¬ÛøÂ√À˚˛ Œ√›˚˛±º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ’±˜¬ı˛± ’±À√˙ fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√, ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ˚ø√ Ú”Ó¬Ú
Œfl¡±Ú ¬ı±Ò±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü Ú± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬À¬ı ’ÚøÓ¬ø¬ı˘Ày¬ı Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· √˙¬ı¯∏π˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ¸øȬ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀ˘ Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√ά◊fl¡í (General Letters to the Court of Direcors, Revenue Dept. Vol.-
VI. Letter dt. 15.12.1787)º ¤˝◊√ ø‰¬øͬ õ∂±ø5¬ı˛ ≈√혱À¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸ √˙¸±˘± ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬Àfl¡ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀ˘ Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

4.8 ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ˜”˘Ó¬ ¬ı±—˘±À√À˙¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛÀȬ¬ı˛
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¤fl¡øȬ ‚Ȭڱº ¤ø¬ı˛fl¡ ŒàȬ±'¬ (Eric Stokes) ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú, ëø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ¬ı±—˘±À√À˙¬ı˛
ˆ”¬ø˜Àé¬ÀS ¤fl¡øȬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√˜≈‡œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˝◊√ øÂ√˘ Ú±, ¸¬ı«±øÒfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ’©Ü±√˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡
ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ø‰¬S ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ ¤˝◊√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…ºí (Eric Stokes—The
Peasant and the Raj : Studies in Agrarian, Society and the Pleasant Rebellion
in Colonial India. Cambridge, 1978)º ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ά◊2‰¬˝√√±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø·À√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
’=À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q õ∂øӬᬱ¬ı˛ Œ‰©Ü±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛¶£≈¬È¬ ˝√√˚˛º

4.8.1 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œé¬ÀS õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı

ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ıˆ«¬±¬ı ¤fl¡ ’ˆ”¬Ó¬¬Û”¬ı« ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º fl¡±˘« ˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˝◊√—˘…±`¬
ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡ Œˆ¬À„√√ ø√À˚˛øÂ√˘ øÚ˜«˜ˆ¬±À¬ıº Œ¸øȬ ¸yˆ¬¬ı ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚øȬÀ˚˛º ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˚±¬ı˛± õ∂ÔÀ˜ Ê√ø˜√±À¬ı˛
¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú øÂ√˘ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iߺ øfl¡z≈¬ flË¡À˜ ¤˝◊√ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ õ∂√±ÀÚ
¬ı…Ô« ˝√√À˘ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ øÚ˘±À˜ ›Àͬº Œ¸·≈ø˘ øfl¡ÀÚ ŒÚ˚˛ ˜˝√√±Ê√Ú, ¬ı…¬ı¸±˚˛œ › Œ¬ıøÚ˚˛±¬ı˛ √˘º ¤Ó¬ø√Ú
¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ ˚±¬ı˛± øÂ√˘ Ù¬±È¬fl¡±¬ı±Ê√ › √±˘±˘, Ó¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ øÚ˘±À˜ øfl¡ÀÚ øÚÀ˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜˚«±√±˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛
¸≈À˚±· ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ˜±È¬fl¡Ô±, ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬Û~œ ¤˘±fl¡±˚˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ›
¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ ≈√˝◊√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ‚ÀȬ, flË¡À˜ ’¬ı˙… ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ˜Ò…¶§NÀˆ¬±·œ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ά◊O±Ú ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘ ˚±À√¬ı˛
øÂ√˘ ’±øÔ«fl¡ ¸±˜Ô«… ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¢∂±À˜ ¬ı± ˙˝√√À¬ı˛ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸º ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ’¬Û¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ fl≈¡Ù¬˘ øÂ√˘ ˜˝√√±Ê√Ú
Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ά◊æ√¬ıº ’ø˙øé¬Ó¬ √ø¬ı˛^ ¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬ › ’˘¸ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û·¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¬ı≈ÀÁ¡ ˚±¬ı˛± ø˙fl¡±¬ı˛œ ŒÚfl¡Àάˇ¬ı˛
˜ÀÓ¬± Á“¡±ø¬ÛÀ˚˛ ¬ÛάˇÓ¬º ’ˆ¬±¬ı¢∂d¬ √ø¬ı˛^ fl‘¬¯∏fl¡ ˚‡Ú ‡±√…, Ù¬¸À˘¬ı˛ ¬ıœÊ√ › ·¬ı±ø√ ¬Û˙≈ Œfl¡Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’ÀÔ«¬ı˛
¸&Ò±ÀÚ ˜˝√√±Ê√ÚÀ√¬ı˛ ¬ı±øάˇÀÓ¬ ά◊¬ÛøàÔÓ¬ ˝√√Ó¬, øͬfl¡ Ó¬‡Ú˝◊√ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬¬ı˛± [Ó¬Ô±fl¡øÔÓ¬] ˝√√±øʬı˛ ˝√√Ó¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜˚«±√±¬ı˛
õ∂√˙«ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’˚±ø‰¬Ó¬ ‡¬ı˛À‰¬ ’Ô« Ò±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬º ¤˝◊√ ¸≈À˚±À· ˜˝√√±Ê√Ú¬ı˛± ‹øÓ¬˝√√…¬ı±˝√√œ ¸±˝◊√˘Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ά◊ˆ¬˚˛Àfl¡
Œ˙±¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— Ú”Ó¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛º
Ú”Ó¬Ú ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ú·À√ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸•x¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ˚± fl‘¡ø¯∏ ά◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ ∆¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡
¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À¸º ¬Û”À¬ı« fl‘¡ø¯∏Ê√±Ó¬ ^¬ı… ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ˝◊√ ά◊»¬Ûiß ˝√√Ó¬º øfl¡z≈¬ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ fl‘¡ø¯∏^¬ı… ¬ı±Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀÌ… ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ø˙äø¬ıõ≠¬ıÊ√øÚÓ¬ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı±Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±Àfl¡
˘é¬… Œ¬ı˛À‡ Œ˚˜Ú Ú”Ó¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl‘¡ø¯∏ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛, Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛ fl‘¡ø¯∏¬ı˛ ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìº fl‘¡ø¯∏^¬ı… Œfl¡Ú±¬ı˛
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Ê√Ú… ¢∂±À˜ ëfl¡øάˇ˚˛±í Ú±À˜ ¤fl¡ Œ|Ìœ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√ˆ¬±À¬ı ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl‘¡ø¯∏Àé¬ÀS ÒÚÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ’Ú≈õ∂À¬ı˙
‚ÀȬøÂ√˘ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛, õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¶ú±¬ı˛fl¡·≈À˘±› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ø˜À˘ø˜À˙ ø·À˚˛øÂ√˘º
4.8.2 Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı
˝◊√—˘…±À`¬ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛¬ı˛± Ê√ø˜Àfl¡ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú˙œ˘ ¬Û≈“øÊ√ ø¬ıøÚÀ˚˛±À·¬ı˛
Œé¬S ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø˙äø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ’Ú≈fl”¡˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÚ±¬ı˛
Ê√Ú… Ê√ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ά◊»¸±˝√√œ ˝√√À˚˛ ›Àͬº ¤øÈ Œ√À‡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¡¬ı˛±
õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ àÔ±ø˚˛Q ’±ÚÀ˘ fl‘¡ø¯∏Àé¬ÀS ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ’±¸À¬ıº ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œ¸±2‰¬±¬ı˛
˝√√À˚˛ ά◊ÀͬøÂ√À˘Ú Ùˬ±øk¸, Œ˙±¬ı˛ › fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘¸º øfl¡z≈¬ 1793 ø‡Ë– ¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«Ó¬ Œ√‡± Œ·˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛¬ı˛± Ê√ø˜Àfl¡
¬Û≈“øÊ√ ø¬ıøÚÀ˚˛±À·¬ı˛ Œé¬S ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛øÚº ¤¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú øÂ√˘ Œ√À˙ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ’±øÔ«fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙
¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛±, ˚±ÀÓ¬ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√˚˛ fl‘¡ø¯∏ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøÚÀ˚˛±· fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ˜≈Ú±Ù¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛ Œ¬ıø˙ ˝√√À26√º ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ˙±¸fl¡¬ı˛± Œ¸øȬ ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛
fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Ê√ø˜ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬ıάˇ ’—˙ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛¬ı˛± ø¬ıøÚÀ˚˛±· fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ ’Ú≈»¬Û±√Ú˙œ˘
Œé¬ÀS [ø¬ı˘±ø¸Ó¬±˚˛]º fl‘¡ø¯∏ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ’Úœ˝√√± ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡˘Àfl¡ øÚ¬ı˛±˙ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√ ø˙鬱 øÚÀ˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛
’Ú…±Ú… àÔ±ÀÚ ‰¬±˘≈ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ˜˝√√˘›˚˛±¬ı˛œ › ¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬›˚˛±¬ı˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬º
4.8.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œ˚ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ¸øȬ ¸¬ı«Ê√Úø¬ıø√Ó¬º ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ¤fl¡È¬ø ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Û√Àé¬¬Û ˝√√À˘› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ ˜±¬ı˛±Rfl¡º Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ fl¡—À¢∂¸
õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ’±À·¬ı˛ 50 ¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ ¸—‚ › ¸ø˜øÓ¬ ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˚≈·º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ¸ ¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ øÂ√˘
¤˝◊√ ¸—‚·≈ø˘¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…º Œ˚˜Ú ëø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˝◊√ø`¬˚˛± ¤…±À¸±ø¸À˚˛˙Úí ˚±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±—˙ ¸√¸… Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœˆ≈¬q¡ ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛
Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛À̬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¤À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÂ√˘ Ú±º ¤˝◊√ ¸—‚ Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡ fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√À¬ı˛
õ∂¸±¬ı˛ ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˜Ú ¸é¬˜ ˝√√˚˛øÚ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ‰¬À˘øÂ√˘ Œfl¡¬ı˘ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«º Ê√ø˜¬ı˛√±¬ı˛¬ı˛± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß
¸—‚ ¬ı± ¬¸ø˜øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÀÓ¬ Ò˜« Œ·±á¬œ¶§±Ô« ¬ıÌ« ˝◊√Ó¬…±ø√Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀˆ¬À√¬ı˛
¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ (Anil Seal—The Emergence of Indian Nationalism, London, 1968, p. 200-
229) 1885 ø‡Ë– Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ fl¡—À¢∂¸ ·Î¬ˇ± ˝√√˚˛, Œ˚øȬ ¸øͬfl¡ ’ÀÔ« øÂ√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú , øfl¡z≈¬ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ
Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Ô±fl¡±˚˛ Œ|Ìœ Ò˜« › ¬ıÀÌ«¬ı˛ ÿÀÒ√ı« ά◊ͬÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛øÚº ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛
˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ Œ˚ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ ·Àάˇ ά◊ÀͬøÂ√˘ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÀÓ¬ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˙øq¡ ›
õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛøM√√Àfl¡ ’é≈¬J ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… øÂ√˘ Œ¸À˝√√Ó≈¬
¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ Ó¬‡Ú øÂ√˘ ’±À¬ı√Ú-øÚÀ¬ı√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬º ø¬ıËøȬ˙À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚ӬȬ± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ √±ø¬ı√±›˚˛±
’±√±˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ú¬ı˛˝√ø¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ ë’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’¸Àz¬±¯∏, ø¬ıËøȬÀ˙¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛¬ı≈øX¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛
’æ≈√Ó¬ ˆ¬¬ı˛¸± › ά◊¬Û˚≈«¬Ûø¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±√ñ¤˝◊√ øÂ√˘ Œ¸¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ [ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬fl¡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±¸˘
fl¡Ô± [õ∂¬ı&Ò . Ú¬ı˛˝√ø¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√ñ¬¬ı±„√√±˘œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ·±Î¬ˇ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±, ¬¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛, 17 ¬ı¯∏«, 4Ô« ¸—‡…± ¬Û‘. 345-
46]º Ú”Ó¬Ú Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ú”Ó¬Ú ˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô« ¤fl¡ Ú± Ô±fl¡±˚˛ ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏
ø√Àfl¡ ¤À√¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q øÂ√øÚÀ˚˛ ŒÚ›˚˛±¬ı˛ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√À˚˛ ŒÚÀ˜øÂ√˘ ˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√¬ı˛±º

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4.9 ¸±¬ı˛±—˙
ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ ¸œø˘ (Seeley) Œfl¡øy¬ıËÊ√ ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘À˚˛¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬±˜±˘±˚˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… øÂ√˘
˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛± ’±fl¡ø¶úfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı › ø¬ıÚ± ’øˆ¬õ∂±À˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º øfl¡z≈¬ Ú±Ú± Ó¬Ô…±ø√ Œ¸ fl¡Ô±
õ∂˜±Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√ Ú±º 1687 ø‡Ë– ˜±^±Ê√ › 1689 ø‡Ë– Œ¬ı±y¬ı±˝◊√ fl¡Ó«‘¬¬Ûé¬Àfl¡ ø¬ı˘±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ [˝◊√àȬ ˝◊√ø`¬˚˛±
Œfl¬±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ’øÙ¬¸±¬ı˛¬ı˛±] Œ˚ øÚÀ«√˙ ¬Û±øͬÀ˚˛øÂ√˘ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ëø‰¬¬ı˛fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« ¤fl¡ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘, ¸≈‘√Ϭˇ › ¸≈øÚø(Ó¬
˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√˙øq¡ õ∂øӬᬱ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂˝√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±¢∂˝√œ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ ø√À˚˛øÂ√˘
[˝√√œÀ¬ı˛fÚ±Ô ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ñˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ [˜≈‚˘ › ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ˚≈·], fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1983, ¬Û‘. 270-271]º
¤fl¡Ô± ’±Ê√ ø√¬ı±À˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¶Û©Ü Œ˚ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ« ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ õ∂ˆ≈¬Q ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛ ’¢∂¸¬ı˛
˝√√˚˛º 1757 ø‡Ë– ¬Û˘±˙œ¬ı˛ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« Ò±¬Û ’øÓ¬flË¡˜ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˚≈· ø¬ıù´±¸‚±Ó¬fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛
Ê√˚˛ Ú˚˛, ¤øȬ øÂ√˘ ’±¸À˘ é¬ø˚˛c≈ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈X ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œÀ√¬ı˛ Ê√˚˛º 1764 ø‡Ë– ˜œ¬ı˛fl¡±ø˙À˜¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√˚˛
¤¬ı— 1765 ø‡Ë– Œ√›˚˛±Úœ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ ¬ı±øfl¡ ≈√øȬ Ò±¬Û ’øÓflË¡˜ fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ › ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡
¶§±Ô« ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Ô« fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˚La·≈ø˘Àfl¡ fl¡¬ı˛±˚˛M√ fl¡À¬ı˛º Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ ¸±øÊ√À˚˛ ŒÚ˚˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛
¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ«, fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ«, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ«º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ Ó¬Ô± ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛
Œ|Ìœø¬ıÚ…±À¸, ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ › ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˚˛º Œ√›˚˛±Úœ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§
¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¸±Ê√±ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸±¬ı˛œ ø˝√√¸±À¬ıº ¤˝◊√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û ¬Û±˚˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ
¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛º ø˙äø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˝◊√—˘…±À`¬¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√iß ¬Û≈“øÊ√ Œ˚±·±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ˚˜Ú ŒÓ¬˜øÚ
õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú øÂ√˘ ¬ı±Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛º ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛± ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ı¯∏«Àfl¡ ¤˝◊√≈√øȬ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ øfl¡Â≈√ ·À¬ı¯∏fl¡
˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’±øÔ«fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡ ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛± ¸±øÊ√À˚˛ øÚÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡
¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡À˘º ø¬ıËøȬ˙ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛ ά◊√œ˚˛˜±Ú ¬ı≈ÀÊ«√±˚˛± Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√
Ú¬ı… Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ë¬ı±¬ı≈À|Ìœí øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛±øÊ√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ Œ|Ìœ¶§±ÀÔ« ø¬ıËøȬÀ˙¬ı˛ ‰¬±È≈¬fl¡±À¬ı˛º ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛√
¶§±ÀÔ« øȬøfl¡À˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡˘ é¬ø˚˛c≈ ’±Ò±-¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√ ’±Ò±-¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ › ’±Ò±-¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ Œ|Ìœ
Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ ¬Û≈©Ü ¤fl¡øȬ ¸±˜z¬-¬ı≈ÀÊ«√±˚˛± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√ij ˝√√˘ ¬ı±—˘± õ∂À√À˙ Œ˚ø√ ë¬ı±¬ı≈ fl¡±˘‰¬±¬ı˛í Ú±À˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º

4.10 ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ
¬ı˛‰¬Ú±Rfl¡ õ∂ùü .
1º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ Œé¬ÀS ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀȬøÂ√˘∑
2º Œ√›˚˛±Úœ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û”À¬ı« ¬ı±—˘± ˜≈‚˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±øȬ Œfl¡˜Ú øÂ√˘∑
3º ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıÀd¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛º
¸—øé¬5 õ∂ùü .
1º õ∂±flƒ¡-fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˚≈À· Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡ Œfl¡ øÂ√˘∑ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˚≈À· Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±˚˛ fl¡œ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú
‚ÀȬ∑

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 2º ˜≈ø˙«√fl≈¡ø˘ ‡±ÀÚ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛º
3º ˝◊√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛± Œfl¡Ú ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ ¢∂˝√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛∑
4º ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œé¬ÀS fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚øȬÀ˚˛øÂ√˘∑
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛˜≈‡œ õ∂ùü .
1º ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛±Ê√¶§ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ fl¡œ fl¡œ õ∂ùüÀfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˙±¬ı˛ › fl¡Ú«›˚˛±ø˘À¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛∑
2º fl‘¡ø¯∏^À¬ı…¬ı˛ ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡∑
3º Ú”Ó¬Ú ˝◊√Ê√±¬ı˛±√±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl¡œ∑
4º õ∂±flƒ¡-fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˚≈À· ¢∂±˜œÌ ά◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Œfl¡˜Ú øÂ√˘∑

4.11 ¢∂&Ô¬Û?œ
1º Desai, A. R.—Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, 1976 (Reprint).
2º Haque, M. Ajijul—The Man Behind the Plough, Dacca, 1980.
3º Habib, Irfan—The Agrarian System of Maghal India, Bombay, 1963.
4º Sinha, N. K.—The Economic History of Bengal (From Plasey to Permanent
Settlement) Vol.-II Calcutta, 1968.
5º Stein, Burton (Ed.)—The Making of Agrarian Policy of British India, 1770-
1900, New York. 1992.
6º Kumar, Dharma (Ed.)—The Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol.-II
(1757-1970. Delhi, 1984
7º Singh, Yogendra—Modernization of Indian Tradition, Jaipur, 1986.
8º ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ . ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú, 11 › 13º
9º √M√, ¬ı˛À˜˙‰¬f . ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ 1757-1837, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1379º
10º ¬ı˛±˚˛, ’øÚ¬ı˛≈X . ˜≈‚˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1996º
11º ˆA±‰¬±˚«, ¸¬ı…¸±‰¬œ . fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1396º
12º ˜±˜≈Ú, ˜≈ÚÓ¬±Ê√œ¬ı˛ [¸•Û±–] . ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ıÀµ±¬ıd¬ › ¬ı±„√√±˘œ ¸˜±Ê√, Ϭ±fl¡±, 1975º

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