Here’s a textual representation of the mindmap based on your description:

1. Spinal Nerves
o 31 pairs, named after vertebrae groups where they emerge
 8 cervical
 12 thoracic
 5 lumbar
 5 sacral
 1 coccygeal
o Attached to spinal medulla by two roots
 Ventral root: bundles of efferent fibres
 Dorsal root: bundles of afferent fibres, contains spinal ganglion
o Roots unite to form the trunk of the spinal nerve, which divides into
ventral and dorsal rami
2. Ventral and Dorsal Rami
o Contain efferent and afferent fibres
o Dorsal ramus: passes backwards into erector spinae muscle, divides
into lateral and medial branches
o Ventral ramus: runs laterally from spinal trunk, forms intercostal and
subcostal nerves in thoracic region
3. Cutaneous Branches
o Supplied by both ventral and dorsal rami
o Supply a strip of skin from posterior median line to anterior median
line, known as a dermatome
4. Muscle Innervation
o Muscles receive afferent and efferent nerve fibres from spinal nerves
o Total mass of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve is a myotome
5. Nerve Plexuses
o Formed by ventral rami of cervical, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
nerves
o Cervical plexus: formed by upper cervical nerves
o Brachial plexus: formed by lower cervical and first thoracic nerves,
supplies upper limb
o Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses: mainly concerned with nerve
supply of lower limb

Here’s a mindmap based on the information you provided:

Autonomic Nervous System
|
|-- Sympathetic Part
| |
| |-- Associated with Spinal Nerve
| |-- Paired Sympathetic Trunks
| | |-- Extend from base of skull to coccyx
| | |-- Formed by a row of ganglia united by nerve fibres
| |
| |-- White Ramus Communicans
| | |-- Fine, myelinated fibres
| | |-- Run from ventral ramus to sympathetic trunk
| | |-- Fibres have cell bodies in spinal cord
| |
| |-- Grey Ramus Communicans
| | |-- Non-myelinated nerve fibres
| | |-- Arise from cells in a sympathetic ganglion
| | |-- Enter ventral ramus and distributed through all its branches
| |
| |-- Innervate smooth muscles in the wall of blood vessels, hair
follicles, and sweat glands
| |-- Each spinal nerve carries efferent fibres to these involuntary
structures
| |-- Controlled by Central Nervous System
| |-- Fibres connecting to CNS found only in thoracic and upper two to
three lumbar spinal nerves
| |-- Preganglionic nerve fibres (end in ganglia of sympathetic trunk)
| |-- Post-ganglionic nerve fibres (arise from cells of ganglia)
| |-- Distributes nerve fibres through branches to arteries of viscera
|
|-- Parasympathetic Nerves
| |-- Arise from second, third, and fourth sacral segments of spinal cord
| |-- Leave spinal medulla through ventral root
| |-- Distributed through branches of ventral rami in these segments
|
|-- Branches to Skin (Cutaneous Branches)
| |-- Not entirely sensory but also contain sympathetic efferents
|
|-- Branches to Muscles
| |-- Not entirely efferent but also contain sensory and sympathetic
fibres
|
|-- Signs of Nerve Injury
|-- Not just paralysis of muscle and loss of sensation
|-- Also loss of sweating, blood vessel control, and loss of control
over smooth muscles associated with hair follicles
Here’s a textual representation of a mindmap based on your text:
Skeletal Muscles
|
|--- Produce Movements at Joints
| |
| |--- Contract by approximating the bones
| |--- Each muscle has at least two attachments
| |--- Crosses at least one joint
|
|--- Innervated by Motor Nerves
| |
| |--- Damage results in denervation and loss or weakness of muscle
strength
| |--- Often used in groups
| |--- Paralysis of a single muscle may not be noticed
|
|--- Contraction Types
|
|--- Isometric Contraction
| |
| |--- Length of the muscle remains the same
| |--- Muscle undergoes a change in tension
| |--- Occurs in all anti-gravity muscles when standing still
|
|--- Isotonic Contraction
|
|--- Tension of the muscle remains the same
|--- Muscle undergoes a change in length
|
|--- Concentric Action
| |
| |--- Muscle shortens to produce a movement
| |--- Tension developed is greater than the load
|
|--- Eccentric Action
|
|--- Tension developed is less than the load
|--- Muscle lengthens to allow the movement to occur
Outlined Notes on Bone Formation

1. Bone Formation Methods

o Endochondral ossification
o Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral Ossification
o Bones preformed in cartilage by the production of a cartilaginous
model.
o Sequence of changes in the cartilaginous model:
 A supporting shell of bone is laid down by the periosteum on
the external surface of the model.
 The matrix of the cartilage becomes calcified, and the cells die,
leaving empty spaces in the calcified cartilage.
 These spaces coalesce, leaving longitudinal spicules of
calcified cartilage between them.
 This calcified cartilage is invaded by blood vessels from the
surrounding shell.
 Bone is laid down on the spicules by the action of bone-
forming cells—the osteoblasts.
3. Ossification Centres
o Primary ossification centre: Starts in the centre of the body of the
cartilaginous model.
o Secondary ossification centres: Develop at each end of the
cartilaginous model of the long bone.
4. Growth Cartilage
o A zone of growing cartilage called the growth cartilage separates the
bone formed at each end from the ossifying body.
o The growth cartilage adds new cartilage to the body, providing
material for growth.
5. Terminology for Parts of a Growing Long Bone
o Diaphysis: The shaft bone developed from primary ossification.
o Epiphysis: The bone developed from the secondary ossification
centre and lies at the end of the bone.
o Metaphysis: The epiphyseal end of the diaphysis.
6. Growth in Diameter of the Long Bone
o Brought about by the addition of bone to the external surface of the
enclosing shell.
o The bone on the inner surface is removed as the shell increases in
thickness.
7. In Short and Irregular Bones
o Ossification starts in the centre of the cartilaginous model and
proceeds outwards.
o No external shell of bone is formed.
8. Intramembranous Ossification
o Bone may also be formed in connective tissue without the
intervention of a cartilaginous model.
o Osteoblasts invade the fibrous membrane to form many separate
spicules of bone.
o These spicules fuse to each other to form a lattice around the
capillaries of the connective tissue.
o A periosteum with a cellular osteogenic layer is formed on the
external surfaces of the membrane and becomes a source of bone
deposition.