SIMPLE MATERIAL
(i) Newton’s First Law: Every body
ENJOY LEARNING
PHYSICS – CHEMISTRY
LONG ANSWERS -
PREPARED BY G.Ragupathi .
BT Science
Unit - 1 Laws of Motion
1) What are the types of inertia?
Give an example for each type.
(i) Inertia of rest: The resistance of a
body to change its state of rest .
E.g.: When you strongly shake the
branches of a tree, some of the
leaves will fall down.
(ii) The inertia of motion: The
resistance of a body to change its
state of motion.
E.g.: An athlete runs some distance
before jumping.
(iii) Inertia of direction: The
resistance of a body to change its
direction of motion.
E.g.: When you make a sharp turn
while driving a car, you have to lean
sideways.
2) State Newton’s laws of motion.
continues to be in its state of rest or
the state of uniform motion unless a
force acts on it.( p=mv )
ii) Newton’s Second Law : The force
acting on a body is directly
proportional to the rate of change of
linear momentum and its
momentum change in the direction
of the force.( F = ma )
iii) Newton’s third law : For every
action, there is an equal and
opposite reactiona on two different
bodies. F1 = - F2
3) Deduce the equation of a force
using Newton’s second law of
motion.
i) m is mass ; v is final velocity; u is
initial velocity; F is force. ii) Initial
momentum of the body Pi = mu. iii)
Final momentum of the body Pf = mv.
iv) Change in momentum
Δp = Pi – Pf – mv – mu
By Newton’s second law of motion,
i) Force, F ∝ rate of change of
momentum
ii) F ∝ change in momentum / time
iii) F ∝ mv−mu /t
iv) F = km(v−u) /t
Here, k is constant.
v) F = m(v−u) /t
vi) a = (v – u)/t.
Hence, we have F = m × a
Force = mass × acceleration.
4) State and prove the law of
conservation of linear momentum.
i) Two bodies A and B having masses
m1 and m2.
ii) They move with initial velocity u1
and u2 in a straight line.
iii) The velocity of the first body is
higher than that of the second body.
( i.e,, u1 > u2 )
iv) They have a collision 't' time.
v) After collision, they move along
the same straight line with a velocity
v1 and v2.
vi) Force on B by A ;
FB = m2(v2 – u2)/t
vii) Force on A by B ;
FA = m1(v1 – u1)/t
ix) Action force = Reaction force
x) FA = -FB
m1(v1 – u1)/t = -m2 (v2 – u2)/t
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 u1 + m2 u2
Thus the law of conservation of
linear momentum is proved.
5) Describe rocket propulsion.
i) It is based on the law of
conservation of linear momentum
and Newton’s III law of motion.
ii) When the rocket is fired, this fuel
is burnt.
iii) Hot gas is ejected with high
speed from the baack of the rocket.
iv) A huge momentum is produced.
vi) An equal and opposite reaction
force is produced in the combustion
chamber.
vii) This force makes the rocket
project forward.
viii) The mass of the rocket gradually
decreases.
ix) As there is no net external force, v) On combining the above two
the linear momentum of the system expressions:
is conserved.
F ∝ m1×m2 / r2
x) The mass of the rocket decreases
F = Gm1m2 / r2
with altitude and the velocity of the
rocket increases. 7) Give the applications of
gravitation.
xi) At one stage, it reaches a velocity
to escape from the gravitational pull i) Dimensions of the heavenly bodies
of the Earth. can be measured.

6) State the universal law of ii) The mass, radius, acceleration due
gravitation and derive its to gravityvcan be calculated.
mathematical expression.
iii) To discover new stars and planets.
i) Every particle of matter in this
iv) The mass of the star can be
universe attracts every other particle
calculated.
with a force.
v) To explain germination of roots.
ii) This force is directly proportional
to the product of their masses. vi) To predict the path of the
astronomical bodies.
ii) Inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between Unit 2 Optics
them.
1) List any five properties of light?

i) Light is a form of energy.

ii) It travels in a straight line.

iii) It does not need any medium to

iii) Force propagate.

iv) F ∝ m1 × m2 iv) It can even travel through a

vacuum.
F ∝ 1/r²
v) light is in the form of waves (λ),
and a frequency (v).

vi) Different coloured light has a

different wavelength and frequency.

2) Explain the rules for obtaining 3) Differentiate the eye defects:

images formed by a convex lens with Myopia and Hypermetropia.
the help of ray diagram.
S. Myopia Hypermetropia
no

1 Lengthening Shortening eye

eye ball ball

2 Distant object Near object can't

Rule-1: i) A ray of light strikes the
can't be seen be seen
convex or concave lens slopingly at
its optical centre. ii) it continues its 3 Focal length is Focal length is
path without any deviation. less more

Rules 2 : i) rays parallel to the 4 Far point Near point won't

principal axis strikes a convex or won't be be at 25 c.m
concave lens. ii) the refracted rays infinity
are converged (convex lens). iii)
5 Far point Near point
appear to diverge from (concave lens)
comes closer moves farther
the principal focus.
6 Image before Image behind
retina retina

7 Corrected by Corrected by
concave lens convex lens
Rule-3: i) A ray passing through the
principal focus of convex lens or 8 Short sighted Long sighted
concave lens. ii) The refracted ray
will be parallel to the principal axis.
4) Explain the construction and iv) The eye lens is adjusted to form
working of a ‘Compound the image (B’B’) within the principal
Microscope’. focus of the eye lens.

v) This eye lens forms a virtual,

enlarged and erect image (A”B”) on
the same side of the object.

Unit 3 Thermal Physics

1) Derive the ideal gas equation.

i) According to Boyle’s law, PV =

Construction : i) It consists of two
constant ………. (1)
convex lenses.
ii) According to Charles’s law, V/T =
ii) The lens with the short focal
constant ……… (2)
length is near the object (objective
lens). iii) According to Avogadro’s law, V/n
= constant …….. (3)
iii) The lens with larg focal length is
near the eye (eye lens) iv) combine equations (1), (2) and
(3) : V / nT = constant ……. (4)
iv) Both the lenses are fixed in a
narrow tube. v) A gas has µ moles . i.e., n =
µNA ............... (5)
Working :
vi) It can be written as : PVµNAT =
i) The object (AB) is at a distance
constant
slightly greater than the focal length
of objective lens (u > F0). v) PV = µNAKBT

ii) A real, inverted and magnified µNAKB = R

image (A’B’) is formed at the other
PV = RT
side of the objective lens.
2) Explain the experiment of
iii) This image is as the object for the
measuring the real and apparent
eye lens.
expansion of a liquid with a neat
 diagram.
i) The liquid is poured in a container
up to a level. ii) Mark this level as L1.
iii) Heat the container. iv) The
container gets heat and it expands. v)
The volume of the liquid appears
reduced. vi) Mark this reduced level
of liquid as L2. vii) Again heat the
liquid through the container. Now,
the level of liquid rises to L3. viii)
The difference between the levels L1
and L3 is called as apparent
expansion. ix) The difference
between the levels L2 and L3 is
called real expansion. x) The real
expansion is always more than that
of apparent expansion.
Unit 4 Electricity
1) With the help of a circuit diagram
derive the formula for the resultant
resistance of three resistances
connected: (a) in series and. (b) in
parallel
(a) Resistors in series :
i) It connects the components one
after the other to form a ‘single
loop’. ii) only one loop through
which current can pass. iii) If the
circuit is cut at any point , no current
can pass and no electric appliances
will work. iv) Series circuits are used
in flashlights. v) According to Ohm’s
Law, the potential differences V1,V2
and V3 across R1, R2 and R3
respectively, are given by:
V1 = I R1 ………. (1)
V2 = I R2 ……… (2)
V3 = I R3 ………. (3)
V = I R1 + I R2 + I R3 …….. (4)
(b) Resistors in Parallel :

i) It has two or more loops and
current pass through it.
ii) If the circuit is cut in one loop, the
current can still pass through the
other loop(s).
iii) The wiring in a house consists of
parallel circuits. iv) According to the
Ohm’s law,
iv)
v) I = V/R1 + V/R2 + V/R3 ;
2) (a) What is meant by electric
current? Give its direction?
(b) Name and define its unit.
(c) Which instrument is used to
measure the electric current? How
should it be r connected in a circuit?
(a) (i) It is defined as the rate of flow
of charges in a conductor in unit
time. ii) it is represented by the
symbol ‘I’.
(b) i) The SI unit of electric current is
ampere (A). ii) A charge of one
coulomb flows across any cross-
section of a conductor in one second
is 1
Ampere. 1 ampere = 1 coulomb / 1
second
(c) (i) The ammeter is used to
measure the current. (ii) An
Ammeter is connected in series with
the circuit.
3) (a) State Joule’s law of heating.
(b) An alloy of nickel and chromium
is used as the heating element. Why?
(c) How does a fuse wire protect
electrical appliances?
a) The heat produced in any resistor
is: i) directly proportional to the
square of the current, the resistance
and the time of current.
H = I2 Rt
b) It has high resistivity, melting
point and not easily oxidised.
c) i) When a large current passes, the
fuse wire melts. ii) So, the circuit
gets disconnected. iii) electric
appliances are saved.
4) Explain about domestic electric
circuits, (circuit diagram not required)
i) The domestic electric circuits wired
by the electricians.
ii)Tthe circuit is to bring the power
supply to the main-box from
transformer.
iii) components of the main-box are:
(i) a fuse box and (ii) a meter.
iv) The fuse box contains either a
fuse wire or a miniature circuit
breaker (MCB).
v) the fuse wire or an MCB is to
protect the household electrical
appliances.
5) (a) What are the advantages of
LED TV over the normal TV?
(b) List the merits of LED bulb.
(a) Advantages of LED TV:
i) It has brighter picture quality. ii) It
is thinner in size.
iii) It uses less power and consumes
very less energy. iv) Its life span is
more. v) It is more reliable.
(b) Advantages of LED bulb:
i) There is no loss of energy in the
form of heat. ii) It is cooler than
other bulbs. iii) The LED bulbs have
low power requirement. iv) It is not
harmful to the environment. v) A
wide range of colours is possible
here. vi) It is cost-efficient and
energy efficient. vii) Mercury and
other toxic materials are not
required.
Unit 5 Acoustics
1) What are the factors that affect
the speed of sound in gases?
Effect of density:
i) The velocity of sound in a gas is
inversely proportional to the square
root of the density of the gas. ii) So,
the velocity decreases as the density
of the gas increases. iii) v ∝ √1/d
Effect of temperature:
(i) The velocity of sound in a gas is
directly proportional to the square
root of its temperature.
(ii) The velocity of sound in gas
increases with the increase in
temperature. iii) v ∝ √T
Effect of relative humidity:
i) When humidity increases, the
speed of sound increases. ii) So, we
can hear sound from long distances
clearly during rainy seasons.
2) What is meant by reflection of
sound? Explain:
(a) Reflection at the boundary of a
rarer medium.
(b) Reflection at the boundary of a
denser medium.
(c) Reflection at curved surfaces.
i) Sound waves travel in a given
medium ,they strike the surface of
another medium and they bounce
back into the first medium. This is
reflection of sound.
(a) Reflection at the boundary of a
rarer medium :
i) The compression exerts a force F
on the surface of the rarer medium.
ii) The compression applys a force 'F'
on the surface of the rarer medium.
iii) As the particles of the rarer
medium are free to move, a
rarefaction is produced at the
interface.
iv) So, a compression is reflected as a
rarefaction and a rarefaction travels
from right to left.
(b) Reflection at the boundary of a
denser medium :
i) Suppose a compression travelling
in air from left to right falls a rigid
wall. ii) The compression applys a
force F on the rigid wall. iii) The
wall applys an equal and opposite
reaction R = – F on the air molecules.
iv) A compression falls on the rigid
wall is reflected back as a
compression.
(c) Reflection at curved surfaces :
i) The intensity of reflected sound
waves from the curved surfaces is
changed. ii) The reflected waves
from a convex surface are diverged
with less intensity . iii) The reflected
waves from a concave surface are
coverged with more intensity .
(b) What are the medical
applications of echo?
(c) How can you calculate the speed
of sound using echo?
It is the sound reproduced by the
reflection of the original sound wave.

3) (a) What do you understand by a) i) the minimum time gap between

the term ‘ultrasonic vibration’? the original sound and an echo must
be 0.1 s. ii) If the velocity of sound
(b) State three uses of ultrasonic
as 344 ms-1, the minimum distance
vibrations.
to hear an echo is 17.2 m.
(c) Name three animals which can
b) i) echo is used in ultrasonography.
hear ultrasonic vibrations.
ii) to create real-time visual images
(a) Ultrasonic Vibration: The
of the developing embryo or foetus.
frequency of vibration is greater
than 20000 Hz. c) i) The distance from the source to
the wall and then back to the
(b) i) used in SONAR to measure the
receiver is 2d. ii) The time taken for
depth of the sea. ii) to locate
this is ‘t’. iii)
underwater objects. iii) for scanning
and imaging the position and growth
of a foetus. iv) to find stones in the
gall bladder and kidney. v) for
homogenising milk in milk plants.
Unit – 6 Nuclear Physics
(c) Mosquito, Dogs and Bats .
1) Explain the process of controlled
4) What is an echo? and uncontrolled chain reactions.

(a) State two conditions necessary A) Controlled chain reaction:

for hearing an echo.
i) The number of neutrons released
must be one. ii) This is done by a
neutron absorber. iii) The reaction is Ionising Greater Lesser Very Less
maintained in a controlled manner. power
iv) Controlled chain reaction is used
Penetrat Lesser Greater Greater
in a nuclear reactor to produce
ing than β -
energy.
power ray
B) Uncontrolled chain reaction:
Effect of Deflect Deflecte Not
electric ed by d by deflected
and both both but by both
magneti opposite
c field to the
direction
of α -
ray
i) The number of neutrons multiplies
indefinitely. ii) It causes fission in a Speed 1/10 to 9/10 With the
large amount of the fissile material. 1/20 times speed of
iii) It releases of a huge amount of times the light
energy within a fraction of a second. the speed of
iv) This reaction is used in the atom speed light
bomb. of light

2) Compare the properties of alpha,

beta and gamma radiations. 3) What is a nuclear reactor? Explain
Property α - ray β - ray γ – ray its essential parts with their
functions.
What Helium Electron Electrom
are nucleus s 1e0 agnetic Nuclear reactor:
they? 2He4 wave It is a device in which the nuclear
Charge Positive Negative Neutral - fission reaction takes place in a self-
+2e -e zero. sustained and controlled manner to
produce electricity.

The essential parts:
i) Fuel : A fissile material used as fuel
material is uranium.
ii) Moderator : It is to slow down the
high energy neutrons. Eg. Graphite
and heavy water.
iii) Control rod : It is to control the
number of neutrons. Eg. boron or
cadmium rods.
iv) Coolant : It is to convert heat into
steam for turning a turbine to
produce electricity. Eg. Water, air
and helium.
v) Protection wall : A thick concrete
lead wall is to stop the harmful
radiations from escaping.
Unit - 7 Atoms and Molecules
1) Calculate the number of water
molecule present in one drop of
water which weighs 0.18 g.
i) The molecular mass of water (H2O)
is 18.
ii) 18 g of water molecule = 1 mole.
iii) 0. 18 g of water = 118×0.18 = 0.01
mole.
iv) 1 mole of water (Avogadro’s
number) contains 6.023 × 1023 water
molecules.
v) 0. 01 mole of water contain
6.023×1023/1×0.01 = 6.023 × 1021
molecules.
2) N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3
(The atomic mass of nitrogen is 14,
and that of hydrogen is 1)
1 mole of nitrogen (……..g) +
3 moles of hydrogen (………g) →
2 moles of ammonia (………g)
1 mole of nitrogen (28 g) +
3 moles of hydrogen (6 g) →
2 moles of ammonia (34 g)
3) Calculate the number of moles in
(i) 27 g of Al;
(ii) 1.51 × 1023 molecules of NH4Cl.
(i) 27 g of Al
Given mass atomic mass =
GivenMass /AtomicMass = 27 /27
= 1 mole Relative molecular mass : i) It is the
ratio between the mass of one
(ii) 1.51 x 1023 molecules of NH4Cl
molecule of the gas or vapour to
Number of moles mass of one atom of hydrogen.

Vapour density : i) It is the ratio of

the mass of certain volume of a gas
or vapour, to the mass of an equal
volume of hydrogen in the same
conditions of temperature and
4) Give the salient features of
pressure.
“Modern atomic theory”.

i) An atom is no longer indivisible.

ii) Atoms of the same element may According to Avogadro’s law:

have different atomic mass.

iii) Atoms of different elements may

have the same atomic masses.

iv) Atoms of one element can be

Since hydrogen is diatomic,
transmuted into atoms of other
elements.

v) Atoms may not always combine in

a simple whole-number ratio.

vi) Atom is the smallest particle that

takes part in a chemical reaction.
vii) The mass of an atom can be
converted into energy [E = mc2].
5) Derive the relationship between
Relative molecular mass and Vapour
density.
2 × Vapour density = Relative
Molecular mass of a gas
Relative Molecular Mass = 2 ×
Vapour density
Unit 8 Periodic Classification of
Elements
1) (a) State the reason for addition
of caustic alkali to bauxite ore during
purification of bauxite.

(b) Along with cryolite and alumina,

another substance is added to the
electrolyte mixture. Name the
(A) – Copper (Cu)
substance and give one reason for
the addition. (B) – Copper Carbonate (CuCO3.
Cu(OH)2)
a) Caustic alkali is added to bauxite,
to dissolve bauxite ore and obtain a (C) – Copper Sulphate (CuSO4)
solution of sodium aluminate.
(D) – Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
b) CaF2 (Fluorspar) is added along
3) Explain the smelting process.
with cryolite and alumina. It is added
to reduce the high melting point of i) The roasted ore of copper is mixed
the electrolyte. with powdered coke and sand.

2) The electronic configuration of ii) This is heated in a blast furnace to

metal A is 2, 8, 18, 1. obtain matte and slag.

The metal A when exposed to air iii) The slag is removed as waste.
and moisture forms B a green
2 FeS + 3O2 → 2 FeO + 2 SO2
layered compound. A with con.
H2SO4 forms C and D along with 2 Cu2S + 3O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2SO2
water. D is a gaseous compound.
Cu2O + FeS → Cu2S + FeO
Find A, B, C and D.
FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO2 (slag)
Metal (A) with electronic
configuration- 2, 8, 18, 1 is copper. Unit 9 Solutions

2Cu + O2 + CO2 + H2O → CuCO3. 1) Write notes on?

Cu(OH)2 (B)
A) saturated solution B) unsaturated
Copper carbonate (Green layer) solution
A) Saturated solution: Solubility of solid in liquid :
Solubility of a solid solute in a liquid
i) A solution in which no more solute
increases when temperature
can be dissolved in a definite
increases
amount of the solvent at a given
temperature. ii) e.g. 36 g of sodium In Endothermic process : Solubility
chloride in 100 g of water at 25°C. increases when temperature
increases.
B) Unsaturated solution:
In Exothermic process : Solubility
i) A solution that contains less solute
decreases with temperature
than that of the saturated solution
increases.
at a given temperature. ii) e.g. 10 g
or 20 g or 30 g of Sodium chloride in Solubility of Gases in liquid :
100 g of water at 25°C. Solubility of gases in liquid decreases
when temperature increases.
2) Write notes on various factors
affecting solubility. C) Effect of Pressure : i) It is seen
only in the case of solubility of a gas
A. Nature of the solute and solvent :
in a liquid.
i) Water is Universal solvent but all
ii) When the pressure increases, the
substances do not dissolve in water.
solubility of a gas in liquid increases.
ii) Dissolution occurs when
3) (a) What happens when
similarities exist between the
MgSO4.7H2O is heated? Write the
solvent and the solute.
appropriate equation
iii) Ionic compounds are soluble in
(b) Define solubility.
polar solvent. Eg. water
a) i) Epsom salt MgSO4.7H2O crystals
iv) covalent compounds are soluble
are gently heated. ii) It loses seven
in non-polar solvents. Eg. ether,
water molecules and becomes
alcohol.
anhydrous MgSO4.
B) Effect of Temperature :
 Mass of the solvent (Water) = 180 g

Formula:

b) The amount of solute in grams Mass percentage of solute (sugar)

dissolved in 100 g of the solvent to
form its saturated solution at a given
temperature and pressure.

4) In what way hygroscopic

substances differ from deliquescent
substances. The mass percentage of solute = 20%

S.no Hygroscopic Deliquescent 6) 3.5 litres of ethanol is present in

substance substance 15 litres of aqueous solution of
ethanol. Calculate volume percent of
1 Absorb water Absorb water ethanol solution.
until disolved
Volume of ethanol = 3.5 lit = 3500 ml
2 Absorb water Absorb water
vapour vapour more Volume of water = 15 lit = 15000 ml

3 Homectant Desiccant Formula:

4 Less affinity High affinity

for water for water

5 Don't form Form solution

solution
The volume percentage of ethanol
solution = 18.92
5) A solution is prepared by Unit 10 Types of Chemical Reactions
dissolving 45 g of sugar in 180 g of
1) What are called thermolysis
water. Calculate the mass
reactions?
percentage of solute.
Thermal decomposition reactions
Mass of the solute (sugar) = 45 g
are called ‘thermolysis’ reaction.
There are two types : (i) Compound
to element / element decomposition:
A compound is decomposed into
two elements.
Eg:
(ii) Compound to compound /
compound decomposition:
A compound is decomposed into
two compounds.
Eg:.
2) Explain the types of double
displacement reactions with
examples.
(A) Precipitation Reactions:
i) aqueous solutions of two
compounds are mixed. ii) they react
to form an insoluble compound and
a soluble compound. iii)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s)↓
+ 2KNO3(aq). (iv) potassium iodide
and lead (II) nitrate are mixed, a
double displacement reaction takes
place between them. v) Potassium
and lead displace or replace one
other and form a yellow precipitate
B) Neutralization reactions:
i) An acid reacts with the base to
form a salt and water. ii) It is called
‘neutralization reaction’
iii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) +
H2O(l) iv) Here, sodium replaces
hydrogen from hydrochloric acid
forming sodium chloride.
3) Explain the factors influencing the
rate of a reaction.
A) Nature of the reactants:
i) The reaction of sodium with
hydrochloric acid is faster than that
with acetic acid. ii) Because,
Hydrochloric acid is a stronger acid
than acetic acid.
B) The concentration of the
reactants:
i) The amount of the substance
present in a certain volume of the
solution is ‘concentration’. ii) More
the concentration; faster the
reaction. iii) Granulated zinc reacts
faster with 2M Hcl acid than 1M Hcl
acid.
C) Temperature:
i) Most of the reactions go faster at a
higher temperature. ii) Because
adding heat to the reactants
provides energy to break more
bonds. iii) Calcium carbonate reacts
slowly with hydrochloric acid at
room temperature.
iv) When the reaction mixture is
heated, the reaction rate increases.
D) Pressure:
i) If the reactants are gases,
increasing their pressure increases
the reaction rate. ii) because on
increasing the pressure the reacting
particles come closer and collide
frequently.
E) Catalyst:
i) A substance increases the reaction
rate without being consumed. ii) In
some reactions, adding a catalyst
speeds up the reaction. iii) Eg. In
decomposeion of potassium chlorate,
manganese dioxide is added to
speed up the reaction rate.
F) The surface area of the reactants:
i) The powdered form of reactants
react more quickly. ii) Eg. powdered
calcium carbonate reacts more
quickly with Hcl acid than marble
chips.
4) How does pH play an important
role in everyday life?
i) Our body works within the pH
range of 7.0 to 7.8.
ii) Different body fluids have
different pH values.
iii) The ideal pH for blood is 7.4.
iv) pH of the stomach fluid is
approximately 2.0. ( for digestion)
v) If the pH of the mouth saliva falls
below 5.5, the enamel is damaged.
vi) Citrus fruits require slightly
alkaline soil, while rice requires
acidic soil.
vii) sugarcane requires neutral soil.
ix) The pH of rain water is less than 7,
then it is called acid rain.
x) The pH of rain water is
approximately 7 ( High purity )
5) What is chemical equilibrium?
What are its characteristics?
It is the state of rate of forward
reaction is equally balanced by the
rate of backward direction and the
process seems to be stopped.
The characteristics are:
i) The rate of the forward and
backward reaction are equal.
ii) properties such as pressure,
concentration, colour etc of the
system unchanged with time.
iii) In physical equilibrium, the
volume of all phases remains
constant.
Unit 11 Carbon and its compounds
1) What is called a homologous
series? Give any three of its
characteristics?
i) A group or a class of organic
compounds having the same general
formula
ii) similar chemical properties with
the successive members differ by a –
CH2 group.
Characteristics of homologous series:
i) All members have the same
elements and functional group.
ii) All members can be prepared by
a common method.
iii) Chemical properties of the
members are similar.
2) Arrive at, systematically, the
IUPAC name of the compound: CH3-
CH2– CH2-OH.
Step 1: The parent chain has 3
carbon atoms. The root word is
‘Prop’.
Step 2: There are single bonds
between the carbon atoms of the
chain. So, the suffix is ‘ane’.
Step 3: The compound has – OH
group, so, it is an alcohol.
The carbon chain is numbered from
the end which is closest to – OH
group. (Rule 3)
Step 4: i) The locant number of – OH
group is l
ii) So, the secondary suffix is ‘l-ol’.
iii) The name of the compound is
Prop + ane + (l – ol) = Propan-l-ol
3) How is ethanol manufactured
from sugarcane?
i) It is prepared by the fermentation
of molasses.
ii) Molasses is a dark coloured
syrupy liquid.
iii) Molasses has about 30% of
sucrose, which cannot be separated
by crystallization.
iv) It is converted into ethanol by the
following steps:
a) Dilution of molasses :
i) It is first diluted with water to
bring down the concentration of
sugar to about 8 to 10 percent.
b) Addition of Nitrogen source :
i) If the nitrogen of the molasses is
poor, it is supplied by the addition of
ammonium sulphate or ammonium
phosphate.
C) Addition of Yeast:
i) Yeast is added to it. ii) The mixture
is kept at about 303K for a few days.
iii) invertase and zymase present in
yeast, convert sucrose into ethanol.
The fermented liquid is technically
called wash.
D) Distillation of ‘Wash’:
i) Wash is now subjected to
fractional distillation.
ii) The main fraction drawn contains
95.5% of ethanol and 4.5% of water
(Rectified spirit).
iii) This rectified spirit is refluxed
over quicklime for about 5 to 6 hours
and then allowed to stand for 12
hours.
iv) On distillation of this mixture,
pure alcohol (100%) is obtained
( absolute alcohol )
4) Give the balanced chemical
equation of the following reactions:
(i) Neutralization of NaOH with
ethanoic acid.
(ii) Evolution of carbon dioxide by
the action of ethanoic acid with
NaHCO3.
(iii) Oxidation of ethanol by acidified
potassium dichromate.
(iv) Combustion of ethanol.
Answer: i)
ii)
iii)
 vi) The non polar end is hydrophobic
(Water hating) is attracted towards
dirt or oil.
iv)
vii) The hydrophobic traps the dirt
and the hydrophilic part makes the
molecule soluble in water.
5) Explain the mechanism of

cle ansing action of soap.

Chemical structure:

i) A soap molecule has two

chemically distinct parts that
interact differently with water.
Cleansing action:
ii) It has one polar end of short head
i) Soap or detergent is dissolved in
with a carboxylate group (-COONa)
water and the molecules join
iii) one non – polar end of the long together forming ‘micelles’.
tail with the hydrocarbon chain.
ii) The dirt is thus surrounded by the
iv) The polar end is hydrophilic non-polar end.
(Water-loving) in nature and this end
iii) Polar end of the soap molecules
is attracted towards the water.
makes the micelles soluble in water
v) The polar end of hydrophilic and dirt is removed.
(Water-loving) is attracted towards
PREPARED BY – G.Ragupathi BT (Sc)
the water.
PACM H S S. Rajapalayam