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Š`m|{H$ Á`oð>H$s {dÚ‘mZVm‘| H${Zð> ì`pŠV AnZo Hw$bHo$ VrW©nwamo{hVH$mo d¥{ÎmnÌ
{bI Zht gH$Vm h¡ Eogm Z Vmo H$moB© {gÕmÝV h¡ Am¡a Z naånam hr. hm§, `h
Adí` H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ `{X n[admaH$m Á`oð> `mÌm‘| gpå‘{bV hmo V~
Á`oð> hr d¥{ÎmnÌ {bIVm h¡.
(I) Bg {df`‘| ^r `hr H$WZr` h¡ {H$ lrà^wMaUm|H$s `mÌmHo$ ~IV
lrJmonrZmWOr `{X ^yVbna {~amO aho hmoVo Vmo do ^r d«O`mÌm‘| Adí` gpå‘{bV
hmoVo Eogm ‘mZZo‘| ^r H$moB© hoVw Zht h¡. Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ lrH§$. emór Bg `mÌmHo$
g‘` lrJmonr.à.H$mo ^yVbna {dÚ‘mZ² ‘mZVo h¢.
(J) `mÌmH$s g§dV²Ho$ ~mao‘| BVZm Vmo {Z:gÝXohê$ngo H$hm OmgH$Vm h¡ {H$,
`{X à^wMaUm|Zo EH$ go A{YH$ ~ma d¥O`mÌm H$s h¡ V~, d¥{ÎmnÌ Vmo AmnZo
{d{Ynyd©H$ H$s JB© AnZr àW‘ d«O`mÌmHo$ g‘` hr {bIm hmoJm. d¥{ÎmnÌ‘|
{H$ÝVw {‘Ë`m{XH$m CëboI {H$`m Z hmoZogo CŠV `mÌmH$s g§dV²H$m {ZYm©aU
H$anmZm H${R>Z H$m`© h¡. lrH§$. emór Am¡a lrÛm. narI XmoZm|Zo CŠV `mÌmH$s
g§dV²H$m Omo {ZYm©aU (1600) {H$`m h¡ CgHo$ g‘W©Z‘| H$moB© à‘mU Zht {X`o
h¢.
à^wMaU H¥$V d«O`mÌmHo$ g§dV² g{hV CëboI Xmo OJh àmßV hmoVo h¢. EH$
Vmo H${d OJVmZÝX {da{MV ""lrJwgm§BO© rH$s dZ`mÌm''Ho$ dU©Z‘| Ohm§ `mÌmaå^H$s
{‘{V ^mXm| d{X, 12, {d.g§. 1624 {bIr h¡. Xygar `mÌmaå^H$s {‘{V ^mXm|
d{X, 12, {d.g§. 1628 àmßV hmoVr h¡ Omo {H$ 252d¡. dmVm©‘|Ho$ lrà^wMaUm|Ho$
7 8
{eî` lrnrVmå~aXmgH$s dmVm©‘| {bpIV h¡. CëboIZr` h¡ {H$ CŠV dmVm©‘|
CnbãY d«O`mÌmH$m dU©Z H${d OJVmZÝX d{U©V `mÌmHo$ dU©Zgo AË`{YH$
gmå` aIVm h¡. dZ`mÌmHo$ BZ Xmo dU©Zm|H$mo XoIVo hþdo `h {dídmgHo$ gmW H$hm
Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$, g§dV²Ho$ {^ÝZ hmoZo na ^r, XmoZm| dU©Z EH$ hr d«O`mÌmHo$ h¢.
`{X à^wMaUm|Zo {d{Ynyd©H$/A{d{Ynyd©H$ `m 84H$mogr/ñWb{deofH$s EH$m{YH$
d«O`mÌm H$s h¡ Vmo CZ‘|go `h `mÌm H$m¡Zgr hmoJr `h à‘mUH$s AZwnbpãYHo$
H$maU BX{‘ËWÝV`m H$h nmZm H${R>Z h¡. dmVm©Ho$ AdbmoH$Zgo, {H$ÝVw, BVZm Vmo
Adí` ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ CŠV `mÌm AmnZo JmoHw$b‘| AnZm {Zdmg pñWa H$aZoHo$
AZÝVa AWm©V² {d.g§.1628* Ho$ Amg-nmg H$s h¡.
CŠV `mÌmHo$ nyd© `{X lrà^wMaUm|Zo H$moB© d«O`mÌm H$s h¡ Vmo dh AnZo Á`oð>
^«mV¥MaU lrJmonr.à.H$mo gHw$eb d«O nhÿ§MZoHo$ AZÝVa Omo nÌ {bIm h¡ Cg
g‘` H$s hmoZr Mm{h`o Eogm AZw‘mZ hmoVm h¡. Cn`w©ŠV à^wMaUm|Ho$ nÌ‘| {‘{VH$m
CëboI `Ú{n Zht {‘bVm h¡ VWm{n nÌH$s ^mfm Am¡a {bpIV ~mVm| go bJVm
h¡ {H$ dh nÌ AmnZo AnZr {H$emoa/`wdm AdñWm‘| {bIm h¡. nÌgo `h ^r
àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Á`oð> ^«mV¥MaUm|H$s Amkm boH$a ñdVÝÌê$ngo Amn gå^dV:
àW‘ ~ma hr d«Om{XH$s `mÌmHo${b`o Ka(AS¡>b)go ~mha nYmao h¢. Bg pñW{V‘|
CŠV `mÌmHo$ g‘` lrJmonrZmW à^wMaUH$s ^yVbna CnpñW{V CŠV nÌgo àVrV
hmoVr h¡.
lrJmonr.à^w.H$m {VamoYmZ 1606Ho$ nyd© hmo OmZoHo$ {df`‘| lrÛm. narI
EH$ AÝ` à‘mUV`m lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ ~m{bµJ hmoOmZoHo$ níMmV²; AWm©V² {d.g§.
1605-1587#BOÝ‘ g§.#A = 18 df©Ho$ hmoZoHo$ níMmV² AnZo
* AmË‘Z: gwIdmgmWª ‘hmdZg‘rnV:
`‘wZmVra‘² Am{lË` ñWb§ aå`‘² A`m{Mfw:
AW ñdm{YH¥$V¡: ^y‘o: ņ g§ëbo»` ^yn{V:
ñdZm‘‘wÐmg{hV§ Xr{jVoä`: VXm@n©`V²
VVmo ‘m¡hÿ{V©H$m{Xï>o ‘whÿV} {d{Ynyd©H$‘²
J«m‘§ "JmoHw$b'Zm‘mZ§ ñWbo VÌ Ý`dmg`Z²
 AãXo@ï>ZoÌm“‘hr(1628)à‘mUo Vnñ`‘mgñ` V{‘ònjo
{XZo(7) {XZoeñ` ew^o ‘whÿV} lrJmoHw$bJ«m‘{Zdmg AmgrV²
d¥ÎmmÝV{‘‘‘mH$Ê`© gOmVr`m: {ÛOmoÎm‘m:
Hw$Qw>å~g{hVm: VÌ dmgmWª g‘wnmJ‘Z²
(dmYybd§emdbr).
AnZo A{YH$maH$m àíZ CR>mZoH$mo ‘mZVo h¢. Bg gå~ÝY‘| Xmo AË`ÝV ‘hÎdnyU©
~mV| Ü`mZ XoZo`mo½` h¢.
1. gd© àW‘ Vmo {H$gr ^JdËñdê$nH$s godmHo$ A{YH$maH$s àmpßVH$m AWdm
^JdËñdê$nHo$ {~amOZoHo$ ñWmZna Am{YnË`H$m Am¡a gmåàXm{`H$ JwéËd/
AmMm`©ËdH$s àmpßVH$m {gÕmÝVV`m Am¡a naånamZwgma ^r EH$-XygaoHo$ gmW
AUw‘mÌ ^r gå~ÝY Zht h¡. AÝ`Wm ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©MaUm|H$mo
lrZmWOrgo gwXya pñWV AS¡>b-MaUmQ> Z {~amOH$a lrZmWOrgo gpÝZH$Q>
O{Vnwam‘| hr {~amOZm C{MVV‘ hmoVm. Bgr Vah `{X {H$gr ^JdËñdê$nHo$
godm{YH$ma AWdm ñWmZ {deofHo$ Am{YnË`Ho$ H$maU JwéËd/AmMm`©ËdHo$
àmßV hmoZoH$m {gÕmÝV gË` hmoVm Vmo H$‘go H$‘ J¥hH$bhHo$ emÝV hmoZoHo$
~mX Vmo lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà^wMaUm|H$mo JmoHw$b‘| Zht {~amOH$a O{Vnwam‘| hr
{~amOZm Mm{h`o Wm.
2. Xygao H«$‘‘|, ~m{bµJ hmoZoHo${b`o 18 df©H$s Am`wH$m {ZYm©aU Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX
d¡Ym{ZH$ê$ngo {H$gr A{YH$maH$s àmpßVHo$ à{V H$madmB© H$a nmZoH$m {gÕmÝV
A§J«oOr H$mZyZHo$ N>m`m‘| ~Zm`o J`o AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` g§{dYmZH$s Ñ{ï>‘| Vmo
ghr hmo gH$Vm hmoJm {H$ÝVw 500 df© nyd© Y‘©emór` Xm`^mJHo$ {gÕmÝVHo$
MbVo d`ñH$VmHo$ Bg {gÕmÝVH$s d¡Ym{ZH$Vm {H$VZr ñdrH¥$V hmoJr `h
emoYH$m {df` bJVm h¡. d¡go `h OmZ boZm `hm§ gå^dV: CnH$maH$ hmoJm
{H$ AH$~aZo {d.g§.1648 ‘| nwéf ~mbH$H$m {ddmh 16 df©H$s Am`wgo nyd©
Z H$aZoH$m H$mZyZ ~Zm {X`m Wm *. AVEd, lrÛm. narIHo$ AZwgma,
lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ 12-13 df©H$s Am`wHo$ g‘`
9 10
* Ñï>ì` ""^maVdf©H$m gånyU© B{Vhmg'' bo.lrZoÌ nmÊSo>`, bmoH$^maVr àH$meZ, Bbmhm~mX
n¥.126.
lrJmonr.à^w.H$m {VamoYmZ hmo OmZo na AnZo H${WV godm{YH$ma
/Á`oð>m{YH$maH$mo hñVJV H$aZoHo${b`o lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrZo AWdm CZHo$
‘mV¥MaUm|Zo AWdm H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo 5-6 dfm] VH$ àVrjm
H$aZoHo$ ~mX H$madmB© H$s hmoJr Eogm {H$gr R>mog Eo{Vhm{gH$ à‘mUHo$
A^md‘| H$h nmZm AË`ÝV H${R>Z bJVm h¡.
Bggo `h AZw‘mZ hmoVm h¡ {H$ lrÛm. narIHo$ Ûmam CËào{jV J¥hH$bhH$s
g§dV²: 1605 nwZ{d©MmaH$s Anojm aIVr h¡. hm§, lrJmonr.à^w.H$m {VamoYmZ
lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ {VamoYmZ, J¥hH$bh Ed§ ~“m{b`m|Ho$ {ZîH$mgZH$s KQ>Zm go ^r
nyd© hmo MwH$m Wm Bg ~mVHo$ g‘W©H$ AZoH$ à‘mU CnbãY hmoVo hmoZogo Bg A§e‘|
lrÛm. narIH$m AZw‘mZ lrH§$. emórHo$ AZw‘mZgo à~b ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡.
lrH§$. emór lrJmonr.à^w.H$m {VamoYmZ AmnHo$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ {VamoYmZHo$
níMmV² ‘mZVo hmoZogo CŠV J¥hH$bh Ed§ {dà`moJ H$s KQ>ZmHo$ g‘` ^r do
lrJmonr.à^w.H$s ^yVbna pñW{VH$mo ñdrH$maVo h¢. CZHo$ ‘VmZwgma Cg g‘`
lrJmonr.à^w. JwOamVHo$ b§~o àdmgna Wo. lrH§$. emórH$s `h ‘mÝ`Vm, {H$ÝVw,
84 d¡îUddmVm©go g‘{W©V Zht hmoVr h¡. ~“m{b`m|H$mo lrOrH$s godm‘|go Xya
H$aZoHo$ ~mXH$m d¥ÎmmÝV dmVm©‘| Bg Vah CnbãY hmoVm h¡:
(1) ""~“mbrZ²Zo gwZr Omo lrJwgm§B©Or lrJmodY©Z nYmao h¢ Am¡a qgJma
H$aV h¢. gmo gJao ~“mbr {‘bHo$ lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ nmg Am`o. ... V~ lrJwgm§B©Or
Amnw lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ goì` lr‘XZ‘mohZOrH$m| XoH$o H$ho Omo BZH$s godm Vw‘ H$amo''.
(84d¡.dmVm©, dm.à.2, n¥.285).
Cn`w©ŠV dmVmªeHo$ AÜ``Zgo AZw‘mZ hmoV h¡ {H$ ~“m{b`m|Ho$ {ZîH$mgZH$s
KQ>ZmHo$ g‘` ^r lrJmonr.à^w. ^yVbna {damO‘mZ² Zht Wo. AÝ`Wm godmH$Vm©H$s
{dÚ‘mZVm‘| CgHo$ goì` ^JdËñdê$nH$mo {H$gr AmoaH$mo godmW© nYam XoZm {H$gr
^r Ñ{ï>go C{MV Zht bJVm h¡. AVEd H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ O~ ~“m{b`m|Ho$
{ZîH$mgZHo$ g‘` hr lrJmonr.à^w. ^yVbna {dÚ‘mZ² Zht Wo V~ CgHo$ níMmV²
K{Q>V hþ`r lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ {dà`moJH$s KQ>ZmHo$ g‘` AmnHo$ CnpñWV hmoZoH$m Vmo
àíZ hr I‹S>m Zht hmoVm h¡.
~“m{b`m|H$s CŠV KQ>ZmHo$ níMmV² dmVm©àg“ 7 ‘| H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marÛmam
lrJmonr.à^w.Ho$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$mo ‘mÜ`‘ ~ZmH$a J¥hH$bh H$admZoH$m dU©Z
AmVm h¡:
(2) ""V~ H¥$îUXmg ‘Z‘| {dMmao Omo lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ XagZ ~§X H$aZo. gmo
`m ~mVH$mo H$m¡Z àH$magm| Cnm` H$aZmo? V~ lrJmonrZmWOr, lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ ~‹S>o
^mB©, {VZHo$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or hVo. gmo {VZgm| H¥$îUXmg {‘{bHo$ H$ho Omo Vw‘
lrAmMm`©OrHo$ ~‹S>o nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr h¢ {VZHo$ nwÌ hmo. gmo Vw‘ Š`m| Mwn ~¡{R>
aho hmo? ... Q>rHo$V Vmo Vw‘ hmo!''.
(84d¡.dmVm©, dm.à.7, n¥.602).
Bg dmVmªeH$m gmdYmZV`m AÜ``Z H$aZo na Xmo ~mV| ñnï> hmoVr h¢:
1.lrJmonr.à^w. Ed§ lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaU BZ XmoZm| ^mB©`m|Ho$ ~rM aho AË`ÝV
gm¡hmX©H$mo XoIVo hþdo lrJmonr.à^w.H$s CnpñW{V‘| CŠV KQ>ZmH$m K{Q>V hmoZm
gå^d Zht bJVm h¡.
2.CŠV dmVmªe‘| lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo${b`o à`wŠV "Q>rHo$V' eãX lrJmonr.à^w.H$s
^yVbna AZwnpñW{VH$m ÚmoVH$ h¡. AÝ`Wm "Q>rHo$V' eãX dhm§ Ag“V
hmoVm.
BZ Xmo dmVmªem|H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZoHo$ níMmV² {ZîH$f©V: lrJmonr.à^w.H$m
{VamoYmZ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$s {dÚ‘mZVm‘| hr hmoOmZoH$s lrÛm. narIH$s ‘mÝ`Vm
11
A{YH$ `wpŠVg“V àVrV hmoVr h¡. B{Vhmg{gX² lrh[ahaZmW Q>§S>Z ^r ""dmVm©-
gm{hË`''‘| {bIVo h¢:
""Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ (~“m{b`m|Ho$ {ZîH$mgZH$s) `h KQ>Zm g§dV² 1613
Ho$ ~mXH$s h¡. H$m§H$am¡brHo$ B{Vhmg‘| àmo’o$ga H§$R>‘{U emórZo ^r BgH$m g§dV²
1590 H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡. {Og g‘` `h PJ‹S>m hþAm h¡, Cg g‘` {VbH$m`V
lrJmonrZmWOr Wo. H$m§H$am¡brHo$ B{VhmgH$m `h CëboI ZE emoYHo$ AZwgma
Aàm‘m{UH$ hmo MwH$m h¡ Š`m|{H$ lrJmonrZmWOrH$m {ZYZ g§dV² 1599 {gÕ h¡.
lrÛm. narI lrJmonr.à^w.Ho$ {VamoYmZH$mbHo$ {ZYm©aUmW©, Cn`w©ŠV hoVwAm|Ho$
AmYmana, {d.g§. 1606H$mo gr‘maoIm ‘mZVo h¢. Bg gr‘maoIm‘| 5-6 df©H$s
~‹T>moVar H$a gH$ZoHo$ Hw$N> à‘mU 84 d¡îUddmVm©‘| ^r CnbãY hmoVo h¢. AV:
CZH$mo ^r `hm§ XoI boZm CnH$maH$ hmoJm.
lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà^wMaUm|H$mo hþdo {dà`moJH$s KQ>ZmHo$ dU©Z‘| AmVm h¡ {H$
Cg g‘` {H$gr H$m`©de ~ra~bHo$ JmoHw$b OmZo na O~ CgZo lr{J[aYaOrgo
lrà^wMaUm|Ho$ gå~ÝY‘| n¥ÀN>m H$s V~ lr{J[aYaOrHo$ lr‘wIgo H¥$îUXmg
A{YH$marÛmam lrà^wMaUm|na N>o ‘{hZogo lrZmWOrHo$ Xe©Z H$aZoHo${b`o amoH$
bJmXoZoH$s ~mV gwZr. VËníMmV² O~ ~ra~bZo H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marH$mo Oob‘|
S>bdmH$a CgH$s gyMZm lr{J[aYaOrH$mo AY©am{ÌHo$ g‘` JmoHw$b {^OdmB© V~
lr{J[aYaOr am{Ì‘| hr KmoS‹ >no a gdma hmoH$a namgmobr nYmao Eogm dU©Z 84d¡îUddmVm©‘|
AmVm h¡:
gmo am{Ìhr H$m| lr{JaYaOr Kmo‹S>m D$na Agdma hmo`Ho$ namgmobrHy$§ nYmao.
gmo àmV:H$mb hr Amfm‹T> gwXr 6 AmB©. gmo lr{JaYaOr Om`Ho$ lrJwgm§B©OrH$m|
Z‘ñH$ma H$[aHo$ H$hr Omo Amnw lrJmodY©ZYaHo$ ‘pÝXa‘| nYmamo Am¡a godm-qgJma
H$amo. V~ lrJwgm§B©Or Amnw lr{J[aYaOrgm| H$ho Omo H¥$îUXmgH$s Amkm hmo` Vmo
Mb|. V~ ... lr{J[aYaOrZo H$hr Omo H¥$îUXmgHy$§ Vmo ‘Wwam‘| ~§XrImZo‘| {X`mo h¡.
... V~ Amnw H$ho Omo H¥$îUXmg AmdoJmo V~ hr ^moOZ H$ê$§Jmo. gmo BVZmo gwZV
hr lr{J[aYaOr VËH$mb Kmo‹S>m D$na Agdma hmo`H|$ lr‘WwamOr Am`o. ... V~
lr{J[aYaOr H¥$îUXmgH$m| boHo$ namgmobr‘| nYmao.
12
 CŠV àg“‘| d{U©V lr{J[aYaOrH$s gyP-~yP, {nVmH$s N>o ‘mg b§~r
AZwnpñW{V‘| AHo$bo hr Ka-n[adma-godmH«$‘H$mo g§^mbZm, amÁ`m{YH$marHo$
gmW Hw$ebVm nyd©H$ dmVm©bmn H$aZm Am¡a Kmo‹S>ona gdmar H$aHo$ am{ÌHo$ g‘`
JmoHw$bgo namgmobr OmZm, namgmobrgo ‘Wwam OmZm Am¡a nwZ: ‘Wwamgo H¥$îUXmg
A{YH$marH$mo boH$a namgmobr AmZm BË`m{X dU©Zgo `h àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg
g‘` lr{J[aYaOrH$s d` H$‘go H$‘ 14-15 df©H$s hmoZr hr Mm{h`o. ñ‘V©ì`
h¡ {H$ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or (OÝ‘ {d.g§. 1587) d`‘| lr{J[aYaOr (OÝ‘ {d.g§.
1597) g| 10 df© Á`oð> Wo. Bggo AZw‘mZ hmoVm h¡ {H$ lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaUm|H$mo
hþdo {dà`moJHo$ g‘` lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or H$‘go H$‘ 24-25 df©Ho$ aho hm|Jo. AVEd
H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ CŠV KQ>Zm {d.g§.1612 Ho$ Amg-nmgH$s hmoZr Mm{h`o.
VXZwgma lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|H$m {VamoYmZ ^r {d.g§. 1606 Ho$ ñWmZna {d.g§.
1612 Ho$ nyd© hþdm hmoZm Mm{h`o.
Bg MMm©Ho$ Cng§hmaV`m CŠV gÝX^©‘| ^mdr B{Vhmg AÝdofH$m|Ho${b`o
Hw$N> ‘hËdnyU© {df`m|H$m `hm§ CëboI H$a XoZm Amdí`H$ bJVm h¡.
{d.g§. 1994 ‘| lrH$ÊR>‘{U emórZo Ed§ {d.g§. 2023 ‘| lrÛmaH$mXmg
narIZo Cg g‘` CnbãY à‘mUm|Ho$ AmYmana lrJmonrZmWOr Ed§ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or
Ho$ OrdZM[aÌ {bIm Wm. BÝht Xmo boIH$m|Ûmam {bpIV nwñVH$m|H$mo Am¡a CÝhr
à‘mUm|H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {d.g§. 2029 ‘| lrào‘bmb Jmo. ‘odMmZo JwOamVr‘|
V{Ûf`H$ OrdZM[aÌ {bIm Wm. BZ Xmo AmMm`m]go gå~pÝYV B{VhmgH$mo EH$
ZyVZ Am¡a {ZUm©`H$ Ñ{ï> àXmZ H$a gH$Zodmbo à‘mUH$m àH$meZ {d.g§. 2029
‘| ""...lrdëb^mMm`©Or VWm AmnlrHo$ d§eOm|H$s lrOJXreH$s
`mÌmE§'' Zm‘H$ nwñVH$H$mo N>nmH$a lr~mbH¥$îU ewÕmÛ¡V ‘hmg^m, gwaV, Zo
{H$`m. àH$meH$m|Ho$ AZwgma Bg nwñVH$‘| C{S>`m {b{n‘| {bpIV 450 df©
àmMrZ CZ Vm‹S>nÌm|H$m {hÝXr-A§J«oOr ^mfmZwdmX g{hV àH$meZ {H$`m J`m h¡
{H$ {OZ‘| ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©, lrJmonrZmWà^wMaU, lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or Ed§
lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà^wMaUm| H$s OJXre `mÌmH$m d¥ÎmmÝV CÅ>{L²H$V h¡. Bgo C{‹S>`m
^mfm‘| "‘XbmnpÄO' H$hVo h¢. `h npÄOH$m dhm§Ho$ JOn{V amOmHo$ AmXoego
{bIr OmVr {d{µOQ>g²© ~wH²$ h¡. Bg‘| VËH$mbrZ amOmHo$ amÁ`emgZH$m df© VWm
13
H$ht-H$ht eH$mãX H$m ^r CëboI {H$`m J`m h¡. gmW hr gmW VËH$mbrZ
à{gÕ gÝV-‘hÝV Am¡a AmMm`m] H$m ^r CëboI Cg‘| àmßV hmoVm h¡. lrJmonr.à^w.
Ed§ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or H$s OJXre`mÌmH$m dU©Z H$aZodmbo Vm‹S>nÌm|‘| {bpIV VËH$mbrZ
JOn{V amOmHo$ emgZ df©, eH$mãX, emómW©, gÝV-‘hÝVm|H$m AmJ‘Z, ^rfU
AH$mb Am{X CëboIm| Ed§ KQ>ZmAm| H$s VwbZm gw{d{ZpíMV Eo{Vhm{gH$ VmarIm|H$mo
~VbmZodmbo VËñWmZr` {H$gr B{VhmgJ«ÝWHo$ gmW Ed§ ñdgåàXm`Ho$ ^r B{Vhmg
J«ÝWm|Ho$ gmW H$aHo$ g§dVm|H$s nwZg‘rjm Ed§ AZw‘mZm|H$mo A{YH$ gQ>rH$ ~ZmZm
Mm{h`o. EdÄM C{S>gmHo$ nyd© emgH$m|Ho$, OJÝZmW ‘pÝXaHo$ Ed§ dV©‘mZ àemgZHo$
gL²J«hmb`m|‘| gL²J«hrV àmMrZ J«ÝWgm{hË`go Bg {df`Ho$ g§emoYZ‘| AÀN>r
ghm`Vm {‘b gH$Vr h¡.
gåàXm`Ho$ B{VhmgHo$ AÝ` ^r g^r njm| `Wm ì`pŠV, ñWmZ, g§dV²,
KQ>Zm Am{XHo$ {df`‘| ^r ^mdr B{Vhmg AÝdofH$m|H$mo Cn`w©ŠV Ñ{ï>go nwZ: à`mg
H$aZm Mm{h`o.
CXmhaUV`m lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà^wMaUm|H$mo hþdo {dà`moJgo nyd© K{Q>V ~“m{b`m|H$o
{ZîH$mgZH$s KQ>ZmHo$ gÝX^©‘| hr VwbZmË‘H$ Ñ{ï>go {dMma {H$`m Om` Vmo- 84
d¡îUddmVm© `h H$hVr h¡ {H$ AH$~aHo$ emgZ‘| CÀMnXmgrZ amOm Q>moS>a‘b
Am¡a ~ra~b H$s ghm`Vm boH$a H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo ~“m{b`m|H$mo lrZmWOrH$s
godm‘|go Xya {H$`m Wm. lrÛm. narIHo$ ‘VmZwgma `h KQ>Zm {d.g§.1607 ‘|
K{Q>V hþB© Wr1 O~ {H$ lrH§$. emórHo$ ‘VmZwgma {d.g§.1590 ‘|2.
Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ ‘wJb B{VhmgHo$ AZwgma AH$~a amOm ~Zm Wm {d.g§.1613
(B.g.1556) ‘|. Bg pñW{V‘| Cn`w©ŠV KQ>Zm {d.g§. 1590 ‘| AWdm {d.g§.
1607 ‘| H¡$go K{Q>V hmo gH$Vr h¡? Š`m| {H$ CŠV XmoZm| H$mb‘| AH$~aH$m hr
amOm hmoZm O~ {gÕ Zht hmoVm h¡ V~ CgHo$ H$‘©Mmar Q>moS>a‘b Am¡a ~ra~b H$s
H$Wm Vmo ~hþV XyaH$s ~mV hmo OmVr h¡. AVEd CŠV KQ>ZmH$mo {d.g§.1613 Ho$
níMmV² hr K{Q>V hþ`r ‘mZZo na hr 48d¡.dmVm©‘| Am`o AH$~a, ~ra~b, Q>mSo >a‘b,
AmJ«m Am{X ì`pŠV VWm ñWmZ Ho$ Zm‘m|H$s g“{V ~¡R> gH$Vr h¡.
14
 d¡go AmBZoAH$~arHo$ AZwgma amOm Q>moS>a‘b AH$~aHo$ emgZHo$ 18d| df©
AWm©V² (1613+18=) g§dV² 1631‘| CgHo$ Xa~ma‘| ñWmZ àmßV H$agH$m Wm.
Bg Ñ{ï>go XoIm Om` Vmo CŠV KQ>Zm
1.Ñï>ì` ""lrÛmaH$mZmWOrH$s àmH$Q>çdmVm© n¥.82
2.Ñï>ì` ""H$m§H$amobrH$m B{Vhmg'' n¥.98
g§dV² 1631Ho$ Amg-nmgH$s {gÕ hmoVr h¡. lrh[ahaZmW Q>§S>Z Ho$ AZwgma
lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ {hV‘| JmoHw$b‘| {Z^©` {Zdmg H$aZoHo$ Ame`go
{d.g§.1634‘| AH$~aÛmam Omar {H$`o J`o àW‘ ’$a‘mZHo$ AmYmana `h KQ>Zm
1639‘| K{Q>V hþ`r Wr. CŠV Xmo‘|go {H$gr ^r g§dV²H$mo boH$a `{X Mbm OmVm
h¡- Am¡a lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà^wMaUm|H$o {dà`moJH$s KQ>Zm, O~ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or {dÚ‘mZ²
h¢, H$mo CŠV KQ>Zmgo CÎmaH$mbrZ ‘mZm OmVm h¡ -V~ CgHo$ AmYmana
lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$s Omo Am`w àmßV hVr h¡ dh AË`ÝV hr {dñ‘`H$mar h¡. Bg
pñW{V‘| lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$s Am`w {dà`moJH$s KQ>ZmHo$ g‘` hmoJr 1631/1634-
1587 = 44/47 df© !!!
{‘{V, ‘mg, dma, g§dV² Am{XHo$ {ZYm©aU‘| ^r n`m©ßV gmdYmZr
Ano{jV hmoVr h¡. `Wm, OJÝZmWnw[aHo$ H¥$îUXmg JwpÀN>H$ma H$mo Hw$bHo$
VrW©nwamo{hVHo$ ê$n‘| {Z`wŠV H$aVo hþdo lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Zo Omo d¥{ÎmnÌ {bI
{X`m Wm Cg‘| VËH$mbrZ eH$mãXH$m CëboI ""I-ag-lw{V-^y'' {bIH$a
{H$`m J`m h¡. BgHo$ AZwgma lrH§$. emórgo boH$a lrào‘bmb ‘odMm n`©ÝV
B{Vhmg{dX² 1460 e{bdmhZeH$ AWm©V² {d.g§. 1595 ‘mZVo h¢. {H$ÝVw "ag'
eãXH$m AW© AmñdmÚ fS²>ag Z boH$a ZmQ>çemór` ""e¥“ma-hmñ`-H$éU-
am¡Ð-dra-^`mZH$m:, ~r^ËgmX²^wVgÄkm¡ MoË`ï>m¡ ZmQ²>ço agm agm: ñ‘¥Vm:'' Ho$
AZwgma Aï>{dY ag ‘mZm Om` Vmo Bg AWm©ÝVago lrJmonr.à^w.H$s OJXre
`mÌm eH$ 1480 AWm©V² {d.g§. 1615 H$s {gÕ hmoVr h¡. AWm©V² AmnH$s
^yVbna pñW{V 20 df© A{YH$ ~‹T> OmVr h¡ `{X BgHo$ gm‘Zo H$moB© ~mYH$
15
à‘mU Z hm| Am¡a AÝ` gmYH$ à~b à‘mUgo BgH$m g‘W©Z {H$`m Om gH$Vm
hmo Vmo.
{‘{V, ‘mg Am{Xgo gå~pÝYV g‘ñ`mAm|H$mo gwbPmZoHo${b`o Am¡a {ZYm©[aV
{‘Ë`m{XH$s `WmW©Vm AWdm A`WmW©Vm H$m àm‘mUmYm[aV ñn{ï>H$aU àmßV
H$aZoHo${b`o VrW©nwamo{hVm|H$mo àXÎm d¥{ÎmnÌ, ñdOZm|H$mo {bpIV nÌ, Vm‘«nÌ,
OÝ‘Hw$ÊS>br, J«ÝWm|H$s B{Vlr Am{X Am¡a Eogo hr AÝ` ^r ñWmZm|go gw{ZpíMV
{‘Ë`m{XH$m gL²H$bZ H$aZm Mm{h`o. {OZ KQ>ZmH$s gw{ZpíM {‘{V gmåàXm{`H$
boIZ‘| CnbãY hmoVr Z hmo CZH$s ImoO AÝ` B{VhmgJ«ÝWm|Ho$ AdbmoH$ZÛmam
H$aZr Mm{h`o. `Wm-
lrJwgm§B©OrÛmam lrH¥$îUXmgm{XH$mo {bpIV EH$ nÌ‘| lrJmonr.à.H$s nwÌr
lrgË`^m‘m ~oQ>rOrHo$ {ddmhH$m CëboI àmßV hmoVm h¡.
ñdpñV lr‘ÀN´>rJmodÕ©ZmoÕaUYm[aMaUgodHo$fw lrH¥$îUXmg ... à^¥{Vfw
{dQ²>R>bmZm§ Hw$ebdmÎmm©{^kmnH$mo@`§ boI:. ^Ð{‘h ^mdËH$‘memñ‘ho. J¥hmon{dï>§
^Jd{V Ah‘² AmJÀN>Z² pñWV: VXm gË`^m‘m`m: {ddmhdmVm}npñWVm. VoZ
AmJ‘Z‘² AYwZ¡d Zm^yV². ‘mKo `{X {ddmhmo ^{dî`{V VXm VXZÝVa§ ^mì`§ MoX²
^{dî`{V ‘`m AmJÝVì`‘². ...
àmMrZ hñV{bpIV J«ÝWm|‘|go AM§{^V H$a XoZodmbo Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ` H$^r
àH$Q> hmo OmVo h¢. `Wm, ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ gmjmV² {eî` JmoYam {Zdmgr
lramUmì`mgZo lr^mJdV gw~mo{YZrH$s à{V{b{n lrJmonrZmWOrHo${b`o H$aZoH$m
CëboI IwXZo ñd{bpIV gw~mo{YZrH$s B{VlrH$s H$m[aH$mAm|‘| {H$`m h¡:
JmonrZmW‘hmamOmo ^JdmZ² ^JdÎm‘:
VXml`o@ñ‘X²öX²Ñï²>çm VËàgmXmV² VXmË‘Zm&&
VXr`mZm§ VXWm©Wª VXoH$eaUm{W©Zm
ì`mgdëb^{eî`oU ì`mgamUoZ bopIVm&&
16
 Cn`w©ŠV gå~ÝY‘| àg“de `hm§ EH$ ñnï>rH$aU H$a XoZm AË`mdí`H$
bJVm h¡ {Oggo {H$ ^mdr emoYH$Vm© JV Hw$N> dfm]go Mbr AmVr ^«‘H$s
naånamH$mo Am¡a A{YH$ AmJo Z ~T>m`o. Cn`w©ŠV Xmo H$m[aH$mE§ {Og hñV{bpIV
à{V‘| h‘| CnbãY hmoVr h¢ dh JwOamVHo$ dS>moXam {OboHo$ g§IoS>m Jm§d‘| pñWV
"dëb^ ‘§{Xa' Zm‘H$ ñWmZ‘| aIr hþB© h¡ Eogm gwZm h¡. Bg à{VH$mo gåàXm`H$m
EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m dJ©, Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ`m|H$s nyU©ê$ngo Cnojm H$aVo hþdo, lramUmì`mg
{bpIV ‘mZVm h¡ . dñVw V : CŠV hñV{bpIV à{V lramUmì`mgÛmam
lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho${b`o V¡`ma H$s hþB© gw~mo{YZrH$s à{V{b{nHo$ Hw$N> A§eH$s
à{V{b{n ‘mÌ h¡, CŠV à{VHo$ hñVmja lraUmì`mgHo$ gd©Wm Zht h¢. BgHo$
H$maU Bg àH$ma h¢:
1. g§IoS>m pñWV CŠV hñV{bpIV à{VHo$ àW‘ñH$ÝYH$s g‘mpßV‘| CgHo$
{b{nH$H$m Zm‘ Am¡a boIZ g‘mpßVH$s g§dV² Bg àH$ma àmßV hmoVo h¢ :
""{bpIV{‘X§ nwñVH§$ d«OZmWoZ g§dV² 1756 df} ’$mëJwZd{X 1 à{Vn{X
ewH«o$''. Bggo {gÕ hmoVm h¡ {H$ àW‘ ñH$ÝYH$s gw~mo{YZrH$s à{V{b{n
{H$gr "d«OZmW' Zm‘H$ ì`pŠVÛmam H$s JB© h¡ Z {H$ lramUmì`mgÛmam.
2. CŠV hñV{bpIV à{VHo$ {ÛVr`ñH$ÝYHo$ nÄM‘mÜ`m`H$s B{Vlr‘| boIZ
gånÝZ hmoZoH$s {‘{VH$m CëboI Bg àH$ma {‘bVm h¡ : ""g§dV² 1758 df}
Á`oð>‘mgo H¥$îUnjo à{Vn{X a{ddmgao g‘mßVmo@`§ {ÛVr`ñH$ÝY:''. Bg à{V‘|
{b{nH$H$m Zm‘moëboI Vmo àmßV Zht hmoVm h¡ {H$ÝVw {b{nH$mb g§dV² 1758
H$mo XoIH$a H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {H$gr ^r hmbV‘| dh lramUmì`mg
{bpIV Zht hmo gH$Vr h¡. Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ Bg à{VHo$ hñVmja àW‘ñH$ÝYH$s
à{VHo$ hñVmjam|go AË`{YH$ gmå` aIVo h¢. Bg ñH$ÝYHo$ N>R>o AÜ`m`go
boH$a g‘mpßV n`©ÝVHo$ AÜ`m`m|Ho$ hñVmja dhr h¢ {H$ Omo Xe‘ñH$ÝYdmbr
à{VHo$ h¢.
3. CŠV hñV{bpIV à{VHo$ V¥Vr`ñH$ÝYH$s g‘mpßV‘| CgHo$ {b{nH$H$m Zm‘
Am¡a g§dV² Bg àH$ma {bIo hþdo h¢ : ""{bpIV{‘X§ nwñVH§$ ~bam‘^Å>oZ g§dV²
17
1762 df} lmdUewÕV¥Vr`m`m‘²''. Cn`w©ŠV hr hoVwAm|go Bg à{VH$m ^r
lramUmì`mg {bpIV hmoZm {gÕ Zht hmoVm h¡.
4. CŠV hñV{bpIV à{VHo$ Xe‘ñH$ÝY nydm©Y©H$s g‘mpßV‘| CgHo$ boIZ
g‘mpßVH$s g§dV² 1704 {bIr {‘bVr h¡. nwZ: Cn`w©ŠV hr hoVwAm|go Bg
à{VH$m ^r lramUmì`mg {bpIV hmoZm {gÕ Zht hmoVm h¡. BÝht hñVmjam|‘|
{bpIV Xe‘ñH$ÝY CÎmamY©H$s g‘mpßV‘| lramUmì`mg{da{MV ‘“bg‘mnZHo$
dmo Xmo íbmoH$ CnbãY hmoVo h¢ {Og‘| CÝhm|Zo gw~mo{YZrH$s à{V{b{n
lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho${b`o H$aZoH$s ~mV {bIr h¡.
{‘Ë`m{XHo$ {ZYm©aUH$s hr Vah Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï>go ‘hÎd aIZodmbo ñWmZm|Ho$
{df`‘| ^r nwZ: AÝdofU H$aZm Ano{jV bJVm h¡.
‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ àmH$Q²>çñWmZHo$ {df`‘| lrh[ahaZmW Q>§S>Z
""dmVm©gm{hË` EH$ ~¥hX² AÜ``Z'' Zm‘H$ emoYJ«ÝW‘| {bIVo h¢:
^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ñ{ï>go g~go ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ Omo dmVm©Amo‘| AmVm h¡, dh h¡
lr‘hmà^wOrH$m OÝ‘-ñWmZ "MånmaÊ`'. BgH$s dmñV{dH$ pñW{VHo$ gå~ÝY‘|
{hÝXrHo$ {dÛmZmo‘| ‘V^oX h¡ Am¡a ^«‘ ^r. ... Mm¡‹S>m ZJa {Ogo MånmaÊ`Ho$ g‘rn
‘Ü`àXoe‘| hr hmoZm Mm{h`o CgH$s pñW{VH$m AmO R>rH$ nVm Zht bJVm h¡.
‘Ü`àXoeHo$ ^yJmob {demaXm|go ^r ‘wPo BgH$m nVm Zht Mb gH$m h¡.(n¥.606-
607)
lrQ>§S>ZH$m CŠV H$WZ Jmo. lrÛmaHo$eOr {da{MV "‘ybnwéf'H$s ""H$Nw>H$
{XZ ahrHo$ Mbo g~ XjU ... MånmaÊ` ‘ht O~ Am`o, Eëb‘mJmé J^© ò{dV
OVm`o, òmd Om{Z Mbo Vhm§ Vo ZJa Mm¡S>m‘| g~o ... MoZ ho gw{Z Mbo H$mer''
Bg n§pŠV‘| ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ OÝ‘ñWmZ MånmaÊ`Ho$ g‘rn Mm¡S>mZJaHo$
hmoZoH$m Omo dU©Z Am`m h¡ CgH$m Hw$N> ^r AVm-nVm dV©‘mZ‘| am`nwa {ZH$Q>
pñWV ‘hmà^wHo$ H${WV OÝ‘ñWmZ Mm§nmPa/MånmaÊ`Ho$ Amg-nmg H$ht {‘bVm
Zht h¡ Cg {df`‘| h¡.
Bgr gÝX^©‘| gåàXm`Ho$ EH$ Am¡a B{Vhmg J«ÝW "gåàXm`H$ënÐþ‘'Ho$ :
18
 ""OmV gw MånmaÊ` ‘{Y ^r‘maWrVQ> nmg,
J^© {Ja`mo ‘w{Z ‘mgH$mo nyaU ‘w{ZWb Amg''
Bg dMZ‘| ‘hmà^wHo$ OÝ‘ñWb MånmaÊ`H$mo ^r‘maWr ZXrHo$ VQ>na ~Vm`m
J`m h¡. `h ^r‘maWr ZXr dV©‘mZ‘| N>ÎmrgJT> amÁ`Ho$ am`nwa {ZH$Q> pñWV
‘hmà^wHo$ H${WV OÝ‘ñWmZ Mm§nmPa/MånmaÊ`go bJ^J 1000{H$.‘r. Xya
nyUo {OboHo$ "^r‘eL²H$a' Zm‘H$ ñWmZgo ~hVr h¡. dhm§go {ZH$bH$a, n§T>anwa
hmoH$a AÝV‘| H$Um©Q>H$H$s H¥$îUm ZXrHo$ gmW CgH$m g“‘ hmoVm h¡.
"‘ybnwéf' Am¡a "gåàXm`H$ënÐþ‘' Ho$ C`w©ŠV Xmo dMZm|‘| {Zê${nV ^m¡Jmo{bH$
dU©ZH$s VwbZm dV©‘mZ‘| N>ÎmrgJT> amÁ`Ho$ am`nwa {ZH$Q> pñWV ‘hmà^wHo$
H${WV OÝ‘ñWmZ Mm§nmPa/MånmaÊ`H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñW{VHo$ gmW H$aZo na Xmo
^m¡Jmo{bH$ {dg{“{V`m§ C^aH$a gm‘Zo AmVr h¢. gåàXm`Ho$ emoYH$Vm©Am|H$mo
~hþOZ-g‘mOH$s ""AmJogo M{b AmVr h¡'' dmbr JVmZwJ{VH$ ‘Zmod¥{ÎmH$m
n[aË`mJ H$aHo$ H$moar lÕm, H$ënZm, ñdé{M, ñWm{nV {hV Am{XH$mo EH$ Amoa
aIH$a Bg {Xem‘| à‘mU‘ybH$ gKZ emoYH$m`© H$aZm Mm{h`o. EVXW© nwamZo
ZH$eo, gaH$mar JoPo{Q>`g©², àmXo{eH$ B{Vhmg J«ÝW, O‘rZ gå~pÝY XñVmdoO,
{ebmboI Am{XH$m AÜ``Z ^r H$aZm Mm{h`o.
Bgr Vah lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ àmH$Q²>çñWbHo$ {df`‘| ^r gåàXm`‘|
d¡‘Ë` {XIbmB© XoVm h¡. ""120 dMZm‘¥V''H$ma lr{J[aYabmbOr 67d| dMZm‘¥V‘|
Amkm H$aVo h¢:
Am¡a AmpídZ dXr 12 H$mo ~‹S>o nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo àmJQ>ç lrAmMm`©Or
‘hmà^wZH|$ ^`mo. gmo lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo àmJQ>ç JwOamV {gH$ÝXanwa‘| ^`mo. Vmgm|
CËgd Chm§hr à{gÕ h¡.
dmVm© gm{hË`, {H$ÝVw, CŠV A{^àm`go gå‘V Zht h¡. dmVm© gm{hË`Ho$
AZwgma lrJmonrZmWOrH$m àmH$Q>ç ASo>b‘| hþdm Wm. `hr C{MV ^r bJVm h¡.
19
CpëbpIV {ddoMZgo `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ gåàXm`Ho$ B{VhmgH$m {Zê$nU
H$aZodmbo J«ÝW, CZ‘| d{U©V KQ>ZmE§, KQ>ZmAm|H$m g‘`, CZH$m ñWmZ, KQ>ZmAm|go
gå~pÝYV ì`pŠV Am{X AZoH$ Eogo joÌ h¢ {H$ Omo gwì`dpñWV AÜ``Z, narjU
Ed§ g§emoYZ H$s ^r Anojm aIVo h¢. C{MV Vmo `h h¡ {H$ Bg Am¡a Eogo hr AÝ`
^r gmåàXm{`H$ H$m`m]Ho${b`o gd©{dY AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYmAm|go n[anyU© g§emoYZ
Ho$ÝÐ hmo. O¡go AnZo KaH$s g’$mB©, ‘aå‘V, gwemo^Z, gw{dYmAm|H$m {dñVma
Am{X H$m`© J¥hñdm‘r ñd`§ hr H$aVm h¡, H$moB© Xygam Zht, Cgr Vah gåàXm`Ho$
gÝX^©‘| ^r gmoMm Om` Vmo CgH$s naånam, gmYZmnÕ{V, g§ñWm, {gÕmÝV,
‘mJ©Xe©H$, AZwJm‘r Am{X A“m|‘| à{dï> XyfUm|H$s g’$mB©; gåàXm`Ho$ OO©[aV
nydm}ŠV A“m|H$m OrUm}Õma; gåàXm`Ho$ {gÕmÝV Am¡a gËnaånam go à{VHy$b Z
hmo Am¡a {Oggo gåàXm`Ho$ Jm¡ad‘| A{^d¥{Õ hmoVr hmo Eogo Cnm`m|go gåàXm`H$m
gwemo^Z; Am¡a Bgr ar{V-Zr{VH$mo Ü`mZ‘| aIH$a {OgH$s ghm`Vmgo gåàXm`Ho$
AZwJm‘r Am¡a A{YH$ gw{dYmnyU© ê$ngo gåàXm`H$m AZwgaU H$a Eogr gw{dYmAm|H$m
{dñVma O¡go H$m`© ^r gåàXm`Ho$ AnZo hr bmoJm|H$m hr H$V©ì` h¡, {H$gr
AÝ`H$m Zht. CZH$m `hr EH$‘od Y‘© h¡, AÝ` g~ Y‘m©^mg‘mÌ h¢.
Jmoñdm‘r eaX²
20
 && ‘“bmMaU‘² && X`mU©d§=X`mHo$ gmJa lrJmonrZmW‘²=
&& lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaU {da{MV ‘“bmMaU && JwUmVrV§=JwUZ²gm| AVrV lJmonrZmWOrH$m|
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V‘h§ gd©Xm dÝXo lr‘X²dëb^-ZÝXZ‘²&&2&& lrdëb^à{V{ZqY= Aml`o=Aml` H$é§ hþ§

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AVrV-Añn¥ï> Aé Abm¡{H$H$ nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJu` JwUZ²Ho$ {Z{Yê$nhþ h|. Ego
Xw:IZ²H$m| nma H$adodmao Ah§=‘|
{déÕY‘©Z²Ho$ Aml` h| gmo H$mhoVo? Vhm§ H$hV h| Omo lrdëb^Ho$ à{V{Z{Y
^doV²=hmo` h| gd©Xm=gXm ""AmË‘m d¡ Om`Vo nwÌ:'' hmo`doV| Ego h|. Ego lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo ‘¢ Aml` boV
V§={dZ² dÝXo=dÝXZ H$aV hm| hþ&§ &10&&

^mdmW© : OÝ‘ bo`Ho$ gm§gm[aH$ Xw:IZ²Ho$ gmJa‘| Sy>~do Om` aømo Ord {OZHo$
AZwJ«hV| gd© Xw:IZ²V| ~{M OmV ho Ego lr‘X²dëb^mMm`© ‘hmà^wHo$ AmË‘OH$m|
‘¢ gd©Xm dÝXZ H$aV hm|&&2&&
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à^wMaUH$m| dÝXZ H$[adoH$m| {b»`mo ho, naÝVw AmYw{ZH$ nw{ï>OrdZ²H$m| XmoZm|
~ÝYyZ²‘| A^oX^md ampIHo$ lrJmonrZmWOr VWm lr{dQ²>R>bZmWOr Ego XmoÝ`moZ²H$mo
ñ‘aU H$[aHo$ dÝXZ H$aZm|&&2&&
Jmoñdm‘r lrnwéfmoÎm‘MaU {da{MV ‘“bmMaU &&
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nw{ï>~mø ‘`m©Xm Z Om{ZHo$ nw{ï>‘mJm©ÝV^y©Vm ‘`m©Xm OmZZr. Vmgm| lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrZo
`h ñVw{VíbmoH$ àH$Q> {H$`mo ho. lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ {da{MV "godmíbmoH$' VWm
"gmYZXr{nH$m' J«ÝWZ²‘| nw{ï>^pŠVH$mo {Zê$nU {‘bV ho, H$Nw> ‘`m©Xm^pŠVH$mo
Zmqh. VmV| AÝ`Wm^md Z bmdZmo. (lr‘X²~«÷gyÌmUw^mî`"àH$me'H$mo ‘“bmMaU
íbmoH$5)&&11&&
&& Ego Jmoñdm‘r lrXr{jVmË‘O í`m‘ ‘Zmoha Ûmam {da{MV
‘“bmMaUH$s ì`m»`m gånyU© ^B© &&

lrdëb^-à{V{ZqY VoOmo-amet X`mU©d‘²&

JwUmVrV§ JwU{ZqY lrJmonrZmW‘² Aml`o&&10&&

VoOmoamet=VoOHo$ ^§S>ma lrdëb^Ho$ à{V{Z{Y

1 2
 && îuNp¡‘u“p’âcyQfZ &&
(k„. 1567-1599)
Np¡.hp.îu‘¡dgpg Np¡. d¡hQp, ‘p¡fb„v$f
S>Nv$N¹ {y îudv$h¹ ëgcpQpe® dlpâcyÆ“p S>e¡›$ ‘yÓ“y„ “pd "îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ'.
kçâv$pedp„ A¡Ap¡îu îubgv$h¡ Æ“p Ahspf d“pe R>¡. A¡Ap¡îu“y„ âpL$V$é rh.k„.
1567 “p cpv$fhp hqv$ 121 “p qv$hk¡ AX¡$gdp„ ’ey„ lsy„. A¡Ap¡îu ‘fd kp[ÒhL$,
r“:õ‘© l u A“¡ ^d® â pZ lsp. “hgn ígp¡ L $âZ¡ s p v$iqv$NÞsrhS>eu
îu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆ A¡Ap¡îu“p rhi¡ gM¡ R>¡ L¡$
îuhëgcârsr“t^ s¡Å¡fpti v$epZ®hd¹&
NyZpsus„ NyZr“t^2 îuNp¡‘u“p’dpîe¡&&
A’® : îuhëgcpQpe® dlpâcyÆ“p ârsr“r^ s¡S>“p c„X$pf, v$ep“p kpNf,
kÒhpqv$NyZp¡ S>¡d“¡ A^u“ R>¡ s¡hp A“¡ kv$¹NyZp¡“p c„X$pf îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ lº„
Apîe L$f„y R>y.„
‘yrôdpN®“p ArÜsue âQpfL$ L$gpr“r^ îurhV¹W$g“p’Æ Ap‘îu“p gOy bÞ^y
’pe.
A¡Ap¡îu“p¡ eop¡‘husk„õL$pf ApW$d¡ hj£ rh.k„. 1575 dp„ L$piudp„ kç‘Þ“
’ep¡ lsp¡. îudlpâcyÆA¡ Ap‘“¡ h¥qv$L$ rhr^ âdpZ¡ NpeÓudÞÓ, Np¡‘pgdÞÓ
A“¡ b°ûkçbÞ^ “u v$unp Ap‘u lsu. Ðepf ‘R>u r‘s©QfZ îudlpâcyÆ“p
sÒhph^p“dp„ S> Ap‘îu“y„ rhÛpÝee“ ’ey„ lsy„.
r“Ðe b°ûd|lŸs®dp„ DW$u, ip¥Q-õ“p“pqv$’u ‘fhpfu cNhÐõdfZ L$fhp“p¡
îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ r“ed lsp¡. iusL$pgdp„ A¡L$ qv$hk¡ âps:L©$Ðe L$fu“¡ r‘s©QfZ
îudlpâcyÆ ‘pk¡ Ap‘ ‘^pep® A“¡ “dõL$pf L$fu, lp’ Å¡X$u“¡ A¡Ap¡îu“u
kçdyM Ecp füp. îudlpâcyÆA¡ A¡Ap¡îu“¡ Apop L$fu L¡$ ""îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“¡
1 2
S>NpX$p¡''. Apop“ykpf îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ d[Þv$fdp„ ‘^pfu ièepd[Þv$f“p„ Üpf
^ud¡’u Mp¡ëep„ sp¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ cfr“Öpdp„ ‘p¡Y¹$ep lsp. îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“¡ S>NpX$hp L¡$
“rl? ip”pop“ykpf îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“¡ b°pûd|lŸs®dp„ S>NpX$hp Å¡CA¡, L¡$dL¡$ k|ep£v$e
‘R>u r“Öp ip”kçds “’u. Ap kçbÞ^dp„ rhQpf L$fsp„ A¡Ap¡îu ‘y“: r‘spîu
‘pk¡ ‘^pep® A“¡ ""îuW$pL$p¡fÆ cfr“Öpdp„ R>¡'' A¡d r“h¡v$“ L$ey¯. Ðepf¡
îudlpâcy Æ A¡ Apop L$ f u L¡ $ ""spmu ‘pX$ u “¡ îuW$ p L$ p ¡ f Æ“¡ S>NpX$ p ¡ ' '.
îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ ‘y“: cusf ‘^pfu, dp“rkL$ âp’®“p L$fu, spmu ‘pX$u“¡
îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“¡ S>NpX$ép. r‘spîu“p hQ“pd©sp“ykpf ip”dep®v$p kp’¡ õ“¡ldpN®“y„
‘Z k¡hpdp„ kç‘|Z® ‘pg“ ’e¡g„y A“ychu îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ AÐeÞs âkÞ“ ’ep.
ApQpe®Æ dlpâcy“p k¡hL$ v$pdp¡v$fv$pk kçcfhpmp“p Np¡gp¡L$hpk ‘R>u
A¡d“p„ ‘Гu hufbpCA¡ ‘p¡sp“p r“r^õhê‘ îuÜpfL$p^uiÆ“¡ kç‘rÑ kp’¡
L$“p¡ S >’u AX¡ $ g îudlpâcy Æ “¡ Ðep„ “phdp„ ‘^fpìep. A¡ L $ h¥ ó Zh¡
îudlpâcyÆ“u kçdyM S>C rh“su L$fu:""L©$‘p“p’! îuÜpfL$p“p’Æ L$“p¡S>’u
h¥chkrls ‘^pep® R>¡''.
A¡ hMs¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ r“L$V$dp„ S> Ecp lsp. D‘f“u h^pC kp„cmu“¡
A¡Ap¡îu ljp®h¡idp„ bp¡gu DW$ép:""gÿdukrls “pfpeZ ‘^pep®!''
îudlpâcyÆA¡ Äe¡›$ ‘yÓ“p ùv$e“p¡ Apie ÅZhpdpV$¡ ‘|R>¹ ey:„ ""îuW$pL$pf¡ Æ“p¡
h¥ch Å¡C“¡ sdp{„ d“ âkÞ“ ’ey„ R>¡?''
r‘s© Q fZ“p hp¼e“p¡ dd® kdÆ S>sp„ îuNp¡ ‘ u“p’ÆA¡ õ‘ôsp
L$fu:""Ap‘“p¡ ’C“¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“u hõsydp„ S>¡ d“ L$fi¡ s¡“p¡ r“d|®g “pi ’i¡''.3
""hpl! Ap‘Zp dpN®“p¡ rkÙpÞs A¡hp¡ S> R>¡. S>¡ dpfp¡ h„iS> A’hp h¥óZh
cNhv$¹Öìedp„ Apk[¼s fpMi¡ s¡ ¼epf¡e ‘Z Agp¥qL$L$ kyM âpàs L$fu iL$hp“p¡
“’u'' îuApQpe®QfZ¡ L$üy„.
 îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ Äepf¡ ‘„v$f hj® AP¹$NuL$pf L$ep® lsp„ Ðepf“p¡ A¡L$ âkP¹$N
R>¡. A¡L$ qv$hk¡ N°Þ’‘pW$ A“¡ cNh[ÃQÞs“ L$fsp„ Ap‘îu“¡ rhi¡j d““-
r“qv$Ýepk“ L$fhp“u BÃR>p ’C. Apk‘pkdp„ Å¡ey„ sp¡ Qp¡L$u D‘f ‘^fph¡g
îudlpâcyÆ“p r“Ðe‘pW$“u îudv$c ¹ pNhs“u ‘p¡’uD‘f A¡Ap¡îu“u ×rô [õ’f
’C. sfs S> A¡Ap¡îuA¡ îudv$¹cpNhs“p¡ ‘pW$ L$fhp“p¡ âpf„c L$ep£ Ðepf’u
A¡Ap¡îuA¡ A¡hp¡ r“ed fp¿ep¡ L¡$ îudv¹cpNhs“p¡ kç‘|Z® ‘pW$ L$ep® ‘R>u S>
cp¡S>“ L$fhy„. Ap r“ed“¡ L$pfZ¡ ¼epf¡L$-¼epf¡L$ sp¡ Ap‘îu båb¡ qv$hk¡ ‘pW$
‘|Z® ’ep ‘R>u S> cp¡S>“ L$fsp. ’p¡X$p kdedp„ sp¡ Ap‘“¡ îudv$¹cpNhs Anfi:
L$ÎW$pN° ’C Ney„. îucpNhs‘pW$“p r“ed“¡ gu^¡ Ap‘“¡ k¡hpdp„ AhL$pi dmsp¡
“rl. gOy bÞ^y îurhV¹W$g“p’Æ ‘Z Äe¡›$ bÞ^y“y„ A“yL$fZ L$fhp gpÁep. A¡L$
qv$hk¡ îudlpgÿduÆ (îuA½$pÆ)A¡ bÞ“¡ ‘yÓp¡“p îucpNhs“p ‘pW$r“ed
kçbÞ^dp„ îudlpâcyÆ“¡ r“h¡v$“ L$fsp„ bÞ“¡ ‘yÓp¡“p Agp¥qL$L$ r“ed’u A¡Ap¡îu
âkÞ“ ’ep, ‘fÞsy ‘yÓp¡“¡ cp¡S>“ L$fhpdp„ ’sp rhgçb“¡ L$pfZ¡ îuA¼L$pÆ“p
d“p¡v$y:M“y„ r“hpfZ L$fhp“p¡ rhQpf L$fu“¡ îudlpâcyÆA¡ bÞ“¡ ‘yÓp¡ ‘pk¡ S>C“¡,
A¡Ap¡îu“p ‘pW$r“ed“¡ âp¡Ðkpl“ Ap‘sp„ Apop L$fu:
""c¥ep! îucpNhs‘pW$“p sdpfp r“ed’u lº„ AÐeÞs Ap“[Þv$s ’ep¡ R>y.„
‘fÞsy sdpfp cp¡S>“rhgçb“¡ L$pfZ¡ sdpfp„ dpsyîu“¡ v$y:M ’pe R>¡ sp¡
îudv$c ¹ pNhs“p kpfkdyÃQeê‘¡ d¢ Ap "îu‘y{jp¡Ñdkl”“pdõsp¡Ó' “u fQ“p
L$fu R>¡ s¡“p¡ ‘pW$ L$fip¡ sp¡ sd“¡ kdN° îucpNhs‘pW$“y„ am âpàs ’i¡. A“¡
rhV¹W$gdpV$¡ Ap "rÓrh^gugp“pdphgu' R>¡. s¡“p¡ ‘pW$ L$fhp’u kç‘|Z® v$idõL$Þ^“p
‘pW$“„y am âpàs ’i¡''.
Ðepf’u îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ r‘s©QfZ“u Apop“y„ A“ykfZ L$eȳ.
rh.k„. 1582 dp„ L$pL$pîu S>“pv$®“ cË$“u Apop“ykpf v$rnZ“p kÅsue
cË$Æ“u L$Þep ‘peçdpNp{Æ (râepÆ)“u kp’¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ gÁ“âõsph
L$piudp„ blº S> ^pd^|d’u L$ep£. Ðepf ‘R>u kh® Ly$Vy$çbuS>“p¡“¡ kp’¡ gC“¡
îudlpâyÆ h°S>dp„ ‘^pep® A“¡ “hh^| ‘peçdpNy{Æ“¡ îu“p’Æ kçdyM
b°ûkçbÞ^ v$unp Ap‘u.
3 4
gÁ“ ‘R>u sfs S> rh.k„. 1582 dp„4 îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ ÜpfL$p epÓp L$fhp
‘^pep®. s¡ hMs¡ A¡Ap¡îuA¡ Akpfhp-Adv$phpv$dp„ S>eL©$óZ cË$ kpW$p¡v$fp
“pNf“u N©lhpqV$L$pdp„ dyL$pd L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap kde¡ îulqfh„iÆ Ap‘“u kp’¡ S>
lsp. Ap‘“p ‘^pfhp“u h^pC kp„cmu“¡ cpCgp L$p¡W$pfu, rhLy$bpC Apqv$ h¥óZhp¡
v$i“® p’® Apìep„ lsp„. fprÓ“p Ap‘îu ‘p¡Y$¹ ep Ðepf¡ îudv$“dp¡l“Æ L$pW$pf¡ ÆA¡
õhà“v$i®“ Ap‘u“¡ Apop L$fu L¡$ ""Ap hpX$u“p L|$hpdp„ lº„ R>y„. d“¡ blpf ‘^fphu“¡
dpfu k¡hp Qpgy L$fphp¡''. khpf¡ EW$u“¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ îudv$“dp¡l“Æ“¡5
L|$hpdp„’u blpf ‘^fphu, dp¡V$p¡ DÐkh d“pìep¡. ‘R>u fpdv$pk kp„Qp¡fp“u
rh“Þsu’u A¡d“u D‘f îudv$“dp¡l“Æ W$pL$pf¡ Æ A“¡ ‘p¡sp“p„ ‘pv$Ly $pÆ k¡hpdpV$¡
‘^fphu "‘pV$pС kh' d“pìep¡. Al]’u Ap‘îu ÜpfL$p6 ‘^pep® A“¡ A¡L$ dpk‘e®Þs
Ðep„ rbfpÄep.
ApQpe®îu dlpâcyÆ rh.k„. 1587“p AjpW$ kyqv$ 2 D‘fpÞs 3 “p qv$hk¡
r“Ðegugpdp„ ‘^pep® ‘R>u Ap‘îu kçâv$pe“p ApQpe®õ’p“¡ rbfpÄep.
r‘s©QfZ“p r“Ðegugpâh¡i ‘R>u rh.k„. 1588 “p h¥ipM hqv$ 1 “p
dP¹$Ngde qv$hk¡ gOy bÞ^y îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ“p¡ gÁ“âõsph L$piudp„ AÐeÞs
Ap“Þv$kdpfp¡l’u L$ep£ lsp¡.
îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ rh.k„. 1590 dp„ ‘|h®âv$¡i“u epÓp L$fu OZp k¡hL$p¡“¡ ifZ¡
gu^p lsp. Ap epÓpdp„’u Ap‘îu“¡ A¡L$ gpM êr‘ep Ny{c¡V$ sfuL¡$ Apìep lsp.
â’d âv$¡i“u Ap k¡hp Ly$gv$¡hsp îu“p’Æ“¡ AP¹$NuL$pf L$fphhpdpV$¡ Ly$Vy$çb krls
Ap‘îu AX¡$g’u Np¡‘pg‘yf ‘^pep® A“¡ îu“p’Æ“p d|ëehp“ AgP¹$L$pfp¡ s¡dS>
kp¡“p-Qp„v$u“p„ ‘pÓp¡ rkÙ L$fphu“¡ kdN° Öìe r“Ly$ÊS>“peL$ îu“p’Æ“¡ AP¹$NuL$pf
L$fpìey.„ Ap kde¡ Ap‘îu“u Apop’u kpQp¡fp b°pûZp¡“p¡ îu“p’Æ“u k¡hpdp„
âh¡i ’ep¡ lsp¡. AÓ¡ rbfpÆ“¡ Ap‘îuA¡ Np¡‘pgdÞÓ“y„ ‘yfíQfZ L$eȳ lsy„.
 rh.k„. 1595 “p h¥ipM dpkdp„ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ L$piu ‘^pep®. L$piudp„
A¡Ap¡îu“p„ b¡ Ofp¡ lsp„:1.l“ydp“OpV$ D‘f A“¡ 2.‘ÊQNP¹$NpOpV$ D‘f
rbÞv$ydp^h“u ‘pk¡. ‘ÊQNP¹$NpOpV$ D‘f“y„ Of A¡Ap¡îu“p dpspdl (“p“p)
îuv$h¡ “ cË$“„y lsy„ A“¡ l“ydp“OpV$ D‘f“y„ Of A¡Ap¡îu“p r‘spdl îugÿdZ
cË$ Æ “y „ lsy „ . Al] ‘^pfu“¡ A¡ A p¡ î uA¡ c[¼s“p¡ âQpf L$ f hp dp„ X $ é p¡ .
îudlpâcyÆ“p r“L$V$ ‘qfQedp„ Aph¡gp kp^y-dplpÐdpAp¡“p¡ r“Ðe kdpNd
L$fsp A“¡ A¡d“u kp’¡ cNhÃQQp® L$fsp. Al] Ap‘îuA¡ "v$h¡ uv$pk' “pd“p
D‘pÝepe“¡ rh.k„. 1595 “p h¥ipM kyqv$ 5 “¡ frhhpf¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ly$m“p
su’®‘fy p¡rlsê‘¡ õhuL$pfu A¡d“¡ ‘Ó7 gMu Apàep¡.
L$piu’u îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ ‘p¡sp“p râe õ’p“ îuS>NÞ“p’‘yfu ‘^pep®.
r‘s©QfZ îudv$h¹ ëgcpQpe® dlpâcyÆA¡ Al]“p b°pûZ L©$óZk¡hL$ Ny[ÃR>L$pf“¡
rh.k„. 1545 dp„ su’®‘yfp¡rls‘v$¡ õ’pàep lsp A¡“y„ A“yL$fZ L$fu“¡ rh.k„. 1595
“p h¥ipM hqv$ 30 “p qv$“¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ ‘Z A¡L$ h©rÑ‘Ó s¡d“¡ gMu Apàey.„
Ap hj®dp„ S> Ap‘îuA¡ gOybÞ^y îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ“¡ kp’¡ gC“¡ h°S>epÓp8 L$fu
lsu.
AX¡$g’u A¡L$ hpf îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ ApNfp ‘^pep® lsp. s¡ hMs¡ A¡L$ h¥óZh¡
îuNykp„CÆ“u c¡V$“u kp¡ kp¡“pdlp¡f Ap‘îu“¡ Ap‘u. A¡hpdp„ tkl“v$’u
îudlpâcy Æ “p k¡ h L$ hpky v $¡ h v$pk R>L$X$p Ðep„ Aphu ‘lp¢ Ã ep, Ðepf¡
îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ b^p h¥óZhp¡“¡ Dv¹v$¡iu“¡ L$üy„:""sdpfpdp„’u A¡hp L$p¡C h¥óZh
R>¡ L¡$ Ap c¡V$ Aph¡gu kp¡ kp¡“pdlp¡f AX¡$gdp„ îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ“¡ ‘lp¢QpX¡$?''
Ap kp„cmu“¡ hpkyv$¡hv$pk R>L$X$pA¡ kçdyM Aphu, lp’ Å¡X$u“¡ rh“Þsu
L$fu:""dlpfpS>! Ap‘ Apop L$fp¡ sp¡ A¡ k¡hp Ap v$pk L$fu Ap‘i¡''.
A¡V$g¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ âkÞ“ ’C“¡ gOybÞ^y îuNykp„CÆ D‘f A¡L$ ‘Ó
gMu Apàep¡, s¡ kp’¡ kp¡ kp¡“pdlp¡f ‘Z hpkyv$¡hv$pk R>L$X$p“¡ Ap‘sp„ Apop
L$fu:""kph^p“sp’u ‘lp¢QpX$Å¡''.
5 6
hpkyv$¡hv$pk¡ gpM“p Np¡mpdp„ kp¡“pdlp¡f d|L$u“¡ A¡“¡ QÞv$“ QX$phu,
iprgN°pd õhê‘ b“phu, ‘p¡s¡ h¥fpNu“p¡ h¡i gC“¡ AX¡$g“¡ dpN£ Qpgsp ’ep.
ÓuS>¡ qv$hk¡ AX¡$g S>C gpMdp„’u dlp¡fp¡ L$pY$u“¡ îuNykp„CÆ“u kçdyM S>C
îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ ‘Ó s’p kp¡ dlp¡f A¡Ap¡îu“u ApNm ^fu v$u^u. îuNykp„CÆA¡
‘Ó hp„Qu, dlp¡f k„cpmu gC, hpkyv$¡hv$pk“¡ dlpâkpv$ g¡hX$pìep¡. ‘R>u buS>¡
qv$hk¡ ‘lp¢Q“p¡ ‘Ó gMu“¡ îuNykp„CÆA¡ A¡d“¡ Apàep¡. ‘Ó gC“¡ ÓuS>¡ qv$hk¡
hpkyv$¡hv$pk AX¡$g’u ApNfp Aphu ‘lp¢Ãep. îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“¡ îuNykp„CÆ“p¡
‘Ó Apàep¡. ‘Ó hp„Qu“¡ Ap‘îu hpkyv$h¡ v$pk D‘f AÐeÞs âkÞ“ ’ep A“¡
‘|R¹>ey„: ""hpkyv$¡hv$pk! A¡hp rhL$V$ dpN£ kp¡“pdlp¡fp¡ sd¡ L¡$hu fus¡ ‘lp¢QpX$u
i¼ep?''
A¡V$g¡ A¡dZ¡, iprgN°pd S>¡hp¡ gpM“p¡ Np¡mp¡ b“phu, A¡dp„ kp¡“pdlp¡fp¡
cfu“¡, h¥fpNu“p h¡j¡ A¡“y„ ‘|S>“ L$fsp„-L$fsp„ AX¡$g kp¡“pdlp¡fp¡ ‘lp¢QpX$u
Aphhp“u hps rhNshpf L$lu. Ap’u îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ v$y:M A“ychsp„
hpkyv$h¡ v$pk“¡ L$ü:„y ""hpkyv$h¡ v$pk! sd¡ AX¡$g kp¡“pdlp¡f ‘lp¢QpX$u s¡’u d“¡ sdpfu
k¡hpdpV$¡ âkÞ“sp ’C R>¡; ‘fÞsy sd¡ S>¡ âL$pf¡ kp¡“pdlp¡f gC Nep, s¡ Ap‘Zp
c[¼sdpN®“u fus “’u. A¡L$ hõsydp„ cNhÐõhê‘“u cph“p L$ep® ‘R>u A¡“¡ cp„Nu
“pMhy„ A¡ Bô “’u, A¡dp„ h¥óZhsp “’u''.
""‘Z dlpfpS>! d¢ A¡ õhê‘“u ârs›$p “lp¡su L$fphu'' hpkyv$¡hv$pk¡ L$üy„.
""s¡’u iy„ ’ey„? A¡dp„ õhê‘cph sp¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ “¡? cNhÐõhê‘“¡ ìepS>¡
gp¥qL$L$L$pe® L$fhy„ ep¡Áe “ NZpe''. îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ cNhÞdpN®“u dep®v$p
kdÅhsp„ Apop L$fu.
îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“¡ îudlpâcyÆÜpfp õ’pr‘s ‘yrôdpN}e âZprgL$p“u
îuL©$óZc[¼sdp„ ‘|Z® îÙp lsu. Ap kp’¡ A¡Ap¡îu“y„ Æh“ h¡v$pqv$ ip”p¡“u
Apop“ykpf OX$pey„ lp¡hp’u A¡Ap¡îu“¡ A[Á“lp¡Ópqv$L$ h¥qv$L$ q¾$epAp¡dp„ ‘Z rhi¡j
ApN°l fl¡sp¡. k¡hp ‘R>u“p¡ A¡Ap¡îu“p¡ kde Np¡‘pgdÞÓpqv$“p A“y›$p“dp„,
S>‘-‘pW$dp„ s¡dS> ip”p¡“p hpQ“-d““-r“qv$Ýepk“dp„ S>sp¡.
bÞ“¡ bÞ^yAp¡, îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ s’p A“yS> îurhV¹W$g“p’Æ, hÃQ¡
c°ps©cph“p s¡dS> Ly$Vy$çb cph“p DÑd lsu. îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ Np¡‘pg‘yf,
îuS>NÞ“p’Æ L¡$ su’®epÓp dp„ ‘^pep® lp¡e sp¡ îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ AX¡$g rbfpÆ
N©l-Ly$V$y çb“u k„cpm fpMsp A“¡ îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ blpf ‘^pf¡ sp¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ
AX¡$g rbfpS>sp.
îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ ‘Z ‘p¡sp“p hÞv$“ue ‘|hÅ
® “¡ u h¥qv$L$ ‘fç‘fp“y„ A“ykfZ
L$fsp„ rh.k„. 1595 “u S>Nv$uiepÓp ‘R>u A¡L$ kp¡deo A“¡ Ðepf ‘R>u
rhóÏeo#B9#A L$ep£ lsp¡.
rh.k„. 1599 dp„ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ S>Nv$ui‘yfu ‘^pep®. dpsyîu“u Apop’u
A¡Ap¡îu“u kp’¡ fpOhv$pk#B10#A “pd“p h¥óZh Nep lsp. A¡L$ qv$hk¡ d[Þv$f“p„
Üpf M|ëep„ A“¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ v$i®“ L$fsp„-L$fsp„ ""S>NÞ“p’! S>NÞ“p’!'' A¡d
bp¡gsp„ bp¡gsp„ îuS>NÞ“p’fpeÆ“p îurhN°ldp„ gu“ ’C Nep.#B11#A
bÓui hj® ky^u Ap‘ c|sg D‘f rbfpÄep.
Ap‘îu“¡ A¡ L $ ‘y Ó A“¡ b¡ ‘y Ó uAp¡ dmu“¡ ÓZ kÞsp“p¡ ’ep„
lsp„:1.îu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆ (âpL$V$é rh.k„. 1587 “p cpv$fhp hqv$ 8) 2.kÐecpdp
b¡V$uÆ A“¡ 3.îugÿdu b¡V$uÆ.
îu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆ
(âpL$V$é: rh.k„.1587 rsfp¡^p“:rh.k„.1605)
îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ r“Ðegugpdp„ ‘^pep® Ðepf¡ A¡Ap¡îu“p ‘yÓ îu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆ
bpf hj®“p lsp. A¡Ap¡îu ‘Z r‘s©QfZ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“u S>¡d kp¥çe A“¡
kp[ÒhL$ âL©$rs“p lsp. Ap‘ Myb Aë‘ L$pg ‘e®Þs c|sg D‘f âL$V$ rbfpÄep.
7 8
îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p r“Ðegugõ’ ’ep ‘R>u îuNykp„CÆA¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p
bÞ“¡ ‘yÓuAp¡“y„ ‘p¡sp“p„ kÞsp“’u ‘Z Ar^L$ gpg“-‘pg“ L$eȳ.
Ap bÞ“¡ b¡V$uÆ bpgrh^hp lsp„. L$pL$pÆ“p N©l“u âZprgL$p âdpZ¡
A¡Ap¡îu Alr“®i NyZNp“ A“¡ cNhÐk¡hp‘fpeZ fl¡sp„.
îukÐecpdp b¡V$uÆ
îukÐecpdp b¡ V $uÆ bl¡ “ p¡ d p„ dp¡ V $p„ lsp„ . bÞ“¡ bl¡ “ p¡ r“Ðe
îu“h“usrâeÆ“u k¡hpdp„ k„gÁ“ fl¡sp„. kÐecpdp b¡V$uÆ A¡L$ hMs
îuS>Nv$ui“p v$i®“p’® ‘yfu ‘^pep¯ lsp„. epÓp L$fu“¡ ‘pR>p„ Aphsu hMs Np¥X$
v$¡i“p “pfpeZv$pk “pd“p cNhv$ue“p c[¼scphcep® ApN°l’u A¡d“¡ O¡f
dyL$pd L$ep£. “pfpeZv$pk“p Of ApNm S> bÞv$uMp“y„ lsy„. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ bpv$ipl“p
afdp“ dyS>b L$f “ cf¡ s¡d“¡ Ap L¡$v$Mp“pdp„ ‘|fu aV$L$p dpfhpdp„ Aphsp. aV$L$p“p¡
dpf Akü gpNsp„ L¡$v$uAp¡ Ópk ‘pdu ‘p¡L$pfp¡ L$fsp. Ap ‘p¡L$pf kp„cmu“¡
kÐecpdp b¡V$uÆ L${ZpÖ® ’C Nep„! A¡Ap¡îuA¡ h¥óZhp¡“¡ ‘|R¹>ey„:""Ap iy„ ’pe
R>¡?'' h¥óZhp¡A¡ L$pfZ bsphsp„ v$epkpNf b¡V$uÆA¡ “pfpeZv$pk“¡ L$üy„:""Äep„
ky^u Ap gp¡L$p¡“y„ v$y:M v$|f “l] ’pe Ðep„ ky^u Ad¡ cp¡S>“ “l] L$fuA¡''.
kÐecpdp b¡V$uÆ“p D‘hpk“u hps bpv$ipl ‘pk¡ ‘lp¢Qsp„ A¡d“¡
A¡Ap¡îu“u V$¡L$’u ApíQe® ’ey„! A¡dZ¡ kÞv$¡ip¡ dp¡L$ëep¡ L¡$ ""Å¡ Ap‘ D‘hpk
R>p¡X$u v$i¡ p¡ sp¡ Ad¡ ‘Quk lÅf êr‘ep c¡V$ L$fuiy'„ '. b¡V$uÆA¡ âÐeyÑfdp„ L$lh¡ X$pìey„
L¡$ ""Adpf¡ êr‘ep“¡ iy„ L$fhp R>¡? d“yóe“p v$y:M“y„ r“hpfZ ’pe A¡ S> Adpfu
cph“p R>¡''.
Ap Ap¡S>õhu iåv$p¡’u bpv$ipl“y„ ùv$e‘qfhs®“ ’ey„. A¡Z¡ “pfpeZv$pk“¡
L$ü:„y
""Aphp„ ÐepNu A“¡ v$epmy b¡V$uÆ“p„ hQ“p¡ “ dp“y„ sp¡ dp{„ b|{„ ’pe''.
Apd L$lu“¡ A¡Z¡ b^p L¡$v$uAp¡“¡ dy¼s L$ep®. Ap iyc kdpQpf dýep ‘R>uS>
kÐecpdp b¡V$uÆA¡ cp¡S>“ L$eȳ.
 îugÿdu b¡V$uÆ
îugÿdu b¡V$uÆ S>¡hp„ cNhÐk¡hp‘fpeZ lsp„ s¡hp„ S> cNhv$¹c¼sp¡ âÐe¡
ddsphpmp„ lsp„. “fhfNY$“p fpÅ ApiL$fZ“¡ ìek“v$ip rkÙ ’sp„ A¡Ap¡
fpS>‘pV$“p¡ ÐepN L$fu“¡ h°S>dp„ rhQfsp A“¡ cNh[ÃQÞs“ L$fsp A“¡
cNhëgugpv$i®“dpV$¡ rhflcphdp„ dÁ“ fl¡sp. fpÅ ApiL$fZ“u Ap DÃQ
ìek“v$ i p Å¡ C îurhV¹ $ W $ g ¡ i âcy Q fZ¡ Of“p„ b^p“¡ Apop L$ f u lsu L¡ $
""ApiL$fZÆ Äepf¡ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ Ofdp„ S>¡ âkpv$ lp¡e s¡ A¡d“¡ g¡hX$phu v$¡hp¡''.
A¡L$ qv$hk¡ cNhëgugp Ýep“dp„’u ÅN°s ’C“¡ fpÅ ApiL$fZÆ
îuNp¡Ly$gdp„ îuNykp„CÆ“¡ O¡f Apìep. îugÿdu b¡V$uÆA¡ Å¡ey„ sp¡ A¡ hMs¡ Ofdp„
âkpv$u hõsy “lp¡su. A¡Ap¡îuA¡ rhQpeȳ L¡$ Å¡ ApS>¡ ApiL$fZÆ âkpv$ gu^p
rh“p Qpëep S>i¡ sp¡ ‘pR>p ‘p„Q-kps qv$hk¡ AÞ“ ‘pdi¡. A¡Ap¡îu“p ùv$edp„
cNhÐâ¡fZp ’sp„ îu“h“usrâeÆ“p fpS>cp¡N“u S>¡ kpdN°u rkÙ ’C lsu s¡
Akdr‘®s kpdN°uS> ApiL$fZÆ“¡ ^fu v$u^u A“¡ dp¡V$p„ bl¡“ kÐecpdpÆ“¡
buÆ kpdN°u Ðhfp’u rkÙ L$fhp“u rh“Þsu L$fu. ApiL$fZÆ sp¡ cp¡S>“ L$fu“¡
Qpgsp ’ep. Ðepf ‘R>u afu hpf rkÙ ’e¡gu kpdN°u“p¡ îu“h“usrâeÆ“¡
fpS>cp¡N kdàep£. îuNykp„CÆ Apfsu L$fsp lsp Ðepf¡ îu“h“usrâeÆ“p
dyMpfrhÞv$ D‘f [õdsey¼s Ap“Þv$glfu“p„ v$i®“ ’sp„ rh“Þsu L$fu L¡$ ""ApS>¡
Ap‘ ApV$gp b^p L¡$d âkÞ“ R>p¡?''
îu“h“usrâeÆA¡ L$üy„:""ApS>¡ lº„ bdZp¡ fpS>cp¡N Apfp¡Áep¡ R>y„''. Apd
L$lu“¡ fpÅ ApiL$fZÆ“¡ îugÿdu b¡V$uÆA¡ fpS>cp¡N“u kpdN°u ^fu v$u^u
A¡ hps âkÞ“sp’u L$fsp„ õ‘ôsp L$fu L¡$ ""ApiL$fZÆ“p ùv$edp„ rbfpÆ“¡
A¡L$ hpf A“¡ buÆ hpf âÐen ^f¡g A¡d b¡ hpf lº„ Apfp¡Áep¡ R>y'„ '.
"^Þe!' îuNykp„CÆ“p dyMpfrhÞv$’u klkp ^Þesp“p¡ Dv$¹Npf kfu ‘X$ép¡
A“¡ “¡Óp¡dp„ Ap“Þv$pîy“u TgL$ v$¡MpC! ‘R>u W$pL$p¡fÆ“¡ A“p¡kf L$fu“¡
îuNykp„CÆA¡ îugÿdu b¡V$uÆ“¡ fpS>cp¡N kçbÞ^dp„ ‘|R>sp„ b¡V$uÆA¡ k„L$pQ¡ ‘|hL® $
9 10
kh® hps L$pL$pÆ“¡ r“h¡qv$s L$fsp„ A¡Ap¡îu fp¡dfp¡d âkÞ“ ’ep A“¡ L$üy„:""b¡V$u!
ApS>“u spfu bdZu k¡hp’u îu“h“usrâeÆ#B13#A AÐeÞs âkÞ“ ’ep
R>¡. sy„ ^Þe R>¡''.
60-70 kv$õep¡ h pmp rhipm Ly $ Vy $ çbdp„ îugÿdu b¡ V $uÆA¡
îu“h“usrâeÆ“u Aphu cphpÐdL$ k¡hp Üpfp S>¡ qv$ìe âkÞ“sp âpàs L$fu s¡
A“Þe R>¡. A¡Ap¡îu“p k¡hpQpsye®cph“u S>¡V$gu kfpl“p L$fuA¡ s¡V$gu Ap¡R>u!
îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ âL$pÎX$ rhÜp“ lsp. A¡Ap¡îuA¡ A“¡L$ N°Þ’p¡“u fQ“p L$fu
lp¡hp“y„ rhÜp“p¡ dp“¡ R>¡ ‘fÞsy AÐepf¡ A¡Ap¡îu“p kprlÐedp„ 1.kp^“v$ur‘L$p14,
2.k¡hpígp¡L$p:15 D‘gå^ ’pe R>¡. "kp¥Þv$e®‘Ûd¹' ‘Z A¡Ap¡îu rhfrQs
""îudv$¹Np¡‘u“p’p“p„ ‘Ûpr“'' “u hÃQ¡ Aph¡gp¡ lp¡hp’u L¡$V$gpL$ rhÜp“p¡
îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ rhfrQs dp“¡ R>¡. ""îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆL$u r“S>hpsp®16'' “pdL$ NÛN°Þ’
‘Z âpàs ’pe R>¡. A¡Ap¡îu“p N°Þ’p¡“y„ NyS>®f A“yhpv$ kp’¡ ‘y“dy®ÖZ L$fhp“u
AphíeL$sp R>¡. 127 ígp¡L$p¡“u "kp^“v$ur‘L$p' “y„ dP¹$NgpQfZ L¡$V$gy„ cphhplu
R>¡!
sp “: îusps‘БÚf¡Zh: L$pd^¡“h:&
“pL$õe sfhp¡@Þe¡jp„ õey: L$ë‘sfhp¡ e’p&&1&&
A’®: S>¡d buÅAp¡“¡ õhN®“p s{Ap¡ L$ë‘h©nkdp“ R>¡ s¡d Ad“¡ sp¡
îur‘spÆ“p QfZL$dg“u fS> L$pd^¡“y kdp“ ’pAp¡.
îurhV¹W$g“p’ cË$17 "d“f„S>“' L$rh A¡Ap¡îu“u N°Þ’kP¹$¿ep 4 bsph¡ R>¡.
A¡Ap¡îu“p k¡ìe îudv$“dp¡l“gpgÆ A“¡ ‘pv$yL$pÆ, Adv$phpv$dp„ fpÅ
dl¡sp“u ‘p¡mdp„ sp¡X$p“u ‘p¡mdp„ dyrMepÆ fZR>p¡X$gpg ìepk“u D‘f AÐepf¡
rbfpS>¡ R>¡.
‘y“: Ap‘îuA¡ îu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆõhê‘¡ âL$V$ ’C“¡ õhdpN}e kprlÐe“u rh‘yg
âdpZdp„ fQ“p L$fu R>¡ . Ðepf’u ky f sdp„ îubpgL© $ óZÆ“p Ofdp„
îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ DÐkh îuNykp„CÆ“p DÐkhhs¹ d“pe R>¡.

1.k„hs ‘ÞÖlp AlkW$ Apep¡ Apkp¡ hqv$ Üpv$ku kyc Npep¡;
Npep¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ, S>b S>Þd gu“p¡ ApeL¡$''(d|g‘y{j)
2.""NyZr“r^ Np¡‘u“p’Æ, r“Ny®“ s¡S>r“^p“''. (^dpf) (dprZL$QÞv$)
3.""Qp¥fpku h¥óZh“L$u hpsp®'' (â. rhÛprhcpN, L$pP¹$L$fp¡L$u)
4.îu Üp. L$u âp. hpsp® (Adf¡gu) “p kç‘pv$L$ îuÜpfL$pv$pk ‘fuM Ap epÓp k„.
1585dp„ ’C lp¡hp“y„ gM¡ R>¡.
5.Ap õhê‘ Adv$phpv$-fpÅdl¡sp“u ‘p¡mdp„ rbfpS>¡ R>¡.
6.k„hs¹ 1582 hj£ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ ÜpqfL$pepÓp’¯ fpS>“Nf¡ kdpNsp: iL„$v$f‘yf¡
cË$-S>eL©$óZ-kpW$p¡v$fp-“pNfõe N©l¡ hpqV$L$p hs®s¡ sÓ¥h [õ’rs: L©$sp. sv$¥h
îudv$“dp¡l“õe âpL$V$é„ L©$sd¹. ‘Ë$prcj¡L$p¡r‘ L©$s:. lqfh„i: kP¹$N¡[õs. L$p¡W$pfu
cpCgp bpC huL|$ cpC kp¡“p âc©rsk¡hL$p“p„ kcpep„ v$i®“„ v$Ñd¹. ss:
ÜpqfL$pâh¡i: L©$s:. dpk 1 ÜpqfL$p[õ’rs: L©$sp.
-d“yS>ìepS>âL$V$‘y{jp¡ÑdhëgcrhV¹$W$gep¡: ‘|h®Qqfsgugp (lõsâs)
7. îulqf:
k„ h s¹ 1595 h¥ i pM ky q v$ ‘ÊQdu hpf frh: rgrMs„ îuNp¡ ‘ u“p’-
îuhëgcpQpe®‘Óy :¥ îugÿdZpQpe®‘p¥Ó:¥ s¥gP¹$N-L$pL„ $fhpëgy-k„o:¥ hpfpZkud¹
ApNs¥: su’®‘yfp¡rlsÐh¡“ D‘pÝepe-v$¡huv$pk: kçdpr“sp¡ Aõdprcf¹
Aõdv$ue¥: kh§k¹ s’p kçdp““ue: kçdp““ue:&&R>&&
îuNp¡‘uS>“hëgcp¡ S>ers
A¡L„$ ip”„ v$¡hL$u‘yÓNusd¹ A¡L$p¡ v$¡hp¡ v$¡hL$u‘yÓA¡h&
dÞÓp¡@àe¡L$õsõe “pdpr“ epr“, L$dp£àe¡L$õsõe v$¡hõe k¡hp&&1&&
Brs îuS>Nv$ui¡“ dlpâcyL©$s¡ õhed¹&
rgrMs„ ‘Ûd¡srÙ dpephpv$r“h©Ñe¡&&2&&
brl®dyMp¡ ev$p “¥hd¡“¡ rhÜÄS>“prsN:&
‘Ó„ r“êàesp„ c|e: âpl¥“„ L©$óZk¡hL$:&&
sv$p îuhëgcp: âp¡Qy: he„ “pN°lhpqv$“:&
ÐhÞ“: ‘yfp¡rls: kpnu e’¡ÃR>rk s’p Ly${&&4&&
Ny[ÃR>L$pfõsv$p sõe âÐeep’¯ lf¡: ‘yf:&
‘Ó„ k„õ’p‘epdpkdku‘pÓ„ Q g¡M“ud¹&&5&&
e: ‘ydp“¹ r‘sf„ Ü¡rô s„ rhÛpv$¹ AÞef¡skd¹&
e: ‘ydp“uíhf„ Ü¡rô s„ rhÛpv$¹ AÞÐeÅ¡˜hd¹&
c|ep¡r‘ S>Nv$ui¡“ ‘Ó¡ rhrgrMs„ [Ðhv$d¹&
sv$p brldy®Mp¡ Ýhõs: s’p opsíQ kÄS>“¥:&&7&&
Brs îyÐh¥h kÜpsp¯ L©$óZk¡hL$‘[ÎX$sd¹&
îuhëgcpÐdÅ¡ Np¡‘u“p’p¡ dÞe¡ s’p üdyd¹&&8&&
11
M fk îyrs c| (1480) kP$¿e¡ dpkdp“¡ iL¡$íhfps¹&
rgrMs„ dp^hpdpep„ ‘|h£jp„ kçds„ v$gd¹&&9&&
""ApÞ^°v$¡iuev$urnshëgcpQpe£Z¡ õh‘|h®‘y{j-kp¡deprS>-NP¹$Np^fv$urnsp“p„
kçdpr“s: îudБy{jp¡Ñdn¡Ó¡ îuS>NÞ“p’-k‘ep®-Ly$ig: Ny[ÃR>L$pf-
L©$óZk¡hL$p¿e-k¡hp‘[ÎX$s:, kp¡deprS>-NP¹$Np^f-v$urnsp“p„ õh‘|h‘® {y jpZp„
kçdpr“sBrs õhL$ue¥f¹ Ah^pe® rhóÏ‘v$¡Þv$yîyrs^fpiL¡$ (1410) kdpNs¡“
hëgcv$urns¡“ h©rsv$g„ r“êr‘s„, îuhëgcpQpe®-dlpâcyh„ikçc|s¥:
L©$óZk¡h¼h„iuep: kçdpÞep:. rgrMs„ v$grdv$„ M-fk-îyrs-c|rds¡ (1460)
iprghpl“iL¡$ h¥ipML©$óZpdpqv$“¡''.(L$p„L$fp¡guL$p Brslpk ‘©.26)
8.""hpsp® kprlÐe'' (‘©. 611)
9.kp¡deo rhr^hs L$f¡, Np¡‘u“p’ âhu“&
blºf Ape Np¡‘pg‘yf, rhóÏeo “©‘ L$u“&&47&&
(kçâv$peL$ë‘Öºd (‘©. 59)
10.""fp^hv$pk S>NÞ“p’ Nep, Np¡‘u“p’Æ“¡ kP¹$N;
ip¡L$ L$pfZ afue“ Apìep, îuA½$pÆ“¡ âkP¹$N''(27)
(âpL$V$érkÙpÞs (dpP¹$Nëe Qp¡’y„)
11.""ss: qL$esp L$pg¡“ Äóe¡W$‘yÓp¡ Np¡‘u“p’: ‘y{jp¡ÑddpÛ õhê‘dhp‘''.
(kçâv$peâv$u‘:)
12.îu. Üp. L$u âp. hpsp® (Adf¡gu) (îu. Üp. ‘fuM)
13.gÿdu kÐecpdp b¡D, AN°S>“u A“ylf f¡,
îu“h“usrâeÆ“¡ fuTìep, k¡ìep rhrh^ âL$pf f¡...fk“p
(îuhëgcp¿ep“)
14."‘yrôc¼sky^p' dprkL$, hj® 6, A„L$ 7-8)
15."‘yrôdpN®“p„ 500 hj®' (cpN-2, ‘©.2)
16.g¡ML$“p âpQu“ lõskP¹$N°ldp„ R>¡.
17.bX¡$Sy> Np¡‘u“p’ L©$s, Qpf N°Þ’ “©‘ dp“&
â’d Sy> "kp^“v$ur‘L$p', "k¡hprhr^' kyMv$p“&&37&&
"kÊop“pdr“ê‘Z' A{, ""Np¡‘uS>“ kyMv$p“''&
"hëgcpôL$' N°Þ’ qL$e¡, Np¡‘u“p’ kyÅ“&&38&&
(kçâv$peL$ë‘Öºd‘©.142)
12
13 14
 lrJmonrOZdëb^mo O`{V
EH§$ emó§ XodH$snwÌJrV‘² EH$mo Xodmo XodH$snwÌEd&
‘ÝÌmo@ß`oH$ñVñ` Zm‘m{Z `m{Z, H$‘m}ß`oH$ñVñ` Xodñ` godm&&1&&
B{V lrOJXreoZ ‘hmà^wH$¥ Vo ñd`‘²&
{bpIV§ nÚ‘oV{Õ ‘m`mdmX{Zd¥Îm`o&&2&&
~{h©‘Iw mo `Xm Z¡d‘oZo {dÛÁOZm{VJ:&
ņ {Zê$ß`Vm§ ^y`: àmh¡Z§ H¥$îUgodH$:&&
VXm lrdëb^m: àmoM:w d`§ ZmJ«hdm{XZ:&
ËdÝZ: nwamo{hV: gmjr `WoÀN>{g VWm Hw$é&&4&&
JwpÀN>H$mañVXm Vñ` àË``mWª hao: nwa:&
ņ g§ñWmn`m‘mg‘grnm̧ M boIZr‘²&&5&&
`: nw‘mZ² {nVa§ Ûo{ï> V§ {dÚmX² AÝ`aoVg‘²&
`: nw‘mZrída§ Ûo{ï> V§ {dÚmX² AÝË`OmoØd‘²&
^y`mo{n OJXreoZ nÌo {d{bpIV§ pËdX‘²&
VXm ~{h‘wI © mo ÜdñV: VWm kmVíM gÁOZ¡:&&7&&
B{V lwËd¡d gÛmVmª H¥$îUgodH$npÊS>V‘²&
lrdëb^mË‘Omo JmonrZmWmo ‘Ý`o VWm ø‘w‘&² &8&&
I ag lw{V ^y (1460) gL>»`o ‘mg‘mZo eHo$ídamV²&
{bpIV§ ‘mYdm‘m`m§ nydf} m§ gå‘V§ Xb‘²&&9&&
""AmÝY«Xoer`Xr{jVdëb^mMm`}Uo ñdnyd©nwéf-gmo‘`m{O-J“mYaXr{jVmZm§
gå‘m{ZV: lr‘ËnwéfmoÎm‘joÌo lrOJÝZmW-gn`m©-Hw$eb: JwpÀN>H$ma-H¥$îUgodH$m»`-
godmnpÊS>V:, gmo‘`m{O-J“mYa-Xr{jVmZm§ ñdnydn© éw fmUm§ gå‘m{ZVB{V ñdH$s`¡a²
AdYm`© {dîUwnXoÝXw-lw{V-YameHo$ (1410) g‘mJVoZ dëb^Xr{jVoZ d¥{VXb§
{Zê${nV§, lrdëb^mMm`©-‘hmà^wde§ gå^yV:¡ H¥$îUgodŠd§er`m: gå‘mÝ`m:. {bpIV§
Xb{‘X§ I-ag-lw{V-^y{‘Vo (1460) em{bdmhZeHo$ d¡emIH¥$îUm‘m{XZo''.
*hñV{bpIV XmoZm| d¥{ÎmnÌm|H$s nmo{P{Q>d² Jmoñdm‘r lrí`m‘ ‘ZmohaOr
(nmbm©-{H$eZJT>) Ûmam àXÎm h¢.
15
lrJmonrZmWOr Am¡a VËnwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm_Or
gånmXH$Ÿ: Jmo.dm. lrÛmaH$mXmg narI
gm_mÝ` n[aM`Ÿ:Ÿ
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{d.g§. 1568 Ho$ AmpídZ H¥$îU 12 H$s AS>ob_| hþAm Wm. AmnHo$ EH$ H${ZîR>
^«mVm Wo {OZH$m Zm_ lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr Wm. Amn na_ gmpËdH$, {Zñn¥hr Am¡a
Y_©àmU Wo. gåàXm`_| Amn ~bXodOrHo$ AdVmaê$ngo à{gÕ h¢.
XrjmE§ VWm AÜ``ZŸ:Ÿ
AmnH$mo {d.g§. 1575 _| H$mer_| AmR>d| df© lr_hmà^wOrZo CnZ`Z {X`m
Wm. Cg g_` AmMm`©OrZo AmnH$mo d¡{XH$ {d{YHo$ AZwgma Jm`Ìr _ÝÌHo$
CnXoeHo$ níMmV² Jmonmb _ÝÌ VWm ~«÷gå~ÝY H$s XrjmE§ ^r Xr Wt. gå^dV…
AmnH$m AÜ``Z lr_hmà^wOrHo$ VËdmdYmZ_| hr hþAm Wm. AmnH$mo lr_X²^mJdV
BîQ> Wm. ~mbnZgo hr Amn CgrH$m nR>ZŸ-ŸnmR>Z Am¡a nyOm Am{X H$aVo Wo. Bggo
hr AmnH$mo emñÌkVm àmßV hþB© Wr. AmnZo N>moQ>r d`_| hr lr^mJdVH$mo Ajae…
H$ÊR>mJ« H$a {b`m Wm Am¡a CgHo$ gånyU© nmR> {H$`o {~Zm ^moOZ Zht J«hU H$aVo
Wo. Bg {Z`__| H$^rŸ-ŸH$^r XmoŸ-ŸXmo {XZ ^moOZ {H$`o {~Zm ì`VrV hmo OmVo Wo.
`h ~mV AmMm`©MaUH$mo Zht éMr. Š`m|{H$ Cggo ^JdËgodmH$m ^r AdH$me
àmßV Zht hmoVm Wm. V~ AmnZo lr^mJdVHo$ gmag_wÀM`ê$n ñda{MV
"nwéfmoÎm_ghòZm_'ŸH$m nmR> H$aZoH$s Amkm Xr Am¡a Cggo g_J« ^mJdVHo$
nmR>H$m \$b àmßV hmoJm Eogm dMZ {X`m. V~ lrJmonrZmWOrZo AnZo nyd© {Z`_H$m
n[aË`mJ H$a ""nwéfmoÎm_ghòZm_''ŸH$m {ZË`-{Z`_go nmR> H$aZm ewé {H$`m.
Bggo ^JdËgodmH$m ^r AmnH$mo AdH$me {_bZo bJm.
{ddmh Am¡a gÝV{VŸ:
{d.g§ 1582 _| O~ Amn nÝÐh df©Ho$ hþE V~ AmMm`©MaUZo AmnH$m
{ddmh EH$ gOmVr` H$Ý`m "nm`å_mJmê$' go H$mer_| d¡{XH$Ÿ-Ÿ{d{YHo$ AZwgma
{H$`m. {d.g§. 1587 _| AmnH$mo "lrnwéfmoÎm_Or' Zm_Ho$ nwÌ hþE. VËníMmV²
16
"bú_r' Am¡a "gË`^m_m' Zm_H$s Xmo H$Ý`mE§ `Wm g_` hþBª. H$m§H$am¡brHo$
B{VhmgHo$ AZwgma BZH$m OÝ_ H«$_e… h¡. Bg àH$ma AmnH$mo Hw$b VrZ gÝV{V
Wt.
AmMm`©ËdH$s àmpßVŸ:
{d.g§. 1587 _| O~ AmMm`©MaUZo {VamoYmZbrbm H$s V~ nwpîQ>gåàXm`H$m
AmMm`©Ëd AmnZo J«hU {H$`m. ~mX_| AmnZo nyadH$m naXoe {H$`m. Cg_| EH$
bj _wÐm ^|Q>_| AmBª Am¡a AZoH$ X¡drOrd eaU AmE. `h àW_ àXoe hmoZoHo$
H$maU AmnZo BZ _wÐmAm|H$m AnZo Hw$bHo$ Xod lrZmWOrH$mo g_n©U {H$`m Am¡a
CZgo lrZmWOrHo$ gmoZm-Mm§XrHo$ nmÌ H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marÛmam ~Zdm`o.
Amn {deofV… Ë`mJŸ-Ÿd¡am½` d¥{Îmgo ahVo Wo Bg{bE J¥hH$m`© Am¡a lrZmWOrHo$
A{YH$ma_| {deof Ü`mZ Zht XoVo Wo. \$bV… J¥hH$m`©H$m ^ma AmnHo$ N>moQ>o ^mB©
lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrZo gåhmb {b`m Wm Am¡a lrZmWOrHo$ A{YH$maH$m H$m`© H¥$îUXmg
A{YH$marHo$ gwnwX© Wm. H¥$îUXmg A{YH$mar _hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©OrÛmam àW_
^§S>marHo$ ê$n_| Am¡a nrN>o A{YH$marHo$ ê$n_| {Z`V hþE Wo Bg{bE CZH$m _pÝXa_|
dM©ñd Wm. Eogm hmoVo hþE ^r AmMm`©OrÛmam àmaå^go {Z`wŠV ~§Jmbr godH$
H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marH$m BVZm ^` Zht aIVo Wo Am¡a g_`Ÿ-Ÿg_` na Adga
XoIH$a lrZmWOrHo$ Mm§Xr-gmoZmHo$ nmÌ Mwam OmVo Wo. AmMm`©OrHo$ aIo hmoZogo
Z Vmo H¥$îUXmg A{YH$mar CZH$mo Hw$N> H$h gH$Vo Wo Z lrJmonrZmWOr Am¡a Z
lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr hr. Bg b§ÀN>mMmaHo$ H$maU hr H$Xm{MV² {d.g§. 1565 go
à{V df© lrJmonrZmWOr {deof H$aHo$ OJXrenwar_| N>hŸ-ŸN>h _mg n`©ÝV OmH$a
ahVo Wo Am¡a lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr AS>¡b_|. lrZmWOrHo$ Ðì`H$mo XodÐì` g_P H$a
hr Z Vmo Cgna __Ëd aIVo Wo Z A{YH$ma. ""XodÐì` Omo Im`Jm dh ñdV…
^«îQ> hmo Om`Jm'' Bg ^mdZmgo `o XmoZm| ^mB© Cg Amoa gånyU© Cnojm d¥{Îm aIVo
Wo. XmoZm| ^«VmAm|Ho$ Bg àH$maHo$ gmpËdH$^mdHo$ H$maU H¥$îUXmg A{YH$ar ^r
Hw$N> Zht H$a nmVo Wo. Am¡a Bg àíZH$mo lrZmWOrH$s BÀN>m na hr N>mo‹S> {X`m
J`m Wm. n[aUm_V… g^r nmÌ Mwam {b`o J`o. V~ lrZmWOrZo AS>tJHo$ "AdYwVXmg'
d¡îUdH$mo Bg ~mVH$s {eH$m`V H$aVo hþE AnZo d¡^d ~T>mZoH$s BÀN>mH$mo OVm`m.
V~ AdYwVXmgZo Bg BÀN>mH$mo H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marHo$ g_j àH$Q> H$s Am¡a
17
H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$s Amkm àmßV H$a ~§JmbrAm|H$mo {ZH$mbH$a
lrZmWOrH$m d¡^d ~T>m`m. Cg g_` lrJmonrZmWOr ^yVbna {dÚ_mZ Zht Wo
Am¡a lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrZo ^r lrZmWOrH$s BÀN>mHo$ H$maU ~§JmbrAm|H$mo {ZH$mbZoH$s
Amkm àXmZ H$s Wr. XmoZm| ^«mVm {nV¥^ŠV Wo.
OJXre `mÌmŸ:Ÿ
Amn {d.g§. 1595 _| gd© àW_ OJXre nYmao Wo. Cg g_` AmnZo
AmMm`©MaUHo$ d¥{ÎmnÌH$H$mo XoIH$a dhm§Ho$ nwamo{hV lrH¥$îU JwpÀN>H$maH$mo EH$
d¥{ÎmnÌH$ {bI {X`m Wm. Cggo emHo$ 1460(Ÿ{d.g§. 1995Ÿ) go AmnH$s
OJXrenwarH$s CnpñW{V ñnîQ> hmoVr h¡. BgHo$ níMmV² Amn à{Vdf© OJXrenwar
nYmaVo Wo Am¡a N>hŸ-ŸN>h _mg n`©ÝV ahVo Wo.
Ûm[aH$m `mÌmŸ:Ÿ
Amn {d.g§. 1585 _| ÛmaH$m `mÌmH$mo nYmao Wo.
{VamoYmZŸ:Ÿ
{d.g§ 1599 (ŸM¡Ìr 1600Ÿ) _|1 Amn OJXrenwar_| OJXreHo$ {dJ«h_| hr
brZ hmoJE. Bg KQ>Zm go dhm§ Ho$ bmoJ ~‹S>o à^m{dV hþE Wo.
aMZmE§Ÿ:
lrJmonrZmWOr g§ñH¥$VHo$ àH$mÊS> {dÛmZ² Wo. AmnZo gmåàXm{`H$ AZoH$
J«ÝW {bIo h¢. {H$ÝVw AmO do CnbãY Zht hmoVo h¢. CgH$m àYmZ H$maU CZH$s
~hÿOrH$m AnZo Xoda lr{dQ²>R>bZmWOrgo AnZo nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm_OrHo$ A{YH$maHo$
{df`_| éï> hmoH$a J«ÝWm{XH$mo boH$a X{jU Mbm OmZm (Ÿhmo gH$VmŸ) h¡. dhm§ na
do g~ J«ÝW Zï> hþE (Ÿhm|Ÿ) `h nyU© gå^mdZm h¡. "gåàXm`H$ënÐw_'Ÿ_|
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1.Ÿgodm{d{Y
18
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h¡ Vmo CZHo$ Mma J«ÝWHo$ Zm_ CnbãY h¢ `m| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡. AnZo Zm_H$m _WwamHo$ nwamo{hV COmJa Mm¡~oH$mo d¥{ÎmnÌH$ {bI {X`m h¡. Cg
g_` `{X lrJmonrZmWOr {dÚ_mZ hmoVo Vmo do Cg `mÌm_| Adí` hmoVo Am¡a CZHo$
hmWgo hr d¥{ÎmnÌH$ {bIdm`m J`m hmoVm.Ÿ)
lrnwéfmoÎm_OrŸ:
lrnwéfmoÎm_OrH$m Am{d^m©d {d.g§. 1587 _| AmpídZ ewŠb 8 H$mo AS>b o _|
hþAm Wm. Amn ^r àH¥${VHo$ gm¡å` Am¡a gmpÎdH$ d¥{ÎmHo$ Wo. lrJmonrZmWOrZo O~
{VamoYmZbrbm H$s V~ Amn 12-13 df©Ho$ Wo. ... ^Jd{XÀN>mgo BÝht {XZm|_|
_WwamH$s jÌmUr J“m~mB©H$mo AZw{MV A{YH$ma XoZoHo$ H$maU lrJwgm§B©OrH$m
H¥$îUXmggo Hw$N> AZ~Z hmo JB©. ... lrJwgm§B©Or O~ CËWmnZH$s I~a AmB© V~
lrZmWOrHo$ _pÝXa_| OmZo bJo V~ X§S>dVr {ebmHo$ AmJo hr H¥$îUXmgZo CZH$mo
amoH$m Am¡a H$hm {H$ lrZmWOrHo$ _pÝXana Vmo lrnwéfmoÎm_OrH$m A{YH$ma h¡.
CZH$s AmkmHo$ {~Zm Amn _pÝXa_| Zht Om gH$Vo h¢. ... BZ dMZm|H$mo gwZH$a
lr{dÆ>bZmWOr Mwn hmo JE. ... Bgo ^Jd{XÀN>m g_PH$a Amn dhm§go grYo hr
MÝÐgamoda na Om {~amOo. ... AmnZo lrZmWOrHo$ {dah_| ImZ-nmZ g~ N>mo‹S>
{X`m Wm. AmnHo$ Bg VmnH$mo lrZmWOr Á`mXm {XZ VH$ ghZ Zht H$a gHo$ Am¡a
N>Ç>o _{hZo lrnwéfmoÎm_OrH$mo gXoh AnZo ñdê$n_| AÝV{h©V H$a {b`m. ...
lrnwéfmoÎm_OrHo$ {VamoYmZH$m g_` {d.g§. 1605 Ho$ AfmT> ewŠb 5 H$m ñnï>
hmoVm h¡.
(Ÿ""lrÛmaH$mZmWOr H$s àmH$Q>ç dmVm©'', n§M_ àH$aUŸ:Ÿ""Á`oîR> nwÌ
lrJmonrZmWOr Am¡a VËnwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm_Or''Ÿ)

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"gåàXm`H$ënÐw_'Ÿ_| {d.g§ 1620 {X`m h¡. `o XmoZm| {V{W`m§ Aà_m{UH$ h¢.
Š`m|{H$ lrJwgm§BO© r Am¡a Xm_moXaXmg Ho$ g§dmXgo lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm_OrHo$
A{YH$ma {df`_| Omo J¥hH$bh hþAm dh {d.g§. 1605 _| hþAm {gÕ hmoVm h¡.
Bggo 1605 Ho$ nyd© lrJmonrZmWOrH$m {VamoYmZ {ZpíMV hmo MwH$m Wm `h
{Z{d©dmX {gÕ hmoVm Wm. lrZmWOrHo$ ^§S>maH$s Zm|Y_|, {OgH$m Ajae… CÕaU
19 20
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(ŸàmH$Q>çŸ: {d.g§.Ÿ1568 {VamoYmZŸ: 1620Ÿ)
Jmo.Ÿdm.ŸlrH$ÊR>_{U emór, H$m§H$amobr
àH$meZdf©Ÿ:Ÿ{d.g§.Ÿ1996
OÝ_ {ejm Am¡a g§ñH$maŸ:Ÿ
lrJmonrZmWOrH$m àmH$Q>ç§ g§. 1568 (ŸM¡Ìm{XŸ)1 Ho$ AmpídZ H¥$îU 12
Ho$ {XZ hþAm Wm. BZHo$ {nV¥MaU lrdëb^mMm`© Cg g_` gmo_`kH$m AZwð>mZ
g_mßV H$a à`mJHo$ nmg AS>ob Zm_H$ J«m__| {Zdmg H$aVo Wo. BZHo$ OÝ_Ho$
~mX lrdëb^mMm`©Zo VrZ gmo_`k Am¡a {H$`o VWm MaUmQ>H$mo AnZm {ZdmgñWb
~Zm`m.
lrJmonrZmWOr EH$ g§ñH$mar ~mbH$ Wo Am¡a BZHo$ M[aÌna lrdëb^mMm`©
O¡go _hmnwéfHo$ OrdZH$m à^md n‹S>m Wm, AV: BZH$sŸ{ejm- Xrjm VWmM
{dÚmä`mgHo$ {df`_| {deof H$hZoH$s Amdí`H$Vm ZhtŸh¡.
g§. 1572 nm¡f H¥$îU 9 Ho$ {XZ BZHo$ ^«mVm lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$m àmH$Q>ç
hþAm. CZHo$ OmVŸ-ŸH$_m©{X g§ñH$ma hmo OmZo na lrdëb^mMm`© {J[aamO nYmao
Am¡ a dhm§ Xmo Z m| ~mbH$mo H $mo lrZmWOrHo $ MaUñne© H$amH$a Jmo H w $ b_|
lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$m H$ZN>oXZ {H$`m. JmoHw$bgo AmMm`©MaU nwZ: AS>ob AmH$ma
aho Am¡a `hm§ CÝhm|Zo nwZ: gmo_`k {H$`m. Eogm à{gÕ h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo Hw$b N>h
gmo_`k {H$`o Wo. Bg gmo_`kHo$ g_` CZHo$ ^mB© g³³`mgr Ho$ednwar ^r Am`o
Wo.
g§. 1573 Ho$ MmVw_m©ñ` ~mX lrdëb^mMm`© H$mer nYmao Am¡a dhm§
CÝhm|Zo lrJmonrZmWOrH$m {d{YdV² `kmondrVŸ-Ÿg§ñH$ma H$am`m. CnZ`Z hmo OmZoHo$
~mX CÝhm|Zo doX, doXmÝV Am¡a emóm| H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m. VWm AmMm`©MaUm|Ho$
21
nmg gmåàXm{`H$ gw~mo{YZr AUw^mî` Am{X J«ÝWm|H$m n[aerbZ H$a `mo½` d`
hmoZo VH$ AÀN>m nmpÊS>Ë` àmßV H$a {b`m.
`hm§ BVZm H$h XoZm Amdí`H$ àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ gab,
gmpÎdH$ Am¡a d¡Xwî`_` OrdZ VWmM Ë`mJd¥{ÎmHo$ gmW AZwn_ An[aJ«h ^mdH$m
AgmYmaU à^md lrJmonrZmWOrna n‹S>m Wm.
lrdëb^mMm`©Zo lrJmonrZmWOrH$m {ÛamJ_Z AnZr BhbrbmH$m g§daU
H$aZo (Ÿg§. 1587Ÿ) Ho$ àW_ H$a {X`m Wm. Bg {hgm~go BZH$m {ddmh g§.
1581Ÿgo 84ŸHo$ ~rM X{jU Xoe_| BZHo$ {nV¥ì` OZmX©Z ^Å>Zo {H$`m Wm2 {Oggo
g_`mZwgma BZHo$ {ZåZ{b{IV gÝV{V hþB©Ÿ:
1.ŸnwéfmoÎm_Or àmH$Q>ç g§. 1588Ÿ/Ÿ89 AmpídZ H¥$. 8 JmoH$w b(Ÿ?Ÿ)
2.ŸgË`^m_m ~oQ>rOr àm. g§. 1598 H$m{V©H$ ew. 7. AS>ob
3.Ÿbú_r ~oQ>rOr àm. g§. 1601
gmåàXm{`H$ CÎmaXm{`ËdŸ:Ÿ
g§. 1587 _| lrdëb^mMm`©Zo AnZo AnZo ^JdÕm__| dmng nYmaZoH$m
g_rn Am`m OmZH$a lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo Amdí`H$ CnXoe {X`m Am¡a ewÕmÛ¡V-
nw{ï>^pŠV gåàXm`H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd gm¢nm.3
à`mJ_| g³³`mgH$s Xrjm boH$a AmMm`©MaU O~ H$mer_| J“mOrH$s
Yma_| AÝVYm©Z hmoZoHo${b`o nYmao V~ CZHo$ Xe©ZmW© lrJmonrZmWOr VWm
lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr H$mer nYmao. Cg g_` AmMm`©MaU dmH²$g³³`mg bo MwHo$
Wo, AV: nwÌm|Ho$ {dZ` H$aZo na CÝhm|Zo Omo ApÝV_ {ejm CÝh| {bIH$a Xr dh
gåàXm`_| "{ejmíbmoH$' Zm_go à»`mV h¡. dëb^mMm`©Ho$ {ZË`brbmàdoeHo$
AZÝVa lrJmonrZmWOr CZH$s Amdí`H$ CÎma {H«$`mgo {Zd¥Îm hmoH$a AnZo N>moQ>o
^mB© Am¡a _mVm Ho$ gmW H$mergo AS>ob AmH$a ahZo bJo.
22

lrZmWOrH$s godmH$m à~ÝYŸ:
O~ do AS>ob_| {Zdmg H$aVo Wo V~ CZHo$ nmg H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marHo$ Ûmam
Bg àH$maH$s {eH$m`V AmB© {H$Ÿ-ŸlrZmWOrH$s godm H$aZodmbo ~§Jmbr d¡îUd
lrOrHo$ Ðì`H$m Xwén`moJ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo lrOrHo$ nmg "d¥ÝXm' Zm_H$ {H$gr
XodrH$mo nYam {X`m h¡. BgH$s Om§MHo${b`o lrJmonrZmWOr Am¡a lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr
{J[aamO J`o Am¡a dhm§ godmH$m {~J‹S>m hþAm H«$_ XoIH$a XmoZm|Zo ~§Jm{b`m|H$mo
godmgo hQ>mZo H$m {dMma {H$`m.
g§. 1590 _| lrJmonrZmWOr VWm lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr Zo Zmam`U ^Å>go boH$a
lr_XZ_mohZOrH$m ñdê$n H$m{V©H$ ew. 9 Ho$ {XZ ~§Jm{b`m|H$mo godmW© àXmZ H$a
{X`m Am¡a CZgo lrZmWOrH$s godm N>mo‹S> XoZoH$m AmJ«h {H$`m4. H$hVo h¢ {H$
~§Jm{b`m|Zo O~ godm N>mo‹S>Zm ñdrH$ma Z {H$`m Vmo H¥$îUXmg A{YH$mar BgHo${b`o
H$moB© VaH$s~ gmoMZo bJo. ghgm EH$ {XZ {J[aamOHo$ ZrMo Pm|n{‹S>`m|_| AmJ bJ
OmZoHo$ H$maU O~ ~§Jmbr bmoJ lrZmWOrH$s godm N>mo‹S>H$a AnZo-AnZo Kam|H$s
Amoa Xm¡‹S> n‹S>o, V~ BYa H¥$îUXmgHo$ {gnm{h`m|Zo _pÝXa na AnZm µH$ãµOm H$a
{b`m Am¡a V~go lrOrH$s godm_| d¡îUd Kwg J`o.
lrZmWOrH$s godmH$m Z`m à~ÝY ~m§YVo hþE lrJmonrZmWOr VWm
lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr Zo AnZo gOmVr` ì`pŠV`m|H$mo lrOrH$s nmH$m{XŸ-Ÿgodm H$aZoH$m
AmXoe {X`m na CZ bmoJm|Ho$ ñdrH$ma Z H$aZo na CÝh| gmÄMrha ~«m÷Um|H$mo dh
godm gm¢nZr n‹S>r. H¥$îUXmg Am{XH$mo _pÝXaH$s ì`dñWm H$aZoH$s {Oå_oXmar gm¢n
H$a lrJmonrZmWOr JmoHw$b hmoH$a g§. 1590 Ho$ AÝV_| AS>ob dm{ng Am J`o.
BZ XmoZm| ^mB`m|Zo A{YH$m§e Eogm H«$_ ~m§Y {b`m Wm {H$ EH$ ^mB© lrZmWOrH$s
godmW© Jmonmbnwam (ŸOVrnwamŸ)_| ahVm Vmo Xygam AnZr _mVmH$s godmW© AS>ob
AmH$a ahVm Wm.
`mÌm Am¡a àMmaŸ:Ÿ
23
lrJmonrZmWOrZo gåàXm` {gÕmÝVHo$ àMmamW© JwOamV, {gÝY Am¡a ÛmaH$m
àmÝVm|H$s `mÌmgo àmßV Jwé^|Q>Ho$ àm`: EH$ bmIHo$ Ðì`H$mo AmMm`©Hw$bH$s
naånamZwgma Hw$bXod lrZmWOrH$s godm_| g_{n©V {H$`m Wm. Cg Ðì`go AmnZo
Mm§XrŸ-ŸgmoZoHo$ nmÌ, Am^aU Am{X {gÕ H$adm`o Wo.
g§. 1595 Ho$ àmaå^_| lrJmonrZmWOrZo OJXrenwarH$s `mÌm H$s. dhm§
CÝhm|Zo gOmVr` ì`pŠV`m|H$o H$WZmZwgma lrdëb^mMm`©H$o g_H$mbrZ d¥Õ nwamo{hV
H¥$îUXmg JwpÀN>H$ma H$mo AnZm d§eŸ-ŸnaånamH$m nwamo{hV ñdrH$ma {H$`m Am¡a
Cgo d¡emIH$s A_mdmñ`mHo$ {XZ d¥{ÎmnÌ {bI {X`m. CZHo$ _wIgo lrJmonrZmWOrZo
lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ g§. 1545 _| OJXre nYmaZo Am¡a _pÝXa_| emómW© hmoZoH$m
nyd© d¥ÎmmÝV ^r gwZm, {OgH$m CëboI d¥{ÎmnÌ_| {H$`m J`m h¡5.
OJXreH$s `mÌm H$a AÝ` ñWbm|H$m n[a^«_U Am¡a Y_©àMma H$aVo hþE
d«O hmoH$a lrJmonrZmWOr AS>ob Am`o. dhm§ CÝhm|Zo g§. 1601 _| gmo_`k Am¡a
VXZÝVa {dîUw`k {H$`m. g§. 1605 M¡Ì ew. 5 Ho$ {XZ H$mer_| lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$
Á`oð> nwÌ lr{J[aYaOrH$m `kmondrV hþAm, Cg g_` do AmnZo ^«mVmHo$ AmJ«hgo
H$mer nYmao. dhm§go OmH$a {J[aamO_| lrZmWOrH$s godm H$s Am¡a 84 H$mogH$s
d«On[aH«$_m g{d{Y gånÝZ H$s.
g§. 1618 Ho$ bJ^J lrJmonrZmWOrZo nwZ: JwOamV, {gÝY, ÛmaH$m Am{X
àmÝVH$m n[a^«_U {H$`m {Og_| CZH$mo àm`: Xmo df©H$m g_` bJm.
Á`ð> ^«mVmHo$ n`©Q>ZH$mo Mbo OmZo na lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$ gmW EH$ KQ>Zm
KQ>r. ~mV `h hþB© {H$ H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marHo$ Am¡a J“m~mB© Zm_H$ lrZmWOrH$s
EH$ go{dH$mHo$ ~rM AZw{MV gå~ÝYH$s {eH$m`V nhÿ§MZo na lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrZo
J“m~mB©H$m _pÝXa_| AmZmŸ-ŸOmZm ~ÝX H$adm {X`m. `h ~mV H¥$îUXmgOrH$mo
R>rH$ Z bJr Am¡a CÝhm|Zo Bgo AZw{MV hñVjon g_Pm.
24
 EH$ {XZ lrJwgm§B©Or lrZmWOrH$s godm H$aZoHo${b`o O~ {J[aamO _pÝXa_|
nYmaZo bJo Vmo H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo C{MVŸ-ŸAZw{MVH$m Hw$N> ^r {dMma {H$`o
{~Zm AnZo AmX{_`m|Ho$ Ûmam CZH$mo amoH$ {X`m. Cg {XZgo lrJwgm§B©Or MÝÐgamoda
na ahZo bJo.
lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$ Á`oð> nwÌ lr{J[aYaOrHo$ nÌ Ûmam àXoe_| O~
lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo `h d¥ÎmmÝV _mby_ hþAm Vmo CÝhm|Zo nÌ {bIH$a Bg Aì`dñWmH$mo
Xya H$aZo H$m AmXoe {X`m. {OgHo$ \$bñdê$n lr{J[aYaOrZo _WwamHo$ hm{H$_go
g¡{ZH$ à~ÝY boH$a H¥$îUXmgH$mo H¡$X H$am {X`m Am¡a AnZo {nV¥MaUHo${b`o
lrZmWOrH$s godmH$m AÝVam` Xya {H$`m.
gÝV{VŸ:Ÿ
`h àW_ hr H$hm Om Mw H $m h¡ {H$ lrJmo n rZmWOrH$m {ddmh
lrdëb^mMm`©H$s {dÚ_mZVm_| hr hmo MwH$m Wm. g_`mZwgma CZHo$ {ZåZ{b{IV
gÝV{V hþB©.
1.ŸlrnwéfmoÎm_Or àm. g§. 15896 JmoHw$b.
2.ŸlrgË`^m_m ~oQ>rOr àm. g§. 1598 H$m{V©H$ ew. 7. AS>ob
3.Ÿlrbú_r ~oQ>rOr àm. g§. 1601
lrnwéfmoÎm_OrHo$ {df`_| Hw$N> {deof d¥Îm Zht {_bVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ BZH$m
XohmÝV N>moQ>r AdñWm_| {nVmHo$ gm_Zo hr hmo J`m Wm. hm§, BVZm Adí` {d{XV
hmoVm h¡ {H$Ÿ-ŸO~ H$^r lrJmonrZmWOr BZH$mo AnZo ^mB© lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$
nmg {J[aamO_| N>mo‹S> Om`m H$aVo Wo V~ do BZH$mo lrZmWOrH$s godm {gIm`m
H$aVo Wo. lrJmonrZmWOr O~ àXoe H$aZo ÛmaH$m (ŸJwOamVŸ) J`o V~ ^r lrnwéfmoÎm_Or
lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$ nmg hr aho Wo Am¡a {nVmHo$ AmZoHo$ nyd© hr g§. 1620 Ho$
bJ^J do {ZË`brb_| à{dï> hmo J`o `o. Bg àg“go lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$mo ~‹S>m
Xw:I Am¡a níMmÎmmn hþAm.
25
ì`dhma Am¡a ì`pŠVËdŸ:Ÿ
lrJmonrZmWOr Am¡a lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr XmoZm| ^mB`m|_| nañna AÀN>m gm¡hmX©
Wm. `h BZHo$ nÌ Am¡a nmañn[aH$ ì`dhmago {d{XV hmoVm h¡. H$hVo h¢, CZHo$ nÌ
ZmWÛmam_| aIo hþE h¢. do XmoZm| _hmZw^md g§ñH¥$VŸ-Ÿ^mfm_| nÌ {bIm H$aVo Wo,
{Oggo `h AZw_mZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ BZH$s {bIm-n‹T>r g§ñH¥$V naånamgo
hr hþB© Wr7. lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr ^r Á`oð> ^«mVmH$mo ~‹S>r AmXaH$s Ñ{ï>go XoIVo Wo,
O¡gm CZHo$ a{MV ""`XZwJ«hVmo OÝVw: gd©Xw:Im {VJmo ^doV², V_h§ gd©Xm
dÝXo lr_X²dëb^ZÝXZ_²'' BË`m{X _“bmMaUgo àVrV hmoVm h¡.
`Ú{n lrJmonrZmWOrH$s {dÛÎmm_| {H$gr àH$maH$m gÝXoh Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$
CZH$m AÜ``Z dëb^mMm`©Ho$ {ZarjU_| hþAm Wm, {\$a ^r gåàXm`_| BZHo$
a{MV "gmYZXr{nH$m' Zm_H$ J«ÝWH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÝ` H$moB© J«ÝW Zht {_bVm h¡
`h ~‹S>o AmíM`©H$s ~mV h¡. BZH$s nËZr lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ {ZË`brbà{dï> hmoZoHo$
níMmÎm AnZo {nVmHo$ Ka X{jU nYma JBª Wr Eogm naånamgo à»`mV h¡8. gå^d
h¡, CZHo$ gmW lrJmonrZmWOr {da{MV AÝ` J«ÝW ^r X{jU Mbo J`o hm|.
Ohm§ VH$ AZw_mZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, lrJmonrZmWOr gab Am¡a gmpÎdH$
OrdZHo$ AmJ«hr ì`pŠV Wo. BZ na lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ Ë`mJ_` OrdZ Am¡a
Vnñ`m H$m à^md A{YH$ n‹S>m Wm. do A{YH$m§e AS>ob, MaUmQ> AWdm JmoHw$b
_| EH$mÝV {Zdmg {H$`m H$aVo Wo.
{ZË`brbmŸ-ŸàdoeŸ:
nwÌHo$ {ZË`brbmñW hmoZoHo$ níMmV² AmnZo gåàXm`H$m CÎmaXm{`Ë`
lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$mo gm¢n Am¡a g§. 1620 _| `mÌmW© Mbo J`o. OJXrenwar_| OmZo
na Amn lrOJXreHo$ _wIma{dÝX_| brZ hmo J`o. g§. 1595 _| ^r BZH$m
{ZË`brbmŸ-Ÿàdoe _mZm OmVm h¡, Omo CŠV J«ÝWgo {déÕ n‹S>Vm h¡.
1.ŸEH$ OJh OÝ_Ÿ-Ÿg§dV² Bg àH$ma {X`m h¡Ÿ-Ÿ
{VZHo$ OoR>o nwÌ h¢ Xr{jV JmonrZmWŸ&
26
 g§dV nÝÐh gÎmam Amgmo Xg_r gmWŸ&&6Ÿ&&(Ÿg§. 1570 AmpídZ 10Ÿ) ~«÷mZÝXofw Xr{jVofw h[aha-ZmJZmW-MyS‹ >m{Xfw Z_ñH$mam:. X. {dîUwXmgm{Xfw
{VZHo$ nwéfmoÎm_ ^`o gË`m H$Ý`m Om{ZŸ& Am{ef:. AÌË` d¡îUdmZm§ ZV`:.
nw{Z AmJo nyaZ ^`mo A~ XyOo H$mo _m{ZŸ&&7Ÿ&& (Ÿ"ewÕmÛ¡V' df© 2 A‘> 6Ÿ)
(ŸH${d OJZÝXH¥$V d§emdbr g§. 1781Ÿ) 8.Ÿ`Xw. {X. nÌ 55
2.Ÿ`Xw. {X. 53 9.Ÿg. à. 86
3.Ÿ`Xw.Ÿ{X. nÌ 55Ÿ_| Bg {df`_| Omo {bIm h¡ CgH$m A{^àm` `h h¡Ÿ: 10.Ÿg.§ 1862 H$s {b{IV dmVm©H$s nwñVH$_| lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ _wIdMZH$s 8 dmVm©E§ CnbãY
""lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ AZÝVa lrJmonrZmWOr CZH$s _`m©XmH$m nmbZ hmoVr h¢.
H$aVo hþE AmMm`© qghmgZ na {~amO_mZ Am¡a d¡îUdmo Ûmam ny{OV hmoH$a ^mJdV 11.Ÿg§. à. _“bmMaU íbmoH$ 3 Ÿ)
Y_©H$m àMma H$aZo bJo. lrJmonmb_ÝÌH$m nwaíMaU H$aVo hþE AmnZo
lrZmWOrH$s godm H$s. BgHo$ ~mX AnZo nwÌH$mo {nV¥ì`Ho$ nmg N>mo‹S>H$a
OJÝZmWOr_| OmH$a CZHo$ _wI_| à{dï> hmo J`o. CZHo$ nwÌ nwéfmoÎm_OrH$mo ~mbH$
OmZH$a d¡îUdm|Zo lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$mo AmMm`© ~Zm`m. Bggo JmonrZmWOrHo$ ~hþOr
AnZo AmMm`©MaUHo$ nwñVH$, YZ Am{X boH$a X{jU_| Mbr JBª''.
Bg_| nwÌgo nhbo {nVmHo$ JV hmo OmZoH$s ~mV H$hm§ VH$ àm_m{UH$ _mZr Om gH$Vr h¡,
H$hm Zht Om gH$Vm.
4.Ÿg§. H$. 53
5.ŸEH$ àmMrZ d§emdbr_| BZH$m OÝ_ g§.Ÿ1597 ^mÐ dXr 8 {_bVmŸh¡.

6.Ÿg§. H$. (ŸnÌ 62 Am¡a 65Ÿ) _| nwéfmoÎm_OrH$m OÝ_ g§. 1608 Am¡a `kmon{dV g§.
1615 (Ÿ`XwZmWOrHo$ OÝ_ ~mXŸ) {X`m h¡. Bg {df`_| gåàXm` H$ënÐw_H$mo àm_m{UH$
_mZZo na `h ñdrH$ma H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ lrnwéfmoÎm_OrH$m XohmÝV 12Ÿd| df© hþAm.
{d.g§. 1589Ÿ_| OÝ_ _mZZogo ApÝV_ g_` (1620)Ÿ_| BZH$s AdñWm 31 df©H$s
hmoVr h¡. ...
7.Ÿ{dQ²R>bZmWOrZo Omo nÌ ñdH$s` Á`oð> ^«mVmH$mo {bIo Wo, CZ_|go EH$ Bg àH$ma h¡.
ñdpñV lr_‚`o ð >^« m V¥ M aUH$_bo f w `dr`gmo {dQ² R >bñ`
àUm_H$mo{Q>{ZdoXH$mo A`§ nÌXyV:. Ah§ ^JdXmk`m amgmoËgdn`©ÝV§
lrJmodÕ©ZMaUma{dÝX{ZH$Q>o pñWVmo Apñ_. h[aÛma§ àË`mkm Z OmVo{V Z JV_².
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H$V©ì`_². ^dVm{n H$m{n {MÝVm Z H$m`m© __ ^Jd{V gd©Ì. `mXdoÝÐnw[afw

27 28
 Ÿ&& dmVm©gm{hË`_| lrJmonrZmWOr Ÿ&&
&& 84 d¡îUdZ²H$s dmVm© Ÿ&&
dmVm© :Ÿ38 àg“ 1
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lrAmMm`©Orgm| H$hr _hmamOŸ! AmO ^ÊS>ma_| grYmo-gm_mZ H$Ny> Zmht h¡. V~
lrAmMm`©Or EH$ gmoZoH$s H$Q>moar lrR>mHw$aOrHo$ _pÝXa_|V| bmB {X`o. Am¡a H$ho,
AmOwHo$ bm`H$ amO^moJ n`©ÝVH$s gm_J«r bo Amdmo, A{YH$ _{V bmB`mo. `h
~{Z`mHo$ `hm§ H$Q>moar JhZ| ({Jadr) Y[a AmB`mo. V~ ^ÊS>mar goZoH$s H$Q>moar bo
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lr`_wZmOr_| nYamB© {X`mo Am¡a ~mH$s Jm`Z²H$m| IdmB {X`mo. Amn, n[aH$a, gJao
godH$ g{hV ^yIo hr ~¡R> aho.
^mdàH$meŸ:Ÿgmo `h d¡îUdH$m| {gjm {X`o, Omo lrR>mHw$aOrH$s dñVw hmoB© gmo
d¡îUdH$m| boZmo Zmht, R>mHw$a AamoJ|. `h ar{V g~H$m| {gIm`o.
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Vrg hVr gmo dmgwXodXmg N>H$‹S>mH$m| XrZr. Omo `o lrAmMm`©OrH$m| nhm|MVr hmoB
Vmo AmN>mo. V~ dmgwXodXmg d¡amJrH$mo ^of Y[a, gJar _mohm¡aH$m| bmIHo$ Jmobm,
gm{bJ«m_ O¡go, H$[a MÝXZ M‹T>mdV Mbo. ... _mJ©_| Mmoa, R>J {_bo gmo OmZo
Omo ~¡amJr h¡, gm{bJ«m_ nyOV OmV h¡. Vrgao {XZ, Vrgao àha, Om {XZ lrAmMm`©Or
^yIo ~¡R>o aho, Vm {XZ A‹S>ob Am`o. gmo Jm_ ~m{ha AmB© bmIH$mo Jmobm \$mo[a,
_mohm¡a H$m{‹T> Am`o. lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^yZ²H$m| {X`mo, _mohm¡a Vrg AmJo Yar.
_hmà^wZg² m| {~ZVr {H$`o, _hmamOŸ! qghZÝXHo$ d¡îUdZ²H$s ^oQ> h¢. V~ lrAmMm`©Or
H$ho, dmgwXodXmgŸ! BVZr _mohm¡a Vy H¡$go bm`moŸ? _mJ©_| Mmoa-R>J ~hmoV h¢Ÿ? V~
dmgwXodXmgZo H$hr, _hamOŸ! `h ~mV Vmo _¢ Z H$hÿ§Jmo, Amnw IrOmoJo gw{ZHo$. V~
29
lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^w H$h¡, h_ Voao Cna àgÝZ hm|Jo, Z IrO|Jo. O¡go bm`mo gmo
H${h Xo. V~ dmgwXodXmgZo g~ àH$ma H$ømo Omo bmIH$mo Jmobm H$[a, MÝXZ
M‹ T >mdV Am`mo . V~ lrAmMm`© O r _hmà^w H$ho , Eo g o Z H$[a`o .
^JdËñdê$nH$mo AmH$ma H$[a nmN>| AÝ`Wm H$aZmo n‹S>o. V~ dmgwXodXmgZo
H$hr, _hamOŸ! H$Ny> à{Vð>m H$ar Z hVr. bmIH$mo Jmobm ~m§Ü`mo hVmo. V~
lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^w H$h|, VD$ Eogo Z H$[a`o. nmN>| ^ÊS>m[aH$m| ~wbm` Vrg
_mohm¡a lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^w {X`o. Am¡a H$h| _“bmV| bo e`Z n`©ÝVH$s gm_J«r
bo H$Q>moar Nw>‹S>mB bo Amdmo. nmN>| lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^w e`Z n`©ÝV nhm|{M
lrR>mHw$aOrH$m| AZmoga H$am` Amn ^moOZ {H$`o. Vm nmN>| lrAŠH$mOr Am{X
gJao n[aH$a ^moOZ {H$`o. V~ dmgwXodXmgH$m| _hmàgmXH$s nmVa Yar, gJao
godH$ d¡îUd _hmàgmX {b`o. ...
dmVm© : 38 àg“ 2
Am¡a EH$ g_` lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^yZ²Ho$ ~‹S>o nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr AmJao
nYmao. gmo lrJwgm§BOrH$s ^oQ> gm¡ _mohm¡a hVr gmo d¡îUd lrJmonrZmWOrH$m| XrZr.
BVZohr_| qghZÝXgm| dmgwXodXmg N>H$‹S>m AmJao Am`o. Vm g_` lrJmonrZmWOrZo
H$hr Omo Eogmo H$moB© d¡îUd h¡ Omo `o gm¡ _mohm¡a A‹S>ob nhm|MmdoŸ? V~ dmgwXodXmgZo
H$hr Omo _hmamOŸ! _moH$m| XoC, _¢ nhm|MmD§$Jmo. V~ lrJmonrZmWOr lrJwgm§B©OrH$m|
nÌ {b{I {X`mo. Am¡a gm¡ _mohm¡a dmgwXodXmg N>H$‹S>mH$m| XrZr. V~ dmgwXodXmg
d¡go hr bmIH$mo Jmobm H$[a MÝXZ M‹T>mdV d¡amJr ^ofgm| Mbo. gmo Vrgao {XZ
A‹S>ob AmB©, bmI_|Vo _mohm¡a {ZH$mgr, lrJwgm§B©OrH$m| AmB© XÊS>dV H$[a,
lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo nÌ XoHo$ gm¡ _mohm¡a AmJo Yar. V~ lrJwgm§B©Or nÌH$m| ~m§{M
_mohm¡a g§^m[a ^ÊS>m[aH$m| {X`o. nmN>| dmgwXodXmgH$m| _hmàgmX {bdm`o. Vm nmN>|
Xygao {XZ _mohm¡aZ²H$s nhm|M Amn lrJwgm§B©Or {b{I dmgwXodXmgH$m| {X`o. V~
dmgwXodXmg lrJwgm§B©OrH$mo XÊS>dV² H$[a A‹S>ob V| Mbo. gmo Vrgao {XZ AmJao
Am` lrJwgm§B©OrH$mo nÌ lrJmonrZmWOrH$m| dmgwXodXmg {X`o. V~ lrJmonrZmWOr
dh nÌ ~m§{MHo$ dmgwXodXmg D$na ~hmoV àgÝZ ^`o. nmN>| nyN>o, Omo BVZr _mohm¡a
_mJ©_| AHo$bo H¡$go Vw_ bo J`o dmgwXodXmgŸ! gmo àH$ma Vmo h_gm| H$hmoŸ? V~
dmgwXodXmg g~ àH$ma lrJmonrZmWOr gm| H$h|. V~ lrJmonrZmWOr dmgwXdo Xmg
gm| H$ho, Omo Eogo H$~hÿ Z H$[a`o.
30
 Ÿ&&ŸKédmVm©Ÿ&&
EH$ g_` lr_hmà^wOr erVH$mbHo$ {XZ_| {nN>br amÌHy§$ D${R>Ho$ XohH¥$Ë`
H$[aHo$ Vob bJmdV hVo. V~ lrJmonrZmWOr ñZmZ H$[aHo$ Anag_| AmnHo$ nmg
Am`Ho$ R>mT>o ^E. V~ Amn lr_hmà^yZ²Z| {dZgm| H$ømo Omo Vw_ _pÝXa_| Om`Ho$
lrR>mHw$aOrH$m| OJmdmo. V~ lrJmonrZmWOr qH$dm‹S> Imo{bHo$ AmJo JE. gmo Vhm§
R>mT>o a{hHo$ XoIo Vmo lrZmWOr ^a{ZÐm_| nm¡T>o h|. V~ lrJmonrZmWOrZo Am`Ho$
Amngm| H$ømo Omo lrR>mHw$aOr Vmo ^a{ZÐm_| nm¡T>o h¢, Ho$g| H$ê§$Ÿ? V~ AmnZo
lrJmonrZmWOrgm| H$hr Omo Vw_ EH$ {N>Z ^a R>mT>o ahmo. nmN>| _pÝXa_| Om`Ho$
hmWH$s Vmar ~Om`Ho$ lrHw§$ OJmdmo. H$maU Omo ~«÷_whÿV© ^E nmN>| lrR>mHw$aOrH$m|
OJmdZ| `m ^m§{VH$s _`m©Xm ho. VmV| Adí` OJmdZ|. lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^wOr
Vmo {ZOñdê$nH$mo àH$ma g~ OmZo h|. Vmgm| lrZmWOrH$m| Vmar ~Om`Ho$ OJm`doH$s
Amkm {X`o.
(ŸKédmVm© 6Ÿ)
EH$ g_` lrJmonrZmWOrZ| lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^yZ²gm| {dZVr H$ar Omo
_hmamO lrÛm[aH$mZmWOrH$m| AnZo Ka nYamd|Ÿ?
V~ Amn lrJmonrZmWOrgm| H$h| Omo Vw_H$mo ~hþV nmÌŸ-Ÿgm_J«rŸ-ŸJhoZm
Xo{IHo$ bmo^ ^`mo hmo`JmoŸ!
V~ lrJmonrZmWOrZ| H$hr Omo _hmamO AmnHo$ d§e_| àJQ> hmo`Jmo gmo Vmo
bmo^ Z H$aoJmo, n[a h_H$m| Vmo godmhrH$s BÀN>m hmoV ho, VmV| Amngm| `h {~ZVr
H$ar ho. V~ g~ d¡îUdH$m| gwZm`doH$m| lrAmMm`©Or lr_wIgm| `h ~mV
lrJmonrZmWOrgm| H$h| OmoŸ:
_oao d§e_| AWdm _oamo H$hm`Ho$ Omo H$moB© ^JdX²Ðì` Im`Jmo
VmH$mo d§e {Z_y©b hmo`Jmo, `h _oar Amkm h¡.
(ŸKédmVm© 7Ÿ)
nmN>| O~ lrAmMm`©OrH$m| lrR>mHw$aOrZ| Vrgar Amkm XrZr Omo A~ nYmamo,
V~ Amn {~amM {H$`o Omo A~ H$moZ àH$magm| nYmaZm|. V~ _Z_| {~Mma| Omo A~
31
g§Ý`mg J«hU H$aZm|. H$mhoV|, Omo ~«m÷UH$mo ñdê$n Y`m} ho VmV| ~«m÷UH$m| Mm`m]
Aml_Z²H$mo A“rH$ma H$aZmo. àW_ Vmo AmnZo ~«÷M`m©l_H$mo A“rH$ma {H$`mo
hVmo. O~ lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo VWm lrJwgm§B©OrH$mo àmJQ>ç ^`mo V~bm| J¥hñWml_r
aho; gmo dëb^m»`mZ_| JmonmbXmgOr Jmo`o h| ""nyaU ~«÷ lrbú_UgwV nwéfmoÎm_
lr{dÆ>bZmW; lrJmoH$w b_m§ àJQ> nYm`m© ñdOZ H$sYm gZmW''. \o$[a dmZàñWml_
{H$`o. gmo Vmo gmjmV² B©ídahrgm| ~Zo Omo g~ nXmW© {dÚ_mZ² ho Amoa {VZgm| d¡am½`
hmo`. nmN>| {~Mm[aHo$ Amn g§Ý`mg J«hUH$s Amkm AmnH$s Y_©nËZr lr_hmbú_rOrHo$
nmg _m§Jr. ... Amn g§Ý`mg J«hU H$[aHo$ H$mer nYmao. dhm§ Om`Ho$ AmnZo
AÝZ, Ob Amoa gå^mfU `o VrZm| dñVwH$mo Ë`mJ {H$`o. nmN>| _m¡Zd«V YmaU {H$`o
Am¡a Ü`mZ_wÐmgm| aho. gmo g§dV² 1587 Ho$ AfmT> H¥$îU 2 CamÝV 3 Ho$ {XZ
AmnZo {~Mmar Omo AmO _Ü`môZH$mb_| lrJ“mOr_| Om` lr^JdmZ²Ho$ Ym_H$m|
OmZmo. Ego_| {dZHo$ nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr VWm lr{dÆ>bZmWOr ghHw$Qw>å~-n[adma
VWm g~ godH$OZZ²H$m| g§J boH|$ lrAmMm`©OrH$s ImoO H$aV-H$aV H$merOr_|
_Ü`môZH$mb_| Am` nhþ§Mo. ... V~ AmnHo$ nwÌZ²Z| àUm_ nyd©H$ {dZVr H$ar Omo
_hmamOŸ! A~ h_H$m| H$hm Amkm hoŸ? Vm g_o AmnHy§$ Vmo _m¡Z d«V hVmo, VmV|
gÄkm H$[aHo$ Yyb_| A§Jwbrgm| {ejmHo$ gmS>o VrZ íbmoH$ AmnZo AnZo lrhñVgm|
{bIo.
(ŸKédmVm© 10Ÿ)
Mma ñdê$n ^JdËñdê$n_| brZ ^`o gmo `m ar{Vgm| Omo 1.ŸlrAmMm`©Or
_hmà^w lrJ“mOrHo$ àdmh_|; 2.Ÿ(ŸlrJmonrZmWOrHo$ nwÌŸ) lrnwéfmoÎm_OrH$m|
lrZmWOrZo hmW nH$[aHo$ AnZr brbm_| nYam`; 3.ŸlrJmonrZmWOr Amn lrOJXre
nYmao hVo Vhm§ lr~bXodOrHo$ ñdê$n_| brZ ^`o VWm 4.Ÿlr{J[aYaOr
lr_WwamZmWOrHo$ _wIma{dÝX_| g_m` J`o-Ÿ`m ar{Vgm| g~ brbm_| nYmao.
(ŸKédmVm© 12Ÿ)
Ÿ&&Ÿ{ZOdmVm©Ÿ&&
AmnHo$ ~‹S>o nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr lrMaUm{Ð_| Am` aho h| Ohm§ lrJ“mOr
~hV h|. Vhm§ MaUnhmS>r_| lr^JdmZ²Ho$ MaU{MôZ {~amOV h| dmhrgy§ "aUm{Ð'
Zm_ {d»`mV ^`mo. dmHo$ lrJmonrZmWOrZo XaeZ H$aHo$ H$Ny>H$ dm Jm_V| Xy[a
32
gwÝXa ñWmZ ~m§{YHo$ AmnZo {Zdmg {H$`mo. lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ àmJQ>çHo$ nrN>o Amn
lrMaUm{Ð_| WmoS>o hr {XZ {~amOo. \o$[a nmN>| AS>obHo$ g_rn Xod{f©Jm_, Amn
AnZo {nVm lrAmMm`© O r _hmà^y Z ² H o $ nmg àmMrZ J¥ h _| {~amOo . dhm§
lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo CnZ`Z H$ao. nrN>| lr_YwgyXZ gañdVr ñdm_rHo$ nmg {dÚm
nT>mB©.
(Ÿ{ZOdmVm©àg“ 36Ÿ)
&& ~¡R>H$M[aÌ Ÿ&&
A~ lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^yZ²H$s ~¡R>H$ AS>ob_| ho. Vhm§ Amn dmg H$[aHo$
{~amOo. gmo lrZdZrV{à`OrH$s godm H$aVo. Vhm§ {ZË` _m`mdmXr AmdVo gmo
lrAmMm`©Or _hà^yZ²gm| MMm© H$aVo. V~ Amn {dZH$m| {ZéÎma H$[a XoVo. nmN>|
Amn _Z_| {~Mmao Omo _mVm Bëb_mJméOrH$mo _Z godm_| ~hþV ho naÝVw ~«÷gå~ÝY
{dZm godmH$mo A{YH$ma Zmht ho VmV| _mVmH$m| ~«÷gå~ÝY Ho$g| H$am`mo Om`Ÿ! V~
lrAmMm`©Or AmnZo lrZdZrV{à`Orgm| {dZVr H$ar Omo Amn h_mar _mVmOrH$m|
~«÷gå~ÝY H$am` XrOmo. ... V~ lrZdZrV{à`OrZ| {dZHo$ hñV_| Vwbgr XB© gmo
Xygao ñdê$nHo$ MaUma{dÝX_| {ZdoXZ H$adm`H|$ g_n}. nmN>| lrZdZrV{à`Or
_mVm Bëb_mJméOrgm| ^|Q> _m§Jr. Vm g_` {dZHo$ H$ÊR>_| Omo _moVrZ²H$s _mbm
hVr gmo lrZdZrV{à`OrH$m| ^o Q > H$sZr. ... V~ lrAmMm`© O rZo _mVm
Bëb_mJméOrgm| H$hr Omo A~ Vw_ gwIoZ godm {H$`mo H$amo. Vm {XZgm| _mVm
Bëb_mJméOr lrZdZrV{à`OrH$s godm_| ÝhmVo. Ho$VoH$ {XZ nmN>| lrAmMm`©OrHo$
Bhm§ lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo àmXw^m©d ^`mo. V~ ~S>mo A{Zd©MZr` gwI ^`mo.
(ŸAS>¡bH$s ~¡R>H$ 83ŸH$mo M[aÌŸ)
Ÿ&& gåàXm`àXrn Ÿ&&
33
EH$Xm J“mVrao dgV: lrdëb^ñ` Á`oð>gwVlrJmonrZmWñ` OÝ_{Z OmVo,
^JdËgodm§ Hw$dm©Uñ` n¥ð>o [a“_mU{eemo: ñne©: g_O{Z, godm`m§ MoVmo ì`J«_^yV².
VXm ñd^m`m©`¡ H«w$Õ:Ÿ-Ÿ""Ëd`m H$ñ_mpÀN>ewZ© aú`Vo''Ÿ? n˳`mhŸ-Ÿ{eew:
gwßVmo@pñV. VÀM[aV_{n ^JdXr`§ _Ëdm VyîUr_mgrV². ...VV: {H$`Vm H$mboZ
Á`oð>nwÌmo JmonrZmW: nwéfmoÎm__mgmÚ ñdê$n_dmn VËnwÌ: nwéfmoÎm_m»`íM.
^mdmW©Ÿ:
àW_ nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ OÝ_ hmo OmZoH$o Hw$N> {XZm| ~mX O~ lrdëb^mMm`©
`mÌm H$aVo hþE d«O_ÊS>bH$s Amoa Am aho Wo, V~ _mJ©_| {dlm_Ho${b`o J“mŸ-
ŸVQ> na pñWV hmoH$a EH$ {XZ do ^JdËgodm H$a aho Wo. Cg g_` CÝh| Eogm kmV
hþAm {H$ ~mbH$ _oar nrR>H$m ghmam boH$a I‹S>m hmo ahm h¡. godm_| ì`J«{MÎmVm
hmo OmZogo do AnZr nËZrH$mo ~mbH$H$s XoIŸ-ŸaoI Z H$aVo hmoZoH$m Cnmbå^ XoZo
bJo, na àË`wÎma_| `h gwZH$a {H$ ""~mbH$ Vmo H$^r H$m gmo`m hþAm h¡, dh
AmnHo$ nmg H$hm§ go Am`JmŸ!'' CÝh| ~‹S>m H$m¡VwH$ hþAm. AÝV_| Bgo ^JdmZ²
~mbH¥$îUH$s brbm g_PH$a do nyd©dV² VëbrZVmgo AM©Zm H$aZo bJo. ...
AmMm`©MaUm|H$o AZÝVa Hw$N> g_` VH$ CZHo$ Á`oð> nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr gåàXm`H$s
ajm H$aVo aho. AÝV_| do OJÝZmWYm__| OmH$a ^Jd{ÛJ«h_| brZ hmo J`o. CZHo$
`wdmnwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm_OrHo$ ^r JmobmoH$dmg hmo OmZo na nw{ï>gåàXm`H$m ^ma
lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr na Am`m.
(Ÿn§. JXmYaXmg {ÛdoXr {da{MV gmZwdmX "gåàXm`àXrn' MVwW© àH$aUŸ)
Ÿ&& lrJmonrZmWOrH$s ~YmB© Ÿ&&
amJ gma“
AmpídZ d{X ÛmXer gw^J {XZ lrbú_Z gwVHo$ gwV Om`moŸ&&
hbYaê$n Xo{I lrdëb^ _hmJ{UH$ ~wbdm`moŸ&&1Ÿ&&
b½Z gwYm` g~o J«h gwÝXa _Z-hr-_Z A{V haI ~T>m`moŸ&&
Hw$b àmo{hV ~wbdm` haIgm| ñdpñV dmMZ nT>dm`moŸ&&2Ÿ&&
34
 OmV H$_© Aé Zm_ H$aU H$[a "lrJmonrZmW' Zm_ Yadm`moŸ&&
XoV Agrg {dà _ÝÌZ n{T> lrdëb^ XrZmo _Z ^m`moŸ&&3Ÿ&&
{H$`o AOmMH$ Jw{UZH$m| _ZdmpÄN>V nyaZ H$adm`moŸ&&
A{V CXma lrbú_UZÝXZ XoV g~Z _Z ^m`moŸ&&4Ÿ&&
lrAS>obnwa_| A{V AmZÝX C_½`mo Zmqh g_m`moŸ&&
da»`mo Amn MaUŸA{Ðna AZV Z H$mhÿ nm`moŸ&&5Ÿ&&
KaŸ-ŸKa VmoaU ~ÝXZ_mbm O`Ÿ-ŸO` Yw{Z CnOm`moŸ&&
a{gH$Xmg A{V XrZ-hrZ_{V H$hm OmZo Og Jm`moŸ&&6Ÿ&&
amJ ZQ>
lrbú_UgwV J«h ~OV ~YmBŸ&&
àJQ>o lrJmonrZmW àW_ gwV g‘>f©Udnw _mBŸ&&1Ÿ&&
N>ÝXê$n Zaê$n _Zmoha H$sZr OJ XagmBŸ&&
H$mo{Q> AZ“ amo_-amo_Z à{V _{h_m doXZ JmBŸ&&2Ÿ&&
A{V CXma H$éUm_` AjU CJ« àVmn ghmBŸ&&
Ego Om{Z eaU Am`mo `h a{gH$Xmg {ga ZmBŸ&&3Ÿ&&
lrdëb^gwV MaZH$_baO H¥$îUXmg ZmoN>mda nmBŸ&&5Ÿ&&
lrdëb^gwV àW_ àJQ>o,
brbmag^md JwßV Oo-Oo lrJmonrZmW ^ŠVZ gwIXmBŸ&&
JmdV h| doX Mma VmoC Z Amdo nma
_{h_mH$mo H$hr Z gHo$ {ÛOd§e amBŸ&&1Ÿ&&
nw{ï>nW H$aZ H$mO àJQ>o h| ^y{_ AmO
JmdV g~ d«OOZ {_b _“b ~YmBŸ&&
h[aXmg ~§g Jmdo ~hþV ~YmB nmdo
XoIV {ÌbmoH$ g~ ~bŸ-Ÿ~b OmBŸ&&3Ÿ&&
Ÿ

KaŸ-ŸKa AmZÝX hmoV ~YmBŸ&&

lrdëb^J¥h àJQ> ^`o h| JmonrZmW Hw§$da gwIXmBŸ&&1Ÿ&&
YÝ`-YÝ` Amgmo dX {XZ ÛmXgr YÝ`-YÝ` dma ZjÌ H$hmBŸ&&
Y{Z-Y{Z ^m½` Iwbo ^ŠVZHo$ YÝ`-YÝ` Hw§$I AŠH$mOy _mBŸ&&2Ÿ&&
_“b H$be {~amOV Ûmao ~ÝXZdma ~§YmBŸ&&
Hw§$Hw$_ AjV Wma hmW bo JmdV dYyAZ AmBŸ&&
Q>rH$mo H$aV {ZhmaV lr_wI dmaV AmaVr bmoZ H$amBŸ&&
OwJŸ-ŸOwJ amO H$amo `h T>moQ>m XoV Agrg g~| _Z ^mBŸ&&
Oo OoH$ma ^`mo {Ì^wdZ_| Xod XwÝXw{^ ZmX ~OmBŸ&&

35 36
 && lrnwéfmoÎm_OrH$s ~YmB© Ÿ&&
amJ gma§J
lrdëb^gwVHo$ gwV àJQ>o n[anyaZ nwéfmoÎm_ Zm_Ÿ&&
lrJmonrZmW {Za{I _Z \y$bo _“b JmdV Mhþ§{Xe dm_Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&
A{V AmZÝX ~T>çmo nwa g~hr Oo-Oo Yw{Z Mhÿ§{Xe CnOmB©Ÿ&&
{dà doXYw{Z nT>V gwaZ Vo XoV Agrg Or`mo {Ma _mB©Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&
lrJmonrZmW XoV g~{hZH$m| nQ>-^yfZ-Jmo-^y-YZ-Ym_Ÿ&&
nyaV gH$b _ZmoaW OZHo$ a{gH$Xmg H$sZmo naUm_Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

amJ Zm`H$s
àJQ>o lrdëb^ gwVHo$ nwéfmoÎm_ `h Zm_Ÿ&&
AmpídZŸH¥$îU Aï>_r ew^{XZ à_mZ lrŸnm` {H$`o ew^ H$m_Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&
~mOV T>mob XwÝXw^r _wabr ~rZ _¥X“ g_mOŸ&&
Z¥Ë` H$aV Za-Zmar _w{XV _Z H$hV ahmo YaZrna JmOŸ&&2Ÿ&&
Xod Hw$gw_ ~aImdV Mhþ§{Xe Oo-Oo ~mobV H$ao {ea Zm_Ÿ&&
a{gH$Xmg H$hm ~aZr gHo$ JwZ g~{hZHo$ n[anyaU H$m_Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

37 38
 lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|H$s lrOJÝZmWnw[aH$s `mÌmH$m
A{VàmMrZ Vm‹S>nÌ‘| C{‹S>`m ^mfm‘|
CnbãY hmoVo dU©ZH$m {hÝXr AZwdmX

na‘ ^mJdV na‘ d¡ î Ud lr lr lr dëb^mMm`© H w $ bmo X ² ^ d

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Y‘©ì`m»`mZ XoVo hþdo ({eamonm) {eaómU boH$a gå‘m{ZV hmo aho h¢.

nwéfmoÎm‘‘| AH$mb nS>m. YmZ Z hþB©, nmZr Z {‘bo, ~hþV AZW© hmoZo bJo.
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AmMm`© Am`o. dh na‘ ^m½`embr nwéf Wo. à{V{XZ earana H$ñVyarH$m bon
bJmVo Wo. na‘ gwÝXa AmMm`© JmonrZmWOr Am`o h¢ `h OmZH$a amOm ~hþV gÝVwï>
hþE. ’$bmhmar ‘R>‘| {ZdmgH$m à~ÝY {H$`m. ^y{‘XmZ {H$`m. AH$mbHo$ ~mao‘|
H$hm. g~Zo H$hm dh CÕma H$a b|Jo. JmonrZmWOrHo$ H$hVo hr ~agmV hmoZo bJr.
OZ-‘mZd gÝVwï> hþE. h¡Om J`m. amOm na‘ gÝVmofgo CÝh| OwbygHo$ gmW
nwéfmoÎm‘ ‘pÝXa (OJÝZmWOrH$m ‘pÝXa) bo J`o. CZgo doXmÝV gwZm. Bg Y‘©JÝ« WH$mo
ldU H$a g~ ‘w½Y hþE. amOmH$mo gÝVmof hþAm. AH$mb J`m. gwH$mb Am`m. Eogo
Xg {XZ ahZoHo$ ~mX do ~mhþbm ‘R> J`o. dhm§ `moJ‘mJ© àXe©Z {H$`m. gÝV-
‘hÝV Am`o. amOmZo H$hm Amn Jwé h¢.

CÝhm|Zo H$hm h‘ d¡îUd h¢. h‘ j{Ì`H$mo {eî` H¡$go ~Zm`|. amOmZo H$hm
Hw$N> ^y{‘ J«hU H$a `hm§ ‘R> ñWm{nV H$a|. CÝhm|Zo Odm~ {X`m ""h‘ H$ht Amoa
Om`|Jo. h‘| {dÎmgo Š`m à`moOZ h¡. h‘| JmoHw$bMÝÐZo g~ Hw$N> {X`m h¡. h‘ `hm§
^y{‘ boH$a Š`m H$a|Jo. Bgo ~«m÷UH$mo Xo Xr{O`o'' Eogm H$hm. amOmZo CÝh|
dóemR>r (EH$ VahH$m dó) XoH$a Owbyg {ZH$bdm`m Am¡a ZJaH$m ^«‘U
H$am`m. {’$a do CÎmaH$mo Mbo J`o. BgHo$ ~mX gwI‘`Xmg gÝVZo àdoe {H$`m.

39 40
41 42
 lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$s
lrOJÝZmWnw[aH$s `mÌmH$m A{VàmMrZ Vm‹S>nÌ‘|
C{‹S>`m ^mfm‘| CnbãY hmoVo dU©ZH$m {hÝXr AZwdmX
... {ebm{b{n H$adm`m. Bg Xod‘R>‘| Hw$N> {XZ ~mX AnZo gåàXm`H$mo
loð> {H$`m. ’$bmhmar ‘R>‘| ahH$a loð>ËdHo${b`o {dîUwñdm‘r gåàXm`Ho$ O¡go
godm{YH$ma Wo d¡go hr godm{YH$ma àmßV H$aZoHo${b`o ZmZm {d^y{V`m§ {XImB©,
`m¡{JH$ {d^y{V`m§ {XImBª. amOH$‘©Mmar`m|Zo H$hm, `hm§ AÝ` {d^y{V`m|H$m H$moB©
‘Vb~ Zht h¡. ^moJ hr ‘yb h¡.
YmaU {H$`o hþdo h¢. {MÝVm‘{U H¥$îUH$m ê$n XoIH$a amOm AmZpÝXV hmo CR>o. `hr
AmMm`©Ûmam à{Vnm{XV {dJ«h Wm.
Bgr ê$n‘| H¥$îUHo$ {MÝVm‘{Uê$n ñdßZ‘| Xe©Z hþdm. Bg{b`o MÝXZ`mÌm‘|
gd©Xm à^wH$m doe `hr hmoVm ahoJm. `h doe `m e¥§Jma loð> Wm. amOmHo$ 41d|
df©‘| OJÝZmW dëb^‘R>‘| Ohm§ OJÝZmW Bï>ê$n‘| Wo, dhm§ nwéfmoÎm‘ AmMm`©Ho$
{dYmZ AZwgma H¥$îU {MÝVm‘{U ‘y{V© ‘wJ{Z nËWa‘| (EH$ VahH$m H$mbm {MH$Zm
nËWa) JT>H$a h‘|emHo${b`o ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m. `hm AmMm`© loð>Ëd bm^H$a
JmoHw$bH$s `mÌmna {ZH$b nSo>. Hw$N> {XZm| ~mX d¥ÕmMm`© Zm‘H$ AmMm`© Am`o.

CÝhm|Zo O~ H$hm {H$ ~«÷aÝY« `m XmoZm| ^«mohm|Ho$ ~rM‘| H$nmbmÝV VH$ Omo
aŠVdU©H$s Á`mo{V h¡ dht amYm-‘mYd H«$sS>m H$aVo h¢. Bg{b`o h‘mao gåàXm`Zo
aŠVdU©H$m D$Üd©nwÊS´> J«hU {H$`m. Vmo g~ bmoJm|Zo H$hm, `h R>rH$ h¡.

Eogo dëb^mMm`©Ho$ {eî` nwéfmoÎm‘mMm`© Am`o. do loð> h¢ Eogm XyVm|Zo amOmH$mo

H$hm. amOmZo H$hm BZHo$ Hw$bJwéAm|H$mo h‘ OmZVo h¢. Bgr gåàXm`Ho$ JmonrZmW
AmMm`© Am`o Wo, A~ `o Am`o h¢. BZH$m ‘R> "’$bmhmar' ‘R>Ho$ Zm‘go nhbogo
hr {ZYm©[aV h¡. Cg ñWmZ‘| CZHo$ {ZdmgH$m ggå‘mZ à~ÝYH$a amOJwéAm|Zo
H$hm, Amn AmMm`©{d^y{V {XImB`o.

do (AmMm`© nwéfmoÎm‘) ~mobo : h‘ JmoHw$bMÝÐH$s CnmgZm H$aVo h¢ Am¡a

JrVJmo{dÝX J«ÝWH$mo loð>Ëd XoVo h¢. h‘mao nmg g~ h¡. Xygam|Zo H$hm : JrVJmo{dÝXH$s
Vah e¥§JmaagmË‘H$ J«ÝW H¡$go loð> hmo gH$Vm h¡? AmMm`©Zo H$hm : na‘oída
qghmgZ na {~amO‘mZ h¡. Eogr ~mV gwZH$a amOm Mwn hmo J`o. Bgr g‘`
d¡emIH$s Ì`moXer‘| MÝXZ`mÌmH$s Mmn (^JdmZH$mo Zmd‘| ~¡R>mH$a MÝXZHo$
Vmbm~‘| Kw‘m`m OmVm h¡ Cgo "Mmn' H$hVo h¢) hmo ahr Wr. V^r AmMm`© Xw:pIV
hmo dmng Mbo J`o. do O~ ‘wŠVoída‘| Wo V~ amOmH$mo ñdßZmXoe hþdm. amOmZo
ñdßZ XoIm {H$ na‘oída OJÝZmW XmoZm| hmWm|‘| e§I, MH«$ Am¡a Xygao hmWm|‘| doUw

43 44
 lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|H$o à{V
lr{dÆ>be
o à^wMaU {bpIV nÌ
lrZdZrV{à`-‘Ww a mZmW-ÛmaH$mZmW-Jmo d Õ© Z Ya-
{dÆ>boída-‘XZ‘mohZ-JmodÕ©ZYa-ZdZrV{à`-MaUm{dÝXofw
AZwMañ` àUV`mo {ZdoXZr`:.
ñdpñV lr‘ÁÁ`oð>^«mV¥MaUH$‘bofw `dr`gmo {dQ²>R>bñ`
àUm‘H$mo{Q>-{ZdoXH$mo@`§ nÌXyV:. e‘² Bh, ^mdËH$‘² Amemgo.
Ah§ ^JdXmk`m amgmoËgdn`©ÝV§ lrJmodÕ©ZMaUma{dÝX{ZH$Q>o
pñWVmo@pñ‘. h[aÛma§ à{V Amkm Z OmVo{V Z JV‘². AÌ ‘‘ AñdmñÏ`§
~hþ OmV‘² AmgrV². CndmgXeH§$ H¥$V‘². AYwZm ^JdËH¥$n`m
lr‘ËH¥$n`m M Z¡éÁ`§ OmV‘² ApñV, H$m{n {MÝVm Z H$m`m©.
AŠH$m-Aå‘m-AÎmmMaUmofw ZV`:. AŠH$m `Wm Z Xw:I§ H$amo{V
‘‘mñdmñÏ`§ lwËdm VmÑH²$ H$V©ì`‘². ^dVm{n H$m{n {MÝVm Z H$m`m©.
‘‘ ^Jd{V gd©Ì. `mXdoÝÐnw[afw ~«÷mZÝXofw Xr{jVofw h[aha-
ZmJZmW-My‹S>m{Xfw Z‘ñH$mam:. X. {dîUwXmgm{Xfw Am{ef:. AÌË`
d¡îUdmZm§ ZV`:.
{Z^©a§ H«$sS>Vmoam{b ‘wXm Hw$ÄOo {ddmggmo:&
AÝ`moÝ`ñ` à^¡dmgrX² AÝ`moÝ`‘w{MVm§ewH$‘²&&
A\® : õh[õs îu_h_usrâeÆ îud\yfp_p\Æ îuÜpfL$p_p\Æ îuNp¡h^®_^f
îurh£g¡íhf îudv$_dp¡l_ 1îuNp¡h^®_^f 1îu_h_usrâeÆ _p QfZL$dmdp„
A_yQf_p-k¡hL$_p âZpdp¡ r_h¡v$_ L$fip¡.
õh[õs îudÄÄe¡›$c°psp_p (—îuNp¡`u_p\Æ_p—) QfZL$dgp¡dp„ _p_p
rhV¹$W$g_p L$p¡qV$âZpdp¡_¡ Ap `Óv|$s r_h¡v$_ L$f¡ R>¡. AÓ Ly$ig R>¡. Ap`_p Ly$ig_u
lz„ Arcgpjp fpM„y R>„y.
45
l„z cNhv$pop\u fpkp¡Ðkh`e®Þs îuNp¡h^®_^f_p4 QfZpfrhÞv$ r_L$V$ füp¡
Ry>.„ lqfÜpf ârs S>hp_u Apop _ \C s¡\u S>hpe„y _\u. Al] d_¡ blz AõhpõÕe
\ey„. v$i D`hpk L$ep®, lh¡ cNhÐL©$`p\u A_¡ Ap`_u L©$`p\u _ufp¡rNsp \C
R>¡. L$p„C `Z rQÞsp L$fip¡ _rl. A½$pÆ5 AçdpÆ6 A_¡ AÑpÆ_¡7âZpd.
dpf„y AõhpõÕe kp„cmu_¡ A½$pÆ_¡ vy$:M _ \pe s¡d L$fip¡. cNhp_¹ kh®Ó (—
fnL$—) R>¡ s¡\u Ap` dpfu L„$C `Z rQÞsp L$fip¡ _rl. epv$h¡ÞÖ`yfu. b°ûp_Þv$
v$urns, lqflf, _pN_p\, Q|X$p Apqv$ kh®_¡ _dõL$pf; rhóÏv$pkpqv$ kh®_¡
Apiuhp®v$. AÓ_p h¥óZhp¡_p âZpd.
l¡ krM—! Äepf¡ rhhpk âcy r_Ly$ÊS>dp„ õhrâepÆ kl âdp¡v$hX¡$ r_c®f
¾$uX$p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ A¡L$—-—A¡L$\u âcp S> AÞep¡Þe h÷pÃR>pv$_ \C flu R>¡.
(—AÓ `Ó `|Z® \pe R>¡—)
rhh¡Q_—:—Apfçcdp„ îuNp¡õhpduÆ îu_h_usrâeÆ\u Apfçcu îurÜsue
_h_us râeÆ (—îubpgL©$óZgpgÆ—) `e®Þs kh® k¡ìe õhê$`_¡ Äe¡›$c°psp
îuNp¡`u_p\ÆÜpfp âZpd r_h¡v$_ L$f¡ R>¡ Ap\u îuNp¡õhpduÆ_„y Agp¥qL$L$ v¡$Þe
A_¡ îudÄe¡›$cp° sp ârs A¡Ap¡îu_p¡ Agp¥qL$L$ dp_cph L¡$hp¡ lsp¡ s¡_p¡ Ap`Z_¡
bp¡^ \pe R>¡.
îu_h_usrâepqv$ k¡ìe õhê$`_¡ âZpd r_h¡v$_ L$fu A¡hp S> dp_`|h®L$
1 îuNp¡õhpduÆâcyQfZ îuNp¡`u_p\Æ_¡ `Z A_¡L$i: âZpd L$f¡ R>¡. hmu
îuNp¡`u_p\Æ_¡ "îudÄS>e¡›$c°ps©QfZ' A_¡ `p¡sp_¡ dpV¡$ ""ehuek:rh£gõe''
A¡ `v$ gM¡ R>¡ Ap\u Ap`Z_¡ v¥$hp¡ÙpfL$ îuNp¡õhpduÆ_p v$u_sp`|Z® ùv$e_„y
v$i®_ \pe R>¡ A_¡ Ap D`f\u A_ydp_ \pe R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ îuNp¡õhpduÆ
îuNp¡ ` u_p\Æ ârs Aphp¡ A_y ` d õ_¡ l v$ip® h ¡ R>¡ sp¡ s¡ A p¡ î uA¡ (—
îuNp¡`u_p\ÆA¡—) `Z OZp N°Þ\p¡ fÃep li¡ `Z lpg s¡ N°Þ\p¡ `Z AÞe
kpçâv$preL$ N°Þ\p¡_u `¡W¡$ D`gå^ _\u. A¡Ap¡îu_p fQ¡gp N°Þ\p¡dp„ Adpfp
ÅZhp âdpZ¡ kp^_v$u`L$ A_¡ L¡$V$gp„L$ k„õL©$s `Ûp¡ dyçbCdp„ cp.—dp.—`„.—
46
NËz$gpgÆ_p ^d®`õy sL$pgedp„ kpçâv$preL$ kprlÐe AÛpr` blpf _ Aphhp_p„ A¡d gM¡ R>¡. AÞsdp„ `p¡sp_u `pk¡_p kh® h¥óZhp¡_p v$ÎX$hs¹ âZpd S>Zphu
b¡ dy¿e L$pfZ ×rô$Np¡Qf \pe R>¡. v¥$hp¡ÙpfâeÐ_pÐdp îudlpâcyÆ_p kde\u kyMr_r^ îur_Ly$ÊS>_peL$_u `fdr_N|Y$ fkde ¾$uX$p hZ®hsp„ `Ó `|Z®—L$f¡—R>¡.
lpg ky^udp„ kpçâv$preL$ k„õL©$s N°Þ\p¡ L¡$V$gp fQpe¡gp R>¡ s¡dp„\u L¡$V$gp lpg rbfpS>¡ (—"`yrô$c[¼sky^p' îuhëgcpåv$ 437 A„L$ : 8-9—)
R>¡ A_¡ s¡ ¼ep„—-—¼ep„ rhfpS>¡ R>¡ A¡ `Z kç`|Zi® : L$pC¡ _¡ rhqv$s _\u—! Aìehõ\p_¡
kde blz \C Nep¡ R>¡ s¡\u N°Þ\p¡_p„ _pd-W$pd ÅZhp_¡ Å¡Csp„ kp^_p¡ `Z
qV$à`Zu :
D`gå^ _\u A_¡ s¡\u Ap qv$ipdp„ âeÐ__u rhi¡j Aphíe¼sp R>¡. hmu
1.—Ap fpk¡íhf îuNp¡Ly$gQÞÖdpÆ kdS>hp, S>¡ lpg L$pçeh_dp„ rbfpS>¡ R>¡.
N°Þ\p¡ lpg rhfpS>¡ R>¡ s¡dp„_p `Z L¡$V$gpL$ A¡hp õ\p_dp„ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_p fnL$ kÄS>_p¡_u 2.—îuNp¡h^®_^f s¡ îuNp¡Ly$gõ\ îuNp¡Ly$g_p\Æ kdS>hp.
h©rÑ\u s¡_p„ v$i®_ \hp„ `Z vy$g®c \C `X$ép„ R>¡. D`ey®¼s dyçbp`yfuõ\ cp.— 3.—Ap îu_h_usrâe s¡ îukyfrsN°pdõ\ îubpgL©$óZ kdS>hp.
dp.—`„.—NËz$gpgÆ_p ^d®`õy sL$pge_p¡ `qfQe d_¡ Qpf—-—`p„Q hMs \ep¡ R>¡ A_¡ 4.—îuNykp„CÆ îurNqffpS>dp„ îu_p\Æ `pk¡ rbfpS>sp lp¡hp\u D`gp b¡ îuNp¡h^®_^f
Ðep„_p kpçâv$preL$ N°Þ\kprlÐe_p„ v$i®_ L$fhpdp„ Ðep„_p `Z fpS>k—-—spdk ¾$di: îuNp¡L$y gQÞÖdpÆ A_¡ îuNp¡L$y g_p\Æ S> lp¡hp_„y âdpZ âpàs \pe R>¡. Äe¡›$
cpC îuNp¡`u_p\Æ îuNp¡Ly$gdp„ rbfpS>¡ R>¡ Äep„ îu_h_usrâeÆ s\p kps õhê$`
âL©$rs_p ìehõ\p`L$p¡_¡ gu^¡ lz„ r_óag \ep¡ R>„y A¡d Al] dpf¡ kM¡v$ âL$V$ L$fhy„ `Z rbfpS>sp„ lsp„.
`X¡$ R>¡ kpçâv$preL$ kprlÐe S>¡—-—S>¡ õ\m¡ lp¡e s¡—-—s¡ õ\m_p _¡sp `yfyjp¡A¡ s¡ 5.—dps©QfZ îudlpgÿduÆ. 6.—îudlpgÿduÆ_p„ dps©QfZ. 7.—ap¡C.
kprlÐe_p ÅZ_pf Æopky lfL$pC¡ h¥óZh_¡ A_yL$| gsp L$fu Ap`hu A¡ `p¡sp_u
afS> R>¡ A¡hu kdS> s¡d_¡ âcy Ap`¡ A¡d âp\®_p L$fy„ R>„.y Aphp rh`fus k„ep¡Np¡dp„
dpÓ îudlpâcyL$ê$Zp_„y âd¡ebg S> rhS>e âp[às L$fph¡ A¡d R>¡. A¡hp âd¡ebg_¡
S> Ahgçbu_¡ kpçâv$preL$ ^udp_¹ A_¡ îudp_¹ h¥óZhp¡_u `qfjv¹$_¡ kpçâv$preL$
DÞ_rs_¡ A\£ ep¡Áe klpe \pe sp¡ S> h¥óZhùv$e kçâv$peõhê$`_¡ ÅZu
Ahgp¡L$u L©$sL©$Ðe \pe.
îuNp¡õhpduÆ S>¡d AÞe `Ódp„ ""îuNp¡Ly$g_p\ õhe„ Ap`Z„y A¥rlL$ A_¡
`pfgp¥qL$L$ \ep R>¡'' A¡d Apop L$f¡ R>¡ s¡d Ap `Ó\u `Z AÓ args \pe R>¡ L¡$
îuNp¡õhpduÆ A¥rlL$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ kh® kpnps¹ cNhv$pop âdpZ¡ S> L$fsp.
cNhv$pop _rl lp¡hp\u A¡Ap¡îu lqfÜpf _rl S>sp„ îuNp¡h^®_^fZ_u kdu`dp„
S> füp. Ðep„ AõhpõÕe \sp„ `p¡s¡ v$iqv$hk `e®Þs D`hpk L$ep®_„y gM¡. R>¡
A_¡ ""ldZp„ cNhÐL©$`p A_¡ îudp_¹_u L©$`p\u _¥fyÄe âpàs \ey„ R>¡ A¡d S>Zph¡
R>¡. AÓ _¥fyÄeâp[às_y„ `Z kp^_ Ap¥j^pqv$ _rl `Z cNhp_¹_u S> L©$`p R>¡
A¡d bp¡^ \pe R>¡. cNhv$prîs S>__¡ kyM_u âp[às_y„ kp^_ dpÓ cNhp_¹_u
L©$`p S> R>¡ Ap\u L$p¡C `Z Ahõ\pdp„ cNhÄS>_¡ sp¡ cNhv$pîe S> L$s®ìe R>¡.
`p¡sp_„y AõhpõÕe ÅZu_¡ îuA½$pdpÆ_¡ vy$:M _ \pe s¡d L$fhp îuNp¡`u_p\Æ_¡
rhop`_ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ îuNp¡õhpduÆ_p¡ dps©õ_¡l k|Qh¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡îu_¡ `Z
fd¡iâcy îuNp¡h^®_^f kh®Ó fnL$ R>¡ s¡\u `p¡sp_¡ dpV¡$ L$p„C `Z rQÞsp _ L$fhu

47 48
Jmoñdm{‘lrd«OamOMaU{da{MV-"g§dËgamoËgdH$ënbVm`m‘²'
lrJmonrZmW{OÝ‘hmoËgd:
{Zê$ß`ÝVo Vw ^ŠVmW©‘² AWmpídZ‘hmoËgdm:
AmpídZñ`m{gVo njo ÛmXí`m§ H$éUm{ZYo:&&
lrdëb^à{V{ZqY JmonrZmW§ ñd‘mË‘O‘²&&1&&
àH$Q>rH¥$VdmZ² ñdñ` ñdê$nkmnZm` {h&&
X``m {ZO^ŠVofw ñd^ŠVmZÝX{gÕ`o&&2&&
AVñVÌmoËgd: H$m`©: ñd‘mJ©ñW¡ñVw gd©Wm&&
VÌmä`“§ H$ma{`Ëdm dó¡: H$mí‘raapÄOV¡:&&3&&
^yf{`Ëdm ^yfU¡íM ^moÁ`¡íM {d{dY¡ñVWm&&
^moO{`Ëdm JmoHw$boe§ Vmå~ybm{XH$‘n©`oV²&&4&&
VVíM {VbH§$ H¥$Ëdm Hw$L²Hx$‘oZ gwemo^Z‘²&&
Hw$`m©Xmam{V©H§$ àoåUm àU‘oÀM ‘whþ‘©whþ:&&5&&
lrdëb^à{V{ZYo JmonrZmW VX“O&&
nm{h VX²^pŠVXmZoZ Z‘ñVo H$éUm{ZYo&&6&&
Ed§ `: à`Vmo ^º²$`m VX²^ŠVrÀNw>íM gd©Wm&&
àË`ãX‘² CËgd§ Hw$`m©V² ñdmMm`m©UmÄM Vwï>`o&&7&&
Vñ` lrdëb^mMm`m©: àgrXpÝV Z g§e`:&&
ñdñdê$nàXmZoZ {Vð>pÝV M gXm ö{X&&8&&
àH$meH$ : lr~mbH¥$îUewÕmÛ¡V‘hmg^m, gwaV
gånmXH$ : Jmo.dm. lr{M‘Zbmb emór.
49
hëgcp¿ep_
f“¡ s¡ fdsp v$uW$X$p, bgv¡$h îuNp¡rhÞv$—&
s¡ `yÓ cph¡ âL$V$i¡, d_ D`Þep¡ Ap_Þv$—&&
bgv¡$h îuNp¡`u_p\ L$luA¡, îurhV¹$W$g _Þv$p_Þv$—&
s¡ h¡v$ `Þ\ rhõspfi¡, S>_ Ap`i¡ Ap_Þv$—&&
(—îuhëgcp¿ep_ 2-23,24—)
Ap sp¡fZ `Z® klL$pf_p„, ^frZe¡ QÞv$_ sZp„ _uf—&
Ap huf îuNp¡`u_p\, îurhV¹$W$g âNqV$ep—&&
(—îuhëgcp¿ep_ 3-11—)
r_Ðe ârs nÏ„—-—nÏ„ kdqfe¡, îuhëgc_p¡ `qfhpf f¡ fk_p—&&
îu`yfyjp¡Ñd âNqV$ep, S>Ns_p¡ L$fhp DÙpf f¡ fk_p—&&1&&
L$rgdp„ L$pfZ A¡l R>¡, buSy>„ kh£ c|rd_p¡ cpf f¡ fk_p—&&
A¡ rh_p buSy>„ kh£ bpv$gy„, Qp¥v$ gp¡L$_p¡ iZNpf f¡ fk_p—&&2&&
"Np¡`u_p\Æ' kp¡lpdZp, _h S>g O_ s_y cpZ f¡ fk_p—&&
kyM v$psp gOy c°psp_p, `|fZ `yfyj âdpZ f¡ fk_p—&&3&&
gÿdu kÐecpdp A¡ b¡D, AN°S>_u A_ylpf f¡ fk_p—&&
îu_h_usrâeÆ_¡ fuTìep, k¡hp rhrh^ âL$pf f¡ fk_p—&&
(—îuhëgcp¿ep_ 9—&—1-3—)
d|g `yfjy
L$Ry>L$ qv$_ flu k“ g¡ Ape¡, bk¡ AX¡$gd¢ r_S> lfMpe¡—&
k„hs `ÞÖlp kX$kW$ Apep¡, Apkp¡ hqv$ Üpv$iu iyc Npep¡—&&
50
 Npep¡ îuNp¡`u_p\Æ, S>b S>Þd gu_p¡ ApeL¡$—& s¥g“rsgL$ _¡ rhârifp¡drZ c|`Å¡;
År_ bgL$p¡ ê$` lfrMs, v¡$s v$p_ bY$peL¡$—&& A¡lz_p kys îuhëgc_p„ g¡J hpfZp„,
(—d|g `yfyj—17—) rÜS>hf ê$`¡ âL$V$ép A_g A_|`Å¡.
^d®^yf„^f b¡ kys îuhëgcv¡$h_p,
lrdëb^d§emdbr âL$V$ L$fhp h¡v$sZp¡ rhõspfÅ¡;
NyZkdyÖ cqfep îuNp¡`u_p\Æ,
àJQ>o lrAmMm`©Or Xr{jV ˆo {h` ^pŠV& lm-dyim^f lm^f_p¡ AhspfÅ¡.
{VZHo$ OoR>o nwÌ h¢ JmonrZmWOr ì`pŠV&&10&& ... ... ... ... ... ...
g§dV nÐh 1gÎmam ÛmX{g d{X AmgmoO&& S>d_pv$pk A^d s¡ R>¡ ApÛ_p¡,
OÝ‘ lrJmonrZmWOr à’w${bV dXZ gamoO&&11&& s¡ iy„ ÅZ¡ îuhëgcLy$g_p¡ dd®Å¡.
{VZHo$ nwéfmoÎm‘ ^`o 2gË`m H$Ý`m Om{Z&&
(H${d OJVmZÝX {da{MV "lrdëb^d§emdbr') lz„ brglpfu s¥g“Ly$gv$u`L$,
îugÿdZ sps_¡ f¡ gp¡g;
1. {d.g§. 1567 à{gÕ h¡. s¡ Ly$g âL$V$ép îuhëgcv¡$h,
2. ""bú‘r gË`m Om{Z'' Jmo.dm. lrÛmaH$mXmg narIHo$ AZwgma Eogm nmR> hmoZm Mm{h`o.
S>NsrlsL$pfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g.
A¡d_p b¡ kys `fd L©$`pg,
^p¡m
L¡$ Qsyf rifp¡drZ f¡ gp¡g;
îuNp¡`u_p\ îurhV¹$W$g_p\,
îugÿdZcË$Æ_¡ O¡f A¡ Ly$mv$uhp¡ f¡ ...
L¡$ Ad rif A¡ ^Zuf¡ gp¡g.
îuA½$pÆ L|$M¡ Ahsep® kyML$pfu f¡,
... ... ... ... ...
Np¡`u_p\ îurhV¹$W$g_p\ A¡ `f hpfu f¡.
îuh°S>c|jZ Å¡C dyMQ„Ö,
bgv¡$h îuNp¡`u_p\Æ_¡ ÅZp¡ f¡
L¡$ Åe hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g. lz brglpfu
...
A¡ ip¡cp Å¡C lqfv$pk Åe brglpfu f¡,
îugÿdZ kys_¡ f¡ l¡gu;
A¡ gugp NpÅ¡ r_Ðe _f_¡ _pfu f¡. îugÿdZ.
A¡d_¡ r_fMp¡ kfh¡ `l¡gu—&&
A¡d_p NyZ_¡ S>¡ Npi¡;
îugÿdZcË$Æ_p„ cph¡ guS>¡ cpdZp„,

51 52
s¡lz_p ch_p„ âp[íQs Åi¡—&& lp„f¡ hpg¡ L$u^u k¡hL$_u kpü Å¡—&&
kys Np¡`u_p\ îurhV¹$W$g Åep; â\d îu_Þv$ O¡f âL$V$uep,
ÅrZe¡ L$ë`h©n_u R>pep—&& lp„f¡ hpg¡ `|ep® îueip¡v$pÆ_p L$p¡X$ Å¡—&&
âNV$ép v¥$hu Æh rlsL$pfu; fdsp kMp klz kp\dp„,
dyM R>rb D`f ÅD brglpfu—&& lp„f¡ hpgp¡ lqf-lg^fÆ_u Å¡X$ Å¡—&&
... ... ... ... ... ... lp„f¡ hpgp¡ îuhëgcN©l Ahsep®,
A¡ ip¡cp Å¡C lqfv$pk NyZ Npep¡; lp„f¡ hpgp¡ îuNp¡`u_p\Æ_p c°ps Å¡—&&
A¡ R>rb gp¡Q_dp„ _ kdpe¡—&&
îugÿdZ cV$Æ_¡ O¡f A¡ Ly$gv$uhp¡ f¡—&&
W$L$fpZu OpV$ fmuepdZp¡ f¡, cg¡ âNV$ép îuhëgcfpe A¡ OÏ„ Æhp¡ f¡—&&
R>p¢L$f gl¡L¡$ blpf f¡—& A¡lz_p kys R>¡ b¡ Arsi¡ ê$X$p f¡—&&
dpfy„ îuNp¡Ly$g fmuepdZ„y f¡. V¡$L$. S>¡_y„ _ _çey„ A¡d_¡ iui s¡ S>_ L|$X$p f¡—&&
îuhëgc rbfpS>sp f¡, îuA½$pÆ L|$M¡ Ahsep® kyML$pfu f¡—&&
îurh£g_p\Æ_p spsf¡. dpfy„ îuNp¡L$y m...1 îuNp¡`u_p\ îurhV¹$W$g_p\ A¡ `f hpfu f¡—&&
NyZh„sp îuNp¡`u_p\Æ f¡, bmv¡$h îuNp¡`u_p\Æ_¡ ÅZp¡ f¡—&&
AN°S>_p¡ Ahspf f¡, dpfy„ îuNp¡Ly$m...2

îugÿdZcË$Æ_p„ _Þv$ f¡, kdfy„ îuhëgc_¡,

... ... ... ... ... ... ...
kpMu
îudrÜ£g_p\Æ, îuNp¡`u_p\ kp¡lpe;
QfZL$dg_u fS> \L$u, dlp`rss `ph_ \pe f¡. kdfy.„ ..

`p¡j _p¡d¡ îurhV¹$W$g_p\Æ,

lp„f¡ hpgp¡ âNV$ép îuhëgc ÜpfÅ¡—&&
A¡d_¡ Å¡hp_¡ \C ìepLy$gu,

53 54
 &&gmYZXr{nH$m&& `emoXmoËg“b{bV§=lr`emoXmOrH$s JmoX‘| H«$sS>m H$aVo
(‘“bmMaU) lrZÝXZÝXZ‘²=lrZÝXam`OrHo$ nwÌ lrH¥$îUH$m|
Vm Z: lrVmV-nV²-nÙaoUd… H$m‘YoZd…&& (Ah§=‘|) dÝXo=dÝXZ H$aV hm|
ZmH$ñ` Vadmo@Ý`ofm§ ñ`w… H$ënVadmo `Wm&&1&&
^mdmW© : lw{V-ñ‘¥{Vê$nr CÎm‘ aËZZ²gm| {OZHo$ MaUH$‘b emo^m`‘mZ h| Eg|
`Wm=Oog| Z…=h‘mao (Vw=Vmo) lr`emoXmOrH$s JmoX‘| H«$sS>m H$aVo lrZÝXam`OrHo$ nwÌ lrH¥$îUH$m| ‘| dÝXZ H$aV
AÝ`ofm§=AÝ`Z²H$s Vm…=dmo hm|.
(BÀN>mnyaH$m…=BÀN>mH$s lrVmV-nV²-nÙaoUd…=
ny{V© H$[adodmao) {nVmHo$ MaUH$‘bZ²H$s aO îyrs—-—õd©rs ê$`u DÑd fÐ_p¡\u S>¡Ap¡_p QfZL$dm AÐeÞs ip¡cu füp„
R>¡ A¡hp eip¡v$p_p Mp¡mpdp„ M¡gsp, _Þv$_Þv$ îuL©$óZ_¡ lz„ hÞv$_ L$fy„ R>„y.
ZmH$ñ`=ñdJ©Ho$ (Ed=hr)
Vad…=d¥j H$ënVad…=H$ënVé
(`m J«ÝW‘| Cn{Xï> ~mVZ²‘| à‘mU lw{V ñ‘¥{V nwamU VÝÌ Am{X emñÌZ²H$s
H$m‘YoZd…=H$m‘YoZw (H$m‘YoZd… M=Aé H$m‘YZwê$n)
lr‘XmMm`©MaUÛmam àH$Q> H$[a ì`m»`m ho)
(M gpÝV VWm=hmoV h| dogo) ñ`w…=hmoC
^pŠV‘mJ©-{dVmZm` `mo@dVrUm} hþVmeZ…&&
gEd Z… na§ ‘mZ§ eof‘ñ` à‘mÝVa‘²&&3&&
^mdmW© : Oog| AÝ`Z²H$s BÀN>mH$s ny{V© H$[adodmao ñdJ©Ho$ d¥j| Amoa H$m‘YoZw hmoV
h| Vog| h‘mao{b`o Vmo h‘mao {nVm ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ MaUH$‘bZ²H$s aO
hr H$ënVé Aé H$m‘YoZw g‘mZ hmoC. `…=Om, Z…=h‘mao H$mO
hþVmeZ…=Ap½ZZo na§=gdm}ËH¥$ï>
S>¡d buÅAp¡_u BÃR>p`|rs® L$fhphmp õhN®_p L$ë`h©n A_¡ L$pd^¡_y lp¡e ^pŠV‘mJ©-{dVmZm`= ‘mZ§ (ApñV)=à‘mU ho
R>¡ s¡d AdpfpdpV¡$ sp¡ Adpfp r`sp dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®_p QfZL$dm_u fS> ^pŠV‘mJ©Ho$ àMmaHo$ AW© à‘mÝVa‘²=AÝ` g~ à‘mU
L$ë`sfy A_¡ L$pd^¡_y kdp_ \pAp¡. AdVrU©…=AdV[aV ^`o h| Añ`=`mHo$
g Ed=dmo hr eof‘² (ApñV)=A“^yV h|
lw{V-ñ‘¥{V-{eamoaËZ-Zram{OV-nXmå~wO‘²&&
`emoXmoËg“b{bV§ dÝXo lrZÝXZÝXZ‘²&&2&& ^mdmW© : ^pŠV‘mJ©H$mo àMma H$[adoH$m| d¡ídmZañdê$n lrdëb^mMm`©MaUZ²Zo
^yVbn| AdVma YmaU {H$`mo gmo {dZHo$ dMZ hr h‘H$m| na‘ à‘mUê$n h|, AÝ`
lw{V-ñ‘¥{V-{eamoaËZ-Zram{OV-nXmå~wO§=lw{V-ñ‘¥{Vê$nr CÎm‘ aËZZ²gm| g~ à‘mU {dZHo$ dMZZ²Ho$ A“^yV AWdm {dZgm| Jm¡U à‘mU h|.
{OZHo$ MaUH$‘b emo^m`‘mZ h| Eg|

55 56
 c[¼sdpN®_p¡ âQpf L$fhpdpV¡$ h¥íhp_fõhê$` îuhëgcpQpe®QfZp¡A¡ c|sm
D`f Ahspf ^pfZ L$ep£ R>¡ s¡d_p hQ_p¡S> AdpfpdpV¡$ `fd âdpZê$` R>¡. buÅ AmË‘m=na‘mË‘m B©ída…=B©ída
âdpZp¡ A¡_p A“c|s A\hp s¡_u kfMpdZudp„ Np¥Z âdpZ R>¡. dm Aao=Adí`,B{V=`m gdm©Ë‘m=g~Z²Ho$ AmË‘m
lwË`m=lw{Vgm| ^JdmZ²=^JdmZ²
doXÌ`r-{eamo^mJ-gyÌ-ì`m»`mZ-gå‘Vm‘²&& ldUmÚ¡…=ldU Am{X H$[adogm| h[a…=lrH¥$îU
^pŠVemñÌmZwgmaoU Hw$d} gmYZXr{nH$m‘²&&4&& Xe©Z¡H$’$b:=Xe©Z hr Ohm§ ’$b lmoVì`…=ldU H$[ado`mo½`
hmoV ho Egr, {d{Y…={d{Y H$s{V©Vì`…=H$sV©Z H$[ado`mo½`
doXÌ`r-{eamo^mJ-gyÌ- ^pŠVemñÌmZwgmaoU= à{VkmV…=H$hr ho M=Aé ,ñ‘V©ì`…=ñ‘aU
ì`m»`mZ-gå‘Vm‘²=VrZm| doXHo$ ^pŠVemñÌHo$ AZwgma V§=dmH$mo,^OoV²=^OZH$ao H$[ado`mo½`ho
{eamo^mJê$n Cn{ZfX² ~«÷gyÌHo$ gmYZXr{nH$m‘²=gmYZXr{nH$mH$s V§=dmH$mo g§gma§=g§gmaH$m|
^mî`gm| A{déÕ àH$magm| aMZm, (Ah§)Hw$d}=‘| H$ê$§hÿ§ agoV²=AmZÝX AZw^d H$ao à{OhmgV…=N>m§{S>doH$s BÀN>m
B{V=Egmo(A{n=hþ H$[adodmao, nwéfñ`=nwéfHy§$
^mdmW© : VrZm| doXHo$ {eamo^mJê$n Cn{ZfX²n| {bIo J`o ~«÷gyÌHo$ Cna ‘hmà^w CŠV‘²)=H$h²`mo ho A{deofoU=g‘mZê$ngm|
lrdëb^mMm`©MaU {da{MV ^mî`V| A{déÕ àH$magm| ^pŠVemñÌHo$ AZwgma
""^maV=ho AOw©Z hao…=h[aHo$
"gmYZXr{nH$m' J«ÝWH$s aMZm ‘| H$ê$§ hÿ§.
Vñ‘mV²=VmV| AmamYZo=AmamYZ‘|
A^`‘²=A^`Hy§$ ‘wpŠV…=‘wpŠV
ÓZ¡ h¡v$p_¡ p rifp¡cpNê$` D`r_jv¹$ D`f gMpe¡gp b°ûk|Ó `f_p dlpâcy
îuhëgcpQpe®QfZ rhfrQs cpóe\u ArhfyÙ âL$pf¡ c[¼sip÷_p A_ykpf BÀN>Vm=BÀN>dodmaoH$m| (^d{V)=hmoVho
"kp^_v$ur`L$p' N°Þ\_u fQ_p lz„ L$fy„ Ry>„.
^mdmW© : ""AmË‘mH$mo Xe©Z H$aZmo M{h`o, ldU H$aZmo M{h`o, ‘ZZ H$aZmo
(lrh[a^OZH$s Amdí`H$VmHo$ CnnmXZHo$ gmW J«ÝWH$mo CnH«$‘) M{h`o, {Z{XÜ`mgZ H$aZmo M{h`o'' `m lw{VdMZ‘| na‘mË‘Xe©ZHo$ AW© na‘mË‘mHo$
ldU-‘ZZ-{Z{XÜ`mgZH$s Amkm ho. Vog| hr ""dmH$mo ^OZ H$ao'' ""dmH$mo
""AmË‘m dma'' B{V lwË`m Xe©Z¡H$’$bmo {d{Y…&&
agmZw^d H$ao'' Egohþ lw{VdMZ h|&&5&&
ldUmÚ¡… à{VkmV… ""V§ ^OoV²''-""V§ ago{X''{V&&5&&
lw{VH$s Ý`m§B© ñ‘¥{V‘| hþ ""Vmgm| ho ^maV A^` àmßV H$[adoH$s BÀN>m
""Vñ‘mX² ^maV gdm©Ë‘m ^JdmZ² h[aarída…&& ampIdodmao ‘Zwî`Hy§$ g~Z²Ho$ AmË‘m, ^JdmZ², B©ída lrh[aH$mo ldU-H$sV©Z-
lmoVì`… H$s{V©Vì`íM ñ‘V©ì`íMoÀN>Vm^`‘²''&&6&& ñ‘aU H$aZo M{h`o'' Eg| H$h²`mo ho&&6&&
nwéfñ`m{deofoU g§gma§ à{OhmgV…&& BZ g~ dMZZ²gm| `h {gÕ hmoV ho Ho$ AhÝVm-‘‘VmË‘H$ g§gmaHy§$ N>m§{‹S>doH$s
haoa² AmamYZo ‘wpŠV… ... ... ... ... ... ... BÀN>m H$[adodmao ‘Zwî`H$m| à^wH$mo AmamYZ hr ‘wpŠVê$n OmZZmo&&7&&

57 58
 B{V=Eg|, àmoŠV…=H$h²`mo ho ^doV²=hmoVho, {Okmgw…=
""ApÐdp_y„ v$i®_ L$fh„y Å¡CA¡, îhZ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡, d__ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡, V`m=VmV| kmZ àmpßVH$s BÀN>mdmamo
r_qv$Ýepk_ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡'' Ap îyrshQ_dp„ `fdpÐdv$i_® dpV¡$ `fdpÐdp_p îhZ- ‘wpŠV…=‘wpŠV hmoV ho H¥$îUgodmna§=H¥$îUgodm‘| VËna
d__-r_qv$Ýepk_ L$fhp_u Apop R>¡. s¡ S>¡ âd¡Z¡ ""s¡_y„ cS>_ L$f¡'' ""s¡_p¡ AÝ`Wm=Amoa H$mhþ àH$magm| Xå^m{Xa{hV§=Xå^Am{Xgm|a{hV
fkp_ych L$f¡'' A¡hp hQ_p¡ `Z R>¡.
Z M=Zmht hmoV ho lr^mJdVVËdk§=^mJdVnwamUHo$
îyrs_u S>¡d õd©rsdp„ `Z ""dpV¡$ l¡ cpfs—! khp®Ðdp, cNhp_¹, lqf, Cíhf_y„
‘mhmËå`kmnZm`=‘mhmËå`H$mo VÎdH$m| Om{Zdodoao,Za‘²=ZaH$m|
Ace BÃR>sp d_yóe¡ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡'' A¡d L$üy„ R>¡.
OZm`doHo$ H$mO drú`=narjU H$[aHo$
Ap b^p hQ_p¡\u A¡ rkÙ \pe R>¡ L¡$ AlÞsp-ddspÐdL$ k„kpf_¡ R>p¡X$hp_u
BÃR>phpmp d_yóe¡ âcy_p Apf^__¡S> dy[¼sê$` ÅZh„y. JwUH$‘©Um‘²=JwU-H$‘©Z²H$m| AmXamV²=AmXagm|
ldU‘²=gwZZmo ^OoV²=^OZ H$ao
(Vhm§ Š`m|1 Aé Ho$gmo2 Jwé Amdí`H$ hmoV ho VmH$mo {Zê$nU)
....................VËàH$mamo {Zê$ß`Vo&&7&& ^mdmW© : Vmgm| A~ ^JdX²^OZê$n ‘wpŠVH$s àmpßV Om gmYZgm| hmo` dm
gmYZHo$ àH$maH$mo {Zê$nU H$aV hm|. emñÌ‘| ^pŠVHo$ bjUH$mo {Zê$nU ""à^wHo$
""‘mhmËå`kmZnydm}{h gwÑT>… gd©Vmo@{YH$…&&
‘mhmËå`Ho$ kmZ nyd©H$ à^w‘| gwÑT> Aé g~gm| A{YH$ ñZoh BVZ| ^pŠV Eg|
ñZohmo"^pŠV'[a{V àmoŠV…V`m‘wpŠVZ© MmÝ`Wm''&&8&& H$h²`mo ho. Egr ^pŠVgm| hr ‘wpŠV hmoV ho, AÝ` H$mhþ àH$magm| ‘wpŠV Zmht hmoV
‘mhmËå`kmnZm`¡d ldU§ JwUH$‘©Um‘²&& ho'' `m àH$magm| H$h²`mo ho&&8&&
emñÌmUm‘² Cn`moJmo@Ì VÌmH$m§jm Jwamoa² ^doV²1&&9&& `m dMZ‘| à^yZ²Ho$ JwU-H$‘©Z²H$mo ldU H$aZmo VmH$m| ‘mhmËå`kmZH$mo gmYZ
""H¥$îUgodm-na§ drú` Xå^m{X-a{hV§ Za‘²&& H$h²`mo ho. gmo Vmo emñÌV| hmoB© gH$V ho VmV| emñÌHo$ AÜ``ZH$s Amdí`H$Vm
lr^mJdVVËdk§ ^OoV² {OkmgwamXamV²''2&&10&& naV ho. emñÌH$mo AÜ``Z Jwé {dZm Z gå^do VmV| JwéH$m| hr gd©àW‘ gmYZ
‘mÝ`mo J`mo ho&&9&&
(AV… na§)=Vmgm| A~ Ed={ZpíMVê$ngm| VmV| à^yZ²H$mo ‘mhmËå`kmZ àmpßV H$[adoH$s BÀN>mdmamo Ord Omo H¥$îUgodm‘|
VËna hmo`, Xå^ Am{Xgm| a{hV hmo` Aé lr‘X²^mJdVnwamUHo$ VÎdH$m| Om{Zdodmao
VËàH$mamo=dmHo$ àH$maH$mo (gmYZ‘²)=gmYZho,AÌ=`m‘|
ZaH$mo narjU H$[aHo$ AmXagm| ^OZ H$ao&&10&&
{Zê$ß`Vo={Zê$nU H$aV hm| emñÌmUm‘²=emñÌZ²H$mo
‘hmËå`kmZnyd©:=‘mhmËå`Ho$ Cn`moJ…=Cn`moJ/Amdí`H$Vm
s¡\u lh¡ cNhv¹$c$S>_ê$`u dy[¼s_u âp[às S>¡ kp^_\u \C iL¡$ s¡ kp^__y„
kmZnyd©H$, {h={ZpíMVê$ngm| (ApñV)=hmoVho r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ip÷dp„ c[¼s_p gnZ_y„ L$\_ ""âcy_p dplpÐçe_p
gwÑT>…=gwÑT> VÌ=Vm‘| op_ `|hL® $ âcydp„ ky×Y$ A_¡ klz\u Ar^L$ õ_¡l A¡V$g¡ "c[¼s'. Aphu c[¼s\u
gd©Vmo{YH$…=g~gm| A{YH$ Jwamo…=JwéH$s S> dy[¼s dm¡ R>¡, AÞe L$p¡C âL$pf¡ _l]'' Ap âdpZ¡ L$üy„ R>¡.
ñZoh:=ñZoh, ^pŠV…=^pŠV ho AmH$m§jm=Amdí`H$Vm

59 60
 Ap hQ_dp„ âcy_p NyZ-L$dp£_y„ îhZ L$fhy„ s¡_¡ dplpÐçeop__y„ kp^_ ~«÷mU§=~«÷mOrH$m| eaU§=eaU, d«O=Am` Om
L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ap L$pe® sp¡ ip÷\uS> \hy„ i¼e lp¡hp\u kh®â\d ip÷_p {dXYm{V=~ZmdV ho B{V=Egr, lwË`m=lw{VZ²‘|
AÝee__u AphíeL$sp lp¡e R>¡. ip÷_y„ AÝee_ Nyfy rh_p \C _ iL¡$ s¡\u `:=Omo, d¡={ZpíMVê$ngm| VWm=Aé, ñ‘¥Ë`m=ñ‘¥{VZ²‘|
kh®â\d kp^_ Nyfy_¡ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Vñ‘¡={dZH$m|, doXmZ²=doXZ²H$mo Am{XV…=àmaå^gm|
s¡\u âcy_p dplpÐçeop__¡ âpàs L$fhp_u BÃR>phpmp¡ d_yóe S>¡ L©$óZk¡hpdp„
M=hþ, à{hUmo{V=XmZhþXoVh| ànÎ`mXoe‘²=eaUmJ{VH$moAmXoeho
sÐ`f lp¡e, v$çc Apqv$\u frls lp¡e A_¡ îucpNhs`yfpZ_p sÒh_¡ ÅZsp¡
lp¡e s¡hp _f_u `funp L$fu_¡ Apv$f\u cS>_ L$f.¡
^mdmW© : Xohê$nr ZmdHo$ Ûmam g§gmag‘wÐH$s nëbrnma Om`doH$s BÀN>mdmaoH$s
ZmdH$m| VmH$mo H$U©Yma-Zmd Io`dodmamo Jwé AnZo CÎm‘ CnXoeZ²V| nma CVmao&&11&&
(ñd‘mJu` JwéH$mo àW‘ H$V©ì` : ^JdËàn{ÎmHo$ H$mO X¡dr OrdZ²H$m| ào[aV
H$aZm|) ídoVmídVa Cn{ZfX²‘| H$h²`mo ho Omo ""Omo nyd©‘| ~«÷mOrH$m| àH$Q> H$aV ho
Aé {VZH$m| doXZ²H$m| XmZ XoV h| dm AmË‘~w{Õgm| àH$m{eV hmo`dodmao XodH$s
XohÐmoÊ`m {``mgyZm§ na§ nma§ ^dmå~wYo…&&
eaU‘| ‘¢ OmV hm|''&&12&&
JwéUm H$U©YmaoU *1h²`wÎmm`m© ñdmonXoeV…&&11&&
^JdX²JrVm‘|hþ ^JdmZ²Z| ñd‘wIgm| AOw©ZH$m| Amkm H$s{Z ho Omo ""g~
""`mo ~«÷mU§ {dXYm{V nydª `mod¡ doXm§íM à{hUmo{V Vñ‘¡&& Y‘©Z²H$mo Ë`mJ H$[aHo$ Ho$db ‘oao eaU Amd'' Eg| lw{V Aé ñ‘¥{V ‘| gd© àW‘
V§ h Xod‘² AmË‘-~w{ÕàH$me§ ‘w‘wjwd£ eaU‘h§ ànÚo''&&12&& eaUmJV hmo`doH$mo AmXoe ho&&13&&
""gd©Y‘m©Z² n[aË`Á` ‘m‘oH§$ eaU§ d«O ''&&
B{V lwË`m VWm ñ‘¥Ë`m ànÎ`mXoe‘m{XV…&&13&& v¡$lê$`u lp¡muÜpfp k„kpfkdyÖ_p `¡g¡ `pf S>hp_u BÃR>phpmp_u _ph_¡, s¡_p¡
L$Z®^pf—-—_prhL$ Nyfy `p¡sp_p DÑd D`v¡$ip¡\u, `¡g¡ `pf Dspf¡.
XohÐmoÊ`m=Xohê$nrZmdÛmam V§=dm, h=à{gÕ íh¡spíhsf D`r_jv¹$dp„ L$ü„y R>¡ L¡$ ""S>¡ `|h£ b°ûpÆ_¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡
^dmå~wYo…=^dgmJaH$s AmË‘~w{ÕàH$me§=AmË‘V`m ÓZ h¡v$p¡_y„ v$p_ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ ApÐd-byrÙ\u âL$pris \_pf v¡$h_¡ ifZ¡ lz„ ÅJ Ry>„.
na§=nëbr, nma§=nma ~w{Õgm| àH$m{eV hmo`dodmao cNhv¹$N$uspdp„ `Z cNhp_¡ õhdyM¡ ASy>®__¡ Apop Ap`u R>¡ L¡$ ""b^p
{``mgyZm§=Om`doH$sBÀN>mdmaoH$m| Xod‘²=XodH$m|, Ah§=‘| ^dp£_p¡ ÐepN L$fu_¡ L¡$hm dpfp ifZ¡ Aph''. Apd îyrs A_¡ õd©rs dp„ kh®
â\d ifZpNs \hp_p¡ Apv¡$i R>¡.
ñdmonXoeV…=AnZo CnXoeZ²gm| ‘w‘wjw…=‘wŠV hmo`doH$s BÀN>mdmamo
{h=hr d¡=nyU©ê$ngm|, eaU§=eaU
(ñd‘mJu` {ÛOHw$bHo$ {eî`Z²H$mo H$V©ì`)
H$U©YmaoU=H$U©Ymaê$nr ànÚo''=OmV hm|
àoåUmonXoe-ldUmV² *2àn{Îm… ào‘-H$maU‘²&&
JwéUm=JwéÛmam gd©Y‘m©Z²=g~ Y‘©Z²H$m|
AVmo ‘ybm{^foH$mo {h H$m`©g² VoZmñ` godZo&&14&&
CÎmm`m©…=nma CVmaZo M{h`o n[aË`Á`=nyU©V`m N>m§{‹S>Ho$
Z{h Xoh^¥Vm eŠ`§ H$‘© Ë`ŠVw‘² AeofV…&&
`:=Omo, nydª=n{hbo ‘m‘²=‘oao, EH§$=EH$Ho$
AV… ñdY‘m©MaU§ ^ma-Û¡JwÊ`‘² AÝ`Wm&&15&&
61 62
 ñdY‘m©MaU§ eŠË`m h²`Y‘m©Îmw {ZdV©Z‘²&&
BpÝÐ`míd-{d{ZJ«mh… gd©Wm Z Ë`OoV² Ì`§&&16&& ^mdmW© : Cn`w©ŠV bjUdmao JwéHo$ ‘wIV| lÕmào‘gm| ^JdÀN>mñÌHo$ CnXoeH$mo
B{V ^mJdVmo Y‘©… lr‘XmMm`©-gå‘V…&& ldU H$[adoV| ^pŠVHo$ H$maUê$n ^JdmZ²H$mo eaU {gÕ hmoV ho. H${bH$mb‘|
^pŠV-emñÌmZwHy$ë`oZ ñdY‘m©MaU§ ^doV²&&17&& H$ë`mUH$mar g~ emñÌr` gmYZ O~ Xw:gmÜ` hmo` J`o h| V~ AÝ`mÝ` gmYZZ²‘|
l‘ Zmht H$[aHo$ gd©‘yb^yV ^JdV²-eaUê$n Cnm`H$mo hr godZ H$aZmo&&14&&
XohYmarV| H$‘©Z²H$mo nyU©ê$ngm| Ë`mJ gå^d Zmht hmoV ho. Vmgm| AnZo-AnZo
àoåUm=ào‘Ho$ g{hV AÝ`Wm=Zqh Vmo
dU© Aé Aml‘ Ho$ Y‘m©Zwgma H$‘© H$aZo. Eg| Z H$ao Vmo ñdY‘m©MaUH$s Cnojm
CnXoeldUmV²=CnXoe gw{Zdogm| ^maÛ¡JwÊ`‘²=XwJZmo ^ma Aé ñdÀN>ÝX AmMaU Eg| Xmo` Xmof Am` na|&&15&&
àn{Îm…=eaUmJ{V hr (ñ`mV²)=hmoV ho Vmgm| epŠV AZwgma ñdY‘©H$mo AmMaU H$aZmo, AY‘m©MaU gd©Wm Z H$aZmo
ào‘H$maU‘²=ào‘H$mo àH$Q> eŠË`m=epŠV AZwgma Amoa BpÝÐ`ê$nr AídZ²H$mo {deofê$ngm| {ZJ«h H$aZmo. BZ VrÝ`m| ~mVZ²H$mo Ë`mJ
H$[adoH$mo H$maU H$maU {h=hr gd©Wm Z H$aZmo&&16&&
(^d{V)=hmoV ho ñdY‘m©MaU‘²=ñdY‘©H$mo AmMaU `m àH$maH$mo ^mJdV Y‘© ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©H$m| ‘mÝ` ho. {ZO
AV…=VmV|, VoZ=dmH$m| AY‘m©V²=AY‘©V|, Vw=Vmo dUm©l‘Y‘©Ho$ AmMaU H$[ado‘|hþ ^pŠVemñÌgm| AZwHy$b dUm©l‘Y‘©H$mo AmMaU
(‘w‘wjwUm)=‘w‘wjwH$m| {ZdV©Z‘²=gd©Wm Xya ahZmo H$aZmo BVZmo {deof ho&&17&&
Añ`=`mHo$ BpÝÐ`míd{d{ZJ«mh…=BpÝÐ`ê$nr
(^JdV…)=^JdmZ²Ho$ AídZ²H$mo {ZJ«h H$aZmo D`fp¡¼s gnZp¡hpmp Nyfy_p dyM¡ îÙp-â¡d\u cNhs¹ ip÷_p D`v¡$i_y„
îhZ L$fhp\u S>¡_phX¡$ c[¼s rkÙ\pe s¡hy„ cNhp__y„ ifZ âpàs \pe R>¡.
godZo=godZ‘| (EVV²)=`o, Ì`§=VrZ
L$rgL$pmdp„ L$ëepZL$pfu âpe: b^p ip÷ue kp^_p¡ Äepf¡ vy$:kpÝe b_u Nep„ R>¡
‘ybm{^foH$…=‘yb‘| A{^foH$ gd©Wm=H$~hþ, Z=Zmht Ðepf¡ AÞepÞe kp^_p¡dp„ îd _ L$fu_¡ b^p_y„ d|m A¡hp âcy_p ifZê$`u D`pe_y„
H$m`©=H$aZmo Ë`OoV²=Ë`mJZo S> k¡h_ L$fhy„.
Xoh^¥Vm=XohdmaoV| B{V=`o, lr‘XmMm`©gå‘V…= ifuf^pfudpV¡$ L$dp£_p¡ `|Z®`Z¡ ÐepN L$fhp¡ i¼e _\u lp¡sp¡. s¡\u v$f¡L$ d_yóe¡
H$‘©…=H$‘©H$mo lrdëb^mMm`©OrH$m| ‘mÝ` `p¡s-`p¡sp_p hZ® A_¡ Apîd _p ^dp®_k y pf L$d® L$fhp. Å¡ Apd L$fhpdp„ _
AeofV…=nyU©ê$ngm| ^mJdV…=^JdËgå~pÝY Aph¡ sp¡ õh^dp®QfZ_u D`¡np A_¡ õhÃR>Þv$ ApQfZ Apd b¡hX$p¡ v$pj¡ gpN¡.
Ë`ŠVw§=Ë`mJ H$aZmo Y‘©…=Y‘©(ApñV)=ho s¡\u i[¼s A_ykpf õh^d®_„y ApQfZ L$fhy,„ A^d®_„y ApQfZ kh®\p _
Z=Zmht, {h=hr ñdY‘m©MaU§=ñdY‘©H$mo AmMaU L$fhy„ A_¡ B[ÞÖep¡ê$`u Op¡X$pAp¡_¡ rhi¡jê$`\u A‘zidp„ fpMhp. Ap ÓZ¡e _p¡
ÐepN kh®\p _ L$fhp¡.
eŠ`‘²=gå^dho, AV…=VmV| ^pŠVemñÌmZwHy$ë`oZ=
Ap âL$pf_p¡ cpNhs ^d® dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®_¡ dpÞe R>¡. `p¡s-`p¡sp_p
ñdY‘m©MaU‘²=ñdY‘m©Zwgma ^pŠVemñÌHo$ AZwHy$b a{hHo$
hZp®îd^d®_y„ ApQfZ L$fhpdp„ `Z c[¼sip÷\u A_yLy$m A¡hp hZp®îd^d®_y„
AmMaU(H$m`ª)=H$aZmo ^doV²=hmoV ho ApQfZ L$fhy„ A¡d rhi¡j ÅZhy„.

63 64
 Amgwamdoegå^dmV²=Amgwamdoe ñdmpôZH$Y‘m©Um§=AnZo X¡{ZH$Y‘©Z²Ho$
(Vhm§ {ZOemImHo$ AZwgma fmoS>eg§ñH$ma VWm VÝ‘ybH$ AmpôZH$ em¡MmMma1- hmo`doH$s gå^mdZm hmo`doV| AmMma…=AmMma, A{n=hþ
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Am{X ^ŠË`wn`moJr hmo`doV| {ÛOearaHo$ YmaU H$[adodmaoZ²Ho$ H$mO Amdí`H$ VV…=VmV| àgÁ`Vo=àmßV hmoV h|
hmoV h|)
J^m©YmZm{X-g§ñH$ma¡… {ÛO¡‘m£ÄÁ`ÝV-gå^d¡…&& ^mdmW© : Omo ì`pŠV ew{Õ Am{XHo$ AmMmaH$mo `Wm{d{Y nmbZ Zmqh H$aV ho
Xoh… g§emoYZr`mo {h h[a^mdmo Z MmÝ`Wm &&18&& {VZHo$ XohopÝÐ`Z²‘| Amgwamdoe hmo`doH$s nyU© gå^mdZm ahV ho. VmV| AnZo-AnZo
{ZË` H$‘©Z²H$mo AmMaUhþ H$aZmo M{h`o&&19&&
‘m¡ÄÁ`ÝV-gå^d¡…= g§emoYZr`…=ewÕ H$aZmo M{h`o
‘m¡ÄOr~ÝYZ n`©ÝV hmoVo AÝ`Wm=Eg| Z H$ao Vmo S>¡ ìe[¼s iyrÙ hN¡f¡ ApQpf_y„ ip÷pop A_ykpf `pg_ _\u L$fsu s¡_p
J^m©YmZm{X-g§ñH$ma¡…= M={ZíM` hr v¡$l-B[ÞÖedp„ Apkyfph¡i \hp_u kçcph_p `|f¡-`|fu fl¡ R>¡. s¡\u v$f¡L¡$ `p¡s-
J^m©YmZ Am{X g§ñH$magm| h[a^md…=~«÷^md `p¡sp_p r_Ðe L$dp£_y„ ApQfZ `Z L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡.
{ÛO¡…={ÛOZ²H$m| Z=Zmht
Xoh…=Xoh, {h=Adí` (^d{V)=hmoV ho. ñZmZ§1 gÝÜ`mOnmo2 hmo‘…3 ñdmÜ`m`…4 {nV¥Vn©U‘²5&&
d¡ídXodH$XodmMm©6 B{V fQ²>H$‘©H¥$X² ^doV²&&20&&
^mdmW© : J^m©YmZ g§ñH$magm| bo`Ho$ ‘m¡ÄOr~ÝYZê$n `kmondrV g§ñH$ma n`©ÝV
g~ g§ñH$maZ²gm| {ÛO BVZ| ~«m÷U-j{Ì`-d¡í` AnZo XohH$mo g§emoYZ H$ao. Eg| (g…)=dmo {nV¥Vn©U‘²={nV¦Z²H$mo Vn©U
H$aoV| Xoh n{dÌ hmoB© V~ Xoh‘| ^JdX²^mdH$s `mo½`Vm {gÕ hmoV ho AÝ`Wm ñZmZ§=ñZmZ d¡ídXodH$-XodmMm©=d¡ídXodHo$
Zmqh&&18&& gÝÜ`mOn…=gÝÜ`m Aé On XodH$mo AM©Z, B{V=BZ
hmo‘…=hmo‘ fQ²>H$‘©H¥$V²=N>o H$‘© H$[adodmamo
Ncp®^p_ k„õL$pf\u L$fu_¡ dp¥ÊÆbÞ^_ê$` eop¡`hus k„õL$pf `e®Þs b^p ñdmÜ`m`…=AYrV doXH$mo AmdV©Z ^doV²=hmo`
k„õL$pfp¡hX¡$ rÜS> A¡V$g¡ b°pûZ-nrÓe-h¥íe `p¡sp_p v¡$l_y„ kpfufus¡ ip¡^_ L$f¡.
Apd L$fhp\u v¡$l `rhÓ b_i¡ S>¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ v¡$ldp„ cNh˜ph_u ep¡Áesp rkÙ
^mdmW© : gmo N>o {ZË`H$‘© `m àH$ma OmZZo : emñÌ{d{Ygm| ñZmZ, gÝÜ`m Amoa
\i¡ s¡ rkhpe _l].
On, hmo‘, n‹T>o ^`o doXH$mo AmdV©Z, {nV¥Vn©U, d¡ídXodHo$ XodH$mo nyOZ-BZ N>o
H$‘©Z²H$m| {ÛO {ZË` H$ao&&20&&
em¡MmMma-{dhrZñ` Amgwamdoe-gå^dmV²&&
VV… ñdmpôZH$-Y‘m©Um‘² AmMmamo@{n àgÁ`Vo&&19&& s¡ R> r_ÐeL$dp£ Ap dyS>b ÅZhp : ip÷rhr^\u õ_p_, kºÝep A_¡ S>`,
lp¡d, cZ¡gp h¡v$_y„ AÝee_, r`s©s`®Z A_¡ h¥íhv¡$h_p v¡$h_y„ `|S>_-—Ap R>
em¡MmMma{dhrZñ`=ew{Õ Am{X AmMmagm| a{hVH$m| L$dp£ rÜS>¡ kv$p L$fhp.
65 66
 `Wm {h ñH$ÝY-emImZm§ Vamo‘y©bm{^foMZ‘²&& S>¡d h©n_p d|mdp„ `pZu f¡X$hp\u h©n_p `p_, _p_u-dp¡V$u X$pmuAp¡ hN¡f¡
VWm gdm©h©U§ `ñ‘mV² n[aM`m©{d{Yh©ao…&&21&& h©n_p b^p cpNp¡_¡ Ap` d¡m¡ `pZu `lp¢Qu S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ S> âdpZ¡ îuL©$óZ_u
AVg² VXZwamoYoZ {ZË`H$‘©H¥${Va² dam&& k¡hp L$fhp\u b^p v¡$hu-v¡$hspAp¡_y„ `|S>_ Ap` d¡m¡ \C Åe R>¡. s¡\u s¡ âdpZ¡
S> r_ÐeL$d® L$fhy„ DÑd NZpe. Å¡ Apd _ L$f¡ sp¡ (—S>¡d h©n_p d|mdp„ `pZu
AÝ`WmVw H¥${Vì`©Wm© Ì¡d½`©{df`m `V…&&22&&
_ f¡X$u_¡ s¡_p X$pmu-`p„v$X$p„ D`f `pZu f¡X$hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ `pZu `Z _L$pdy„ Åe
A_¡ h©n `Z L$pm¾$d¡ kyL$pC Åe s¡d—) b^p L$dp£ r_óam Åe R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$
`Wm=Oog|, Vamo…=d¥jHo$ AV…=Vmgm| b^p L$dp£\u `|Äe sp¡ `fpÐ`f sÒh îuL©$óZ S> lp¡e R>¡, s¡d_¡ d|L$u_¡ Å¡ L$d®
‘ybm{^foMZ§=‘yb‘| H$`m} OmVmo VXZwamoYoZ=dmHo$ AZwgma L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ L$d®bÞ^_\u R|>V$hp_p õ\p_¡ h^y b„^pC S>hp_u [õ\rs Aph¡.
ObH$mo goMZ, {h=hr {ZË`H$‘©H¥${V…={ZË`H$‘© H$aZo L$pfZ L¡$ L$d® sp¡ ^dp®\®-L$pdê$`u rÓhN®_¡ S> rkÙ L$f_pfy„ lp¡e R>¡—!
ñH$ÝY-emImZm§=N>moQ>r-~‹S>r dam=loð>(ñ`mV²)=hmoV h|
emImZ²Hy§$(A{n=hþ AÝ`Wm=Eg| Z H$ao V~ J^m©YmZm{Xg§ñH$ma¡… ñdemImoŠV¡a² {ÛOmo `wV…&&
^d{V)=àmßV hmo` Om` ho Vw=Vmo, H¥${V…=H$`m} ^`mo Jwé§ ànÚoX² ... ... ... ... ... ... ...&&
VWm=Vmhr àH$magm| ì`Wm©={Zî’$b
hao…=h[aH$s (ñ`mV²=hmoV ho AV…=VmV| J^m©YmZ Am{X g§ñH$ma
n[aM`m©{d{Y…=godm{d{Y hþ `V…=Š`m|Ho$ ñdemImoŠV¡…=AnZo doXH$s `wV…=dmamo
(ApñV)=ho, `ñ‘mV²=dmgm| (gm)=dmo H¥${V emIm‘| H$ho AZwgma ({ÛO…)=~«m÷U-j{Ì`-d¡í`
gdm©h©U‘²=g~Z²H$mo nyOZ Ì¡d½`©{df`m={ÌdJ© gå~ÝYr J^m©YmZm{Xg§ñH$ma¡…= Jwé§=JwéHo$, ànÚoV²=eaU‘| Om`
(^d{V)=hmo` OmV ho (^doV²)=hmoV ho
^mdmW© : VmV| Omo {ÛO {ÌdJ©‘| ~§{Ydmo Z MmhV hmo` Vmo VmH$m| AnZo doXH$s
^mdmW© : Oog| d¥jHo$ ‘yb‘| Ob S>m[adoV| d¥jHo$ nÌ, N>moQ>r-~‹S>r emIm Am{X emIm‘| {Zê${nV J^m©YmZ Am{X g§ñH$magm| g§ñH¥$V hmo`Ho$ ^pŠV‘mJu` JwéH$s
g~ ^mJZ²‘| Ob Amnwhr nhm|{M OmV ho Vog| hr lrH¥$îUH$s godm{d{Ygm| g~H$s eaU‘| Om`dmo C{MV ho.
nyOm hmo` OmV ho. VmV| dm AZwgma hr {ZË`H$‘© H$aZmo CÎm‘ ho. `{X Eg| Z H$ao
Vmo (Oog| d¥jHo$ ‘yb‘| Ob Z S>mao Amoa dmHo$ S>mbr-nÎmmZ²n| Ob S>maVmo aho Vmo s¡\u S>¡ rÜS> rÓhN®dp„ a„kphp _ BÃR>sp¡ lp¡e s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_p h¡v$_u ipMpdp„
Obhþ ì`W© Om` Aé d¥jhþ gy{H$ Om` Eg|) g~ H$‘© {Zî’$b hmoB OmV h|. Š`m|? L$üp âdpZ¡_p Ncp®^p_ hN¡f¡ k„õL$pfp¡\u `rhÓ \C_¡ c[¼sdpN}e Nyfy_p ifZ¡
Omo H$‘©Z²gm| nyÁ` Vmo nwéfmoÎm‘ lrH¥$îU hr h|, {dZH$m| N>m§{‹S>Ho$ H$‘© H$ao Vmo S>hy.„
H$‘©~ÝYZgm| Ny>{Q>doHo$ ñWmZn| H$‘©Z²gm| Amoa A{YH$ ~§Y Om`. Š`m|? Omo Ego
H$‘© Vmo Y‘m©W©-H$m‘ê$n {ÌdJ©H$m|hr {gÕ H$aV h|&&22&& ({ÛOoVa {eî`Z²Ho$ H$V©ì`H$mo {Zê$nU)

67 68
 ........AÝ`ñVw gXmMmamo@ñ` g§l`mV²&&23&& eaUXrjmH$m| àmßV H$ao. Eg| ^JdÝ‘mJ©‘| Xr{jV hmo`Ho$ bbmQ>no Hw§$Hw$‘gm|
D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$ Aé H$ÊR>‘| VwbgrH$mð>H$s ‘mbm gXm YmaU H$ao&&24&&
Añ`=`mHo$ ({ÛOoVañVw)={ÛOgm| {^ÝZ Vmo
({ÛOñ`)={ÛOH$mo gXmMma…=gXmMma nam`U `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ fyrQ ^fphsu ìe[¼s `yrô$c[¼s kçâv$pe_p D`fp¡¼s gnZ
g§l`mV²=^br^m§{Vgm| Aml` (gZ²)=hmo`Ho$(Jwé§=JwéHo$ ^fphsp L$p¡C kyep¡Áe ApQpe®h„iS>_u L©$`p âpàs L$fu_¡ kh® â\d s¡Ap¡\u
îuL©$óZ_p _pddÞÓ_u ifZv$unp_¡ âpàs L$f¡. Ap âL$pf¡ cNhÞdpN®dp„ v$urns
bo`Ho$, AÝ`ñVw=AÝ` Vmo ànÚoV²)=eaU‘| Omdo
\Ce¡g ìe[¼s L$`pm D`f Ly„$Ly$d\u EÝh®`yÎX²$ rsgL$ A_¡ Nmpdp„ sygkuL$p›$_u
dpmu-L$ÎW$u kv$p ^pfZ L$f.¡
^mdmW© : Amoa Omo {ÛO Z hmo` Vmo emñÌ‘| H$ho AZwgma {ÛOZ²H$s n[aM`m© H$ao
Amoa gXmMma nam`U a{hHo$ ^pŠV‘mJu` JwéH$s eaU Omdo&&23&&
gd©ñd§ h[agmËH$m`ª Ë`OoV² gd©‘² Ad¡îUd‘²&&
qhò-H$må`m@Ý`XodmMm© `{X {ZË`§ M bm¡{H$H$‘²&&25&&
S>¡Ap¡ rÜS> _ lp¡e s¡Ap¡ sp¡ ip÷dp„ bspìep dyS>b rÜÅ¡_u `qfQep® L$f¡
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(àn{Îm‘mJ©‘| Xr{jVZ²H$m|H$ d¡îUdmMmaH$moI n[anmbZ H$aZmo. Vm‘| àW‘
gßV{dY ^pŠVJ/1-7 H$mo CnXoe) gd©ñd‘²=g~ H$Nw> gdª=g~
bãÜdmZwJ«h‘² AmMm`m©V² lrH¥$îUeaU§ OZ…H$&& h[agmËH$m`©‘²=h[aHo$AYrZH$aZmo Ë`OoV²=N>m§‹S>o
Yma`oV² {VbH§$ ‘mbm§ d¡îUdmMmaVËna…&&24&& qhò-H$må`m-@Ý`XodmMm©…= M=hþ, `{X=Omo
qhgmdmao VWm H$m‘ZmdmaoH$‘© bm¡{H$H§$=bm¡{H$H$
AmMm`m©V²=AmMm`©V| d¡îUdmMmaVËna…= Aé AÝ` XodVmZ²H$mo AM©Z (MoV²=hm|`
AZwJ«h‘²=H¥$nm,M=Amoa d¡îUd‘mJ©Ho$ AmMma‘| VËna Ë`OoV²=N>m§‹S>o VX{n)=gmohþ
lrH¥$îUeaU§=lrH¥$îUHo$ (gZ²)=hmo`Ho$ {ZË`§=à{V{XZmH$[adoHo$H$‘© Ë`OoV²=N>m§‹S>o
eaU‘ÝÌH$s Xrjm {VbH§$=D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$
bãÜdm=àmßV H$[aHo $M=Amoa, ‘mbm§=‘mbm H$m| ^mdmW© : d¡îUd ^`o nmN>| AnZmo gd©ñd lrh[aHo$ AmYrZ H$aZmo. Omo H$Nw>
Ad¡îUd AmMma nyd©‘| H$aV hm|` gmo g~ N>mo‹S>Zo. Ordqhgm Om‘| hmoVr hmo` Ego
OZ:=Xr{jV OZ Yma`oV²=YmaU H$ao
H$‘© Aé H$må`H$‘©; Aé, AÝ`XodVmZ²H$s nyOm-AM©Zm g~ N>m§‹S>o. {ZË`-
Z¡{‘{ÎmH$ emñÌr` H$‘©hþ `{X d¡îUd‘mJ©gm| {dnarV hm|` Vmo {dZH$m| hþ N>m§‹S>o. Eg|
^mdmW© : nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJ©‘| é{Mdmamo ì`pŠV nw{ï>^pŠV gåàXm`Ho$ gw`mo½` hr bmoH$V… àmßV d¡îUdVmgm| {dnarV H$m`©Z²H$mo hþ Ë`mJ H$ao&&25&&
AmMm`©d§eOH$s H¥$nm àmßV H$[aHo$ gd©àW‘ {dZV| lrH¥$îUHo$ Zm‘‘ÝÌdmar

69 70
 h¥óZh \ep `R>u `p¡sp_y„ kh®õh îulqf_¡ Ar`®s L$fhy.„ S>¡ L$pC¡ `Z Ah¥óZh OmV{ej… `dr`moä`… H$sV©`oXÝ`W¡H$b…J/2&&27&&
ApQpf `|h£ L$fsp¡ lp¡e s¡ b^p R>p¡X$hp. Æhtlkp \su lp¡e s¡hp L$dp£, L$pçeL$d®;
A_¡ îuL©$óZ rkhpe AÞe v¡$hp¡_u `|Å-AQ®_p _p¡ `qfÐepN L$fhp¡. r_Ðe- hao…=h[aHo$ OmV{ej…=ñd`§ AÜ``Z
_¥rdrÑL$ ip÷ue L$dp£ `Z Å¡ h¥óZhdpN®\u rh`fus lp¡e sp¡ s¡ `Z R>p¡X$hp. s¡
JwUmZm§=JwUZ²H$mo (gZ²)=H$[aHo$
S> âdpZ¡ h¥óZhdpN®\u rh`fus A¡hp kpdprS>L$-gp¥qL$L$ L$pep£_p¡ `Z ÐepN L$fhp¡.
ldU§=ldU `dr`oä`…=N>moQ>oZ²H|$ Vm§B©
(Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao H$sV©`oV²=H$sV©Z H$ao
nyd©^mÊS>m{XH§$ gdª n[aË`Á` {dew{ÕV…I&&
Á`m`moä`…=~‹S>oZ²V| AÝ`Wm=Zqh Vmo
ldUm{Xnamo {ZË`§ hao… ào‘mñnXmo ^doV²&&26&&
(M)=hþ, gXm=gXm AÝ`Wm=Zqh Vmo
e¥Uw`mV²=ldU H$ao EH$b…=BH$bmohþ
nyd©^mÊS>m{XH§$=n{hboHo$ {dew{ÕV…={deof n{dÌVmV|
nmÌ Am{X, gdª=g~ H$Nw> {ZË`§=gXm
^mdmW© : ~‹S>oZ²gm| gXm ^JdËgå~ÝYr ldU H$ao. Omo ldU H$sZmo hmo` dmH$s
ldUm{Xna…=ldUm{X‘| nam`U
ÑT>VmHo$ AW© ñd`§hþ dmH$mo Aä`mg H$ao. g“r ^ŠVZ²Ho$ AmJ| ^JdËH$sV©Z H$ao.
(gZ²)=hmo`Ho$ ào‘mñnX:=ào‘^mOZ gËnwéfH$mo g“ àmßV Z hmo` Vmo BH$bmo hr ^JdËH$sV©Z H$ao&&26&&
hao…=lrH¥$îUH$mo ^doV²=~Z|
Äe¡›$ h¥óZhp¡ `pk¡\u âcy kçbÞ^u NyZ-gug hN¡f_¡ „y kv$p îhZ L$f.¡ îhZ
L$f¡g_¡ ×Y$ L$fhpdpV¡$ `p¡s¡ `Z s¡_p¡ Aæepk L$f¡. k“u c¼sp¡_u kpd¡ cNhÐL$us®_
^mdmW© : Xr{jV hmo`doV| n{hbo AnZo Cn`moJ‘| AmdVo g~ nmÌm{XH$ H$m{‹T>Ho$ L$f.¡ kÐ`yfjy _p¡ k“ âpàs _ \pe sp¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> cNhÐL$us®_ L$f¡ (—A\p®s¹ Aks¹_p¡
ZdrZ nmÌm{XH$ bmdZo. ñddUm©l‘mZwgma {deof AmJ«hgm| ñZmZ-ImZ-nmZ- k“ _ S> L$f¡—).
dñÌ-ñne© Am{X‘| gXm ew{Õ amIo. Eg|hr ^JdËgå~ÝYr ldU-H$sV©Zm{X‘|
gVV VËna aho. Eg| H$aoV| ^ŠV à^wH$m| {à` hmoV ho&&26&& A{VgwÝXaê$nm{U brbmYm‘m{Z g§ñ‘aoV²J/3&&
nmXgodm hao… H$m`m© gd©gånpÝZHo$VZ¡…J/4&&28&&
dpN®dp„ v$urns \hp\u `|h£ `p¡sp_p D`ep¡Ndp„ Aphsp b^p hpkZ-Ly$kZ
hN¡f¡ L$pY$u _pMu_¡ _hu_ hpkZ hN¡f¡ hkphhp. õhhZp®îd^dp®_ykpf rhi¡j
hao…=h[aHo$ gd©gånpÝZHo$VZ¡…=AnZo Ka-
ApN°l\u õ_p_-Mp_-`p_-h÷-õ`i® Apqv$dp„ iyrÙ fpMhu. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
âcy kçbÞ^u îhZ-L$us®_ hN¡f¡dp„ kss sÐ`f fl¡. Apd L$fhp\u c¼s âcy_¡ A{VgwÝXaê$nm{U=AË`ÝV YZ-gån{Îmgm|, hao…=à^wHo$
râe b_¡ R>¡. gwÝXa ê$nZ²H$mo, M=Aé nmXgodm=MaUH$‘bH$s godm
brbmYm‘m{Z=brbmYm‘Z²H$mo (A{n)=hþ
haoJw©UmZm§ ldU§ Á`m`moä`… e¥Uw`mV² gXmJ/1&& g§ñ‘aoV²,=gVV ñ‘aU H$ao H$m`m©=Adí` H$aZr

71 72

^mdmW© : Oog| ^JdËgå~ÝYr ldU-H$sV©Z H$ao Eg| hr à^wHo$ gdm©{YH$ gwÝXa
ñdê$n Aé à^wHo$ Abm¡{H$H$ brbmYm‘Z² H$mo hþ gVV ñ‘aU H$aVmo aho. Eg|hr
à^wHo$ MaUH$‘bH$s godmhþ AnZo Ka-YZ Am{X gd©ñdHo$ {d{Z`moJnyd©H$ Adí`
H$ao&&27&&
cNhv„$isp_y„ v¥$Þe`|hL® $ õdfZ L$fsp-L$fsp îÙp `|hL® $ âcy_p QfZL$dmdp„ hÞv$_
L$f.¡
Xmñ`§ VXoH$eaU§ VËàgmX¡H$-^moOZ‘²J/7&&
Ed§ gßV{dYm ^pŠV… ànÝZm{YH¥$Vm ^doV²&&30&&

âcy_p NyZ-gugp_p îhZ-L$us®_pqv$_u kp\p¡kp\ âcy_p khp®r^L$ kyÞv$f VXoH$eaU§=EH$ dmH$mo hr eaU gßV{dYm…=gmV àH$maH$s
õhê$` A_¡ âcy_p Agp¥qL$L$ gugp^pdp¡ _y„ `Z kss õdfZ L$fsp¡ fl¡. Ap kp\¡
VËàgmX¡H$^moOZ§=dmHo$ CpÀN>ï> ^pŠV…=^pŠV(Ho$ H$mO)
âcy_p QfZL$dgp¡_u k¡hp `Z `p¡sp_p Of-^_ Apqv$ kh®õh_p rhr_ep¡N `|hL® $
Ahíe L$f.¡ àgmXH$mo hr ^moOZ ànÝZm{YH¥$Vm=eaUmJ{V‘|
Xmñ`§=XmgnZm|, A{YH$mar, ^doV²=hmoV ho
AM©Z§ àË`h§ Vñ` {d{YZm {Z`‘oZ MJ/5&& Ed§=Eg|
dÝXZ§ MaUmå^moOo Vñ` ^mdZ`mpIboJ/6&&29&&
^mdmW© : EH$‘mÌ lrH¥$îUH$mo hr Aml` (AZÝ`Vm) Aé lrH¥$îUH$m| g‘{n©V
nXmW©H$mo hr ^moOZ (g‘{n©V OrdZ) VmH$m| "à^wH$mo XmgnZmo' H$hV h|. `m
àË`h§=à{V{XZ M=Amoa, ApIbo=g~
àH$magm| ldUgm| bo`H|$ Xmñ` n`©ÝV gmV àH$maH$s ^pŠVHo$ gå`J² AZwð>mZgm|
{Z`‘oZ={Z`‘gm| OJ{V=OJV²‘| eaUmJ{V {gÕ hmoVho&&30&&
{d{YZm={d{Ygm| Vñ`={dZH$s
Vñ`={dZH$mo ^mdZ`m=^mdZmgm| A¡L$dpÓ îuL©$óZ_p¡ S> Apîe (—A_Þesp—) A_¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ kdr`®s L$f¡g
AM©Z§=AM©Z MaUmå^moOo={dZHo$ MaUH$‘b‘| `v$p\®_y„ S> cp¡S>_ (—Akdr`®s Æh_—) s¡_¡ âcy_y„ "v$pk`Ï„' L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap
(Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao dÝXZ§=dÝXZ, (Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao âL$pf¡ îhZ\u gC_¡ v$põe `e®Þs kps âL$pf_u c[¼s_y„ kpfufus¡ A_ykfZ
L$fhp\u ifZpNrs rkÙ \pe R>¡.
^mdmW© : ‘mhmËå`kmZnyd©H$ bmoH${dbjU CnMmaZ²gm| à{V{XZ {Z`‘gm| à^wH$s
godm H$ao. g‘J« OJV²‘| ^JdXmË‘H$VmH$mo ^md ampIHo$ AnZo‘| ^JdX§eVmH$mo (àn{Îm‘mJ© ‘ | Xr{jVZ² H $m| d¡ î Ud d« V mo Ë gd K nÄM`k L> VrW© d mg M
X¡Ý`nyd©H$ ñ‘aU H$[aHo$ lÕm nyd©H$ à^wHo$ MaUH$‘b‘| dÝXZ H$ao&&29&& d¡îUd{VbH$m{X ~mô`mä`ÝVa {MôZH$moN>-O YmaU Am{XH$mo CnXoe)
nyd©{dÕ§ n[aË`mÁ`§ d«V§ VX²{dîUwnÄMH$‘²&&
âcy_p dplpÐçe_p op_ `|hL® $ gp¡L$rhgnZ D`Qpfp¡\u ârsqv$_ r_ed `|hL® $ *4
O`ÝVr VyX`o@Ý`oZ XwîQ>mÝ`mß`éUmoX`mV²&&31&&
âcy_u k¡hp L$f¡. kdN° S>Ns¹dp„ cNhv$pÐdL$sp_p¡ cph fpMu_¡ `p¡sp_pdp„

73 74
{dîUwnÄMH§$={dîUwgå~ÝYr VV²={VZH$m| A{n M=hþ (CËgd) ha`o=h[aH$m|
nm§M(Mm`m] am‘Z¥qghdm‘ZH¥$îU n[aË`mÁ`‘²=VOZo AZwHy$bm{Z=AZwHy$b An©`oV²=A{n©V H$ao
O`ÝVr Aénm§M‘r EH$mXer) O`ÝVr=OÝ‘moËgd
d«V§=d«V Vw=Vmo, CX`o=gy`m}X`‘| ^mdmW© : df©^a‘| AmdVo CËgd Aé ñd‘ZmoaWgm| O{ZV CËgd hþ gmYZ-
nyd©{dÕ§=nyd©{V{WHo$ doYdmao AÝ`oZ=Xygar {V{WZ²gm| gån{Îm, ñdmñÏ`, g‘` Am{XH$s AZwHy$bVm hmo` Vmo {dZ g~H$m|hþ Adí`
(MoV²)=hm|` Vmo VV²={VZH$m| XwîQ>m=Xy{fV, (M)=Aé à^wZ²Ho$ gmW ‘ZmdZ|&&32&&
AÝ`m=Xygar (XwîQ>m=Xmofdmar
(EH$mXer)=EH$mXer,A{n=hþ MoV²)=`{X hmo` Vmo hfkdp„ Aphsp DÐkh s¡dS> `p¡sp_p d_p¡f\ âdpZ¡_p DÐkhp¡ `Z
kp^_-kç`rÑ, õhpõÕe, kde Apqv$_u A_yLy$msp lp¡e sp¡ s¡ b^p âcy_u
AéUmoX`mV²=gy`m©X`V| Ë`mÁ`m=VOZr
kp\¡ Ahíe d_phhp.

^mdmW© : nyd© {V{WH$mo Om {V{W‘| doY AmdVmo hmo` dm {XZ EH$mXer, O`ÝVr
lmÕm{Z MmoÎm‘mÝ`od d¡ídXod§ M X¡dH$‘²&&
Am{X {dîUwnÄMH$ d«VmoËgd VOZo. gy`m}X` H$mb‘| Omo {V{W hmo` dmhrH$m| dm
{XZH$s {V{W ‘m{ZHo$ lrH¥$îUO`ÝVr Am{X CËgd H$aZo. Eg| hr EH$mXer hþ hao… àgmXV… Hw$`m©V² VVg² V¥pßVaZwÎm‘m&&33&&
AÝ` {V{WHo$ doYdmar hmo` Vmo VOZr.
CÎm‘m{Z=CÎm‘ Hw$`m©V²=H$aZ|
ApNm_u rsr\_p h¡^hpmu A¡L$pv$iu, S>eÞsu hN¡f¡ rhóÏ`ÊQL$ lmÕm{Z=lmÕ, M=Aé VV…=Vmgm|
h°sp¡Ðkh_p¡ ÐepN L$fhp¡. k|ep£v$e L$pmdp„ S>¡ rsr\ lp¡e s¡_¡ S> s¡ qv$hk_u rsr\ d¡ídXod§=d¡ídXod ({nV¦Um§={nV¦Z²H$m|
dp_u_¡ îuL©$óZS>eÞsu Apqv$ DÐkhp¡ DS>hhp. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ A¡L$pv$iu `Z Å¡ X¡dH§$=Xod gå~ÝYr M=Aé,XodmZm§)=XodVmZ²H$m|
AÞe rsr\_p h¡^hpmu lp¡e sp¡ s¡ qv$hk¡ _ L$fhu. M=Adí` AZwÎm‘m=CÎm‘moÎm‘
hao…=h[aHo$ V¥pßV…=gÝVmof
dfm©{lVmÝ`wËgdm{Z ñdm{lVmÝ`{n `mÝ`wVK&& àgmXV…=àgmXgm| (^d{V)=hmoV ho
Vm{Z gdm©{U ha`o *5ô`ZwHy$bm{Z Mmn©`oV²&&32&&
^mdmW© : lmÕm{XH$ Aé {dídoXod gå~ÝYr Aé AÝ`hþ XodVm gå~ÝYr gd©
`m{Z=Omo (MoV²)=hm|` Vmo CÎm‘ H$m`© AmJ«hgm| ^JdÝ‘hmàgmXgm| hr H$ao. VmV| {nV¦Z²H$m| Aé ^JdmZ²Ho$
dfm©{lVm{Z=df©^aHo$ Vm{Z={VZH$m| H$‘©g{Md XodVmZ²H$m| hþ CÎm‘‘moÎm‘ V¥pßV hmoV ho&&33&&
CËgdm{Z=CËgd, CV=Aé gdm©{U=g^r Vahgm|
ñdm{lVm{Z=ñd‘ZmoaWO{ZV {h=Adí`

75 76
 îpÙ hNf¡ L$pep£, rhíh¡v¡$h kçb[Þ^ L$pep£ s¡dS> AÞe `Z v¡$hsp kçb[Þ^ gXm=gXm, nyÁ`m=nyÁ` (^d{V)=hmoV ho
b^p DÑd L$pep£ ApN°l `|h®L$ âcy_p dlpâkpv$\u S> L$fhp. Apd L$fhp\u
r`s©Ap¡_¡ s¡dS> âcy_p L$d®krQh v¡$hspAp¡_¡ `Z DÑdp¡Ñd s©[às \pe R>¡. ^mdmW© : ~«m÷U, Jm` Aé ^JdX²^ŠV à^wH$m| {à` h| VmV| BZ g~Z²H$mo gËH$ma
àgmXmo@{n ~{b… H$m`©… ñdmË‘g§ñH$maEd g…&& Adí` H$aZmo. `mhr àH$magm| J¥hñWH$m| A{V{W hþ nyÁ` hmoV ho. J¥hñWH$m| Xw:Ir
AÝZñ` MmË‘ZíMm{n VËg§ñH$maoU VËna…&&34&& OZZ²n| X`m^md amIZmo&&35&&

~{b…=^yV`k, A{n=hþ
àgmX:=^JdÝ‘hmàgmX(gm|)
H$m`©…=H$aZmo, g…=dmo
ñdmË‘g§ñH$ma:=AmË‘g§ñH$ma
Ed=hr, ^d{V=hmoV ho
(AV…)=VmV|
AÝZñ`=AÝZ, M=Aé b°pûZ, Npe A_¡ cNhv¹$c$¼sp¡ âcy_p râe R>¡ s¡\u s¡ b^p_p¡ kÐL$pf Ahíe
AmË‘Z:=AmË‘mH$mo L$fhp¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ N©lõ\dpV¡$ Arsr\ `Z `|Äe lp¡e R>¡. N©lõ\¡ vy$:Mu gp¡L$p¡
M A{n=hþ D`f v$epcph fpMhp¡.
VËg§ñH$maoU=dm g§ñH$magm|
VËna…=VËna OJÝZmWo Ûm[aH$m`m§ lra“o d«O‘ÊS>bo&&
(^doV²)=hmoZmo `Ì nyOmàdmh… ñ`mV² VÌ {VîR>oÀM VËna…&&36&&

^mdmW© : JmoJ«mg Am{X ^yV`khþ à^wHo$ ‘hmàgmXgm|hr H$aZo. dmo AnZo AmË‘mH$mo OJÝZmWo=OJÝZmWnwar‘| nyOmàdmh…=nyOmH$mo AZdaV H«$‘
g§ñH$ma hr ho. VmV| AÝZ Aé AmË‘m Ho$ dm hr g§ñH$magm| VËna ahoZmo&&34&& Ûm[aH$m`m§=Ûm[aH$mnwar‘| ñ`mV²=hmo`
lra“o=lra“Or‘| VÌ=Vhm§
Np¡N°pk Apqv$ c|seo `Z âcy_p dlpâkpv$\uS> L$fhp. s¡ Ap`Zp d«O‘ÊS>bo=d«O‘ÊS>b‘| VËna…=^JdmZ²‘| nam`U
ApÐdp_p¡ k„õL$pf S> R>¡. s¡\u AÞ_ A_¡ ApÐdp _p s¡ k„õL$pf\u sÐ`f fl¡hy„. `Ì=Ohm§ (gZ²)=hmo`Ho$
M=H$hþ§ {VîR>oV²=ahZmo
{dàm Jmdmo hao^©ŠVm… gXm nyÁ`m hao… {à`m…&&
J¥hñWñ`m{V{W`©ñ‘mV² nyÁ`mo XrZmo X`mñnX…L>&&35&& ^mdmW© : OJÝZmWnwar, ÛmaH$mnwar, d«O‘ÊS>b Am{X ^JdËñWmZZ²‘| Ohm§-H$hþ§
AZdaV ^JdËnyOm AZw{ð>V hmoVr hmo` Vhm§ ^JdmZ²‘| nam`U hmo`Ho$ aho (ñdJ¥h‘|
{dàm…=~«m÷U, Jmd…=Jm` (ko`m…)=OmZZo ^JdËgodm H$[ado‘| g‘W© Z hmo` Ego à^wnam`U {daŠV nw{ï>‘mJuHo$ AW© `o
CnXoe OmZZmo)&&36&&
hao… ^ŠVm…=^JdX²^ŠV J¥hñWñ`=J¥hñWH$m|
`ñ‘mV²=Š`m|Ho$, hao…=h[aHo$ A{V{W…=A{V{W
S>NÞ_p\`yfu, ÜpfL$p`yfu, h°S>dÎX$g hN¡f¡ cNhÐõ\p_p¡dp„ Äep„ A_hfs
{à`m…={à` hmoV h| nyÁ`mo=nyÁ`, (^d{V)=hmoV ho
cNhÐ`|Å \su lp¡e Ðep„ âcy`fpeZ b_u_¡ fl¡. (—õhN©ldp„ cNhÐk¡hp L$fhp
(Vñ‘mV²)=VmV| XrZíM=Xw:Ir, X`mñnXmo=X`mnmÌ i[¼sdp_¹ _ lp¡e s¡hp âcy`fpeZ rhf¼s `yrô$dpN}dpV¡$ Ap D`v¡$i R>¡—)
77 78
 empÝV{daŠV`…=empÝV VWm {dapŠV AmÝVam{U=AmÝVa bjU
J“m{X-VrW©-d`}fw `Wm {MÎm§ Z Xwî`{V && M
AmÝVam{U=AmÝVa bjU ñ`w…=hmoV h|
ldUmÚ¡… ^OoXod§ lr^mJdVVËna…&&37&&

J“m{XVrW©d`}fw=J“mOr Ed§=Eg| ^mdmW© :

Am{X loð> VrW©Z²‘| lr^mJdVVËna…=lr^mJdV‘| VËna D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$, JmonrMÝXZgm| Zm‘m{X‘wÐm Aé VwbgrH$mð>gm| ~Zr ‘mbm
`Wm=Oog| (gZ²)=hmo`Ho$ `o ^pŠV‘mJuHo$ ~mø bjU h|. Eg| hr empÝV VWm {dapŠV ^pŠV‘mJuHo$
{MÎm§={MÎm Ed§=VWm AmÝVa bjU h|&&38&&
Z=Zmht ldUmÚ¡…=ldU Am{Xgm|
Xwî`{V=Xy{fV hmodo (à^w§)=à^wH$m| ^OoV²=^Oo EÝh®‘yÎX²$ rsgL$, Np¡‘uQÞv$“’u AqP¹$L$s L$fpsu “pdpqv$“u dyÖpAp¡ A“¡
symkuL$p›$’u b“su dpmp A¡ ‘yrôc[¼sdpNu“p bpügnZp¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
^mdmW© : ip[Þs s’p rhf[¼s A¡ ‘yrôc[¼sdpN}“p ApÞsf gnZp¡ R>¡.
J“mOr Am{X loð> VrW©Z²‘|, A{V {ZH$Q>Vm Am{XHo$ H$maU VrW©Ho$ AZmXa
Am{Xê$n XmofZ²gm| {MÎm Oog| Xy{fV Zmht hmo` dm àH$magm| lr^mJdV‘| VËna e‘mo X‘ñVn… em¡M§ jmpÝVamO©d‘od M&&
hmo`Ho$ à^wH$mo ldUm{Xgm| ^OZ H$ao&&37&& X`m XmZ§ M {dkmZ§ lÕm X¡dmË‘gånX…&&39&&
X¡dmË‘gånX… nw§g… ^pŠV^©d{V Z¡pîR>H$sN>-O&&
NP¹$NpÆ hN¡f¡ î¡›$ su’p£dp„, Ars r“L$V$sp hN¡f¡ L$pfZ¡ su’®“p¡ A“pv$f L¡$
s¡hpS> buÅ v$p¡jp¡“¡ L$pfZ¡ rQÑ v$|rjs “ ’pe s¡ âL$pf¡ îucpNhs ‘yfpZ“p e‘:=AmÝVa BpÝÐ`Z²n| g§`‘ M=BË`m{X
‘pW$pqv$dp„ sБf b“u“¡ âcy“„y îhZpqv$’u cS>“ L$fhy.„ X‘…=~mø BpÝÐ`Z²n| g§`‘ X¡dmË‘gånX…=X¡dr OrdHo$ JwU
Vn…=H$ï>H$m| ghZmo Ed={ZíM`
D$Üd©nwÊS´>m{U ‘¥Ý‘wÐm Vwbgr-H$mîR>Om{n òH²$&& em¡M§=n{dÌVm (gpÝV)=h|
~mô`mL²H$mÝ`mÝVam{U ñ`w… ^ŠVo: empÝV-{daŠV`…&&38&& jmpÝV:=Y¡`©/j‘merbVm X¡dmË‘gånX…=X¡dr OrdHo$ JwUdmao
AmO©d§=gabVm nw§g…=nwéfH$m|
D$Üd©nwÊS´>m{U=D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$ òH²$=‘mbm X`m=X`m, XmZ§=XmZ ^pŠV…=^pŠV, M={ZpíMV
‘¥Ý‘wÐm=JmonrMÝXZgm| Zm‘m{X ‘wÐm A{n=hþ {dkmZ§=VÎdkmZ Z¡pîR>H$s=ÑT>{Zð>mdmar
VwbgrH$mð>Om=VwbgrH$mð>H$s ^ŠVo…=^pŠVHo$ lÕm=lÕm ^d{V=hmoV ho
~mô`mL²H$m{Z=~mø bjU

79 80
 gmH$ma ~«÷dmX
^mdmW© :
AmÝVa VWm ~mø BpÝÐ`Z²n| g§`‘, H$ï>H$m| ghZmo, emór` gXmMmaHo$ gd©dñVwfw d¡am½`§ XmofÑîQ>çm {d^md`oV²&&
AZwgma n{dÌVm amIZr, Y¡`© AWdm j‘merbVm, gabVm, X`m, XmZ, VÎdkmZ, X‘ZmX² BpÝÐ`mUm§ M gÝVwîQ>çm{n M {gÜ`{V&&41&&
lÕm BË`m{X X¡dr OrdZ²Ho$ JwU OmZZ|. Ego X¡dr JwUdmao nwéfH$m| ^JdX²^pŠV
{ZíM` hr ÑT>{Zð>mdmar hmoV ho&&39&&
XmofÑîQ>çm=Xmofdmar Ñ{ï>gm| M=Aé
gd©dñVwfw=g~ dñVyZ²‘| gÝVwîQ>çm=gÝVmofV|
ApÞsf s’p bpü B[ÞÖep¡ D‘f k„ed, L$ô kl“ L$fhp, ip”ue kv$pQpf“p
d¡am½`§=d¡am½`H$s A{n=hþ
A“ykpf ‘rhÓsp fpMhu, ^¥e® A’hp ndpiugsp, kfmsp, v$ep, v$p“,
sÒhop“, îÙp BÐepqv$ NyZp¡ v$¥hu Æh“p ÅZhp. Aphp v$¥hu NyZhpfp ‘y{j“¡ {d^md`oV²={deofê$ngm| ^mdZm H$ao M={ZpíMVê$ngm|
cNhv¹c[¼s Qp¡¼L$k‘Z¡ ×Y$r“›$phpgu ’pe R>¡. BpÝÐ`mUm§=BpÝÐ`Z²Ho$ (VX²)=dmo
X‘ZmX²=X‘ZV| {gÜ`{V={gÕ hmoV ho
(BZ JwUZ²Ho$ H$maU ^pŠV O~ gdm©Ë‘^mdmnÝZm1 hmodo V~ `m bmoH$‘|
ànÄM{dñ‘¥{VnydH© $ ^JdXmgpŠV2 Aé d¡H$w ÊR>m{X ^JdëbmoH$‘| godmon`moJr XohH$s ^mdmW© :
àmpßV3hþ ’${bV hmoV ho) XmofÑ{ï> ampIHo$ gd© dñVyZ²‘| d¡am½`H$s {d^mdZm H$ao. BpÝÐ`Z²n| g§`‘ Aé
``m "gdm©Ë‘^mdm'»`m nam {g{Õ… ñd`§ ^doV²1&&40&& gÝVmof ampIdoV| hþ Adí` d¡am½` {gÕ hmoV ho&&41&&

``m=Om v$p¡j×rô fpMu“¡ b^u hõsyAp¡dp„ h¥fpÁe“u rhcph“p L$fhu. B[ÞÖep¡D‘f

(Z¡pîR>Š`m=ÑT> nam=CËH¥$ï> k„ed A“¡ âpàs hõsy-‘qf[õ’rsdp„ kÞsp¡j fpMhp’u ‘Z h¥fpÁe Qp¡¼L$k L¡$mhu
^ŠË`m)=^pŠVgm| {g{Õ…={g{Õ iL$pe R>¡.
"gdm©Ë‘^mdm'»`m="gdm©Ë‘^md' ñd`§=Amnwhr
Zm‘gm| OmZr OmVr ^doV²={gÕ hmoV ho gd©Ì¡d {daŠVñ` amJ… ñ`mX² ZÝXZÝXZo&&
VoZmgpŠVíM ì`gZ§ ànÄMmñ’w$aU§2 ^doV²&&42&&
^mdmW© :
Z¡{ð>H$s ^pŠVHo$ H$maU "gdm©Ë‘^md' Zm‘gm| à{gÕ CËH¥$ï> {g{Õ ñd`§ hr gd©Ì=g~ {R>H$mZo ZÝXZÝXZo=lrH¥$îU‘|
àmßV hmoV ho&&40&& {daŠVñ`={daŠVH$m| amJ…=ào‘
Ed=hr ñ`mX²=hmoV ho
Aphu “¥r›$L$u c[¼s“p L$pfZ¡ "khp®Ðdcph' “pd¡ Ap¡mMpsu DÐL©$ô rkrÙ VoZ=dmV| ànÄMmñ’w$aU§=ànÄMH$s {dñ‘¥{V
Ap‘d¡m¡ S> âpàs ’C Åe R>¡. AmgpŠV…=AgpŠV M=hþ

81 82
ì`gZ§=ì`gZ ^doV²=hmoV ho Ap âL$pf¡ S>¡“y„ rQÑ âcydp„ r“{Ù ’ey„ lp¡e A“¡ S>¡“p E‘f âcy“u L©$‘p
’C lp¡e s¡“p¡ gugpdp„ âh¡i ’hp¡ ‘Z klS>-Bô R>¡ s¡ hps Np¡h^®“p¡ÙfZ“p
^mdmW© : kde¡ cNhp“¡ L$l¡gp ""s¡’u lº„ S> Np¡Ly$g“p¡ Apîe R>y„ ...'' (D‘f dyS>b) BÐepqv$
hQ“p¡’u rkÙ ’pe R>¡.
Omo gd©Ì d¡am½`dmamo hmo` dmH$m| hr ZÝXZÝXZ lrH¥$îU‘| ào‘ hmoV ho. ào‘V|
AmgpŠV hmoV ho, AmgpŠVV| ì`gZ Aé ànÄMH$s Añ’y${V© nydH© $ ‘ZH$mo ^JdmZ²‘|
{ZamoY {gÕ hmoV ho&&42&& (Ego VmÑer d¡îUdZ²H$s `m ^yVbno pñW{V AÝ` OrdZ²Ho$ Oogr H$mb-
H$‘©-ñd^mdmYrZ hmoV Zmht)
kh®Ó h¥fpÁe lp¡e s¡“¡ S> “Þv$“Þv$“ îuL©$óZdp„ â¡d ’C iL¡$ R>¡. â¡d’u Z nmn§ g H$amoË`od à‘mXo Ëdmew {ZîH¥${V…&&
Apk[¼s ’pe R>¡, Apk[¼s’u ìek“ A“¡ s¡“p ‘qfZpd¡ â‘ÊQ“u Aõawrs® AkmV-ñI{bVmZm§ M h[aaod nam J{V…&&44&&
‘|h®L$ cNhp“¹dp„ "r“fp¡^' rkÙ ’pe R>¡.
g…=dmo {ZîH¥${V…=Nw>Q>H$mam
Ed§ {ZéÕ{MÎmñ`mZwJ¥hrVñ` Mo{eVw…&& nmn§=nmn (^d{V).=hmoV ho
brbmàdoemo3@nrîQ>íM ""Vñ‘mZ² ‘ÀN>aUmo''pŠVV…&&43&& Z=Zmht AkmVñI{bVmZm§=AkmZgm|
Ed=hr n{VV ^`oZ²Ho$
Ed§=`m àH$magm| ‘ÀN>aU(‘²)''=‘| eaU hÿ§ H$amo{V,=H$ao ho M={ZpíMV
B©{eVw…=B©eHo$ CpŠVV…=`m CpŠVgm| à‘mXo=AkmZ‘| h[a…=h[a, Ed=hr
AZwJ¥hrVñ`=H¥$nmdmao brbmàdoe…=^Jdëbrbm‘| àdoe Vw=Vmo nam=ApÝV‘
M=Aé M=Aé, BîQ>…=Bï> Amew=erK« J{V…=Cnm`/gmYZ, (ApñV)=h|
{ZéÕ{MÎmñ`={ZéÕ {MÎmdmaoH$mo A{n=hþ
""Vñ‘mZ²=VmV| (^d{V)=hmoV ho ^mdmW© :
Egmo ^JdXr` H$~hþ nmnH$‘© Zmht H$aV ho. H$~hþH$ AkmZV| H$moC {ZpÝXV/
^mdmW© : {Z{fÕ AmMaU hmo` Om` Vmo hþ erK«hr dmHo$ AnamYV| Ny>Q>r OmV ho. VmV|
`m àH$magm| OmH$mo {MÎm à^w‘| {ZéÕ ^`mo hmo` Aé OmHo$ D$na à^wH$s AkmZV| {OZH$mo ñIbZ hmoV ho {dZH$s EH$‘mÌ J{V lrh[a hr h|&&44&&
H¥$nm ^B© hmo` dmH$mo brbm‘| àdoe hþ Bï> hr ho gmo JmodY©ZmoÕaUHo$ g‘`
^JdmZ²Ho$ ""VmV| ‘| hr JmoHw$bH$mo Aml` hÿ§ ...'' (^mJ.nwam.10&22/25&18) Aphp¡ cNhv$ue c¼s ¼epf¡e ‘p‘L$d® L$fsp¡ “’u. ¼epf¡L$ Aop“’u s¡“phX¡$
BË`m{X dMZV| {gÕ hmoV ho&&43&& Å¡ L$p¡C r“[Þv$s/r“rjÙ ApQfZ ’C Åe sp¡ ‘Z sfsS> s¡“p A‘fp^’u s¡
dy¼s ’C Åe R>¡. s¡’u Aop“’u S>¡“y„ õMg“ ’ey„ lp¡e s¡“u A¡L$ dpÓ Nrs
îulqf S> lp¡e R>¡.
83 84
 ^JdX²^OZ¡…=^JdX²^OZgm| (^d{V)=hmo` OmV ho
*6
h[aa² ^ŠVmnamYofw X``¡d àgrX{V&&
Xmofofw Z J{VñVñ‘mV² XmofmZ² gån[adO©`oV²&&45&& ^mdmW© :
{Xdg, àha, K‹S>r, jU‘mÌ hþ ^JdX²^OZ {dZm Z ahoZmo. ^JdX²^OZ
(`ñ‘mV²)=Š`m|Ho$ Vñ‘mV²=VmV| {dZm jU‘mÌhþ aho Vmo g§gmamgpŠV hmo` OmV ho&&46&&
^ŠVmnamYofw=^ŠVHo$ AnamYZ²‘| XmofmZ²=XmofZ²H$m|
Xmoffo =
w XmofZ²‘| gån[adO©`oV²=gånyU© ê$ngm| N>mo‹S>o qv$hk, âlf, OX$u sp¡ iy„ ‘fÞsy nZdpÓ ‘Z cNhv¹cS>“ hNf “ fl¡hy„.
AÝ`m=Xygamo h[a…=h[a nZdpÓ ‘Z cNhv¹cS>“ rh“p fl¡hp’u k„kpfdp„ Apk¼s b“u S>hpe R>¡.
J{V…=Cnm` X``m=X`mV|
Z=Zmht Ed=hr (Oog| lrh[aH$mo ^OZ, Vog|B lrh[aH$s ^mdZm ampIHo$ Jwé Aé d¡îUd
^ŠVZ² Ho$ à{Vhþ Z‘Z, AM©Z VWm X¡Ý` {Z^mdZo)
(ApñV)=ho àgrX{V=àgÝZ hmoV h|
Jwégodm Jwamoamkm Jwam¡ lrh[a^mdZm&&
Jwam¡ ^`§ Jwam¡ {g{Õ… ànÝZ… n[a^md`oV²&&47&&
^mdmW© :
^ŠVZ²H$s AnamY AWdm Xmof ‘|hþ ^JdX{V[aŠV AÝ` H$moB© J{V Zmht ho.
VmV| XmofZ²H$mo nyU©ê$ngm| Ë`mJ H$aZmo. VWm h[a {dZn| X`m H$[aHo$ àgÝZ hr ahV (ànÝZoZ)=eaUmJVH$m| (nmbZr`m),=nmbZr
h| Egmo {dídmg amIZmo&&45&& Jwégodm=JwéH$s godm Jwam¡=Jwé‘|
(H$V©ì`m),=H$aZr lrh[a^mdZm=lrh[aH$s ^mdZm
c¼s“p A‘fp^ A’hp v$pj¡ dp„ ‘Z cNhp“¹ rkhpe buÆ L$pC¡ Nrs “’u. Jwamo…=JwéH$s (H$m`m©),=H$aZr
s¡’u v$p¡j“p¡ ‘|Z®‘Z¡ ÐepN L$fhp¡ s¡dS> îulqf ‘p¡sp“p‘f v$epcph’u âkÞ“ Amkm=Amkm Jwam¡=Jwé‘|
S> R>¡ s¡hp¡ rhíhpk fpMhp¡. ^`§=^`
AeyÝ`m {Xdgm `m‘m… ‘whÿV©-K{Q>H$m-bdm…&& (ñWmnZr`‘²=amIZmo (ApñV=ho
^JdX²^OZ¡… H$m`m©… g§gmamgpŠVaÝ`Wm&&46&& M)=Aé B{V)=Eg|
Jwam¡=Jwé‘| ànÝZ…=eaUmJV {eî`
{Xdgm…={Xdg AeyÝ`m…=a{hV Zmht {g{Õ…={g{Õ n[a^md`oV²=AmN>r ^m§{Vgm| ^mdZm H$ao
`m‘m…=àha; VrZ KÊQ>m H$m`m©…=H$aZo
‘whÿV©-K{Q>H$m-bdm…= AÝ`Wm=Zqh Vmo ^mdmW© :
48 {‘{ZQ>, 24 {‘{ZQ>, jU g§gmamgpŠV…=g§gma‘| AmgpŠV

85 86
 eaUmJV {eî` JwéH$s godm H$ao, JwéH$s AmkmH$mo nmbZ H$ao, Jwé‘| lrh[aH$s
^mdZm H$ao, JwéH$mo ^` amIo, Jwé‘| {g{ÕH$s ^mdZm H$ao. Eg| àH$magm| eaUmJV {dZm ^ŠVàg“oZ gXJwamo… H¥$n`m {dZm&&
{eî` aho&&47&& lr^mJdVemñÌoU {dZm ^pŠV… H$W§ ^doV²&&49&&

ifZpNs rióe¡ Ny{“u k¡hp L$fhu, Ny{“u Apop“y„ ‘pg“ L$fhy„, ip”p“ykpfu ^ŠVàg“oZ=^ŠVHo$ g“Ho$ lr^mJdVemñÌoU=lr^mJdV emóHo$
Ny{“u Apop cNhv$pop kdp“S> R>¡ s¡d Ny{dp„ îulqf“u cph“p L$fhu, Ny{“p¡
{dZm={~Zm {dZm={~Zm
ce ‘Z fpMhp¡, Ny{“u ip”p“ykpfu Apop“p ‘pg“dp„ S> rkrÙ R>¡ s¡d ÅZhy„.
Ap âdpZ¡ ifZpNs rióe¡ fl¡hy„. gX²Jwamo…=gX²JwéH$s ^pŠV…=^pŠV
H¥$n`m=H¥$nmHo$ H$W§=Ho$g|
^ŠVd¥ÝXmZ² Z‘oX² AM}X² ÑîQ‰>m öî`oV²(/hfª) g‘mZ`oV²&& {dZm={~Zm ^doV²=hmo`
^ŠVoîdod§ h[a¨ gmjmV² àgmXoZ ì`dpñWV‘²&&48&&
^mdmW© :
^ŠVd¥ÝXmZ²=^ŠVOZZ²H$m| g‘mZ`oV²=~wbmdo ^ŠVHo$ g“ {dZm, gX²JwéH$s H¥$nm {dZm VWm lr^mdJdV emó {dZm
lrH¥$îU‘| ^pŠV Ho$g| hmo` gHo$?&&49&&
Z‘oX²=Z‘Z H$ao ^ŠVofw=^ŠVZ²‘|
AM}X²=gËH$ma H$ao Ed§=Eg|
c¼sp“p¡ kP¹$N L$ep® rh“p, kv¹Ny{“u L©$‘p rh“p s¡dS> îucpNhs ip”“p
(VmZ²)={dZH$m| àgmXoZ=H¥$nmgm|
AÝee“-d““ rh“p îuL©$óZdp„ c[¼s L¡$d ’C iL¡$?
ÑîQ‰>m=XopIHo$ ì`dpñWV‘²={~amOVo
öî`oV²,=àgÝZ hmo` gmjmV²=gmjmV²
{dZm JX²JXH$ÊR>oZ ÐdVm MoVgm {dZm&&
(J¥h§)=Ka‘| h[a¨=h[aH$m|, (ní`oV²)=XoIo
{dZm Z¥Ë`oZ JmZoZ h[aàr{V… H$W§ ^doV²?&&50&&

^mdmW© :
JX²JXH$ÊR>oZ=^JdXmdoegm| Z¥Ë`oZ=Z¥Ë`Ho$
^ŠVOZZ²H$m| àUm‘ H$ao, {dZH$mo gËH$ma H$ao, AnwZo Ka‘| {dZH$m| ~wbmdo.
JX²J{XV H$ÊR>Ho$ (M)=Aé
^ŠVZ²Ho$ öX`‘| ^JdmZ² gXm àgÝZVmgm| {~amOV h| VmV| ^ŠVZ²‘| ^JdmZ²H$m|
XoI&o &48&& {dZm={dZm JmZoZ=JmZHo$
MoVgm={MÎmH$s {dZm={dZm
c¼sp¡“¡ âZpd L$f¡, s¡d“p¡ kÐL$pf L$f¡, ‘p¡sp“p Ofdp„ c¼sp¡“¡ ApdÞÓ¡. ÐdVm=^JdËñZohgm| ÐdVm h[aàr{V…=h[a‘| ào‘
c¼s“p ùv$edp„ cNhp“¹ kv$p âkÞ“sp’u rbfpS>¡ R>¡ s¡’u c¼sp¡dp„ cNhp““¡ {dZm={dZm H$W§=Ho$g|, ^doV²=hmo`
Sy>A¡.
87 88
^mdmW© : (g¥{ï>Ho$ H$Vm© Ho$db ^JdmZ² h|, Vmgm| `o g¥{ï> ^JdXmpË‘H$m ho1, gmo `m
H$sV©Z H$aV ^JdXmdoegm| H$ÊR> JX²J{XV Z hmo`, ñ‘aU H$aV ^JdËào‘gm| g¥{ï>‘| nw{ï>OrdH$m| ^OZmZÝXmZw^dHo$ àXmZmW© àH$Q> {H$`o h|2, Vmgm| nw{ï>OrdH$m|
{MÎm AmЩ Z hmo`, Z¥Ë`-JmZ g{hV ^JdX²^OZHo$ {dZm à^w‘| ào‘ Ho$g| ^JdXZwJ«hmW© {Z`mo{OV H$aZm|hþ ^JdËgodm hr ho3)
hmo`?&&51&& H«$sS>mW©‘² Ag¥OV² nydª ñdmË‘Zm ñdmË‘H§$ OJV²&&
VÌ H$m`^dm nwpîQ>… brbmg¥pîQ>a² AZwÎm‘m&&52&&
Äep„ ky^u âcy“p L$us®“ L$fsp cNh˜phph¡i’u L$ÎW$ N•qv$s “ ’pe, âcy“y„
õdfZ L$fsp cNhÐâ¡d’u l¥ey„ cfpC “ Aph¡, A“¡ “©Ðe-Np“ krls (^JdmZ²)=^JdmZ²Z|
cNhv¹cS>“ “ ’pe Ðep„ ky^u âcydp„ â¡d L¡$d ’pe? nyd=ª n{hbo VÌ=Vm‘|
ñdmË‘Zm=Amnwgm| H$m`^dm=H$m`mV| àH$Q>
""X¡dr h²`ofm JwU‘`r ‘‘ ‘m`m XwaË``m&& ñdmË‘H§$=ñdmË‘H$-^JdXmË‘H$ AZwÎm‘m=CÎm‘moÎm‘
‘m‘od `o ànÚÝVo ‘m`m‘oVm§ VapÝV Vo''&&51&& OJV²=OJVH$m| brbmg¥pîQ>…=brbmg¥{ï>
H«$sS>mWª={H«$S>mHo$ AW© nwpîQ>…=nw{ï>OrdZ²H$s
Efm=`o (ApñV)=ho Ag¥OV²=àH$Q> {H$`mo (ApñV)=ho
JwU‘`r=JwUdmar (AV…)=VmV|, `o=Omo
X¡dr=X¡dr ‘m‘²=‘moH$m|, Ed=hr ^mdmW© :
‘‘=‘oar ànÚÝVo=eaUmJV hm|` h| ^JdmZ²Z| n{hbo Vmo H«$sS>mHo$ AW© Amnwgm| ñdmË‘H$ BVZ| ^JdXmË‘H$ OJV²
‘m`m=‘m`m Vo=dmo, EVm§=`m àH$Q> {H$`mo. Vm OJV²‘| Omo X¡dr Ord h¢ {VZH$mo AnZr H$m`mV| àH$Q>r nw{ï>g¥{ï>H$s
{h={ZíM` hr ‘m`m§=‘m`mH$m| CÎm‘moÎm‘ brbm‘| A“rH$ma {H$`mo&&52&&
XwaË``m=H$ï>gm| OrVrOm` Egr VapÝV=V[a gHo$ h|
cNhp“¡ â’d sp¡ ¾$uX$pdpV$¡ ‘p¡sp“phX¡$ õhpÐdL$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ cNhv$pÐdL$ S>Ns¹“¡
^mdmW© : âL$V$ L$e.¯y s¡ S>Ns¹dp“p v$h¥ u Æhp¡“p¡ ‘p¡sp“u L$pep’u âL$V$g¡ u ‘yrôk©rô“u DÑdp¡Ñd
`o JwU‘`r ‘oar X¡dr ‘m`m {ZíM` hr H$ï>gm| OrVr Om gHo$ Egr ho. VmV| gugpdp„ AP¹$NuL$pf L$ep£.
Omo ‘oar eaU‘| Amdo ho dmo hr ‘oar `m ‘m`mH$m| V[a gHo$ ho&&51&&
dm‘m§e-gå^dmZmÝVw ^OZmZÝXbãY`o&&
Ap NyZdeu dpfu v$¥hu dpep L$ô’u Æsu iL$pe s¡hu R>¡. s¡’u S>¡ dpfp ifZ¡ {dg¥îQ>mZm§ VVmo@Ý`ofm§ ZmÝ`m gmYZnÕ{V…&&53&&
Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ S> dpfu Ap dpep“¡ sfu iL¡$ R>¡.

89 90
^OZmZÝXbãY`o=^OZmZÝXH$mo Vw=Vmo,
XmZ H$[adoHo$ AW© VV…=VmV| ApÐdp sfuL¡$ cprhs cNhp“¹ S>¡“p D‘f L©$‘p L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ c¼s gp¡L$ A“¡ h¡v$
{dg¥îQ>mZm‘²={deof hoVwgm| àH$Q> ^`o AÝ`m={^ÝZ Xygamo dp„ AÐeÞs [õ’f ’e¡gu drs“p¡ ‘Z ÐepN L$fu v$¡ R>¡.
dm‘m§e-gå^dmZm‘²=dm‘ A§egm| gmYZnÕ{V…=Cnm`
*8
àH$Q>^`oZ²H$m| Z=Zmht AZwJ«ho {Z`moÁ`mo@V… g§J«h… lw{Vgå‘V…&&
AÝ`ofm§=AÝ`Z²H$m| (ApñV)=ho ‘hVm§ g‘`mo ‘mZ§ ‘hmÝVmo@Ì hao… {à`m…&&55&&

^mdmW© : AV…=VmV| g§J«h…=g§J«h

à^wHo$ dm‘ A§egm| àH$Q> ^`o Ord Ho$ {OZH$m| à^yZ²Z| ^OZmZÝXH$mo XmZ (EVmÑe…)=Ego lw{Vgå‘V…=doX gå‘V
H$[adoH$m| àH$Q> {H$`o h| {dZH$m| `mV| {^ÝZ Xygamo H$moB© Cnm` Zmht ho&&53&& AZwJ«ho=AZwJ«h‘| (ApñV)=ho
{Z`moÁ`…=ào[aV H$aZo AÌ=`hm§
âcy“p hpd A„i’u âL$V$ ’e¡gp Æhp¡ L¡$ S>¡“¡ cS>“p“Þv$“y„ v$p“ L$fhpdpV$¡ (^d{V)=M{h`o ‘mZ§=àm‘mU
âcyA¡ âL$V$ L$ep® R>¡ s¡Ap¡dpV$¡ Ap rkhpe buÅ¡ L$p¡C D‘pe “’u. (VmÑe§=dogmo ‘hVm§=‘hmnwéfZ²H$mo
Vw)=Vmo g‘`…=g‘`/ì`dhma
""`ñ`m`‘² AZwJ¥ôUm{V ^JdmZ² AmË‘^m{dV…&& (ApñV)=ho {à`m…={à`
g Ohm{V ‘qV bmoHo$ doXo M n[a{ZpîR>Vm‘²''&&54&& hao…=h[aHo$ ‘hmÝV…=‘hmZ², (gpÝV)=h|

A`§=`o bmoHo$=bmoH$‘| ^mdmW© :

AmË‘^m{dV…=AmË‘mgm| ^m{dV M=Aé ^JdX²^pŠV‘| ‘{V pñWa hmo` VXW© bmoH$-doX‘| AmgŠV X¡dr OrdZ²H$m|
^JdmZ²=^JdmZ² doXo=doX‘| ^JdX² AZwJ«h‘mJ©Ho$ à{V ào[aV H$aZo M{h`o. Egmo bmoH$g§J«h (namonH$ma) hþ
`ñ`=OmHw$ n[a{ZpîR>Vm‘²=AË`ÝV pñWa doXgå‘V hr ho. `hm§ à‘mU ‘hmZ² nwéfZ²H$mo AmMa hþ ho. ^JdmZ²H$m| Oo {à` h|
AZwJ¥ôUm{V=AZwJ¥hrV H$ao h| ‘qV=‘{VH$m| do hr dñVwV: ‘hmZ² h|&&55&&
g…=dmo Ohm{V=Ë`mJ Xo ho
cNh˜[¼sdp„ drs [õ’f ’pe s¡dpV$¡ gp¡L$-h¡v$dp„ Apk¼s v$¥hu Æhp¡“¡
cNhp““p A“yN°ldpN® ârs âqfs L$fhp Å¡CA¡. Ap âL$pf“p¡ gp¡L$k„N°l
^mdmW© :
(‘fp¡‘L$pf) ‘Z h¡v$kçds S> R>¡. Ap bpbsdp„ âdpZ dlp‘y{jp¡“p¡ kv$pQpf
AmË‘V`m ^m{dV ^JdmZ² Omn| H¥$nm H$ao h| dmo ^ŠV bmoH$ Aé doX ‘| ‘Z R>¡. cNhp““¡ S>¡ râe R>¡ s¡ S> Mf¡Mf dlp“¹ R>¡.
n[a{Z{ð>V AnZr ‘{VH$m| hþ Ë`mJ Xo ho&&54&&

91 92
 daU§=daU bä`Vo=àmßV hmoV ho
(lr‘X²^mJdVHo$ ""a{Vamgmo...'' 3&7&18 íbmoH$‘| {Zê${nV ^OZmZÝXH$s {hËdm={dZm d¥V§={Z`‘
CnbpãYHo$ H$mO AmË‘g‘n©Um{X gmYZZ²H$mo {Zê$nU) Z=Z M=Vmo
AVg² VXZwamoYoZ "a{Vamgmo' `Wm ^doV²&& àdMZoZ,=àdMZgm| g§d¥UwVo=daU H$ao ho
VXWª daU§ H$m`ª *lrJmonmb‘hm‘Zmo…&&56&& Z=Z lwVo…=lw{Vgm|
{Y`m=~w{Õgm| (àm‘mÊ`mV²)=àm‘mÊ`gm|
AV…=VmV| lrJmonmb‘hm‘Zmo…=
VXZwamoYoZ=dmHo$ AZwgma lrJmonmb‘ÝÌH$mo/ ^mdmW© :
`Wm=Oog| ""a{VàmXw^m©dmo ^dVw gVV§ `o na‘mË‘m daU {dZm Z àdMZgm|, Z ~w{Õgm|, Z Vmo ~hþV gw{Zdogm|hþ àmßV
"a{Vamg:'=a{Vamgê$n ^OZmZÝX lrn[ad¥T>o'' `m ñVmoÌH$mo hmo` gHo$ ho. daUH$mo `o {Z`‘ lw{Vgm| à{gÕ ho.
^doV²={gÕ hmo` daU§=daU, H$m`ª=H$aZmo Ap ‘fdpÐdp hfZ rh“p “ sp¡ âhQ“’u, “ byrÙ’u L¡$ “ sp¡ blº
VXWª=dmHo$ AW© kp„cmhp’u âpàs ’C iL¡$ R>¡. hfZ“p¡ Ap r“ed îyrsdp„ ârkÙ R>¡.

^mdmW© : ñ‘¥Ëdm ñdr`{d`moJmp½Z§ VmnXmhmo ^dmå~wYm¡&&

(""`Ëgod`m ^JdV: ...a{Vamgmo ^doV²'' íbmoH$‘| JwégodmH$m| ^º²$`wn`moJr VV… gdª g‘ß`£d lrJmonmb‘Zw§ l`oV²&&58&&
~VmB© ho) VmV| JwéH$s AmkmHo$ AZwgma Oog| a{Vamgê$n ^OZmZÝX {gÕ hmo`
dmHo$ AW© Jmonmb‘ÝÌ AWdm n[ad¥T>mï>H$ ñVmoÌH$mo {ZË` AZwgÝYmZ H$aZmo&&56&& ^dmå~wYm¡=^dgmJa‘| VV…=VmV|
VmnXmh…=VmnOÝ` Xmh gdª=g~
(""eÐk¡hep cNhs: ...frsfpkp¡ ch¡s¹'' ígp¡L$dp„ Ny{k¡hp“¡ c¼Ðey‘ep¡Nu (ApñV=ho g‘ß`©=g‘{n©V H$[aHo$
L$lu R>¡) s¡’u Ny{“u Apop A“ykpf S>¡d frsfpkê‘ cS>“p“Þv$ rkÙ ’pe s¡dpV$¡ B{V)=Eg| Ed=hr
Np¡‘pgdÞÓ A’hp ‘qfh©Y$pôL$ õsp¡Ó “y„ r“Ðe A“ykÞ^p“ L$fhy„.
ñdr`{d`moJmp½Z§=AnZo {d`moJmp½ZH$mo lrJmonmb‘Zw§=Jmonmb‘ÝÌH$mo
ñ‘¥Ëdm=ñ‘aU H$[aHo$ l`oV²=Aml` H$ao
Zm`‘mË‘m àdMZ¡a² Z {Y`m Z ~hþlwV¡…&&
bä`Vo daU§ {hËdm d¥V§ g§d¥UwVo lwVo…&&57&&
^mdmW© :
`m ^dgmJa‘| ^Jd{Û`moJ Ap½ZXmhHo$ g‘mZ² h¡. VmV| (JÚ‘ÝÌmoŠV àH$magw§)
A`§=`o Z=Z ^Jd{X²d`moJ OÝ` Ap½ZH$mo ñ‘aU H$[aHo$ dm {d`moJmp½ZH$s {Zd¥{ÎmHo$ AW© g~
AmË‘m=na‘mË‘m ~hþlwV¡…=~hþV gwZdogm| H$Nw> à^yZ²Hy$§ An©U H$[aHo$ lrJmonmb‘ÝÌH$mo Aml` H$ao&&59&&

93 94
 Ap chkpNfdp„ cNhrÜep¡N A[Á“v$pl kdp“¹ R>¡. s¡’u (NÛdÞÓp¡¼s âL$pf¡) ""B{V=`m àH$magm| Zmam`Una…=Zmam`U nam`U
cNhrÜep¡N S>Þe A[Á““y„ õdfZ L$fu“¡ s¡ rhep¡Np[Á““u r“h©rÑ“p dpV$¡ b^y„ ^mJdVmZ²=^JdmZ² gå~pÝY (gZ²)=hmo`Ho$
âcy“¡ A‘®Z L$fu“¡ îuNp¡‘pgdÞÓ“p¡ Apîe L$fhp¡. Y‘m©Z²=Y‘©Z²H$m| XwñVam‘²=H${R>ZVmgm| V[a gH|$ Egr
{ejZ²=Om{ZHo$ ‘m`m‘²=‘m`mH$m|
""Bï>§ XÎm§ Vnmo OßV§ d¥V§ `ÀMmË‘Z… {à`‘² && VXwËW`m=dmV| CËnÝZ AÄO…=erK«
XmamZ² gwVmZ² J¥hmZ² àmUmZ² `V² nañ‘¡ {ZdoXZ‘²''&&59&& ^ŠË`m=^pŠVV| Va{V=V[a Om` ho
BîQ>§=`km{X XmamZ²=ór
XÎm§=XmZ gwVmZ²=nwÌ ^mdmW© :
Vn:=Vn J¥hmZ²=Ka Ego àH$magm| ^mJdVY‘©Z²H$m| Om{ZHo$, dmV| CËnÝZ ^B© ^pŠVgm| Zmam`U‘|
OßV§=On àmUmZ²=àmU nam`U hmo`Ho$ ^ŠV XwñVa ‘m`mH$m|hþ erK«Vmgm| V[a Om` ho&&60&&
d¥Îm§=d«V VV²=dmo
AmË‘Z…=ñd`§H$m| nañ‘¡=^JdXW© Ap âL$pf¡ cpNhs^d®“¡ ÅZu“¡ s¡“p’u DБޓ ’e¡g c[¼s’u “pfpeZdp„
{à`‘²={à` {ZdoXZ‘²={ZdoXZ ‘fpeZ ’C“¡ c¼s v$õy sf dpep“¡ ‘Z TX$‘’u sfu Åe R>¡.
`V²=Omo (Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao
Ed§ `moJrídamoŠVoZ ^pŠV‘mJ}U `mo `OoV²&&
^mdmW© : gEdmVrË` H${bOmZ² XmofmZ² JÀN>oV² na§ nX‘²&&61&&
g‘ñV Bï> BVZ| `km{X Aé nyV© BVZ| XmZ-On-Vn-d¥V Am{X H$‘©Z²H$mo
Aé AnZo {à` ór, nwÌ, Ka, àmU Am{X H$mohþ ^JdËgodmHo$ AW© {ZdoXZ Ed§=Eg| H${bOmZ²=H${bH$mbHo$
H$ao&&59&& `moJrídamoŠVoZ=`moJrídaZ²Ho$ H$ho XmofmZ²=XmofZ²H$m|
^pŠV‘mJ}U=^pŠV‘mJ©gm| AVrË`=nma H$[aHo$
‘p¡sp“y„ b^y Bô A¡V$g¡ L¡$ eo hN¡f¡, A“¡ ‘|s® A¡V$g¡ L¡$ v$p“-s‘-S>‘-h©s `…=Omo na§=CÎm‘
hN¡f¡ L$dp£“¡ A“¡ ‘p¡sp“p râe A¡hp ”u, ‘yÓ, Of âpZ hN¡f¡“¡ ‘Z cNhÐk¡hp’£
`OoV²=^OZ H$ao ho nX‘²=’$bH$m|
r“h¡qv$s L$f.¡
g:=dmo, Ed=hr JÀN>oV²=àmßV H$ao ho

""B{V ^mJdVmZ² Y‘m©Z² {ejZ² ^ŠË`m VXwËW`m&&

^mdmW© :
Zmam`Unamo ‘m`m‘² AÄOñVa{V XwñVam‘²''&&60&&

95 96
 Eg| (EH$mXeñH$ÝY‘| {Zê${nV) `moJrídamoŠV ^pŠV‘mJ©gm| Omo ^JdmZ²H$mo H$‘©{U=H$‘©Z²‘| H$aew{Õ…=hmWZ²H$s ew{Õ
^OZ H$ao ho dmo H${bXmofZ²H$m| nma H$[aHo$ CÎm‘ nXH$m| àmßV hmoV ho&&61&& ‘ÝÌV…=‘ÝÌgm| {deofV…={deofê$ngm|, H$m`m©=H$aZr
ñZm`mV²=ñZmZ H$aZmo ñdnm̧=AnZo ~mgZ
Apd (A¡L$pv$iõL$Þ^dp„ r“êr‘s) ep¡Nuíhfp¡A¡ cpNhsdp„ L$lg¡ c[¼sdpN®“p Xohew{Õ…=XohH$s ew{Õ ^JdËnm̧=^JdËgodmon`moJr ~mgZ
A“ykpf S>¡ cNhp“¹“y„ cS>“ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ L$rgv$p¡jp¡“¡ ‘pf L$fu“¡ DÑd ‘v$“¡ âpàs gXm=gXm ñZmZnm̧=ñZmZHo$ ~mgZ
L$f¡ R>¡.
H$m`m©=Adí` H$aZr Z=Zmht, ‘ob`oV²={‘bmZo
(Vmhm§ ^pŠV‘mJ©‘| {Z{fÕ Egr H$Ny>H$ ~mVZ²H$mo {Zê$nU)
Zmd¡îUd¡… gh dgoZ² Z V¡… g§gJ©‘mMaoV²&&
^mdmW© :
àg“ofw h[a¨ Ü`m`oV² ... ... ... ... ...
H$‘©‘| ‘ÝÌgm| ñZmZ H$ao&&62&&
ñZmZm{Xgm| XohH$s ew{Õ gXm amIZr. Eg| hr XmoC hmWZ²H$s ew{Õ hþ {deof
Ad¡îUd¡…=Ad¡îUdHo$ Z=Z gmdYmZr ampIHo$ H$aZr. AnZo Cn`moJ‘| AmVo ~mgZ, ^JdËgodmon`moJr ~mgZ
gh=g“ AmMaoV²=H$ao Aé ñZmZHo$ nmÌZ² H$m| {‘bmZo Zmht&&63&&
Z=Z, dgoV²=aho àg“ofw=àg“Z²‘|
V¡…={dZH$mo h[a¨=h[aH$mo L$d®dp„ dÞÓ’u õ“p“ L$fhy„.
g§gJ©‘²=g§gJ© Ü`m`oV²=Ü`mZ H$aZmo õ“p“pqv$Üpfp v$¡l“u iyrÙ L$fhu. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ bÞ“¡ lp’p¡“u iyrÙ ‘Z rhi¡j
kph^p“u’u L$fhu. ‘p¡sp“p D‘ep¡Ndp„ Aphsp hpkZp¡, âcykh¡ p“p D‘ep¡Ndp„
^mdmW© : Aphsp hpkZp¡ s¡dS> õ“p“pqv$“p D‘ep¡Ndp„ Aphsp hpkZp¡“¡ Sy>v$p fpMhp,
Ad¡îUdZ²Ho$ g“ Z aho, {dZH$mo g§gJ© hþ Z H$ao. Šd{MV² g“ hmo`don| Sy>v$p kpa L$fhp.
h[aH$mo Ü`mZ Yao. ...
Ed§ dñÌo@{n {dko`o *9ewÕçewÕr ñdd¡îUd¡…&&
Ah¥óZh“u kp’¡ “ fl¡hy„. Ah¥óZh“p¡ k„kN® ‘Z “ fpMhp¡. ¼epf¡L$ c¡V$p¡ Jmon`oV² ñdmJ‘mMma§ nmH$godm§ haoa{n&&64&&
’C ‘Z Åe sp¡ îulqf“y„ Ýep“ ^fhy„.
Ed§=Eg| ñdmJ‘mMma§=AnZo
... ... ... ... ñZm`mV² H$‘©{U ‘ÝÌV…&&62&& dñÌo=dóHo$ {dfo AmJ‘emómoŠV AmMma
Xohew{Õ… gXm H$m`m© H$aew{Õ: {deofV…&& A{n=hþ hao…=h[aH$s
ñdnm̧ ^JdËnm̧ ñZmZnm̧ Z ‘ob`oV²&&63&& ñdd¡îUd¡…=AnZo d¡îUdZ²gm| nmH$godm§=agmoB©H$s godm
ewÕçewÕr=ew{Õ VWm Aew{Õ A{n=hþ

97 98
{dko`o=OmZZo Jmon`oV²=JwßV amIZr g‘ß`£d ew{M… nydª ha`o@Ý`Ì `moO`oV²&&
*10
{Û‘wI§ ew{M nm̧ Vw ô`§ewH§$ bmo‘O§ ew{M&&66&&
^mdmW© : ew{M…=ewÕ dñVw g‘ß`©=g{n©V H$aHo$
dóZ²Ho$ {dfohþ Eg| hr g‘OZmo. ñd‘mJu` d¡îUdZ²gm| ew{Õ-Aew{ÕH$s nydª=àW‘, ha`o=h[aH$m| Ed=hr
g‘P boZr. naånamgm| àmßV ñd‘mJu` AÝVa“ AmMma VWm à^wH$s agmoB© AÝ`Ì=AÝ` H$moC H$m`©‘| ew{M=ewÕ
Am{XH$s godmH$m| hþ AÝ`Z²gm| JwßV amIZr&&64&& `moO`oV²=Cn`moJ H$ao bmo‘O§=D$Zgm| ~Ý`mo
L$‘X$p„ bpbs ‘Z s¡ S> âdpZ¡ kdS>hy„. õhdpN}e ÅZL$pf h¥óZhp¡ ‘pk¡’u nm̧=nmÌ, Vw=Vmo {h=, A§ewH§$=dó
iyrÙ-AiyrÙ bpbs“u kdS> g¡hu. ‘fç‘fp’u Qpëep Aphsp õhdpN}e
{Û‘wI§=Xmo ‘w§hdmamo(Pmar/H$adm) ew{M=ewÕ
AÞsfP¹$N ApQpf s’p âcy“u fkp¡C hN¡f¡“u k¡hp“¡ ‘Z buÅ’u Nyàs fpMhu.

(^JdËgodm‘| ì`dhm`© ewÕ dñVyZ²H$mo CnXoe…)
gm¡dU£… amOV¡g² Vm‘«¡… nmÌ¡a² ì`dhaoV² na¡…&&
nmHo$ ñdr`mZ² gVrÏ`mªíM gdUm©Z² gpÝZ`moO`oV²&&65&&
^mdmW© :
ewÕdñVw àW‘ à^yZ²H$m| g‘{n©V H$ao Vm nmN>| AÝ` H$m`©‘| Cn`moJ H$ao.
ñZmZ-nmZ-àjmbZm{X H$m`©Ho$ Vm§B© Xmo ‘w§hdmao (Pmar/H$adm) nmÌ ewÕ ‘mZo
Om§` h|. Eg| hr D$ZHo$ dó ewÕ ‘mZo Om§` h|&&66&&

na¡…=XygaoZ²gm|/D$Îm‘gm| nmHo$=agmoB©‘| iyÙ hõsy“¡ kh® â’d âcy“¡ kdr‘®s L$fhu. s¡ ‘R>u AÞe L$pe®dp„ hp‘fhu.
gm¡dU£…=gmoZoHo$, amOV¡…=Mm§XrHo$ ñdr`mZ²=n[aOZZ²H$m|, (M)=Aé õ“p“-‘p“-ânpg“ Apqv$ L$pep£dp„ b¡ dp¡Y$phpmp (L$fhp/Tpfu) hpkZp¡ iyÙ
Vm‘«¡…=Vm§~mHo$ gVrÏ`m©Z²=g‘mZ Jwédmao dp“hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ h”p¡dp„ E““¡ iyÙ dp“hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
nmÌ¡…=nmÌZ²gm| gdUm©Z²=g‘mZ dU©Ho$ bmoJZ²H$m|
ì`dhaoV²=ì`dhma H$ao gpÝZ`moO`oV²=gpå‘{bV H$ao H$mnm©g‘mhV§ ewÕ§ ZdH$m¡gwå^`wH²$ ew{M:&&
{dà¡ì`©döV§ VrW©‘² Amam‘§ M J¥h§ ew{M:&&67&&
^mdmW© :
gmoZo, Mm§Xr, Vm§~m Ho$ nmÌZ²H$m| ì`dhma‘| bodo. agmoB©‘| n[admaHo$ bmoJZ²H$m| H$mnm©g‘²=gyVrdó ì`döV§=Cn`moJ‘|{b`moOmVmo
Aé g‘mZ Jwé hm|` Ego g‘mZ dU©Ho$ bmoJZ²H$m| gpå‘{bV H$ao&&65&& AmhV§=Ymo`mo ^`mo VrW©‘²(ObñWmZ‘²)=
ewÕ§=ewÕ ObñWmZ/Hw$Am, M=Aé
kp¡“p, Qp„v$u, Ópbp “p ‘pÓp¡“¡ L$pddp„ g¡hp. fkp¡C b“phhpdp„ ‘qfhp“p ZdH$m¡gwå^`wH²$=ZdrZ bmba“o ^`o Amam‘§=~JrMr
gp¡L$p¡ s¡dS> kdp“ Ny{ lp¡e s¡hp kdp“ hZ®“p gp¡L$p¡“¡ k[çdrgs L$fhp. ew{M:=ewÕ J¥h§=Ka, ew{M:=ewÕ
{dà¡…=~«m÷UÛmam (H$Ï`Vo)=H$ho OmV h|

99 100
 h¥óZh¡ AÞe v$¡h“u ‘pk¡ ¼epf¡ ‘Z “ S>hy„. âkP¹$Nhi ¼epf¡L$ AÞe v$¡hp¡“p
^mdmW© : kçdyM S>hpC Åe sp¡ v$¡hp¡“y„ A‘dp“ ¼epf¡e “ L$fhy„. su’®dp„ su’®v$¡hspAp¡“p¡
gyVr dó Ymo`mo ^`mo, ZdrZ a“çmo ^`mo ewÕ H$ømo OmV ho. ~«m÷UÛmam s’p ‘yfp¡rls b°pûZp¡“p¡ kÐL$pf L$fhp¡.
Cn`moJ‘| {b`mo OmVmo Ob n{dÌ ‘mÝ`mo OmV h|. Eg| hr Amam‘ (~JrMr AWm©V²
Jm‘Ho$ ~mha CndZ‘| {Z{‘©V A{V{W{Zdmg) VWm Ka ewÕ H$ømo OmV ho&&67&& (H${b`wJ‘| gÝÝ`mg, Ap½ZhmoÌ Am{X Vmo eŠ` Z hmo`doV| ñ‘mVm©p½ZH$m|
YmaU H$aZmo)
gÝÝ`mgíMmp½Zhmo̧ M H$bm¡ Z¡d `Wm{d{Y…&&
kysfpD L$p‘X$ ^p¡e¡gy„, “hy„ f„N¡gy„ iyÙ dp“hy„. b°pûZp¡Üpfp D‘ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpsy„
S>g ‘rhÓ ÅZhy„. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Apfpd (bNuQu A’p®s¹ Npd blpf D‘h“dp„ gpÝX½YY‘©godm{n Šboem`¡dmën‘oYgm‘²&&69&&
bp„^¡g Arsr’r“hpk) A“¡ Of “¡ iyÙ ÅZhy„.
H$bm¡=H${bH$mb‘| Z Ed=eŠ` hr Zmqh
(^JdËgodm‘| Omo nam`U hm|` {VZH$m| AÝ`Xodml` Vmo {Z{fÕ hmo`don| hþ gÝÝ`mg…=gÝÝ`mg (^dV…)=h|
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Z¡d=H$~hþ Zmht g‘M©Z‘²=nyOZ, (Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao
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nwamo{hV ~«m÷UZ²H$mo gËH$ma H$ao&&68&&
g‘W©ñVw V`mo… Hw$`m©X² {dÛmZ² ñ‘mVm©p½ZYmaU‘²&&
Ý`mgml‘mV² nVZ² ‘Ë`© Amê$T>n{VVmo@J{V…&&70&&

101 102
g‘W©: Vw=gm‘Ï`©dmamo Vmo V`mo…=Xmo`‘|Vo Ap âL$pf¡ N©lõ\pîddp„ flu_¡ S>¡ õdpsp®[Á__¡ ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_pdpV¡$ `Z
{dÛmZ²=~w{Õ‘mZ² ñ‘mVm©p½ZYmaU‘²=ñ‘mVm©p½ZH$mo YmaU Å¡ L¡$ hZp®îd^d®_p A_ykpf N©lõ\pîd L$qW$_S> R>¡ R>sp„e L¡$dL¡$ s¡ A_pepkS>
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nVZ²={JadoV|, ‘Ë`©…=‘Zwî` (^d{V)=hmoV ho
Z Jmh©ñÏ`§ {dZm Xoh-`mÌm-Y‘m}@{n {gÜ`{V&&
AVñVpñ‘Z² pñWVñ`¡d `pËH$pÄMV² {g{Õ-gå^d…&&72&&
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Jmh©ñW²`§=J¥hñWY‘© Vpñ‘Z²=dm‘|
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Ed§{h=`m{h àH$magm| (ApñV)=ho, VWm{n=Vmohþ J`o h| V~ J¥hñWY‘©‘| aho ^`oH$m| hr H$Nw>H$ {g{Õ àmßV hmo`doH$s gå^mdZm eof
`Ú{n=`Ú{n Am`mVn{VV§=Am` n`m} ho VmV| aho ho&&72&&
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b_u Nep„ R>¡ Ðepf¡ N©lõ\^d®dp„ fl¡gpAp¡_¡ S> L„$CL$ rkrÙ âpàs \hp_u
kçcph_p i¡j fl¡ R>¡.
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Aml‘mo {Û{dY… H$m¡‘} VÌmoXmgrZH$mo J¥hr&&
Am` n`m} ho VmV| Oog| hþ ~{Z Amdo Vog| Xoh`mÌmHo$ gmW VmH$m| {Zdm©h Vmo
H$ao&&71&& AmÚo@{n Z¡pîR>H$íMmÝË`o d¡îUdmo@{YH¥$VñVV…&&73&&

103 104
H$m¡‘} (nwamUo)=Hy$‘© nwamU‘| A{n=hþ F$Um{Z ÌrÊ`nmH¥$Ë` Ë`º$‰m ^m`m©YZm{XH$‘²&
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{Û{dY…=Xmo àH$maH$mo M=Aé VnñVß`{V `mo@aÊ`o `OoX² XodmZ² Owhmo{V M&
àmoŠV…=H$h²`mo ho AÝË`o=ApÝV‘ gÝÝ`mgml‘‘| ñdmÜ`m`o M¡d {ZaVmo dZñW: "Vmngmo' ‘V:&&
VÌ=Vm‘|, EH$:=EH$ d¡îUd…=d¡îUd Vngm H${f©Vmo@Ë`Wª `ñVw Ü`mZnamo ^doV²&
CXmgrZH$…="CXmgrZ' A{YH¥$V…=A{YH$mar "gmÝÝ`m{gH$:' g {dko`mo dmZàñWml‘o pñWV:&&
Ana:=Xygamo (BË`{n=Egmo hþ `moJmä`mgaVmo {ZË`‘² Amééjw{O©VopÝÐ`:&
J¥hr="J¥hr' H$hdmdV ho CŠV‘²=H$h²`mo kmZm` dÎm©Vo {^jw: àmoÀ`Vo "nma‘o{ð>H$:'&&
AmÚo=àW‘ ~«÷M`m©l‘‘| ApñV)=ho `ñËdmË‘a{Vaod ñ`mZ² {ZË`V¥ßVmo ‘hm‘w{Z:&
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~«÷M`m©l‘‘| L|$d®`yfpZdp„ b^p Apîdp¡_y„ îyrsrk٠ܥrhÝe bsphhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. s¡dp„
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~«÷Mm`w©nHw$dm©Umo Z¡{ð>H$mo ~«÷VËna:&& d|m hQ_p¡ D`f Ap`¡g R>¡—).
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105 106
ewÐ: Vw=eyÐ Vmo {Zd¥Îm…={Zd¥Îm hmo`Ho$ rÜS>¡sf gp¡L$p¡A¡ cNhv¹$c$¼s, b°pûZ A_¡ Npep¡ _y„ rls \pe s¡hp L$pep£
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Ego H$m`©gm|, M=Aé AZwH$pånV…=H¥$nm àmßV H$[aHo$ âdpZ¡ L$fhy.„ Apd õh^dp®QfZdp„ `fpeZ fl¡hp\u cNhp_¹ lqf Ahíe âkÞ_
\pe R>¡.
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^mdmW© : {ÛOoVa bmoJ Om‘| Ordqhgm hmo` Egr AmOr{dH$m, H$m`© Am{XH$mo
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H$a|&&74&& XmZ§=XmZ, d«V§=d«V Aml`oV²=Aml` H$ao
n¡V¥H§$=lmÕ-Vn©Um{X àoåUm=ào‘gm|, h[a‘²=h[aH$mo
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cp¡S>__p¡ ÐepN L$fu_¡; Äe¡›$ h¥óZhp¡_u L©$`p d¡mhu_¡ L©$óZ_u k¡hp L$f¡. AWM=Aé VoZ=VmV|, gËda‘²=erK«
empÝV‘²=gÝVmofê$n empÝVH$mo {gÜ`{V={g{Õ hmoV ho
g {hV§ h[a^ŠVmZm§ ~«m÷UmZm§ MaoX² Jdm‘²&&
nmXgodm M ‘hVm§ `X²d¥Ë`m Vwî`Vo h[a…&&75&& ^mdmW© : XmZ, d«V, lmÕ-Vn©Um{X {nV¥gå~ÝYr H$m`© Adí` H$aZo. emñÌmZwgma
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g=dmo ‘hVm§=~‹S>oZ²Ho$ lrH¥$îUH$mo hr ^OZ H$aoV| erK« {g{Õ àmßV hmoV ho&&76&&
h[a^ŠVmZm§=^JdX²^ŠVZ²H$mo nmXgodm=MaUZ²H$s godm
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S> k¡hp L$fhp\u iuO° rkrÙ âpàs \pe R>¡.
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MaoV²=AmMaU H$ao Vwî`Vo=àgÝZ hmoV h|
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Ego ñdY‘m©MaU‘| nam`U hmo`don| h[a {ZíM` hr àgÝZ hmoV h|&&75&& (VoZ)=dmH$m|, AÝ`V…=AÝ`gm| ànÝZ…=eaUmJV

107 108
ñnYm©gy`m{XZm=ñnYm©-B©î`m© Am{Xgm| Agm¡=`o rQÑ A_¡ B[ÞÖe `f k„ed, `rhÓ ApQfZ s¡dS> kp^yõhcph hpmu
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Z=Zmht, H$m`©‘²=H$aZmo Xmg…=Xmg
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VX^mdo ^OoX² ^ŠË`m H$sV©Z¡… ldU¡… ñ‘¥V¡…&&79&&
^mdmW© : {ÛOoVaZ²H$m| AÝ`Ý`Z²gm| ñnYm© AWdm B©î`m© Ho$ ^mdgm| Om‘| {dZH$mo
A{YH$ma Zmht ho Egmo doXH$mo ldUm{X Zmht H$aZmo. XrZ ^mdgm| eaUmJV hmo`Ho$ n{VnwÌm{X-~ÝYyZm‘²=n{V, VX^mdo=dmHo$ A^md‘|
h[a-JwéH$mo Xmg ~{ZHo$ ahZmo&&77&& nwÌm{X VWm ~ÝYwOZ H$sV©Z¡…=H$sV©Zgm|
AmZwHw$ë`o=AZwHy$b hm|` Vmo ldU¡…=ldUgm|
rÜS>¡sf gp¡L$p¡A¡ AÞehZ®_p gp¡L$p¡ âÐe¡ õ`^p® L¡$ Cóep® cph\u, ip÷¡ S>¡dp„ Añ`=`m(lrH¥$îUñ`)=lrH¥$îUH$s ñ‘¥V¡…=ñ‘aUgm|
s¡Ap¡_p¡ Ar^L$pf dpÞe _\u L$ep£ s¡hp, h¡v$_y„ îhZ Apqv$ L$ep£ _ L$fhp. v$u_ godZ‘²=godm ^ŠË`m=^pŠVnyd©H$
cph¡ ifZpNs \C_¡ lqf-Nyfy_p v$pk b_u_¡ fl¡hy„.
(H$m`©‘²)=H$aZr ^OoX²=^OZ H$ao

(pñÌ`Z²Ho$ ^JdX²^OZH$s ar{VH$mo {Zê$nU)

^mdmW© : n[admaHo$ n{V-nwÌm{X n[aOZ VWm ~ÝYwOZ `{X AnZo AZwHy$b hm|`
gYdm ^V¥©^mdoZ {dYdm nwÌ^mdV…&& Vmo lrH¥$îUH$s ñdJ¥h‘| godm H$aZr. do bmoJ `{X AZwHy$b Z hm|` Vmo ^pŠV^mdgm|
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Vw=Vmo `V…=Š`m|Ho$

109 110
 g‘pÝXamX² hao…=H$moC^JdËñdê$nHo$ pñÌ`:=ñÌrOZ ^mdmW© : n{V-nwÌm{XH$ AZwHy$b Zmht hm|` VWm{n ñÌrOZ `{X {dZH$s BÀN>mgm|
Xodmb`ñW hmo`doHo$ H$maU {h=Vmo {déÕ AmMaU H$aV h| V~ {dZH$s gd©Ì {ZÝXm hmoV ho, VmV| {MÎm‘| Šboe hmoV
(AWdm)Jwamo…=JwéHo$ H$maU AñdVÝÌm…=namYrZ ho. AV: {OZHo$ Am{lV hm|` {dZHo$ à{VHy$b Z hmoBHo$, à^wH$s dogr hr BÀN>m
ho Egr ^mdZmgm| Y¡`© YmaU H$[aHo$ à^wH$mo AmÝVa ^OZ H$ao. Aé `{X CnbãY
n[aM`m©=n[aM`m© (^dpÝV)=hmoV h|
hmo` Vmo ^JdËgodmnam`U ^JdXr`H$s d¡îUdH$s n[aMmaJrÛmam namoj ^JdX²^OZhþ
H$ao&&82&&
^mdmW© : àm`: ñÌrOZ Š`m|Ho$ AnZr BÀN>mZwgma H$m`© H$[adoHw§$ g‘W© hmoV Zmqh
AV: `{X n{V nwÌ Am{X Aé ~ÝYwOZ AZwHy$b hm|` V~ hr {dZHo$ g“ {‘{bHo$
`rs-`yÓpqv$ A_yLy$m _ lp¡e s¡d R>sp„ Å¡ ÷uS>_ s¡d_u BÃR>p\u rhfyÙ
Ka‘| lrH¥$îUH$s `Wm`mo½` godm-n[aM`m© gå^d hmoV ho. AÝ`Wm ‘`m©Xm‘mJ©Ho$
ApQfZ L$f¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ gp¡L$dp„ kh®Ó r_Þv$p_¡ `pÓ b_sp lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u s¡Ap¡
AZwgma H$mhþ Xodmb`‘| {~amO‘mZ ^JdËñdê$nH$s AM©Zm‘| AWdm nw{ï>‘mJu`
S>¡_p Aprîs lp¡e s¡_¡ ârsLy$m \ep rh_p, âcy_u A¡hu S> BÃR>p li¡ A¡hu
JwéH$s naMmaJr H$[adoVo ñÌrOZZ²Hy§$ Wmo‹S>mo-~hmoV namoj ^OZ eŠ` ho&&80&&
cph_p\u ^¥e® ^pfZ L$fu_¡ âcy_y„ ApÞsf cS>_ L$f¡. Ap kp\¡ D`gå^ lp¡e
sp¡ cNhÐk¡hp`fpeZ cNhv$ue h¥óZh_u `qfQep®Üpfp `fp¡n cNhv¹$c$S>_ `Z
OÏ„ L$fu_¡ ÷uS>_p¡ L¡$dL¡$ `p¡sp_u BÃR>p_ykpf L$pe® L$fhpdp„ kd\® lp¡sp _\u L$f.¡
s¡\u Å¡ `rs-`yÓpqv$ s\p bÞ^yS>_p¡ A_yLy$m lp¡e sp¡ S> s¡d_u kp\¡ lmu-
dmu_¡ Ofdp„ îuL©$óZ_u e\pep¡Áe k¡hp-`qfQep® L$fhu s¡d_pdpV¡$ kçch b_su
{MÌ‘mÌo@{n godm ñ`mV² à{V~ÝYo Jwamo{J©am&&
lp¡e R>¡. Å¡ Apd i¼e _ lp¡e sp¡ dep®v$pdpN® A_ykpf L$p¡C v¡$hpgedp„ rbfpS>sp
cNhÐõhê$`_u AQ®_p\u A\hp `yrô$dpN}e Nyfy_u `qfQep® L$fhp\u `Z N>boZm{n ^OZ² H¥$îU§ ‘wÀ`Vo Jmo{nH$m{XdV²&&82&&
÷uS>_p¡_¡ cNhÐk¡hp_p¡ `fp¡n gpc dmu iL¡$ R>¡.
à{V~ÝYo=à{V~ÝY hmo`don| ñ`mV²=hmoB gH$V ho
ñdVÝÌVm`m§ Xmofmo {h ñÌrUm§ gd©Ì Om`Vo&& Jwamo…=JwéH$s N>boZ A{n=N>bgm| hþ
AVñV`m VWm ^yËdm h[a… goì`ñV{XÀN>`m&&81&& {Jam=Amkmgm| H¥$îU§=H¥$îUH$m|, ^OZ²=^OdoV|
{MÌ‘mÌo A{n={MÌ‘mÌ‘| hþ Jmo{nH$m{XdV²=JmonrOZZ²Ho$ Oog|
ñÌrUm§=ñÌrOZZ²H$m| (AñdVÝÌ¡d)=AñdVÝÌ hr godm=godm ‘wÀ`Vo=‘wŠV hmoV ho
ñdVÝÌVm`m§=ñdV§ÌVmgm|~aVdon|Vmo ^yËdm=a{hHo$
{h={ZíM` V{XÀN>`m=n[admaOZZ²H$s ^mdmW© : à{V~ÝY hmo`don| (AWdm {ebm-YmVwgm| {Z{‘©V ^JdËñdê$nH$s
gd©Ì=g~{R>H$mZ|,Xmof:=Xmof AWdm ^Jd{XÀN>mZwgma godm H$[a gH$doH$s AZwHy$bVm Z hmo` Vmo) JwéH$s Amkm bo`Ho$ lrH¥$îUHo$
{MÌñdê$nH$s hþ godm hmoB gH$V ho. H¥$îUmdVma‘| H$‘©H$mÊS>r ~«m÷UZ²H$s npËZE§
Om`Vo=hmoV ho, AV…=VmV| h[a…=h[aH$s
AnZo nVrZ²H$s Amkm {dZm, {dZHo$ {damoY H$[adon| hþ à^yZ²H$m| `kH$s gm‘J«r
V`m={dZH$m|, VWm=dogo goì`…=godm H$aZr M{h`o AamoJmdo J`t {dZH$mo hþ CÕma Oog| à^yZ²Z| {H$`mo hVmo Vog| dV©‘mZ‘| hþ Á`oð>
n[aOZZ²H$s Amkm {dZm hþ ^JdËgodm H$[adoV| CÕma hmoV hr ho&&84&&
111 112
 `Wm=Oog| H¥$îU…=lrH¥$îU
ârsbÞ^ lp¡eh¡`¢ (—A\hp rigp-^psy\u r_rd®s cNhÐõhê$`_u k¡hp L$fu aO…=aO {d{OV…(^d{V)=OrVo OmV h|
kL$hp_u A_yLy$msp _ lp¡e sp¡—) Nyfy_u Apop gC_¡ îuL©$óZ_p rQÓõhê$`_u (Xmof…=Xmof, VWm)=Vog| `V…=Š`m|Ho$
`Z k¡hp L$fu iL$pe R>¡. L©$óZphspfdp„ L$d®L$pÎX$u b°pûZp¡_u Apop rh_p s¡dS> ZmarUm§=ñÌrOZZ²‘| hþ H¥$îU…=lrH¥$îU
s¡ A p¡ _ p rhfp¡ ^ L$ f hp R>sp„ âcy d pV¡ $ eo_u kpdN° u Apfp¡ N phhp Ne¡ g
{h={ZíM` ñÌrUm§=ñÌrZ²H$m|
b°pûZ`[Ð_Ap¡_p¡ DÙpf S>¡d âcyA¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ s¡d hs®dp_dp„ `Z Äe¡›$
`qfS>_p¡_u Apop rh_p `Z cNhÐk¡hp L$fhp\u âcy DÙpf L$f¡ S> R>¡. H$m‘Xmof…=H$m‘Xmof {à`…={à`
(^d{V)=hmoV ho. (ApñV)=h|
nwéfmnoj`m ñÌrUm§ öX`§ ‘¥Xw Ñí`Vo&&
AVñVXZwamJmo@Ì gÚ Edm{^fÁ`Vo&&83&& ^mdmW© : gwdU©H$mo Xmof Oog| aO hmoV ho Vog| ñÌrZ²‘| Xmof H$m‘ hmoV ho. nw{ï>^pŠV
Vmo Š`m|Ho$ {ZJw©U hmoV ho VmV| H$m‘^mdn| {dO` nmd| Vmo ñÌrOZ {ZJw©U^mdgm|
erK« hr à^yZ²H$m| ñdmYrZ H$[a gH$V h|. lrH¥$îUVmo ZqhVmo hþ ñÌrZ²H$m| {à`
nwéfmnoj`m=nwéfZ²H$s Anojm ñÌrUm§=ñÌrOZZ²H$o hmoVhrh|&&85&&
öX`§=öX` VXZwamJmo={dZH$mo AZwamJ
‘¥Xw=Za‘ AÌ=`hm§, gÚ=erK« kp_p¡_p¡ v$p¡j S>¡d fS> lp¡e R>¡ s¡d ÷uAp¡dp„ v$p¡j "L$pd' lp¡e R>¡. `yrô$c[¼s
Ñí`Vo=Xo»`mo OmV ho. Ed=hr sp¡ L¡$dL¡$ r_Ny®Z lp¡e R>¡ s¡\u L$pdcph D`f Å¡ rhS>e d¡mh¡ sp¡ ÷uS>_p¡ TX$`\u
AV…=VmV| A{^fÁ`Vo={gÕ hmo` OmV ho âcy_¡ õhp^u_ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. îuL©$óZ sp¡ Apd `Z ÷uS>_p¡_¡ râe lp¡e S> R>¡.

^mdmW© : nwéfZ²H$s VwbZm‘| ñÌrOZZ²Ho$ öX` H$mo‘b hmoV h|. VmV| à^w‘| {dZH$mo CXH$s M àgyVm ñÌr Aew{MíM VWm nw‘mZ²&&
AZwamJ nwéfZ²Ho$ H$aVo erK« hmo` OmV ho&&85&& Xe©Z-ñne©ZmXr{Z goì`‘yV}a² {ddO©`oV²&&85&&

`yfyjp¡_u kfMpdZudp„ ÷uS>_p¡_y„ ùv$e L$p¡dm lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u âcydp„ s¡Ap¡_p¡ CXH$s=‘m{gH$Y‘©dmar nw‘mZ²=nwéf, M=hþ
A_yfpN `yfyjp¡ L$fsp„ TX$`\u \C S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. M=Aé, àgyVm=àgyVm goì`‘yV}…=goì` ‘y{V©Ho$
ñÌr=ñÌr, VWm=Aé Xe©Z-ñne©ZmXr{Z=Xe©Zñne© Am{XH$mo
H$m‘Xmofmo {h ZmarUm§ H$ZH$mZm§ `Wm aO…&& Aew{M…=gyVH$s/An{dÌ {ddO©`oV²=Ë`mJ H$ao.
VÁO`o {d{OV… H¥$îU… H¥$îU… ñÌrUm§ {à`mo `V…&&84&&
^mdmW© : AQ>H$mddmar qH$dm OÀMm hmo` gmo Egr ñÌr VWm gyVH$s Aé
H$ZH$mZm§=gwdU©‘| VÁO`o=VmH$m| OrVdoV| An{dÌ AdñWmdmao ñÌr-nwéf goì` à^wñdê$nHo$ Xe©Z-ñne© Am{X Z H$a|&&85&&

113 114
 hmo` Amoa/AWdm namYrZ hmo`doV| AÝ` ^JdËñdê$nH$s godm H$[adoH$s AZwH$y bVm
fS>õhgp s\p âk|sp ÷u s\p k|sL$u s¡dS> A`rhÓ Ahõ\phpmp ÷u- {OZH$m| Z hmo` {VZH$m| {MÌñdê$nH$s godm H$aZrhr C{MVho&&87&&
`yfyjp¡A¡ k¡ìe âcyõhê$`_p v$i®_-õ`i® Apqv$ _ L$fhp.
Nyfy `pk¡\u âpàs \e¡g `rhÓ, kyLy$dpf A_¡ Ars kyÞv$f cNhÐõhê$`_u
(goì` ^JdËñdê$nHo$ àH$ma1 godmH$mo àH$ma2 ñdê$nà{VîR>mH$mo àH$ma3 ñdê$nH$s k¡hp L$fhu. îuedy_pÆ S>¡hp î¡›$ su\®S>g\u, kçâv$pe`fç`fp\u âpàs \e¡g
ew{ÕH$mo àH$ma4 ñdê$n H$hm§Vo àmßV H$aZmo VmH$mo àH$ma5 BË`m{X {df`H$ CnXoe) r_S>dÞÓ\u S>¡_p¡ k„õL$pf L$f¡gp¡ lp¡e s¡hp kyÞv$f d_p¡lf blz dp¡V$p _l] A¡hp
{MÌ‘y{V©a{dkmZm§ namYrZmË‘Zm‘{n&& cNhÐõhê$`_u k¡hp klS>sp\u D`gå^ hõsyAp¡\u L$fhu. S>¡Ap¡_¡ k¡hprhr^
hN¡ f ¡ _ y „ `| Z ® op_ _ lp¡ e A_¡ — /—A\hp `fp^u_ lp¡ h p_¡ L$ p fZ¡ AÞe
ew{MíbúUm‘nrÀ`m§ M JwéXÎmm§ ^OoX² da¡…1&&86&&
cNhÐõhê$`_u k¡hp L$fhp_u S>¡_¡ A_yLy$msp _ lp¡e s¡Ap¡A¡ rQÓõhê$`_u k¡hp
VrW©Vmo`¡{Z©O¡‘©ÝÌ¡… g§ñH¥$Vm§ gw‘Zmoham‘²&& L$fhuS> ep¡Áe R>¡.
b¿dr‘od ^OoX² ‘y{Vª `WmbãYmonMmaH¡$…2&&87&&
ZmÌ àmUà{VîR>m{X ì`mnH$ËdmXOrdV…&&
ew{MíbúUm‘²=n{dÌ Aé gwHw$‘ma ‘y{Vª=^JdÝ‘y{V©H$mo ñWmZ-ewÕçW©‘od¡VV² eãXmW©‘{n gX²Jwamo…3&&88&&
M=Aé `WmbãYmonMmaH¡$…=ghOVmgm|
AnrÀ`m§=A{V gwÝXa CnbãY dñVyZ²gm| ì`mnH$ËdmV²=ì`mnH$ hmo`doV| (Amdí`H$…)=Amdí`H$
JwéXÎmm§=Jwégm| àmßV ^OoX²=godmH$ao. AOrdV…=OrdmË‘mH$s Ý`m§B© Z=Zmht ho
(‘y{Vª)=^JdËñdê$nH$m| A{dkmZm§=AënkmZrZ²H$m| Ho$db àmUmÜ`mg`wŠV hmo`donohr EVV²=`o
^OoX²=^Oo, da¡…=loð> namYrZmË‘Zm‘²=(VWm) Xoh‘| H$hþ§ à{dï> hmo`doH$s jwÐ (g§ñH$ma…)=g§ñH$ma
VrW©Vmo`¡…=VrW©Ho$ Obgm| namYrZ bmoJZ²H$m| gm‘Ï`© Z hmo`doV| ñWmZewÕçW©‘od=^m¡{VH$ñWmZ
{ZO¡: ‘ÝÌ¡…=AnZo ‘ÝÌgm| A{n=hþ AÌ=`hm§ ({ebmYmVw Am{X)H$s ew{ÕHo${b`o
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bÜdr‘od=N>moQ>r gr ^d{V=hmoVho) Am{X g§ñH$ma{d{Y AW©hþ {Zê${nV ^`oh|

^mdmW© : Jwégm| àmßV ^B© n{dÌ, gwHw$‘ma Aé A{V gwÝXa Ego ^JdËñdê$nH$s ^mdmW© : na~«÷ lrH¥$îU Vmo gd©ì`mnH$ hmo`doV| Aé ‘Zwî`-XodVm AmXrZ²Ho$
godm H$aZr. lr`‘wZmOr Oogo loð> VrW©Ho$ Obgm|, gåàXm`naånamgm| àmßV Oog| àmH¥$V Zmht hmo`doV| lrH¥$îUHo$ goì`ñdê$n‘| àmUà{Vð>m Am{X emñÌr`
{ZO‘ÝÌgm| g§ñH$ma H$ao ^`o gwÝXa ‘Zmoha ~hþV ~‹S>o Zht Ego ^JdËñdê$nH$s {d{Y H$[adoH$s nw{ï>^pŠVgåàXm`‘| Amdí`H$Vm Zmht. nyd©íbmoH$‘| H$ho g§ñH$ma
ghOVmgm| CnbãY dñVyZ²gm| godm H$ao. {OZH$m| godm{d{Y Am{XH$mo nyU© kmZ Z

115 116
Vmo (Om {ebm-YmVw-H$mð> Am{Xgm| ‘y{V© ~Zr ho dm) ñWmZH$s ew{ÕHo$ AW© Aé
JwéH$s Amkm àmßV H$adoHo$ AW© hmoV ho. JwéXÎmm§ ñd`§bãYm§ ^ŠV¡a{n gwny{OVm‘²&&
ì`“m“r‘{n godoV `{X ^mdmo Z ~mÜ`Vo5&&90&&
`fb°û îuL©$óZ sp¡ kh®ìep`L$ lp¡hp\u s¡dS> d_yóe-v¡$hsp_u S>¡d âpL©$s
_ lp¡hp\u îuL©$óZ_p k¡ìeõhê$`dp„ âpZ`rs›$p hN¡f¡ ip÷ue rhr^ L$fhp_u JwéXÎmm§=JwéHo$ Ûmam nYamB ^B© ñd`§bãYm§=ñd`§Hy§$ àmßV ^B©
`yrô$c[¼skçâv$pedp„ AphíeL$sp _\u d_pC. `|h®ígp¡L$dp„ L$l¡hpe¡gp k„õL$pfp¡
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s¡dS> Nyfy_u Apop âpàs L$fhpdpV¡$ lp¡e R>¡. gwny{OVm§=go{dV `{X=`{X
ì`“m“r‘²=IpÊS>V ^md:=^md
Aew{Mñne©Zo Vñ`m… VWm nÄMm‘¥V¡a{n&& A{n=hþ Z ~mYVo=~m{YV Z hmoVmo hmo`
hmo‘¡Xm©ZoZ g§emoÜ`m d¡{XHo$Z {ZOmË‘dV²4&&89&& (‘y{Vª)=‘y{V©H$s (V{h©)=Vmo

VWm=Aé hmo‘¡…=hmo‘gm| ^mdmW© : JwéÛmam nYamB©, ñd`§Hy§$ H$hþ§Vo àmßV ^B© hmo`, AWdm nyd©‘| AÝ` H$moC
^JdXr`Zo OmH$s godm H$ar hmo` Egr ^JdÝ‘y{V©H$s godm hmoB© gH$V ho. Eg| hr
Vñ`m…=dmH$m| XmZoZ=XmZgm|
`{X ^md ~m{YV hmoVmo Z hmo` Vmo IpÊS>V hmo` JB© hmo` Egrhþ ^JdÝ‘y{V©H$s godm
Aew{Mñne©Zo=An{dÌH$mo VWm=Aé hmoB© gH$V ho&&90&&
ñne© hmo`don| d¡{XHo$Z=d¡{XH$
{ZOmË‘dV²=AnZo Oog| (H$‘©Um)=H$‘©gm|, A{n=hþ NyfyA¡ `^fphu Ap`¡gu, `p¡sp_¡S> ¼ep„L$\u âpàs \e¡gu A\hp `|h£ AÞe
nÄMm‘¥V¡…=nÄMm‘¥Vgm| g§emoÜ`m=ewÕ H$aZr L$p¡C cNhv$ue¡ S>¡_u k¡hp L$fu lp¡e s¡hu cNhÞd|rs®_u k¡hp L$fu iL$pe. s¡ S>
âdpZ¡ Å¡ `p¡sp_p¡ cph bpr^s \sp¡ _ lp¡e sp¡ M[ÎX$s \C NC lp¡e s¡hu
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Ad¡îUd dmHo$ Xe©Z H$[a Om` Vmo Oog| ñZmZm{Xgm| AnZ² AnZr ew{Õ H$aV h|
Vog| goì`ñdê$nH$s ew{Õ hþ nÄMm‘¥VñZmZ, hmo‘, XmZ VWm d¡{XH$ H$‘© Am{Xgm| ({ZË`godmHo$ ñdê$nHo$ CnXoeH$mo CnH«$‘)
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s\p h¥qv$L$ L$d® Apqv$\u L$fhu. àmV…=gdoaogm| VÎmëbrbmZw^mdoZ=VV²-VV²

117 118
Amaä`=Amaå^ H$aHo$ brbmH$s ^mdZmgm| v¡$i, L$pm s¡dS> Öìe kçbÞ^u `p¡sp_u i[¼s A_ykpf âpàs \e¡g DÑd
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VÎmËH$mbmZwê$n à^yZ²H$s brbmH$s ^mdZm H$aVo ^`o AnZo JwéH$s gå‘{V hmo`
Ego ^JdËñdê$nH$s godm H$ao&&91&& gmYw…=gËnwéf Añ`=`mH$s
`mdÁOrd§=OrdZ n`©ÝV ^mdZm-{g{Õ…=^pŠV^mdH$s {g{Õ
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`Z sÑÐL$pg_p A_yê$` âcy_u gugpAp¡_u cph_p L$fsp-L$fsp `p¡sp_p Nyf_y u àoåUm=ào‘gm| ``m=OmV|
kçdrs lp¡e A¡hp cNhÐõhê$`_u k¡hp L$fhu. n[aMaoV²=godm H$ao H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm=H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm
VoZ=VmV| ñ`mV²=hmoV h¡.
dñÌ¡íM ^yfU¡a² JÝY¡… Z¡doÚ¡a² ì`ÄOZ¡… ew^¡…&&
Xoe-H$mb-{d^yVrZm‘² AZwgmaoU godZ‘²&&92&& ^mdmW© … gËnwéfH$m| OrdZn`©ÝV EH${Zð> hmo`Ho$ ào‘gm| lrH¥$îUH$s godm H$aZr.
Eg| godm H$aoV| ^pŠV^md Ñ‹T> hmoV ho. ^pŠVHo$ Ñ‹T> ^`oV| ^ŠV H¥$VH¥$Ë` hmo`
Xoe-H$mb-{d^yVrZm‘²=Xoe,H$mb JÝY¡…=gwJpÝYV nXmW©Z²gm| OmV ho&&93&&
Aé Ðì` Ho$ ~mao‘| AnZr gm‘Ï`©Ho M=Aé
AZwgmaoU=AZwgma Z¡doÚ¡…={ZdoXZmh© kÐ`yfjy ¡ Æh_`e®Þs A¡L$r_›$ b_u_¡ âd¡\u îuL©$óZ_u k¡hp L$fhu. Apd
ew^¡…=ew^,dñÌ¡…=dñÌZ²gm| ì`ÄOZ¡…=ì`ÄOZZ²gm| L$fhp\u c[¼scph ×Y$ \pe R>¡. c[¼s ×Y$ \hp\u c¼s L©$sL©$Ðe b_¡ R>¡.
^yfU¡…=Am^yfUZ²gm| godZ‘²=godm H$ao
(2.àmV:H$mb‘| OmJaUHo$ níMmÎm ^JdËñ‘aU1 ñZmZ2 em¡M3 AmM‘Z4
^mdmW© … Xoe, H$mb Aé Ðì` gå~ÝYr AnZr gm‘Ï`©Ho$ AZwgma àmßV CÎm‘ Am{XHo$ {Z`‘)
dñÌ, Am^yfU, AÎma-MÝXZ-Ho$ea-Jwbm~Ob Am{X gwJpÝYV nXmW© VWm
{d{dY àH$maHo$ AmamoJm`doH$s gm‘J«rZ² gm| lrH¥$îUH$s godm H$ao&&93&& àmV… nmíMmË``m‘o@gm¡ g‘wËWm` ew{M{Y©`m&&
ñ‘aoX² ^JdVmo brbm§ Jm`oV² Vñ` JwUmZ² {Jam&&94&&

119 120
àmV…=gdoao ew{M…=ewÕ hmo`Ho$ s¡ `R>u Of\u blpf S>C_¡ dgp¡ÐkNp®qv$ v¡$lL©$Ðe L$fhy„. dyMiyrÙ L$fhu. s¡
nmíMmË``m‘o=nm{N>bo àha‘| {Y`m=~w{Õnyd©H$ `R>u kyNÞ^u s¡g\u ifuf_u dprgi L$fhu.
Agm¡=dmo ^JdV:=^JdmZ²H$s
g‘wËWm`=Om{JHo$ brbm§=brbmH$mo ‘bñZmZ§ J¥ho H$m`ª VßVmoXH$namoXH¡$…&&
ñ‘aoV²=ñ‘aU H$ao. Vñ`mon[a lr`‘wZmOb¡… ñZmZ§ ñVd¡íM dm&96&&
{Jam=dmUrgm| JwUmZ²=JwUZ²H$mo VrW©ñWmZo ‘bñZmZ§ H¥$Ëdm Vrao@{^‘ÁOZ‘²&&
Vñ`={VZH|$ Jm`oV²=JmZ H$ao
J¥ho=Ka‘| ñZmZ§=ñZmZ
^mdmW© … gy`m}X`Ho$ nyd© àha‘| Om{JHo$ ewÕ hmoB ~w{Õnyd©H$ ^JdmZ²H$s brbmH$mo ‘bñZmZ§=‘bñZmZ (H$m`ª)=H$aZmo.
ñ‘aU H$ao Aé dmUrgm| ^JdmZ²Ho$ JwUZ²H$mo JmZ H$ao&&94&& VßVmoXH$namoXH¡$…=g‘mo`o Obgm| ‘bñZmZ§=‘bñZmZ
AWdm namoXH$gm| H¥$Ëdm=H$ao nmN>|
k|ep£v$e\u A¡L$ âlf `l¡gp„ ÅNu_¡ iyÙ \C_¡ byrÙ`|h®L$ cNhp__u gugp_y„ H$m`©‘²=H$aZmo (Ed)=hr
õdfZ L$f¡ A_¡ hpZu\u cNhp__p NyZp¡_y„ Np_ L$f¡. Vñ`=VmHo$,Cn[a=D$na VrW©ñWmZo=VrW©ñWmZ‘|
lr`‘wZmOb¡…=lr`‘wZmObgm| Vrao=VQ>n|
àmV… H¥$Ë`§ VV… H$m`ª ~{hJ©Ëdm `Wmo{XV‘²&& dm=AWdm A{^‘ÁOZ‘²=ñZmZ
‘wIew{ÕñVVmo {ZË`§ gm¡JÝYmä`ÄOZ§ ^doV²&&95&& ñVd¡: M=ñVdZgm| hþ (H$V©ì`‘²)=H$aZmo.

VV…=Vm nmN>| VV…=Vm nmN>| ^mdmW© … Ka‘| ‘bñZmZ g‘mo`o Obgm| AWdm namoXH$gm| H$aZmo. ‘bñZmZ H$ao
~{h… JËdm=Kagm| ~m{ha Om`Ho$ ‘wIew{Õ…=‘wIH$s ew{Õ nmN>| `{X CnbãY hmo` Vmo lr`‘wZmObgm| Aé CnbãY Z hmo` Vmo gm‘mÝ`
`Wmo{XV‘²=emñÌmkmZwgma {ZË`§=à{V{XZ Obgm| hr ñZmZ‘ÝÌHo$ CÀMmanyd©H$ ñZmZ H$aZmo. Aé VrW©‘| ñZmZ Vmo ‘bñZmZ
àmV…H¥$Ë`§=àmV:H¥$Ë` gm¡JÝYmä`ÄOZ§=gwJÝYr Vobgm| H$ao nmN>| hr H$aZmo. gmo H$mhoVo Omo ""{ZË`§ Z¡{‘{ÎmH§$ M¡d {H«$`m“§ ‘bH$f©U§,
VrWm©^mdoVw H$V©ì`‘² CîUmoXH$namoXH¡$:''(AmMma‘`yI, ‘bmnH$f©ñZmZ‘²
H$m`©‘²=H$aZmo ‘m{be, ^doV²=hmo`.
`‘ñ‘¥{VH$m[aH$m), ""ñZmZ§ ZXrXodImVõXofw M gañgw M, nÄM{nÊS>mZZwÕ¥Ë` Z
ñZm`mV² nadm[a{U'' ( VÌ¡d, AW ñZmZ§, `moJ`mkdëŠ`H$m[aH$m) ""nagÎmmHo$
^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| Kagm| ~m{ha Om`H|$ ‘bmoËgJm©{X XohH¥$Ë` H$aZo. ‘wIew{Õ AZwËg¥ï>Obo ‘¥pËnÊS>nÄMH$moÕaUm^mdo Z ñZm`mX² B{V ApÝV‘mYm©W:© '' (Q>rH$m`m‘²).
H$aZr. Vm nmN>| gwJÝY`wŠV Vobgm| earan| ‘m{be H$aZr&&95&&
Ofdp„ dgõ_p_ lz„apmp `pZu\u A\hp `fp¡v$L$\u L$fhy„. dgõ_p_ L$ep® bpv$
Å¡ D`gå^ lp¡e sp¡ îuedy_pS>g\u A_¡ Å¡ _ lp¡e sp¡ kpdpÞe S>g\uS>
121 122
õ_p_dÞÓ_p DÃQpf `|hL® $ õ_p_ L$fhy.„ A_¡ su\®dp„ õ_p_ sp¡ dgõ_p_ L$ep® Zm‘{^…=Zm‘Z²gm| D$Üd©nwÊS´>m{U=D$ÜdnwÊS´> {VbH$
`R>uS> L$fhy„. JmonrMZÝXZ-‘¥ËñZ`m= M=hþ A{L²H$V H$aZr
JmonrMÝXZH$s ‘mQ>rgm| {dewÕ`o=BpÝÐ`Z²H$s
(3. ñZmZ H$ao nmN>| dñÌYmaU H$[adoH$s1, KaH$m| bmoQ>doH$s2, {VbH$-N>mnm e§IMH«$m{X‘wÐm…=e§I-MH«$m{X‘wÐm AmÜ`mpË‘H$ ew{ÕHo$ AW©.
YmaU H$[adoH$s3, ^JdÀMaUm‘¥V bo`doH$s4, Vwbgr‘mbm YmaU H$[adoH$s5,
àmV…gÝÜ`m-OnH$s ar{V6)
^mdmW© … ~mahm| A“Z²n| ^JdÝZm‘Z²H$mo CÀMmaU H$aVo ^`o Hw$L²Hx$‘gm| D$Üd©nwÊS´>
VVñVw YmaU§ ewÕH$m¡eo`må~a`w½‘`mo…1&&97&& {VbH$ H$aZo. JmonrMÝXZH$s ‘mQ>rgm| e§I-MH«$m{X gmåàXm{`H$ ‘wÐm hþ A{L²H$V
nmXwH$m{^J¥©ho `mZ§ ñne©Z§ Z¡d H$ñ`{MV²2&& H$aZr. Ego H$aoV| BpÝÐ`Z²H$s ^JdËgodmHo$ bm`H$ AmÜ`mpË‘H$ ew{Õ hmoV ho&&

VV…=Vm nmN>| J¥ho=Ka à{V bpf¡ A“p¡ D`f cNhÞ_pd_p DÃQpfZ `|hL® $ âkpv$u L$‘\z u EÝh®`Îy X²$ rsgL$
Vw=Vmo `mZ§=J‘Z L$fhp. Np¡`uQÞv$__u dpV$u\u i’-Q¾$ hN¡f¡ kpçâv$preL$ dyÖpAp¡ `Z Aq‘s
ewÕH$m¡eo`må~a`w½‘`mo…= (H$V©ì`‘²)=H$aZmo L$fhu. Apd L$fhp\u B[ÞÖep¡_u cNhÐk¡hpep¡Áe ApÝep[ÐdL$ iyrÙ \pe R>¡.
ewÕ aoe‘r Xmo dñÌ H$ñ`{MV²=H$mhþH$mo
YmaU§=YmaU ñne©Z§=ñne©
(H¥$Ëdm)=H$[aHo$ Z¡d=gd©Wm Z MaUm‘¥VnmZ§ M boníMm{n {dewÕ`o4&&99&&
nmXwH$m{^…=nmXwH$m nh[aHo$ (H$V©ì`‘²)=H$aZmo VVñVw Vwbgr‘mbm§ Y¥Ëdm5 gÝÜ`m§ g‘mMaoV²6&&

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| ewÕ aoe‘r dñÌ YmaU H$[aHo$, nm§dZ²‘| nmXwH$m nh[aHo$ Ka MaUm‘¥VnmZ§=MaUm‘¥VH$mo nmZ M=Aé, bon: Mm{n=bonhþ
AmZmo. ~rM‘| H$mhþH$mo ñne© H$aZmo Zmht&& (H$V©ì`m¡)=H$aZo Y¥Ëdm=YmaU H$[aHo$
VV…=Vm nmN>|, Vw=Vmo gÝÜ`m§=gÝÜ`mH$‘©
s¡ `R>u iyÙ f¡idu h÷ ^pfZ L$fu_¡, `Ndp„ `pvy$L$p `l¡fu_¡ Of¡ Aphhy„. Of¡ Vwbgr‘mbm§=VwbgrH$s ‘mbm g‘mMaoV²=H$aZmo.
Aphsp„ hÃQ L$p¡C_p¡ `Z õ`i® _ L$fhp¡.
^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| à^yZ²Ho$ MaUm‘¥V-ObH$mo nmZ Aé A“Z²n| bonZ H$aZmo. Vm
Hw$L²Hx$‘ñ`moÜd©nwÊS´>m{U ÛmXem“ofw Zm‘{^…&&98&& nmN>| VwbgrH$s ‘mbm-H§$R>r YmaU H$[aHo$ gÝÜ`m-Onm{X H$aZo.
e§I-MH«$m{X-‘wÐmíM Jmonr-MÝXZ-‘¥ËñZ`m3&&
s¡ `R>u âcy_p QfZpd©s-S>g_y„ `p_ A_¡ ifuf D`f g¡`-R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡.
ÛmXem“ofw=~mah A“Z²n| Hw$L²Hx$‘ñ`=Hw$L²Hx$Ho$ s¡ `R>u sygku_u dpmp-L„$W$u ^pfZ L$fu_¡ kºÝep-S>` hN¡f¡ L$fhp. (—sygkudpmp

123 124
^pfZ L$fhp bpbs ip÷dp„ bÞ_¡ `fç`fp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ 1.—r_Ðe A_¡ 2.—k¡hp“.— (5. ^JdËà~moYZ)
) gå^¥Ë` gd©gå^ma§ àmVamem{Xnyd©H$‘²&&
à~moÜ` lrh[a¨ àoåUm ‘wIewÕç§ewH$m{X{^…&&102&&
(4. ^JdËgodmaå^{d{Y) Ab§H¥$Ë` VV… qghmgZo g‘wndoe`oV²&&
n[aM`m© hao… H$m`m© n[admaOZ¡… gh&&100&&
JËdm h[anX§ nX²ä`m§ ñVwËdm Ûma§ àUå` M&& àmVamem{Xnyd©H$‘²=‘“b^moJ Am{X‘wIewÜ`§ewH$m{X{^…=AmM‘Z-
à{dí` ‘mO©Z¡b}n¡… nmÌmUm§ emoYZ§ MaoV²&&101&& gOm`H|$,gd©gå^ma§=gd©dñVw-gm‘J«r ‘wIdñÌ H$am`Ho$, Ab§H¥$Ë`=
gå^¥Ë`=gm{OHo$ AbL²H$ma AmN>r ^m§{Vgm|
n[admaOZ¡…=n[admaOZZ²Ho$ ñVwËdm=ñVdZ H$[aHo$ lrh[a¨=à^yZ²H$m| Yam`Ho$, VV…=Vm nmN>|
gh=g“, hao…=h[aH$s àUå`=XÊS>dV² àUm‘ H$[aHo$ àoåUm=ào‘gm| qghmgZo=qghmgZn|
n[aM`m©=godm M=Aé à~moÜ`=OJm`Ho$ g‘wndoe`oV²=nYamdZo.
H$m`m©=H$aZr à{dí`=^rVa àdoe H$[aHo$
h[anX§=à^wHo$ {~amOdoHo$ ñWmZ‘| ‘mO©Z¡…=‘m§OrHo$ ^mdmW© … ‘“b^moJ, ObnmZH$s Pmar Am{X gd© dñVw n{hbogm| hr gm{OHo$
nX²ä`m§=nm§dZ²gm| MbHo$ bon¡…=btnrHo$ amIZr. Vm nmN>| à^yZ²H$m| ào‘gm| OJmdZo. AmM‘Z-‘wIdñÌ H$am`Ho$ AñVì`ñV
JËdm=Om`Ho$ nmÌmUm§=nmÌZ²H$s ^`o Am^yfUZ²H$m| AmN>r ^m§{Vgm| Yam`Ho$ à^yZ²H$m| qghmgZn| nYamdZo&&
Ûma§=^JdÝ‘pÝXaHo$ ÛmaH$mo emoYZ§=ew{Õ,MaoV²=H$ao
d“gcp¡N, S>g`p__u Tpfu hN¡f¡ b^u hõsyAp¡ `l¡g¡\uS> kpÆ_¡ fpMhu.
^mdmW© … n[admaHo$ bmoJZ²Ho$ g“ {‘{bHo$ à^yZ²H$s godm-n[aM`m© H$ao. nm§dZ²gm| s¡ `R>u âcy_¡ â¡d\u S>Nphhp. ApQd_-dyMh÷ L$fphu_¡ Aõsìeõs \e¡gp
MbHo$ à^yZ²Ho$ {~amOdoHo$ ñWmZH$m| Om`. ^JdÝ‘pÝXaHo$ ÛmaZ²Ho$ AmJ| ñVw{V- Apc|jZp¡_¡ ìeh[õ\s L$fu_¡ âcy_¡ tklpk_ D`f `^fphhp.
àUm‘ H$[aHo$ ‘pÝXaHo$ ^rVa àdoe H$ao. gwdU©-aOVm{XHo$ nmÌZ²H$m| ‘m§{OHo$ Aé
‘mQ>rHo$ nmÌZ²H$m| btnrHo$ ewÕ H$ao&&101&& (‘“b^moJ, AmaVr, ñZmZ H$s {d{Y)
h¡`“drZnŠdmÝZ¡… Vmå~yb¡… gwOb¡`©OoV²&&103&&
`qfhpfS>_p¡_u kp\¡ lmu-dmu_¡ âcy_u k¡hp-`qfQep® L$fhu. `N¡ Qpgu_¡ VVmo ZramOZ§ H$m`ª ‘“b§ JrVdmÚH¡$…&&
âcy_p rbfpS>hp_p õ\p_dp„ S>hy„. cNhÞd[Þv$f_p Üpf¡ õsyrs-âZpd L$fu_¡
d[Þv$f_u A„v$f âh¡ihy.„ kp¡_p-Qp„v$u_p `pÓp¡_¡ dp„Æ_¡ A_¡ dpV$u_p `pÓp¡_¡ g]`u_¡ h¡`“drZnŠdmÝZ¡…=VmOmo ‘mIZ, VV…=Vm nmN>|
iyÙ L$fhp.
nŠdmÝZgm|, gwOb¡…=gwÝXaObgm| JrVdmÚH¡$…=Jm`Z-dmXZ g{hV
Vmå~yb¡…=~rargm| ‘“b§=‘“b, ZramOZ§=AmaVr

125 126
`OoV²=godm H$ao H$m`©‘²=H$aZr (e¥§Jma YamZo, ~r‹S>m YaZmo, Amagr {XImdZr, F$Vw-H$mbmZwgma gOmdQ>
YaZr, nmN>o JmdV-~OmdV Xyn-Xrn-AmaVr H$aVr {~[a`m§ `{X {ZOOZ ^ŠV
^mdmW© … ‘“b^moJ‘| VmOmo ‘mIZ, R>moa-‘R>ar Am{X nŠdmÝZ, gw‘Ywa VmOm hm|` Vmo {VZH$m| Xe©Z H$amZo hm|` Vmo H$amZo)
Ob g‘n}. Vm nmN>| ^moJ gam`Ho$ ~ram g‘n}. g‘`mZwê$n dmÚ g{hV ‘“bmHo$ e¥“ma§ apÄOV¡a² dñÌ¡… {MÌ¡am^aU¡a{n&&105&&
H$sV©Z H$ao. nmN>| ‘“b AmaVr H$ao&& ‘m`ya‘wHw$Q>¡ aå`¡… doUwdoÌ¡… gw‘më`H¡$…&&
{dVmZ¡… àga¡… ew^«¡… à{Vgra¡Z©d¡Z©d¡…&&106&&
d“gcp¡Ndp„ spSy>„ dpMZ, W$p¡f-dW$mu hN¡f¡ `¼hpÞ_ s\p kyd^yf spSy>„ Ob-H«$sS>monñH$a¡íM Vmå~wbm‘moX-Xn©U¡…&&
S>g kd`®hy„. s¡ `R>u cp¡N kfphu_¡ buX$p„ kd`®hp. kdep_yê$` hpÛ krls ì`OZ¡a² Ob^¥“ma¡… XoeH$mbmZwgm[a{^…&&107&&
d“gp_p L$us®_ L$fhp. d“g Apfsu L$fhu. Ab§H¥$Ë`¡d gào‘ ñdr`mZ² ^ŠVmZ² àXe©`oV²&&
Vm¡`©{ÌHo$Z VÌm{n Yyn-Xrnm{XZm{V©H$‘²&&108&&
Aä`“moÝ‘X©Z¡… ñZmZ§ J¥hñZmZ{dYmZV…&&104&&
ñVwËdm H${bÝXOm§ ñZmVo Hw$`m©V² gåàmoÄN>Zm§ewH$‘²&& (VV…)=Vm nmN>| à{Vgra¡…={nN>dmB©
apÄOV¡…=a§Jo ^`o M=Aé, Ob-H«$sS>monñH$a¡:=
Aä`“moÝ‘X©Z¡…=Vob-C~Q>Z ‘{bHo$ ñVwËdm=ñVw{V H$[aHo$ dñÌ¡…=dñÌZ²gm| ObH«$sS>mH$s dñVyZ²gm|
J¥hñZmZ{dYmZV…=Ka‘| ñZmZ ñZmZ§=ñZmZ {MÌ¡am^aU¡…={d{dY Am^aUgm| XoeH$mbmZwgm[a{^…=Xoe-H$mb
H$ado gå~pÝY emñÌr` {dYmZgm| gåàmoÄN>Zm§ewH$‘²=A“dñÌ aå`¡…=gwÝXa AZwgmar, gào‘=ào‘ g{hV
H${bÝXOm§=lr`‘wZmOrH$s (H$maUr`‘²)=H$amdZmo. ‘m`ya‘wHw$Q>¡…=‘moan§IHo$ ‘wHw$Q>gm| Ab§H¥$Ë`¡d=e¥§Jma Yam`Ho$
doUwdoÌ¡…=~§gr-N>‹S>rgm| ñdr`mZ²={ZO
^mdmW© … gwJpÝYV Vob-Am§dam-MÝXZ-Ho$ea Am{X g‘{n©Ho$, Ka‘| ñZmZ gw‘më`H¡$…=gwÝXa ‘mbmgm| ^ŠVmZ²=^ŠVZ²H$m|
H$[adoHo$ emñÌr` {dYmZgm|, lr`‘wZmOrH$s ñVw{V H$[aHo$ à^yZ²H$m| ñZmZ H$amdZo.
Zd¡… Zd¡:=ZdrZ-ZdrZ àXe©`oV²=Xe©Z H$amdo.
Vm nmN>| A{V H$mo‘b gy{VdñÌgm| lrA§J nm|N>Zmo&&
e¥“ma§=e¥§Jma VÌ A{n=Vhm§ hþ
(H¥$Ëdm)=H$[aHo$ Vm¡`©{ÌHo$Z=Z¥Ë`-JrV-dmÚgm|
kyN[Þ^s s¡g-Ap„bmp-QÞv$_-L¡$if Apqv$ kd`}_¡, Ofdp„ õ_p_ L$fhp_p
ip÷ue rh^p_\u, îuedy_pÆ_u õsyrs L$fu_¡ âcy_¡ õ_p_ L$fphhy„. s¡ `R>u Ars ew^«¡…=CÁdb YynXrnm{XZm=Yyn-Xrn Am{Xgm|
L$p¡dm k|sfpD h÷\u îuA“_¡ `p¢R>hy„. {dVmZ¡…=M§Xmodm Am{V©H$‘²=AmaVr
àga¡…={~N>m¡Zm (Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao.

127 128
^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| F$Vw-H$mbHo$ AZwgma a§Jo ^`o dñÌ, {d{dY Am^aU, gwÝXa s¡ `R>u rhrh^ âL$pf_p g¡ü, Qp¡óe, `¡e s¡dS> MpÛ A¡d Qpf¡ âL$pf_p
‘moan§IHo$ ‘wHw$Q>, ~§gr-N>‹S>r, gwÝXa ‘mbm Aé ZdrZ-ZdrZ Am^yfU gm| à^yZ²Ho$ iyÙ õhpqv$ô$ cp¡S>_\u `|Z® kp¡_p_p `pÓp¡_¡ îulqf_u kçdyM `^fphhp.
e¥§Jma H$ao. CÁdb M§Xmodm, {~N>m¡Zm, {nN>dmB Aé ObH«$sS>mH$s dñVw Am{XHy§$
gOmdo. Vm nmN>| Z¥Ë`-JrV-dmÚ g{hV Yyn-Xrn-AmaVr H$aVr {~[a`m§ `{X Vwbgt e§I-Vmo`oZ Jm`Ë`mpñ‘Z² {ZYm` M&&
{ZOOZ ^ŠV hm|` Vmo {VZH$m| Xe©Z H$amZo hm|` Vmo H$amZ|&&108&&
""EVV² g‘{n©V§ Xod ^ŠË`m ‘o à{VJ¥øVm‘²''&&110&&
amO^moJ§ g‘ß`£d§, ~{hJm}J«mg‘² AmMaoV²&&
s¡ `R>u F>sy-L$pg_p A_ykpf f„Nu_ h÷, rhrh^ ApcfZ, kyÞv$f dp¡f`„M_y„
VVmo@d{eï>§ Omß`m{X ‘mÜ`m{•H$‘² BhmMaoV²&&111&&
dyLy$V$, b„ku-R>X$u, kyÞv$f dpgp A_¡ _hu_-_hu_ Apc|jZ \u âcy_p i©„Npf
L$fhp. DÄhg QÞv$ph¡ p, rbR>p¡_p, r`R>hpC A_¡ S>g¾$uX$p_u hõsy hN¡f¡ kÅhhu.
s¡ `R>u _©Ðe-Nus-hpÛ krls ^|`-v$u`-Apfsu L$fsu hMs¡ Å¡ r_S>S>_ c¼s Apñ‘Z²=`m‘| {ZdoXZ§={ZdoXZ
lpS>f lp¡e sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ v$i®_ L$fphhp lp¡e sp¡ L$fphhp. (nmÌo)=nmÌ‘| Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao, Ed§=Aé
e§I-Vmo`oZ=e§IHo$ Obgm| amO^moJ§=amO^moJ
(6. ^moJ g‘n©U, Ad{eîQ> gÝÜ`mOnm{X) Jm`Ë`m=Jm`Ìr‘ÝÌgm| g‘ß`©=g‘{n©Ho$
VVmo ZmZm{dY¡… ewÕ¡íMVw{d©Y-gw^moOZ¡…&& Vwbgt=VwbgrH$m| ~{h…=~hma
gå^¥V§ ñdU©nmÌÝVw haoaJ«o {ZdoX`oV²&&109&& {ZYm`=nYam`Ho$ JmoJ«mg‘²=JmoJ«mg
M=Aé, ho Xod=ho Xod AmMaoV²=Xodo.
VVmo=Vm nmN>| ñdU©nm̧=gmoZoHo$ nmÌH$m| ‘o=‘oaoÛmam VV…=Vm nmN>|
ZmZm{dY¡…={d{dY àH$maHo$ Vw=Vmo ^ŠË`m=^pŠVgm| Ad{eîQ>§=AnyU© aho
ewÕ¡…=ewÕ hao…=h[aHo$ g‘{n©V§=g‘{n©V Omß`m{X=On Am{X
MVw{d©Y-gw^moOZ¡…=Mma àH$maHo$ AJ«o=AmJ| EVV²=`o ‘mÜ`m{•H$‘²=‘Ü`môZgÝÜ`m
ñdm{Xï> ^moOZgm| {ZdoX`oV²=nYamdo. à{VJ¥h²`Vm‘²=J¥hU H$amo Bh=`hm§
gå^¥V§=nyU© (B{V=Eg| AmMaoV²=H$ao.

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| {d{dY àH$maHo$ boø, Mmoî`, no` Aé ImÚ Eg| Mm`m]
àH$maHo$ ewÕ ñdm{Xï> ^moOZgm| nyU© gmoZoHo$ nmÌZ²H$m| lrh[aHo$ gå‘wI
nYamdZo&&109&&
^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| Jm`Ìr ‘ÝÌHo$ CÀMmaUnyd©H$ e§IHo$ Obgm| ^moJHo$ nmÌZ²‘|
Vwbgr nYam`Ho$ {dkpßV H$ao : ""ho Xod ‘oaoÛmam ^pŠV^mdgm| g‘{n©V `o ^moJ-
g‘J«rH$mo ñdrH$ma H$amo''. `m àH$magm| amO^moJ g‘{n©H$o (lrZÝXam`Or-lr`emoXmOr
lrH¥$îUH$m| ^moOZ H$amdoV| n{hbo ^yV`kHo$ emñÌr`{dYmZmZwgma JmoJ«mg XoV h|
dm ^mdgm|) ~hma JmoJ«mg XoZm|. Vm nmN>| eof aho On Am{X H$aZo&&110-111&&

129 130
 ö{X H¥$Ëdm {nYm`mñ` ‘pÝXa§ ~{hamd«OoV²&&
s¡ `R>u NpeÓu dÞÓ_p DÃQpf `|h®L$ i„M_p S>g\u cp¡N_p `pÓp¡dp„ sygku òJ²-JÝYm{X {eamo-Y¥Ëdm àUå`¡d J¥h§ d«OoV²&&114&&
`^fphu_¡ rho[às L$fhu : ""l¡ v¡$h—! dpfpÜpfp c[¼scph\u `dr`®s Ap cp¡N- ‘mÜ`m{•H§$ g‘mß`¡d lr‘X²^mJdV§ nR>oV²&&
kpdN°u_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fp¡''. Ap âdpZ¡ fpS>cp¡N kd`}_¡ (—îu_Þv$fpeÆ-
îueip¡v$pÆ îuL©$óZ_¡ cp¡S>_ L$fhhp\u `l¡gp„ c|seo_p ip÷ue rh^p_ A_ykpf
VVmo=Vm nmN>| Añ`=BZHo$
Np¡N°pk Ap`¡ R>¡ s¡ cph\u—) blpf Np¡N°pk Ap`hp¡. s¡ `R>u r_edp_ykpf L$fhp_p
bpL$u flu Ne¡gp S>` hN¡f¡ L$fhp. amO{d^yVrZm§=amO{d^y{VZ²H$s ‘pÝXa§=‘pÝXaH$m|
Ý`m§B©, AmXe£…=Xn©Ugm| {nYm`=~ÝX H$[aHo$
(7. amO^moJ AmaVr Aé godmZdgaHo$ H$m`©) Mm‘a¡…=‘moaN>bM‘an§ImZ²gm| ~{h…=~m{ha,Amd«OoV²=Om`
VVñËdmM‘Z§ XËdm Vmå~yb§ ‘më`Om§ òO‘²&& ^OoV²=godm H$ao òJ²-JÝYm{X=‘mbm-MÝXZm{X
Angm`© {demoÜ`mÌ Z¡doÚ§ Ob‘mZ`oV²&&112&& JrVmÚwËgdV:=JrV-dmÚ-Z¥Ë` {eamo-Y¥Ëdm=‘mW| M‹T>m`Ho$
CËgd Am{Xgm|, {h=hþ àUå`¡d=àUm‘ H$[aHo$
VV…=Vm nmN>|, Vw=Vmo XËdm=Xo`Ho$ ZramÁ`=AmaVr H$[aHo$ J¥h§=KaH$m|, d«OoV²=Om`
AmM‘Z§=AmM‘Z Z¡doÚ‘²=^moJ M=Aé, àUå`=àUm‘H$[aHo$ ‘mÜ`m{•H§$=‘Ü`môZH$mbrZ H$‘©H$m|
(H$ma{`Ëdm)=H$am`Ho$ Angm`©=gam`Ho$ M=Aé, EZ§=EogoBZà^yZ²H$m| g‘mß`¡d=nyU© H$[aHo$
Vmå~yb§=~rar AÌ=`hm§ ö{X=öX`‘| lr‘X²^mJdV§=lr‘X²^mJdV
‘më`Om§=~oZrgm| {gÕ H$ar ^B© {demoÜ`=Jrbmo N>ÝZm {’$am`Ho$ H¥$Ëdm=YmaU H$[aHo$ nR>oV²=~m§Mo.
òO§=‘mbm Ob‘²=Ob, AmZ`oV²=bmdo.
^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| amOm{YamO à^yZ²H$m| Xn©U {XImdo, Mm‘a Tw>amdo, à^yZ²Ho$
AmJ| Z¥Ë`-dmÚ g{hV H$sV©Z JmZ H$ao. ‘Ü`môZ AmaVr H$[aHo$ à^yZ²H$m| àUm‘
^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| g‘` ^`o à^yZ²H$m| AmM‘Z H$am`Ho$ ~ram nwîn‘mbm-nwînJwÀN>
H$ao. à^yZ²H$m| öX`‘| YmaU H$[aHo$ ^JdÝ‘pÝXaHo$ ÛmaZ²H$m| ‘“b H$[aHo$ ~m{ha
g‘n©Z.o ^moJ Yao hm|` gmo g~ gam`Ho$ dm ñWmZHy$§ ewÕ H$aZmo. à^yZH² $m| AamoJm`doH$§y
Om`. ^JdËàgmXê$n ‘mbm-~ram-MÝXZm{XH$m| ‘mW| M‹T>m`Ho$ ÛmaH$m| àUm‘
ObH$s Pmar nYamdZr&&112&&
H$[aHo$ (AnZo hr Kan[aga‘| pñWV ^JdÝ‘pÝXagm| {^ÝZ AnZo) {ZdmgñWmZH$m|
s¡ `R>u kde \e¡ âcy_¡ ApQd_ L$fphu_¡ buX$p„, `yó`dpgp-`yó`NyÃR> Om`. ‘Ü`môZH$mbrZ H$‘©H$m| nyU© H$[aHo$ lr‘X²^mJdV ~m§Mo&&114&&
kd`®hp. cp¡N kdàep® lp¡e s¡ kh£ kfphu_¡ s¡ õ\p__¡ iyÙ L$fhy„. âcy_¡
Apfp¡Nhp_p S>g_u Tpfu `^fphhu.
s¡ `R>u fpÅr^fpS> âcy_¡ v$`Z ® v¡$MpX$h,„y Qpdf L$fhu, âcy_u ApNm _©Ðe-
hpÛ krls L$us®__y„ Np_ L$fhy.„ dÝepŒ Apfsu L$fu_¡ âcy_¡ âZpd L$fhp. cph_p\u
VVmo amO{d^yVrZm‘² AmXe£íMm‘a¡^©OoV²&& âcy_¡ ùv$edp„ `^fphu_¡ cNhÞd[Þv$f_p Üpfp¡_¡ d“g L$fu_¡ blpf Aphhy„.
JrVmÚwËgdVmo h²`oZ§ ZramÁ` M àUå` M&&113&& cNhÐâkpv$u dpgp-buX$p„-QÞv$_ hN¡f¡_¡ Apv$f `|h®L$ dp\¡ QY$phu_¡ Üpf_¡ âZpd
131 132
L$ f u_¡ (—`p¡ s p_p S> Of`qfkfdp„ [õ\s cNÞd[Þv$ f \u Sy > v$ p `p¡ s p_p—) v$p_-v$rnZp Ap`hp. h¥íhv¡$h `Z dlpâkpv$\u L$fhp¡. s¡ `R>u `qfhpfS>_p¡_u
r_hpkõ\p_dp„ S>hy„. dÝepŒL$pgu_ L$d®_¡ `|Z® L$fu_¡ îudv¹$c$pNhs—hp„Qhy„. kp\¡ âcy_p¡ dlpâkpv$ g¡hp¡.

(8. ^JdÝ‘hmàgmX J«hU H$[aHo$ nmN>| H$[adoHo$ H¥$Ë`) VVmo dmVmª ñdH$s`mZm§ ~hþ-nmn¡aZmHw$bm‘²&&
VVmo ^ŠVOZoä`mo@ñ` àgmX§ epŠVVmo ^OoV²&&115&& `mÌmW©‘od godoV Zm{^doemo@Ì gÄMaoV²&&117&&
g‘mJVoä`mo {dàoä`mo XrZoä`íM `Wm`W‘²&& gånÝZ-d¥{Îm… ^ŠVmZm§ emñÌm{U n[a^md`oV²&&
XËdm ñdr`-OZ¡^w©pŠV… d¡ídXodmo@{n VÌ d¡&&116&& gd©Wm d¥Ë`^mdoVw `m‘‘m̧ ^OoX² h[a‘²&&118&&
X[aÐíM Hw$Qw>å~mV©… {dÛmZ² ^mJdV§ nR>oV²&&
VV…=Vm nmN>| `Wm`W‘²=H$Nw>H$-H$Nw>H$ A{dÛmZñ` godm`m§ gmhmæ`§ ldU§ M dm&&119&&
^ŠVOZoä`…=^ŠVOZZ²H$m| XËdm=Xo`Ho$
Añ`=`mH$mo d¡ídXod…=d¡ídXod VV…=VmnmN>| godoV²=H$a
àgmX§=‘hmàgmX A{n=hþ ~hþnmn¡…=~hþV nmngm| AÌ=Vm‘|
epŠVV…=epŠV AZwgma VÌ=Vm‘|gm|, d¡=hr AZmHw$bm‘²= A{^doe…=A{^{Zdoe/bJmd
^OoV²=Xo` (H¥$Ëdm)=H$[aHo$ {MÎmH$m| ì`mHw$b Z H$ao Egr gånÝZ-d¥{Îm…=YZgånÝZhmo`gmo
g‘mJVoä`…=Am`o ^`o ñdr`OZ¡…=n[admaOZHo$ ñdH$s`mZm§=n[admaOZH$s ^ŠVmZm§=^ŠVZ²Ho$ ~rM
{dàoä`…=~«m÷UZ²H$m| (gh)=g“, ^wpŠV…=^moOZ dmVmª=~mVMrV gÄMaoV²=H$ao
XrZoä`…=Jar~Z²H$m| (H$m`m©)=H$ao (OrdZ)`mÌmW©‘od= Z=Zmht
M=hþ OrdZì`dhma Mbm`doHo$ AW©o emñÌm{U=emñÌZ²H$mo
n[a^md`oV²=AdJmhZ H$ao {dÛmZ²=n‹T²>çmo-{b»`mohmo`Vmo
^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| Ka Am`o ^ŠVOZZ²H$m| à^yZ²H$mo ‘hmàgmX epŠV AZwgma gd©Wm=n`m©ßV ^br^m§{V ^mJdV§=^mJdVH$mo
Xo`. Eg| hr Am`o ^`o ~«m÷UZ²H$m| Aé Jar~Z²H$m| hþ `Wm`mo½` ‘hmàgmX-XmZ- d¥Ë`^mdo=d¥{ÎmHo$ A^md‘| nR>oV²=nmR> H$ao.
X{jUm Xodo. d¡ídXod hþ ‘hmàgmXgm| hr H$ao. Vm nmN>| n[admaOZHo$ g“ Vw=Vmo A{dÛmZ²=n‹T>çmo-{b»`mo Z
^JdÝ‘hmàgmXH$mo ^moOZ H$ao&&115-116&&
`m‘‘m̧=EH$`m‘ hmo` Vmo, Añ`={dÛmZ² ^ŠVH$s
h[a¨=à^yZ²H$s godm`m§=godm‘|
s¡ `R>u Of¡ Aph¡gp c¼sS>_p¡_¡ âcy_p¡ dlpâkpv$ i[¼s A_ykpf Ap`hp¡.
^OoV²=godm H$ao gmhmæ`§=ghm`Vm
s¡ S> âdpZ¡ AæepNs b°pûZ s¡dS> Nfub S>_p¡_¡ `Z e\pep¡Áe dlpâkpv$-
X[aÐíM=AË`ÝV Jar~ M=Aé
M=Aé, Hw$Qw>å~mV©…= ldU§=ldU
133 134
nm[adm[aH$ à{V~ÝYdmamo dm=hþ(Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao VVmo ZramO`oZ² ZmW‘² Am`mÝV§ d«O‘ÊS>bo&&122&&

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| ~hþV nmngm| {MÎmH$m| ì`mHw$b Z H$ao Egr OrdZì`dhma AW=A~ ewÕ…=ewÕ ^`mo ^ŠV
Mbm`do‘| Cn`moJr A{Zdm`© Egr n[admaOZ gå~pÝY ~mVMrV H$ao. naÝVw Vm‘| Vmå~ybV…=~rargm| Agm¡=`o, à^mo…=à^wHo$
AnZo ‘ZH$mo A{^{Zdoe/bJmd Z amIo. YZgånÝZ ^ŠVZ²H$m| godmHo$ AZdga‘| ‘wI§=‘wIH$m| CËWmnZ§=CËWmnZ
emñÌZ²H$mo AdJmhZ H$aZmo. YZgånÝZ Z hmo` Vmo EH$ `m‘ à^yZ²H$s godm H$[aHo$
g§emoÜ`=ewÕ H$[aHo$ MaoV²=H$ao, H$ÝX‘yb¡…=H$ÝX‘yb
eof g‘`‘| AmOr{dH$mHo$ Cnm` H$aZo. Vm‘| hþ Omo Ag‘W© Egmo H$moB© AË`ÝV
Jar~ ^ŠV hmo` Aé nm[adm[aH$ à{V~ÝYdmamo hmo` VmV| `{X EH$ g‘` hþ AmMå`=AmM‘Z H$[aHo$ ’$b¡…=’$b
^JdËgodm H$[a Z gHo$ Vmo, n‹T>çmo-{b»`mo hmo` Vmo, ^mJdVH$mo nmR> H$ao. `{X nwÊS´>m{U=D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$ Jì`¡…=XyY-Xhr Am{X
n‹T>çmo-{b»`mo Z hmo` Vmo Omo {dÛmZ² ^ŠV à^wgodm H$aVmo hmo` dmH$s n[aM`m© Y¥Ëdm=YmaU H$[aHo$ gw‘më`¡…=‘mbm
H$ao Aé dmo O~ ^JdX²JUw JmZ, ^mJdVnmR> Am{X H$ao V~ dmH$mo ldU H$ao&&119&& gm`§gÝÜ`m=gm`§H$mbrZ gÝÜ`m gwOb¡: A{n=Ob hþ gm|
(H$m`m©)=H$aZr gÝVmoî`=àgÝZ H$[aHo$
s¡ `R>u blz `p`\u rQÑ ìepLy$m _ b_¡ A¡hu Æh_ìehlpf_¡ Qgphhpdp„ ‘waOmXrZm§=‘¥X“ Am{Xgm| nÚ¡…=nÚZ²gm|, Jm`oV²=Jmdo
D`ep¡Nu s¡dS> Ar_hpe® lp¡e s¡hu `qfhpfS>_ kçb[Þ^ hps-Qus L$fhu. s¡dp„ g“rVoZ A{n=g“rVgm| hþ VV…=Vm nmN>|
`Z, `fÞsy, d__p¡ Arcr_h¡i—/—gNph _ fpMhp¡. ^_kç`ß c¼sp¡A¡ k¡hp_p
Vmof`oV²=[aPmdo d«O‘ÊS>bo=d«O‘ÊS>b‘|
A_hkfdp„ ip÷_y„ AhNpl_ L$fhy„. ^_kç`ß _ lp¡e sp¡ A¡L$ kde âcy_u
k¡hp L$fu_¡ bpL$u_p kdedp„ ApÆrhL$p_p¡ D`pe L$fhp¡. s¡dp„ `Z Å¡ Akd\® öÚ¡…=öX`Ho$ ^mdgm| Am`mÝV§=nYmaVo ^`o
A¡hp¡ L$pC¡ AÐeÞs Nfub c¼s lp¡e A_¡ hmu `pqfhpqfL$ ârsbÞ^hpmp¡ lp¡hp\u brbmahñ`H¡$…=brbmahñ`Ho$ ZmW§=à^yZ²H$s
Å¡ A¡L$ kde `Z cNhÐk¡hp L$fu iL¡$ s¡d _ lp¡e sp¡, cZ¡gp¡-NZ¡gp¡ lp¡e ^ŠVH¥$V¡…=^ŠVZ²Ho$ Ûmam a{MV ZramO`oV²=AmaVr H$ao.
sp¡, cpNhs_p¡ `pW$ L$f¡. Å¡ cZ¡gp¡ _ lp¡e sp¡ L$p¡C `qfrQs rhÜp_¹ c¼s âcyk¡hp
L$fsp¡ lp¡e s¡_u `qfQep® L$f¡ A_¡ s¡ Äepf¡ cNh•yZNp_, cNphs`pW$ Apqv$ L$fsp¡
lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡_„y îhZ L$f.¡

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| AmM‘Z H$[aHo$, ~rargm| ‘wIH$m| ewÕ H$[aHo$, D$Üd©nwÊS´>

(9. gm`§H¥$Ë`Ho$ nmN>| à^yZ²Ho$ CËWmnZH$mo àH$ma)
gm`§gÝÜ`mW nwÊS´>m{U Y¥Ëdm Vmå~ybVmo ‘wI‘²&&
g§emoÜ`mMå` ewÕmo@gm¡ à^moéËWmnZ§ MaoV²&&120&&
H$ÝX‘yb¡… ’$b¡J©ì`¡… gw‘më`¡… gwOb¡a{n&&
gÝVmoî` ‘waOmXrZm§ g“rVoZm{n Vmof`oV²&&121&&
Jm`oX² ^ŠVH¥$V¡… nÚ¡… öÚ¡bubmahñ`H¡$…&&
{VbH$ YmaU H$[aHo$ gm`§H$mbrZ gÝÜ`m H$aZr. Eg| ewÕ ^`mo ^ŠV à^wHo$
CËWmnZ g‘`H$s godm H$ao. CËWmnZ ^moJ‘| H$ÝX‘yb, ’$b, XyY-Xhr Am{X
g‘n}. ‘mbm Yamdo. ZdrZ Obgm| Pmar ^ao. ‘¥X“ Am{X dmÚ-g“rVgm| à^yZ²H$m|
àgÝZ H$ao. öX`Ho$ ^mdgm| ^ŠVZ²Ho$ Ûmam a{MV brbm-ahñ`Ho$ nÚZ²gm|
^JdëbrbmH$mo JmZ H$ao. Vm nmN>| d«O‘ÊS>b‘| nYmaVo ^`o à^yZ²H$s AmaVr
H$ao&&122&&

135 136
 VV… e`rV ewÕmo@gm¡ ^md`Z² ^JdËnX‘²&&
s¡ `R>u ApQd_ L$fu_¡, `p_-buX$p„ hX¡$ dyMiyrÙ L$fu_¡, EÝh®`yÎX²$ rsgL$ gwVm{W©Zr ñdnËZr MoX² d«OoV² Vm§ OoVw{‘pÝÐ`‘²&&125&&
^pfZ L$fu_¡, kpe„L$pgu_ kºÝep L$fhu. Ap âdpZ¡ iyÙ b_u_¡ âcy_u DÐ\p`_ BË`od§ `ñ` {Xdgm `mpÝV ^ŠVñ` ^yVbo&&
kde_u k¡hpdp„ S>hy„. DÐ\p`_ cp¡Ndp„ L$Þv$d|g, am, v|$^-v$lu hN¡f¡ kd`®hp. gEd H¥$VH¥$Ë`mo@pñV h[añV‘Zwpíbî`{V&&126&&
dpgp ^fphhu. _hu_ S>g\u Tpfu cfhu. d©v$“ hN¡f¡ hpÛ-k“us\u âcy_¡
`kÞ_ L$fhp. ùv$e_p cph\u c¼sp¡Üpfp frQs gugp-flõe_p `Ûp¡\u
cNhëgugp_y„ Np_ L$fhy.„ s¡ `R>u h°S>dÎX$gdp„ `^pfu fl¡gp âcy_u Apfsu L$fhu. gm`§gÝÜ`mhþVr…=gm§PHo$ gÝÜ`m- hmo‘ brbm§=brbmH$m|
Mm{n=hþ H$W`oX²=H$ho
(10. e`Z^moJ, e`ZmaVr Am{X H¥$Ë`) H¥$Ëdm=H$[aHo$ dm=AWdm
gm`§H$mbo@{n Z¡doÚ§ `Wm-{d^d-{dñVa…&& {Zdo{XV§={Zdo{XV e¥Uw`mX² A{n=gwZo hþ
ZramOZ§ M e`Z§ `Wm`mo½`§ {d^md`oV²&&123&& ^wŠËdm=^moOZ H$[aHo$ VV…=VmV|
AÝdh§={XZHo$ nm{N>bo g‘`‘| ewÕ…=ewÕ
gm`§H$mbo=g§OmH$mb‘| ZramOZ§=AmaVr ^JdV…=^JdmZ²H$s Agm¡=`o
A{n=hþ e`Z§=e`Z ^JdËnX§=^JdmZ²Ho$ MaUH$mo ^yVbo=^yVbn|
`Wm-{d^d-{dñVa…= M=Aé ^md`Z²=^mdZ H$aV-H$aV `ñ`=Om
gm‘Ï`m©Zwgma `Wm`mo½` {dñVmagm| `Wm`mo½`§=Oog| ~{Z Amdo Vog| e`rV=e`ZH$ao ^ŠVñ`=^ŠVH$mo
Z¡doÚ§=^moJ {d^md`oV²=H$ao. ñdnËZr=nËZr {Xdgm…={Xdg
gwVm{W©Zr=nwÌH$s H$m‘Zmdmar `mpÝV=ì`VrV hmoV ho
^mdmW© … g§Pm g‘` hþ gm‘Ï`©Ho$ AZwgma {dñVmagm| ^moJ YamdZo, AmaVr MoV²=`{X hmo` gEd=dmohr
H$aZr Aé à^yZH$m| e`Z H$amdZo&&123&& BpÝÐ`§=BpÝÐ`Hy§$ H¥$VH¥$Ë`…=H¥$VH¥$Ë`
OoVw§=g§`‘‘| ampIdoHy§$ ApñV=ho
kp„S>_p kde¡ `Z i[¼s A_ykpf rhõspf\u cp¡N Apqv$ ^fhp, Apfsu Vm§=dmHo${ZH$Q> h[a…=h[a
L$fhu A_¡ âcy_¡ ie_ L$fphhp. d«OoV²=Om` V‘²=dmH$m|
BË`od§=`m àH$magm| AZwpíbî`{V=àmßV hmoV h|.
(11. gmo`dogm| nyd©Ho$ H¥$Ë`)
gm`§gÝÜ`m-@@hþVríMm{n H¥$Ëdm ^wŠËdm {Zdo{XV‘²&& ^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| g§Pm g‘`Ho$ gÝÜ`m-hmo‘ H$[aHo$ à^yZ²H$m| {Zdo{XV H$ao
H$W`oX² e¥Uw`mX² dm{n brbm§ ^JdVmo@Ýdh‘²&&124&& ‘hmàgmXH$mo ^moOZ H$[aHo$ {XZHo$ nm{N>bo g‘`‘| à^yZ²H$s brbmZ²H$mo ldU-
H$sV©Z H$ao. `m àH$ma {XZ^a ^JdXoH$VmZ ah²`mo ewÕ ^ŠV ^JdmZ²Ho$ MaUZ²H$mo
137 138
^mdZ H$aV-H$aV e`Z H$ao. nËZr `{X nwÌH$s H$m‘Zmdmar hmo` Vmo AnZr
BpÝÐ`| Ag§`V Z hmo` Om§` Egr ^mdZmgy§ dmHo$ {ZH$Q> Om`. `m àH$magm| ^yVbn|
Om ^ŠVH$mo {Xdg ì`VrV hmoV ho dmo {ZíM` hr H¥$VH¥$Ë` ho, lrh[a dmH$m| àmßV
hmod| h|&&126&&
s¡ `R>u kp„S>_p kde¡ kºÝep-lp¡d L$fu_¡ âcy_¡ _h¡qv$s L$f¡g dlpâkpv$_y„
cp¡S>_ L$fu_¡ qv$hk_p `pR>gp kdedp„ âcy_u gugpAp¡_y„ îhZ-L$us®_ L$fhy„.
Ap âL$pf¡ ApMp¡ qv$hk cNhv¡$L$sp_spdp„ husph_pfp¡ iyÙ c¼s cNhp__p
QfZp¡_y„ cph_ L$fsp¡-L$fsp¡ ie_ L$f¡. `Ð_u Å¡ `yÓ_u L$pd_phpmu lp¡e sp¡
`p¡sp_u B[ÞÖep¡ Ak„es b_u _ Åe s¡hu cph_p\u s¡_u `pk¡ Åe. Ap âL$pf¡
c|sg D`f S>¡ c¼s `p¡sp_p¡ qv$hk ìesus L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ Qp¡¼L$k L©$sL©$Ðe b_¡ R>¡,
îulqf s¡_¡ Ahíe âpàs \pe R>¡.
^mdmW© … `m àH$magm| `m ^pŠVemñÌ‘| Omo AmMma {Zê${nV ^`mo ho dm AmMmaH$mo
AZwgaU H$aZmo. `mgm| AÝ` àH$magm| AmMaU nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJu` ^ŠVZ²H$m| Bï>
{g{ÕàX Zmht ho.
Ap âL$pf¡ Ap c[¼sip÷dp„ S>¡ ApQpf_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡
ApQpf_y„ A_ykfZ L$fhy.„ Ap\u AÞe âL$pf_y„ ApQfZ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e c¼s_¡
dpV¡$ Bô$rkrÙ Ap`_pfy„ _\u.
B{V lr‘X²^JdX²-dXZmdVma-lrdëb^Xr{jV-VZwO-lrJmonrZmW-Xr{jV-
{da{MV
gmYZXr{nH$mH$mo d«O^mfm ^mdmZwdmX g‘mßV ^`mo

(J«ÝWH$mo Cng§hma)
BË`od§ ^pŠVemñÌofw `XmMmamo {Zê${nV…&&
VXmMma§ ^OoXÌ ZmÝ`Wm J{V[aî`Vo&&127&&

B{V lr‘ØJdÛXZmdVma-lrdëb^Xr{jVVZwO-lrJmonrZmW-Xr{jV-{da{MVm
gmYZXr{nH$m g‘mßVm
.
BË`od§=`m àH$magm| VX² AmMma§=dm AmMmaH$mo
^pŠVemñÌofw=^pŠVemñÌ‘| ^OoX²=AZwgaU H$aoV|
`X² AmMmamo=Omo AmMa AÝ`Wm=AÝ`Wm
AÌ=`hm§ J{V…=J{V
{Zê${nV…={Zê${nV ^`mo ho Z=Zmht,Bî`Vo=Bï> ho.

139 140
 {ZË`godm CËgdgodm {d{YíbmoH$ {df`H$
{H$pÄMV² àmñVm{dH$
àH¥${V-{dH¥${V `mJdV² nw{ï>^pŠVgåàXm`_| ^JdËgodmHo$ ^r {ZË`godm
Am¡a CËgdgodm Bg Vah Xmo àH$ma àM{bV h¢. gåàXm`Ho$ J«ÝWgm{hË`_| godm{d{Y
^r AVEd {ZË` Am¡a CËgd ^oXgo {Û{dY CnbãY hmoVr h¢. BZ_| à_wI godm{d{Y-
godm^mdZm _hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©MaUm|Ho$ Á`oð> AmË_O lrJmonrZmWà^wMaU,
H${Zð> AmË_O lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaU, lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ àW_nwÌ
lr{J[aYaOr (ŸAàH$m{eVŸ), lrd«OamOOr, lrh[aam`MaU, lrnwéfmoÎm_MaU,
lrÛmaHo$eOr (Ÿ^mdZmdmaoŸ), lrd«Odëb^Or_hmamO (Ÿ"ewÕmÛ¡V' lrdëb^mãX
448; {d.g§.1982 A‘> 3Ÿ) Am{X _hmZw^mdm|Ûmam {da{MV _mZr OmVr h¢.
{Og {ZË`-CËgdH$s godm^mdZm Ed§ godm{d{Y na EH$_mÌ g§ñH¥$Vì`m»`m
gåàXm`Ho$ _yY©Ý` ì`m»`mH$ma lrJmonoídaMaUm|H$s CnbãY hmoVr h¡ Cg_|
lrJmonoídaMaU {bIVo h¢ : ""AÌ g_mg: lrà^yUm§, lr_X²JmonrZmW{OVm§,
d« O amO{OVm§ dm íbmo H $mZm§ J« Ý Wo ' '. VXZw g ma ì`m»`mH$maHo $ _V_|
godmoËgd^mdZm{df`H$ H$m[aH$mAm|Ho$ à_wI aM{`Vm lrà^w(Ÿ=Ÿ_hmà^wŸ),
lrJmonrZmWà^wMaU Ed§ lrd«OamOOr h¢. AnZr ì`m»`m_|, ñda{MV H$m[aH$mAm|H$o
n¥WJwëboInyd©H$, lrJmonoídaMaUm|Zo H$htŸ-ŸH$ht VÎmV² H$m[aH$mHo$ aM{`VmH$m
^r Zm_{ZX}e {H$`m h¡. lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ godm{d{Y-íbmoH$ Cn`w©ŠV
gì`m»`J«ÝW_| CnbãY hmoVo hmoZogo CgHo$ {dd¥Ë`§eH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a CZ {ZË`-
CËgd godm{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m àH$meZ Bg J«ÝW_| {H$`m Om ahm h¡.
Bg J«ÝWHo$ àH$meZH$s AmZwnydu àmYmÝ`oZ Bg Vah h¡.
{d.Ÿg§.Ÿ1963 _| "lrdëb^nw{ï>àH$me' Zm_H$ nwñVH$_| _Wwam
{Zdmgr _w{I`mOr lraKwZmWOr {edOr Zo nw{ï>_mJu` {ZË`-CËgdH$s
godm{d{YH$m àH$meZ {Z.Ÿbr.ŸJmo. lrXodH$sZÝXZmMm`©Or _hmamOH$s
Amkmgo H$adm`m Wm. Bg nwñVH$_| Jmoñdm_r lrd«OamOOr {da{MV
""nw{ï>_mJu` AmpôZH$_²'' Ho$ AÝVJ©V CŠV godm{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m
141
gd© àW_ àH$meZ hþdm Wm. Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ CŠV nwñVH$_| godmíbmoH$
VWm godm{d{Y Ho$ H$Vm©Ho$ gå~ÝY_| H$moB© ñnï>Vm H$s Zht J`r h¡.
VËníMmV² {d.Ÿg§ . Ÿ1971; lrdëb^mãX 437 _|
"nw{ï>^pŠVgwYm' Zm_H$ gmåàXm{`H$ _m{gH$n{ÌH$mHo$ A‘> 12 _|
"godmíbmoH$m:' erf©H$mÝVJ©V CŠV godm{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m nmR>^oXHo$
CëboI g{hV àH$meZ Jmo.Ÿdm.Ÿlr_½Zbmb emór Ûmam hþdm Wm.
nmR>^oXHo$ CëboIgo `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg J«ÝWH$s EH$m{YH$
à{V`m§ emórOrH$mo àmßV hþB© hm|Jr. `Ú{n V{Ûf`H$ {H$gr ^r àH$maH$s
ñnï>Vm dhm§ Zht H$s JB© h¡. dhm§ Bg J«ÝWH$s g_mpßV_| ""B{V
lrà^wMaU{da{MVgodmíbmoH$m:'' {bIm J`m h¡.
VËníMmV² {d.Ÿg§ . Ÿ1972; lrdëb^mãX 438 _|
"nw{ï>^pŠVgwYm' _m{gH$n{ÌH$mHo$ A‘> 7-8 _| Jmo.Ÿdm.Ÿlr_ybMÝÐ
Vo b rdmbm Ûmam ""lr_X² J mo n rZmWmZm§ nÚm{Z'' erf© H $mÝVJ© V
lrJÅw>bmbOrHo$ hñV{b{IV J«ÝWm|H$o g“«hmb`go àmßV EH$_mÌ àmMrZ
à{VHo$ AmYmana lrJmonrZmWOr {da{MV H$m[aH$mAm|H$m àH$meZ hþdm
Wm. BZ H$m[aH$mAm|H$mo n[a{eï>_| `WmdV² àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m h¡.
`hm§ `h CëboIZr` h¡ {H$ CŠV H$m[aH$mAm|_|go 6, 16, 20, 21
VWm 24-26 H$m[aH$mAm|H$mo N>moS>H$a gm¡ÝX`©nÚ g{hV eof 19
H$m[aH$mE§ {ZË` Am¡a CËgd godm^mdZm_| CnbãY hmoVr h¢ Am¡a CZ
na lrJmonoídaMaUm|Zo {dd¥{V ^r {bIr h¡.
{d.Ÿg§.Ÿ1985; lrdëb^mãX 451 _| MVwWm©Ü`m` ^mî`Ho$
V¥Vr`-MVwW© nmXHo$ n[a{eï>V`m ^JdËgodm{d{Y-^mdZm gå~pÝYV
{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m _wÐU lrJmonoídaMaU {da{MV {ddaU g{hV
Jmo.Ÿdm.Ÿlr_ybMÝÐ VobrdmbmZo H$adm`m Wm. BgrH$m `WmdX² nwZ_©wÐU
^mî`Ho$ n[a{eï>V`m {d.g§.Ÿ2041 _| Jmoñdm_r lrí`m_ _ZmohaOr
(Ÿ{H$eZJT>Ÿ-Ÿnmbm©Ÿ) Zo lrdëb^{dÚmnrR>-lr{dÆ>boídaà^wMaU-
Aml_-hmo. Q´>ñQ>, H$moëhmnwa Ûmam H$adm`m Wm.
142

lrJmonoídaOrHo$ ""H$m[aH$m{V[aŠV§ J«ÝW_{n AÌ¡d ~moYm` g_J«§ {bIm_:''
Ed§ "" ""àmVéËWm` g{dYmZ§ ñZmËdm'' BË`m{X BV Amaä` lrJmonrZmW{OVm§
godm{d{YH¥${V: ApñV''; Am¡a ""J«ÝWH$Vw©: lrJmonrZmW{OVmo ^pŠV_mJu`ËdoZ''
H$WZmZwgma {ZË`godm{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m lrJmonrZmWà^wMaU {da{MV hmoZm {gÕ
hmoVm h¡.
lr_ybMÝÐ Vobrdmbm Ûmam àH$m{eV ""lrJmonrZmWmZm§
nÚm{Z''_| àH$m{eV íbmoH$_|go A{YH$m§e íbmoH$ lr_½Zbmb emór
Ûmam àH$m{eV JÚ-nÚmË_H$ "godmíbmoH$m:' J«ÝW_| CnbãY hmoVo h¢
{OgH$s B{V lr..._| CgH$m lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaU {da{MV hmoZm {bIm
J`m h¡. Bgr Vah AÝ` ^r àH$m{eVŸ-ŸAàH$m{eV godmíbmoH$Ho$
J« Ý W_| H$ht CgH$m lrdOamOOr {da{MV hmo Z o H $m Vmo H$ht
lr_Ëà^w{da{MV hmoZoH$m CëboI àmßV hmoVm h¡. `Wm, Cpëb{IV
lrdëb^nw{ï>àH$me_| _w{ÐV 204 íbmoH$mË_H$ godm{d{YH$s ^wdZoídar
nrR>, Jm|S>bHo$ hñV{b{IV J«ÝWmJmago àmßV JwQ>H$mH$ma hñV{b{IV
à{VH$s B{V lr... _| Ed§ h_mao _mÊS>dr KaHo$ hñV{b{IVJ«ÝWg§J«hgo
àmßV à{V_| ""B{V lrnw{ï>_mJu`m{•H§$ lrd«OamOOrH¥$V§ gånyU©_²''
{bIm J`m h¡. Bgr Vah lrJm`H$dm‹S>Ho$ hñV{b{IV J«ÝWm|Ho$
gL²J«hmb`go Jmo. lrí`m_ _ZmohaOr ({H$eZJT>-nmbm©) Ûmam àmßV
83 íbmo H $mË_H$ go d m{d{YH$s \$mo Q >mo H $m° n r Ho $ CnH« $ __|
""lr_Ëà^wH¥$VgodmíbmoH$m: gmZwnyì`m© {b»`ÝVo'' O~{H$ Cng§hma_|
""lrd«OamOOrH¥$Vgodm{d{Y:'' Bg Vah CëboI {_bVm h¡.
`h g~ XoIZogo àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ J«ÝWH$s gm“monm“ ny{V©Ho$
CX² X o í `go lr{dÆ>bZmWà^w M aUm| Z o AnZo Á`o ð > ^« m Vm
lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ J«ÝW_| Amdí`H$VmZwgma ñda{MV A§em|H$mo
Omo‹S>m hmoJm. Bg _mÝ`VmH$m g_W©Z {ZË`godm{d{YH$s 12Ÿdt H$m[aH$m
""{MÝVmgÝVmZhÝVmamo ... _whaþ ² _wh:þ '' go hmoVm h¡ Omo {H$ {Z{d©ddmXê$ngo
lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaUm|H$m "ZdaËZ' J«ÝWH$s Q>rH$mH$m _“bíbmoH$ h¡.
143
Bgr Vah lrJmonoídaMaUm|H$s hr Vah lrd«OamOOrZo ^r AnZr
godm{d{Y_| ñda{MV íbmoH$m|H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡.
Xygar Amoa lrJmonoídaOrHo$ AZwgma {ZË`godm{d{YHo$ AÝVJ©V
àW_ Zd íbmoH$ AWm©V² ""^JdÕm_ ^JdZ²'' go boH$a ""_m§ {h
nmb`'' n`©ÝV Ed§ lr`_wZmOrH$s ñVw{VHo$ ""h[aVw`©'' go boH$a
""^md_w Î m__² ' ' n`© Ý V Xmo íbmo H $ "lr_Ëà^w { da{MV' h¢ .
""lr_Ëà^w{da{MVgodm{d{Y:'' Bg {ZË`godm{d{YHo$ erf©H$H$s ì`m»`m
H$aVo hþdo lrJmonoídaOr {bIVo h¢ : "" "à^w'nX§ lr_XmMm`©na§,
""lr_Ëà^yËgd:'' B{V AmMm`m}Ëgdo CŠVËdmV²''. Bggo àVrV hmoVm
h¡ {H$ Cn`©wŠV íbmoH$ _hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©MaU {da{MV h¢; Am¡a
AÝ` íbmoH$ `Wm`W lrJmonrZmWà^wMaU Ed§ lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaU
{da{MV h¢. Bg _mÝ`Vm H$m g_W©Z BÝhr 9 íbmoH$m|Ho$ _Ü`_| AmVo
5Ÿd| íbmoH$ ""nmZr`nm̧ {h VWm ... VÐyn_od VV²''ŸH$s CËWm{ZH$m_|
lrJmonoídaOrHo$ : ""íbmoH$mÝVa§ lr_Ëà^w{da{MVgodm{dYo: J«ÝWH$Vw©:
'' Bg H$WZgo Am¡a dht lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaUm|H$s "ZdaËZ'
J«ÝWH$s Q>rH$mHo$ _“bíbmoH$ ""{MÝVmgÝVmZhÝVmamo ... _whþa² _whþ:''
VWm ""8/17Ëd_rídamo{g JrV§ Vo jwÐmoh§ Z {dXm{_ {hŸ(73), ""1/
1
{H$`mZ² nydª Ordg² VXw{MVH¥${VíMm{n {H$`{V ... 1/2ñdXmofmZ² OmZm{_
... emoMm{_ _w{XV:Ÿ(76)'' {dkpßVHo$ íbmoH$m|Ho$ CnbãY hmoZogo
hmoVm h¡. `{X Eogm hmo Vmo ñdrH$maZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ lm¡V naånamgo
lrJmo n rZmWà^w M aUm| H $mo _hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`© M aUm| g o
Cpëb{IV godmíbmoH$ àmßV hþdo hm|Jo {OgHo$ erf©H$V`m JÚ
{dÜ`§eH$mo Omo‹S>H$a eof godm{d{YH$mo AmnZo nyU© {H$`m hmo; Am¡a
VËníMmV² lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaUm|Zo ^r Cg_| Amdí`H$ A§em|H$mo
Omo‹S>m hmo.
dñVwpñW{V `{X `h h¡ V~ {dMma_mÌgo AmíM`© hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^JdËgodm
O¡go _hËdnyU© {df`na AmMm`©MaUm|H$s H$m[aH$mE§ hmoZo na ^r Cg na
lrJmonoídaOrH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÝ` {H$gr nydm©Mm`m]H$s {dd¥{V Š`m| CnbãY Zht
hmoVr h¡Ÿ!
144

CËgdgodm^mdZmHo$ íbmoH$m|H$m ^r Š`m|{H$ Bg J«ÝW_| àH$meZ {H$`m Om
ahm h¡ AV: CgHo$ {df`_| ^r Hw$N> ~mV| {dMmaUr` ~ZVr h¢.
gwaVgo {d.Ÿg§.Ÿ2005 _| lr{M_Zbmb emór Ûmam àH$m{eV
""CËgd{ZU©`J«ÝWg_wÀM`:' Zm_H$ J«ÝW_| CËgd^mdZmH$s {OZ
H$m[aH$mAm| H $mo àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m h¡ CZH$mo dhm§ Jmo ñ dm_r
lrnwéfmoÎm_MaU {da{MV H$hm J`m h¡. gå^d h¡ {H$ CŠV H$m[aH$mE§
CZH$mo lrnwéfmoÎm_MaUm|Ho$ hñVmjam|_| CnbãY hþB© hm|. dhm§ ^r,
{H$ÝVw, n{dÌmoËgdH$s H$m[aH$m ""{nV¥nmXaOmo OmVw øwÎm_¡: {dñ_¥V§ Z
`¡:, Vofm_od {h _mJm}@`§ \${bî`{V Z MmÝ`Wm'' Ho$ AW©VmËn`©H$m
{dMma H$aZo na; Am¡a ajm~ÝYZH$s H$m[aH$m ""lrdëb^mo {h
{ZO^ŠV{hV¡H$~ÝYwam{díMH$ma VZ`§ {H$b {dÆ>b§ `:, Vñ`¡d nmX`wJb§
gVV§ Z_m{_ ào å Um VXñVw öX`o __ gd© X ¡ d '' H$s {dd¥ { V_|
lrJmonoídaOrH$m ""{deofUà{VnmXZmWª Á`oð>^«mVamoZwOñ` ñdZm_m{n
J¥ h rVdÝV:'' `h {bIZm; lrJmo n rZmWà^w M aU Ed§
lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaU Ho$ CËgdm|H$m AmíM`©OZH$ AZwëboI Am¡a
""lr_X² J mo n rZmWmZm§ nÚm{Z'' _| CnbãY hmo V r
""ËdXmkßVñd`mJmË_mÝZHy$Q>ñ` g_n©UmX², JmodY©ZmMbmYreŸ! àgrX
gVV§ _{`, `WoÝÐ`mJ^“ñ` ñd`mJñ` M H$maUmV², ZÝXmXrZm_ZÝ`Ëd§
H¥$V§ _{` VWm Hw$é'' H$m[aH$mAm|H$m Cg J«ÝW_| CnbãY hmoZm
CËgd^mdZmH$m lrnwéfmoÎm_MaU {da{MV hmoZm gpÝX½Y ~ZmVr h¢.
EH$ AÝ` Ñ{ï>go {dMma {H$`m Om` Vmo lrJmonoídaMaUÛmam
J«ÝWmaå^_| H$s JB© à{Vkm ""AÌ g_mg: lrà^yUm§ lr_X²JmonrZmW{OVm§
d«OamO{OVm§ dm íbmoH$mZm_²'' _| lrnwéfmoÎm_MaUm|H$m CëboI Z hmoZogo
lrJmonoídaMaUm|Ho$ _VmZwgma CËgd^mdZm{df`H$ H$m[aH$mAm|H$m
lrd«OamOOr {da{MV hmoZm {gÕ hmoVm h¡. Bg pñW{V_| ^r Cn`w©ŠV
e‘>mE§ Vmo Ag_mYo` hr ahVr h¢. {H$ÄM, `{X Cn`w©ŠV d«OamOOr
Am¡a lrd«OamOMaU {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Z hm| Vmo; Am¡a lrd«OamOOrZo
145
CËgd^mdZm {df`H$ Xmo - Xmo J« Ý Wm| H $s aMZm H$s Z hmo Vmo ,
"CËgd{ZU© ` J« Ý Wg_w À M`'_| lrd« O amOMaU {da{MV
"g§ d Ëgamo Ë gdH$ënVm' Zm_H$ EH$ ñdVÝÌJ« Ý WH$s CnbpãY
lrJmonoídaOrH$s à{Vkm_| ^r g§e` CËnÝZ H$aVr h¡.
Bg àg“_| lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|H$s {OZ H$m[aH$mAm|H$m g_mdoe godm{d{Y-
íbmoH$_| Zht hþdm h¡ do Bg àH$ma h¢ :
n`:nÌm{X_mÌoU ny{OVmo `: na§ nX§Ÿ&
àmJod {Xe{V àrV: g H¥$îU: eaU§ __Ÿ&&6Ÿ&&
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Z _o H$ñ`mnrßgm {ÌOJ{V dardË`©{Vna§-
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146
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(Ÿ_mÊS>dr-H$ÀN>Ÿ) Ÿ
147
lrJmonrZmWà^wMaU {da{MV
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^JdÝ_pÝXa§ àmW©{`Ëdm Z_ñH¥$Ë` _mO©Zm{XH§$ Hw$`m©V²''.
^JdX²Ym_Ÿ! ^JdZ²Ÿ! Z_ñVo@b‘>amo{_ VV²Ÿ&&
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(ŸVm nmN>| ^JdÝ_pÝXa_| ~whmar-_pÝXadó H$aZoŸ)
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(ŸVm nmN>| à^yZ²H$m| {~amOdoHw§$ qghmgZm{XH$ V¡`ma H$aZoŸ)
2.Ÿ""VV: qghmgZmñVaU§ Hw$`m©V²''.
qghmgZ§ _Õ¥ËnÙŸ-Ÿê$n§ gÁOrH$amoå`h_²Ÿ&&
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148
 3.Ÿ""VV: nmÌm{U gÁOrHw$`m©V²''.
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amYmYamË_H$ËdoZ ^y`mV² VÐyn_od VV²Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&
ñdm{_ZrH$aê$nm{U ^mdñdU©_`m{Z d¡Ÿ&&
lrH¥$îU^moÁ`nmÌm{U gÝVw Vo _ËH¥$Vm{Z {hŸ&&6Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| {dkpßV H$arHo$ à^yZ²Hw§$ eæ`mnogw§ OJmdZoŸ)
4.Ÿ""VV: eæ`mVmo {dkmß` CËWmn`oV²''.
CXo{V g{dVm ZmWŸ! {à``m gh OmJ¥{hŸ&&
A“rHw$éîd _Ëgodm§ ñdH$s`ËdoZ _m§ d¥UwŸ&&7Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| à^yZ²Hw§$ qghmgZn| nYamdZoŸ)
5.Ÿ""VV: qghmgZo Cndoe`oV²''.
H«$sS>mË_gmYZ`wV _Õ¥Õm_mjamË_H$_²Ÿ&
AmñWm` JmoHw$bmYreŸ! a_ñd H¥$n`m _{`Ÿ&&8Ÿ&&
^mdmË_H$V`m Šb¥ßV ñdmoÎmar`mË_H$mgZoŸ&&
qghmgZo JmoHw$boeŸ! H¥$n`mon{de à^moŸ&&9Ÿ&&
3.Ÿ(Ÿ""nmZr`nmÌ_²'' BË`m»`§Ÿ) íbmoH$mÝVa§ lr_Ëà^w{da{MVgodm{dYo: J«ÝWH$Vw:© ''
-_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:.
4.Ÿ""lr_Ëà^w{da{MVgodm{d{YíbmoH$: ñdm{_{ZŸB{V'' -_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:.
149
(ŸVm nmN>| Z_Z H$aZmoŸ)
6.Ÿ""VVmo Z_ñHw$`m©X²''.
`mÑemo@{g haoŸ! H¥$îUŸ! VmÑem` Z_moZ_:Ÿ&&
`mÑemopñ_ haoŸ! H¥$îUŸ! VmÑe§ _m§ {h nmb`Ÿ&&105Ÿ&&
(ŸXmñ`^pŠVH$mo {Zê$nU H$aV h|. Vhm§ àW_ lrñdm{_ZrOrH$m| Z_ZŸ)
Z_mo Z_mo@ñVw Vo amYoŸ! lrH¥$îUa_U{à`oŸ!Ÿ&&
ñdnmXnÙaOgm gZmW§ Hw$é _pÀN>a:Ÿ&&11Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| lrAmMm`©OrH$m| Z_ñH$ma H$aZmoŸ)
7.Ÿ""VV: lr_XmMm`m©Z² Z_ñHw$`m©V²''.
{MÝVmgÝVmZhÝVmamo `ËnmXmå~wOaoUd:Ÿ&&
ñdr`mZm§ VmZ² {ZOmMm`m©Z² àU_m{_ _whþ_w©hþ:Ÿ&&12Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| _“b^moJ AmamoJdoH$m| {dkpßV H$aZrŸ)
8.Ÿ""VV: nmÌo gm_J«t g§ñWmß`, {dkmß` g_n©`oV²''.
d«OórH$a`w½_mË_Ÿ-Ÿ`ÝÌo nm̧ M VÝ_`_²Ÿ&&
ñWm{nV§ Vo ^moOZmWª `mo½`^moÁ`mÝZgå^¥V_²Ÿ&&13Ÿ&&
^wL²úd ^md¡H$g§ewÕŸ-ŸX{YXw½Ym{X_moXH$mZ²Ÿ&&
150
 {à`§ Vo ZdZrV§ M amY`m g{hVmo haoŸ!Ÿ&&14Ÿ&&
5.Ÿ""Ed§ lr_Ëà^w{da{MVgodm{d{Y ZdíbmoŠ`wŠVdÝXZ^pŠV: B{V CŠV§ ...
dÝXZ^pŠV: ZdíbmoŠ`m {dd¥Vm. AYwZm Xmñ`^pŠV: {gÕmÝV_wŠVmdë`wŠVm
{dVÝ`Vo ñ_ ""h[aVw`©{à`'' B{V íbmoH$Û`§ _`m©XrH¥$Ë` J«ÝWH$V¥©{^:'' -
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VXmË_emoYH$mopÀN>ï>§ H¥$VH¥$Ë`§ M _m§ Hw$éŸ&&23Ÿ&&
lrH¥$îUmÝVañdê$nŸ! ñdH$s`ñ` J¥ho __Ÿ&
AmJË` ^moOZ§ H¥$Ëdm H¥$VmWª Hw$é _m§ à^moŸ!Ÿ&&24Ÿ&&
(ŸOb AamoJm`doH$s ^mdZmŸ)

8.Ÿ""VVmo Ob_² An©`oV²''.

^mfU§ _m Ë`O àmU{à`o JmondYynVo:Ÿ&&

{à`ma{Vl_n[aŸ-Ÿ_{bV§ dm[a `m_wZ_²Ÿ&&
ËdÝ_wIm_moXgwa{^Ÿ-Ÿ^moÁ`§ ^w§ŠVo@{YH§$ {à`:Ÿ&&15Ÿ&&
g_n©`m{_ VËnmZ§ Hw$é lrH¥$îUŸ! VmnöV²Ÿ&&25Ÿ&&
amYmYagwYmnmVw: {H$_Ý`Z² _Ywam`{V_²Ÿ&&
`pÝZdoÚ§ VXß`oVZ² Zm_gå~ÝYVmo ^doV²Ÿ&&16Ÿ&&
(ŸAmM_Z H$amdZmo VWm dmH$s ^mdZmŸ)
{à`m_wImå~wOm_moX-gwaä`ÝZ_² A{V{à`_²Ÿ&&
A“rHw$éîd Jmonre VXr`ËdmZ² {Zdo{XV_²Ÿ&&17Ÿ&&
9.Ÿ""VVmo AmM_Z§ H$ma`oX²''.
{ZOmñ` Zdbmñ`o@pñ_Z² Mmé^moÁ`§ _X{n©V_²Ÿ&&
^wL²úd lrJmoHw$bmYreŸ! ñdm{Yì`mYr {Zdma`Ÿ&&18Ÿ&&
Hw$éîdmM_Z§ H¥$îUŸ! {à``m_wZdm[aUmŸ&&
`emoXmamo{hUr^mdmX² ~boZ gh ~mbH¡$:Ÿ&&
ñZohmË_XÝVgŠVmÝ`Ÿ-Ÿ^mdmnmH$aUmË_H$_²Ÿ&&26Ÿ&&
^wŠV§ `Wm ~më`^mdàmH$Q>çmX² ^wL²úd _o VWmŸ&&19Ÿ&&
godmWª XÎmJohñ` {ZOXmgñ` _o à^moŸ&
(Ÿ_wIdó H$amdZmo VWm dmH$s ^mdZmŸ)
AmJÝVì`§ ^moOZmWª lrH¥$îUŸ! H¥$n`m J¥hoŸ&&20Ÿ&&
ñZohmX² a{Vl_ObŸ-ŸàmoÄN>X² amÐmYmH$amÄMb_²Ÿ&&
XodH$sdgwXodlrŸ-Ÿ~bamo{hUrg§`wV:Ÿ&
ñ_¥Ëdm-@@ZÝX^amZ² ZmWŸ! Hw$é lr_wI_mO©Z_²Ÿ&&27Ÿ&&
lr_ÝZX`emoXmä`m§ g_§ _{` H¥$nm§ Hw$éŸ&&21Ÿ&&
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(Ÿ~rar AamoJmdZr VWm dmH$s ^mdZmŸ)
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10.Ÿ""VV: Vmå~yb_² An©`oV²''.

(ŸñdXmgH$m| CpÀN>ï> àXmZ H$[adoH$s àmWZmŸ)
^wŠËdm XÎdm@{V{à`oä`mo ^ŠVoä`mo@{V{à`§ gXmŸ&&

151 152
 Vmå~yb§ ñd{à`mdŠÌŸ-Ÿgm¡aä`a{Vg§`wV_²Ÿ&&
J¥hmU JmoHw$bmYreŸ! VËH$nmobm^nmÊSw>a_²Ÿ&&28Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| _“bm g_`H$s AmaVr CVm[aHo$, e¥“ma dS>o H$arHo$, e¥“ma
YadoH$s {dkpßV H$[aHo$ ñZmZm{XH$ H$amdZoŸ)
11.Ÿ""VV: Amam{ÌH§$ H¥$Ëdm e¥“mamWª {dkmß` ñZmZm{XH§$ H$ma`oX²''.
a_Um{V^amX² amÌm¡ dómÊ`m^yfUm{Z {hŸ&
_¥JOm{Z M dóm{U àgrXmoÎmma`m{_ VoŸ&&30Ÿ&&
{à`m“-g“-gå~pÝY-JÝY-gå~ÝYVmo ^doV²Ÿ&&
H$Xm{MV² H$ñ`{MX² ^mdmo `V: ñZmZ§ g_mMaŸ&&30Ÿ&&
ñZohmË_JÝYV¡boZ {à`mJÝYm{VMméUmŸ&&
Aä`ŠVmo _“bñZmZ§ Hw$é JmoHw$bZm`H$Ÿ!Ÿ&&31Ÿ&&
ñZohmË_JÝYV¡bñ` bmnZmX² JmoHw$bm{YnŸ!Ÿ&&
{dVamË`pÝVH$s¨ ^pŠV¨ _{` ñZohmpË_H$m§ {d^moŸ&&32Ÿ&&
lrgwJÝYmoÛV©ZoZ {Zeml_{ZdmaUmV²Ÿ&
CÛ{V©V: H¥$îUŸ! ^pŠVXmZoZ Hw$é _o H¥$nm_²Ÿ&&34Ÿ&&
{Xdm ËdX²dZJ_ZŸ-Ÿñ_aUmV² Vmn^mdV:Ÿ&&
Jmo{nH$mñne©ZmoîUoZ dm[aUm ñZmn`må`h_²Ÿ&&35Ÿ&&
(ŸñZmZ ^`o nmN>| lrA“ nm|N>Zmo VWm dmH$s ^mdZmŸ)
ñZmZmЩVm{Zd¥Î`Wª àmopÄN>Vm“Ÿ! {d^mo __Ÿ&&
XyarHw$éîd JmonreŸ! H¥$n`m bm¡{H$H$mЩVm_²Ÿ&&35Ÿ&&
(Ÿe¥“maH$s ^mdZmŸ)
Jmo{nH$mdX² {dà`moJo H$mbjonm` gd©WmŸ&&
H¥$îU_y{Vª {à`m§ H¥$Ëdm ^OoV² VV²-VËñd^mdV:Ÿ&&36Ÿ&&
153
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AV: ñdöX²JV¡a² ^md¡: ^yf`oV² V§ _Zmo_`_²Ÿ&&37Ÿ&&
d«OoeŸ! agê$nmË_Z²Ÿ! e¥“ma§ aM`må`h_²Ÿ&&
ñdrHw$éîd ËdXr`ËdmV² ñd{à`mdV² H¥$V§ {Z{eŸ&&38Ÿ&&
(ŸA“amJ Yam`doH$s ^mdZmŸ)
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lrH¥$îUVmnem³Ë`W©_² A“rHw$é _X{n©V_²Ÿ&&39Ÿ&&
(Ÿdó Yam`doH$s ^mdZmŸ)
{à`m“Vwë`dUm©{Z dóm{U d«OZm`H$Ÿ!Ÿ&&
g_n©`m{_ H¥$n`m n[aYo{h X`m{ZYoŸ!Ÿ&&40Ÿ&&
(ŸAb‘>ma Yam`doH$s ^mdZmŸ)
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g_n©`m{_ amYoeŸ! JwÄOmhma_² A{V{à`_²Ÿ&&42Ÿ&&
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H$ñVyar{VbH§$ ^mbo {M̧ Mmé H$nmob`mo:Ÿ&
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154
 (Ÿ_mbm Yam`doH$s ^mdZmŸ)
Hw$gw_mÝ`{n©VmZreŸ! àgrX _{` gÝVV_²Ÿ&&
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12.Ÿ""Ed§ e¥“ma§ H¥$Ëdm qghmgZo Cndoí` gm_J«r_² AJ«o ñWmß`
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XyY g_n©ZmoŸ)
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155
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dmH$s ^mdZmH$mo {Zê$nUŸ)
14.Ÿ""VV: nwZ: AmM_Z§ H$ma{`Ëdm Vmå~yb_² An©`oV². VV:
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d«OórH¥$Ve¥“mamŸ-ŸZÝVa§ VX²J¥ho `WmŸ&&
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(ŸVm nmN>| nwZ: AmM_Zm{XH$ H$am`Ho$ AmaVr CVmaZrŸ)
15.Ÿ""VV: nwZ: AmM_Z§ H$ma{`Ëdm Vmå~yb_² An©{`Ëdm
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Amam{ÌH§$ Hw$`m©V²''.
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(Ÿ~mb ^JdËñdê$nHw§$ nbZm PwbmdZoŸ)
àoåUm _Ëà|Ie`ZŸ-ŸXmobZo lr`emoX`mŸ&
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156
 (ŸVm nmN>| {IbmZm gm{OHo$ à^yZ²H$m| {IbmdZoŸ)
16.Ÿ""VVmo AJ«o jU§ {H«$S>mW©_² AjmXrZ² {ZdoX`oV²''.
H«$sS>mê$nmË_H¡$a² Aj¡: H«$sS>mWª ñWm{nV¡: à^moŸ&&
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(ŸnmN>| _mbm dS>r H$arHo$ Yyn-Xrn H$arHo$ amO^moJ g_n©ZoŸ)
17.Ÿ""VVmo amO^moJ§ g_n©`oV²''.
lr_X²amYm“gm¡J³Ü`mŸ-ŸJê$Yynmn©UmX² {d^moŸ!Ÿ&&
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Xrn: g_{n©Vmo ^mo½`Ÿ-Ÿê$nmÝZmW©àXrnZoŸ&&
6.Ÿ""V¥ V r`_² Amam{ÌH$_² BX§ Šd{MV² bw ß V_² ' ' -
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ñWm{nV§ Vo ^moOZmWª ^mo½`^moÁ`mÝZgå^¥V_²Ÿ&&59Ÿ&&
ñdU©nmÌofw Xw½Ym{X XÜ`mÚ§ amOVofw MŸ&&
_¥ËnmÌofw agmbmÚ§ ^moÁ`§ gÐmoMH$m{XH$_²Ÿ&&60Ÿ&&
amOVo ZdZrV§ M nmÌo h¡_o {gVm VWmŸ&&
`Wm`mo½`ofw nmÌofw nm`gì`ÄOZm{XH$_²Ÿ&&61Ÿ&&
157
gynm¡XZ§ nmo{bH$m{X VWmÝZ§ M MVw{d©Y_²Ÿ&&
^w§úd ^md¡H$g§ewÕ§ amY`m g{hVmo haoŸ!Ÿ&&62Ÿ&&
(ŸÑï>çm{XXmofZ²Ho$ {ZdmaUmW© e‘>moXH$H$mo àmjUŸ)
H$å~wZmåZm{V{à`lrŸ-Ÿe’mÝVJ©Vdm[aUmŸ&&
ÑîQ²ççm{XXmofm^mdm` gm_J«r àmo{jVm {d^moŸ!Ÿ&&63Ÿ&&
(Ÿ^moJ_| Vwbgr g_n©Zr7. naånamZwgma AmMm`©nmXwH$mZ²Hw§$ ^moJ g_n©ZoŸ)
18.Ÿ"" ""^mfU§ _m Ë`O'' B{V íbmoH$MVwï>`oZ g_n©`oX². VV:
lr_XmMm`}fw g_n©`oX²''.
à{jßVm Vwbgr Vo@{VŸ-Ÿ{à`JÝYm VW¡d MŸ&
Hw$éîd VoZm{VVwï>mo ^moOZ§ d«OZm`H$Ÿ!Ÿ&&64Ÿ&&
ñdmW©àH$Q>godm»`Ÿ-Ÿ_mJ} lrdëb^à^moŸ!Ÿ&&
7.Ÿ""^mfU§ _m Ë`O'' B{V íbmoH$MVwï>`Zo g_n©`Xo '² ' B{V _yb_².
""VV: lr_XmMm`}fw g_n©`oX²'' B{V'' -_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:.
{Zdo{XVñ` _o ^moÁ`§ ñdmñ`o Hw$é hþVmeZŸ!Ÿ&&65Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| AmM_Zm{XH$ H$am`Ho$, ~rar AamoJm`Ho$ ^Jmo nYam` hm|` Vhm§
_pÝXadó H$aZmoŸ)
19.Ÿ""VVmo `WmdX² AmM_Z§ H$ma{`Ëdm Vmå~yb_² An©`oV². VVmo
^moOZnmÌñWbo _mO©Z§ Hw$`m©X²''.
158
 JmoHw$boe VdmopÀN>ï>Ÿ-ŸbonmV² nmÌà_mO©ZmV²Ÿ&&
ËdËgodmÝVaY_}fw a{Va² ^d{V {ZíMbmŸ&&66Ÿ&&
(ŸnmN>| ^JdÀMaUma{dÝXZ²_| _hm_ÝÌmoÀMmaU nyd©H$ Vwbgr g_n©ZrŸ)
20.Ÿ""VV: MaU`mo: Vwbgt g_n©`oV²''
{à`m“JÝYgwa{^Ÿ-ŸVwbgt Vo nX{à`m_²Ÿ&&
g_n©`m{_ _o Xo{h hao Xoh_² Abm¡{H$H$_²Ÿ&&67Ÿ&&
àgrX ny{OVmo ^ŠË`m Vwbñ`m {à`JÝY`mŸ&&
{Z:{H$ÄMZmYre ZmÝ`V² H$Vwª eŠZmo{_ gd©WmŸ&&68Ÿ&&
(ŸnmN>| qghmgZHo$ AmJ| nmXnr{R>H$m-gr‹T>r gmOZrŸ)
öËn‘>OmË_H§$ ñdUª nmXnrR>§ g_{n©V_²Ÿ&&
nmXm¡ Y¥Ëdm JmoHw$boe öÎmmn§ g_nmHw$éŸ&&69Ÿ&&
(ŸnmN>| _mbm Yam`Ho$, AmaVr CVm[aHo$ {dkpßV H$aZrŸ)
21.Ÿ""VVmo Amam{ÌH§$ H¥$Ëdm {dkmn`oX²''.
^ŠVmWm©{d^y©Vê$n H¥$îUŸ! Vo MaUmãO`mo:Ÿ&&
gdm©ew^{dZmemWª Ý`ñV: nwînmÄO{b: ew^:Ÿ&&70Ÿ&&
A_“b{Zd¥Î`Wª _“bmdmßV`o VWmŸ&&
H¥$V_² Amam{V©H§$ VoZ àgrX nwéfmoÎm_Ÿ!Ÿ&&71Ÿ&&
(Ÿ_Ü`môZ g_`_| e`Z VWm JmoMaU H$s ^mdZmŸ)
159
àrVmo Xo{h ñdXmñ`§ _o nwéfmWm©Ë_H§$ ñdV:Ÿ&&
ËdX²Xmñ`{gÕm¡ XmgmZm§ Z {H$pÄMX² Ad{eî`VoŸ&&72Ÿ&&
EVmdXod {dkmß`§ gd©Wm gd©X¡d _oŸ&&
Ëd_rídamo{g JrV§ Vo jwÐmoh§ Z {dXm{_ {hŸ&&73Ÿ&&
na_H$mé{UH$mo Z ^dËna: na_emoÀ`V_mo Z {h _Ëna:Ÿ&&
B{V {d{M³Ë` gXm _{` {H$‘>ao `Xw{MV§ d«OZmWŸ! VdmMaŸ&&74Ÿ&&
{H$`mZ² nydª Ordg² VXw{MVH¥${VíMm{n {H$`{VŸ&&
^dmZ² `V² gmnojmo {ZOMaUXmñ`o ~V ^doV²Ÿ&&
AV: ñdmË_mZ§ ñd§ {Zén__hÎd§ d«OnVoŸ&&
g_rú`mñ_Z² ZoÌo {e{ea` {ZOmñ`må~wag¡:Ÿ&&75Ÿ&&
ñdXmofmZ² OmZm{_ ñdH¥${V{d{hV¡: gmYZeV¡a²Ÿ-Ÿ
A^oÚm§ñË`ŠVw§ MmnQw>Va_Zm `Ú{n {d^moŸ&&
VWm{n lrJmonrOZnXnamJmpÄMV{eam:Ÿ&&
ËdXr`mo@ñ_r{V lrd«OZ¥n Z emoMm{_ _w{XV:Ÿ&&76Ÿ&&
{à`mg‘>oVHw$ÄOr`Ÿ-Ÿd¥j_ybofw nëbd¡:Ÿ&&
H¥$Vofw ^mdVënofw H«$sS>Z² JmoMmaU§ Hw$éŸ&&77Ÿ&&
go{dVmo@Ì hao aÝVw§ J¥ho _X²öX`mË_Ho$Ÿ&&
{Z_rb`m{_ ѽÛma§ {dbg¡H$mÝVgÙ{ZŸ&&78Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| à^yZ²Ho$ dóm{XH$ YmodZoŸ)
22.Ÿ""VVmo dóàjmbZm{XH§$ Hw$`m©X²''.
dóàjmbZmX² Xwï>Ÿ-Ÿg§gJ©O_Zmo_b_²Ÿ&&
_hËgodm~mYê$n§ __ H¥$îUŸ! {Zdma`Ÿ&&79Ÿ&&
160
 (ŸVm nmN>| g§Om g_o CËWmnZ H$am`Ho$ \$bm{XH$ g_n©ZoŸ)
23.Ÿ""VV: MVwW©àhao àgwßV§ à~moÜ` \$bm{XH$_² An©`oV²''.
`Wm JmodY©Zo ^wŠV§ \$b_ybm{XH§$ haoŸ&&
am_oU g{I{^: gmYª nw{bÝXr{^: g_{n©V_²Ÿ&&80Ÿ&&
VWm \$bm{XH§$ gdª ^wL²úd ^mdm{n©V§ _`mŸ&&
nw{bÝXrdX² ^mdXmZmV² gmW©H§$ OÝ_ _o Hw$éŸ&&81Ÿ&&
(ŸnmN>| ^moJ gam`Ho$ AmM_Zm{XH$ H$am`Ho$ d«O_| nYmaVo à^yZ²H$s {dkpßV
H$aZrŸ)
24.Ÿ""VVmo d«O AmJÀN>ÝV§ {dkmn`oX²''.
~b^ÐmX`mo Jmonm JmdíMmJ«o M n¥ð>V:Ÿ&&
Jmo{nH$mdo{ï>Vmo _Ü`o aUX²doUwa² d«OmJ_mV²Ÿ&&82Ÿ&&
{Xdm {dahO§ Vmn§ d«OñWmZm§ `Wm öV_²Ÿ&&
VWm _ëbmoMZo ZmWŸ! {e{earHw$é gÝVV_²Ÿ&&83Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| `WmepŠV XyYKa-~mb^moJH$s gm_J«r g_n©ZrŸ)
25.Ÿ""VVmo `pËH$pÄMZ² _moXH$m{X g_n©`oV²''.
lr_ÝZÝX`emoXm{XŸ-ŸàoåUm ^wŠV§ d«Oo `WmŸ&&
^moOZ§ Hw$é JmonreŸ! VWm ào_m{n©V§ haoŸ&&84Ÿ&&
161
(ŸVm nmN>| g§Om g_`H$s AmaVr CVmarHo$, e¥“mam{XH$ d‹S>o H$[adoH$s {~ZVr
H$arHo$, e¥“ma d‹S>o H$arHo$ K¡`m VWm XyY AamoJmdZoŸ)
26.Ÿ""VVmo Amam{ÌH§$ H¥$Ëdm e¥“mamoÎmmaUmWª {dkmß`, CÎmm`©,
n`:\o$Z§ n`mo dm g_n©`oV²''.
am{YH$míbofmÝVam`Ÿ-Ÿ^yfUmoÎmmaUmV² à^moŸ!Ÿ&&
{Z{e VËH¥$Ve¥“mamŸ-Ÿ“rH$mamWª àgrX _oŸ&&85Ÿ&&
d«Oo ñdmZÝXVmo Xmoh§ ~boZ gh JmonH¡$:Ÿ&&
H¥$Ëdm nrV§ n`:\o$Z§ VWm {n~ d«Om{YnŸ!Ÿ&&86Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| V_moXrn g_{n©Ho$, e`Z^moJ_| XyY-AÝZm{X g_n©ZoŸ)
27.Ÿ""V_moXrn§ {ZdoÚ, {Z{e Xw½YmÝZm{X g_n©`oV²''.
dmgar`{d`moJmV©Ÿ-Ÿam{YH$mñ`mdbmoH$ZoŸ&&
Xrnmn©UmX² Jmo{nHo$eŸ! àgrX H$éUm{ZYoŸ&&87Ÿ&&
Xw½YmÝZm{X `Wm ^wŠV§ amo{hÊ`wnöV§ {Z{eŸ&&
d«OZm`H$ ^moŠVì`§ VW¡d {h _X{n©V_²Ÿ&&88Ÿ&&
(ŸVm nmN>| e`Z^moJ gam`Ho$, AmaVr H$arHo$, nm¡T>doH$s {~ZVr H$arHo$
à^yZ²H$m| nm¡T>mdZoŸ)
28.Ÿ""VV: Vmå~ybmM_Zm{XH§$ {dYm`, Amam{ÌH§$ H¥$Ëdm, e`ZmWª
{dkmß`, e`Z§ H$ma`oX²''.
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a_ñd amY`m H¥$îUŸ! e`mZmo ag^mdV:Ÿ&&89Ÿ&&
162
 (Ÿam{Ì AZdgaH$s ^mdZmŸ)
A{` d«Og{I d«O d«OdYyH$Xå~mpå~H$m-
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d¥Vñ` Z{bZmdbrà{V^Q>à^ñ` ÐwV_²Ÿ&&90Ÿ&&
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AÝ`moÝ`à^`¡dmgrX² AÝ`moÝ`ñ`mo{MVm§ewH$_²Ÿ&&91Ÿ&&
a{Vl_e`mZ`moabgbmoMZmå^moO`mo:Ÿ&&
H$b§ {H$_{n Hy$OVmoa{^_wI§ {_W: gpñ_V_²Ÿ&&
aVm“^[aVm‘>`moa² {_{bVOmZwg§dmhZoŸ&&
nXmå~wOVbm{Z _X²ö{X bwR>ÝVw amYoe`mo:Ÿ&&92Ÿ&&
Ho${blmÝVe`mZlramYmlrenXgamoOm{ZŸ&&
H¥$n`m H¥$Vm{Z _Xwa{g H$Xm Zw g§bmb{`î`o@h_²Ÿ&&93Ÿ&&
àmV: Hw $ ÄOJ¥ h mX² ~{h`© { X g_mJË` pñWVm Ëd§
^dñ`å^mo O m{j XXm{g M{d© V {_X§ MmH$m`© hñVo Z Vw Ÿ &
Vmå~y b ñ` `Xm nw Z ñV{Xh gpÀN>Ðñ` _w Š Ë`m{n M
H$m`ª qH$ gVV§ àgrX{g `{X Ëd§ ñdm{_ZrËW§ VXmŸ&&94Ÿ&&
*
(ŸgåàXm`Ho$ AZwgma gmYZ-\$bHo$ {ZX}e nyd©H$ Cng§hmaŸ)
lrdëb^mMm`©_Vo \$b§ VËàmH$Q²ç_Ìmì`{^Mm[ahoVw:Ÿ&&
ào_¡d Vpñ_Z² ZdYmoŠV^pŠV: VÌmon`moJmo@{IbgmYZmZm_²Ÿ&&95Ÿ&&
VVmo `{XÝXrdagwÝXamjrd¥Vñ` d¥ÝXmdZZpÝXVm§õo:Ÿ&&
gdm©Ë_^mdoZ gXmñ`bmñ`_ñ`m{Ze§ gmZw \$bmZw^y{V:Ÿ&&96Ÿ&&
* ""EVmdVr lrJmonrZmW{OVm§ nÕ{Vê$nm H¥${V:'' -_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:.
163
(ŸAmMm`©gdo ZŸ)
lr_XmMm`©nmXmãO§ ^doX² `ofm§ ö{X pñWa_²Ÿ&&
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AV: {nV¥nXmå^moOŸ-Ÿ^OZ§ gd©Wm _V_²Ÿ&&
CÎm_mZm{_Vmo ZmÝ`m H¥${V: H$mMZ {dÚVoŸ&&98Ÿ&&
_mZwî`àmpßVgm\$ë`§ `V² g§gma{dam{JVmŸ&
gmpÎdH$Ëdñ` gm\$ë`§ lrH¥$îUñ`mZwam{JVmŸ&&99Ÿ&&
(ŸnÄMm_¥VH$s ^mdZmŸ)
nÄMm_¥VoZ ^mdmË_Ÿ-Ÿê$noUm{V{à`oU VoŸ&
ñZmn`m{_ VV: ñZmËdm ö{X _o gwpñWamo ^dŸ&&100Ÿ&&
{à`mhmñ`à^mVwë`Ÿ-Ÿê$noU n`gm Jdm_²Ÿ&
ñZmZ§ g_mMa {d^mo H$å~wñWoZ d«OoídaŸ!Ÿ&&101Ÿ&&
am{YH$mñ`m_¥VH$aŸ-ŸMpÝÐH$m{deXoZ d¡Ÿ&
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e’pñWVoZ _YwZm ñZmËdm _wX_² AdmßZw{hŸ&&103Ÿ&&
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ñZmZ§ ñZohmË_H§$ H¥$Ëdm pñZ½YVm§ àH$Q>rHw$éŸ&&104Ÿ&&
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V`m eH©$a`m ñZmËdm àË`“moÀNy>ZVm§ d«OŸ&&105Ÿ&&
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hm ZmWŸ! hm a_UŸ! hm H$éU¡H${gÝYmoŸ!
hm H¥$îUŸ! hm n{VVnmdZŸ! XrZ~ÝYmoŸ!Ÿ&&
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164
 (ŸZm_godmŸ) (Ÿ{dkpßVŸ)
"lr~mbH¥$îUo'{V Zm_ gH$bm^rï>X§ H$bm¡Ÿ&& ËdXr`_Yw g y p ŠV{^a² d« O OZo e g“me`m
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`m àr{Va² _w{ZnpËZ^ŠVa{MVo øÌm{n Vm§ Vm§ Hw$éŸ&&4Ÿ&& Añ_ËHw $ bn{V:, Añ_{ÕV_o d H$[aî`{V''Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&
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165 166
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1
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167
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168
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169
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170
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171 172

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173
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175
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VWm ajm~ÝYZ§ àoåUm“rHw$é H¥$V§ _`mŸ&&5Ÿ&&
(ŸCËgdgodmHo$ \$bH$mo Ed§ VXW© AmMm`m©l`H$s Amdí`H$VmH$mo {Zê$nU
H$aVo ^`o àH¥$V àH$aUH$mo Cng§hmaŸ)
àË`ãX_od§ H$aUmX² CËgdmZm§ {dYmZV:Ÿ&
lr_XmMm`©_mJm}ŠVŸ-Ÿgodm`m: \$bê$nVmŸ&&6Ÿ&&
gm H$m`-dmL²>-_Zmo{^íM ÑT>àoåUm H¥$Vm gVrŸ&
ÑT>_ybr bVmdÀM d¥Õm H¥$îU§ \${bî`{VŸ&&7Ÿ&&
ì`ñV¡ñV¡: gwÑT>¡a² hrZŸ-Ÿ_Ü`-_moÎm_-^oXV:Ÿ&
H¥$Vm Ord¡: ñd_mJ©ñW¡: \${bî`Ë`wÎmamoÎma_²Ÿ&&8Ÿ&&
{nV¥nmXaOmo OmVw øwÎm_¡a² {dñ_¥V§ Z `¡:Ÿ&
Vofm_od {h _mJm}`§ \${bî`{V Z MmÝ`WmŸ&&9Ÿ&&
lrdëb^mMm`©_mJ} ñ_aUmV² godZmX² hao:Ÿ&
VËH$WmldUmV² Mm{n Z H$mbmo ~mYVo Šd{MV²Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&
d¡am½`-ào_`moJoZ ñ_aUm{X-{ÌH$mV² nwZ:Ÿ&
àgrX{V h[a: erK«§ H$mbíMmZwJwUmo ^doV²Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&
d«Oo _YwdZo Mm{n ÛmaH$m`m§ VW¡d MŸ&
Jmonrfw Hw$ãOm{Xfw M épŠ_Ê`m{Xfw `m H¥$VmŸ&&4Ÿ&&
àH$Q>mZÝXê$noU ñdH$s`m agê$nVmŸ&
àH$Q>rH¥$Ë` H¥$n`m Vm§ MoV² H$ma`Vo _{`Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&
VXm {ZamoY: gwÑT>mo Om`Vo ZmÝ`Wm Šd{MV²Ÿ&&
{ZamoYoÀNw>{^aoVmdXod àmÏ`ª ham¡ VV:Ÿ&&6Ÿ&&
AH«y$ao lwVXodo M {dXwao@WmoÕdo M `mŸ&
H¥$Vm Xmgm{n©VH¥$nm Vm§ H¥$nm§ {dVa à^moŸ!Ÿ&&7Ÿ&&
lr_XmMm`©nmXmãOŸ-ŸaoUmoa² Z ñ_aU§ Ë`OoV²Ÿ&
VÎ`mJo _hVr hm{Za² _mZwî`§ {Zî\$b§ ^doV²Ÿ&&8Ÿ&&

(Ÿ{dahmdñWm_| H$[adoH$s ^mdZmH$mo _“bmMaUnyd©H$ {Zê$nU H$aV h|Ÿ)

lrdëb^mo O`{V ^ŠV{hV¡H$~ÝYw:
Am{díMH$ma VZ`§ {H$b {dQ²R>b§ `:Ÿ&
Vñ`¡d nmX`wJb§ gVV§ Z_m{_
àoåUm VXñVw öX`o __ gd©X¡dŸ&&1Ÿ&&
177 178
 lrH¥$îUm` Z‘: qghmgZo Jmo H w $ bo e H¥ $ n`mo n {de à^mo & &11&&
lr‘X²JmonrZmWmZm§ nÚm{Z&& CXo { V g{dVm ZmW {à``m gh OmJ¥ { h&
A“rHw $ éîd ‘Ëgo d m§ ñdH$s`Ëdo Z ‘m§ d¥ U w & &12&&
Jmo { nH$mdX² {dà`mo J o H$mbjo n m` gd© W m& àgrX ny { OVmo ^ŠË`m Vw b ñ`m: {à`JÝY`m&
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^mdmË‘{dà`mo J o @ {n Z ñWmVw § eŠ`Vo `V:& ‘w I mãO‘H$aÝXmpßV-bmo ^ o Z ag^mdV:&
AV: ñdöÒV¡ : ^md¡ : ^y f `o V ² V§ ‘Zmo ‘ `‘² & &2&& n`© w n m{gV{MÎmm{Z d« O aËZm{Z Vm{Z ‘o & &14&&
eãXmW© ` mo { Z© Ë `VmdX² ^pŠVamË`pÝVH$s ham¡ & Hw $ gw ‘ mÝ`{n© V mZre àgrX ‘{` gÝVV‘² &
CXo { V lrdëb^o { V Zm‘mo À MmaU‘mÌV:&&3&& H¥ $ nmg§ ö ï>ѽd¥ ï >çm VX“rH¥ $ {Vemo { ^Z:&&15&&
ñdmW© à H$Q>go d m»`‘mJ} lrdëb^à^mo : & ñdê$nagXmZmWª {ZînrS>m~« ÷ {dÚ`m&
A“rH¥ $ Vñ` ‘o ^mo Á `§ ñdmñ`o Hw $ é hþ V meZ&&4&& `Xw p ÀN>ï>§ ‘o XXm{g H¥ $ VmWm} p ñ‘ VV: à^mo & &16&&
gm¡ X `ª {ZOöÒV§ àH${Q>V§ órJy T >^mdmË‘H$‘² & {à`mgL² H o $ VHw $ ÄOr`-d¥ j ‘y b o f w nëbd¡ : &
nw é f§ M nw Z ñVXÝVaJV§ àmdr{deV² ñd{à`o & & H¥ $ Vo f w ^mdVëno f w H« $ sS>Z² Jmo M maU§ Hw $ é&&17&&
g§ p íbï> m dw ^ `mo ~ © ^ m¡ ag‘`: H¥ $ îUmo {h VËgm{jH§ $ & {à`mZImË‘H$mXe} {dbmo Š ` dXZmå~w O ‘² &
ê$n§ VV²{ÌV`mË‘H§$ na‘{^Ü`o`§ gXm dëb^‘²&&5&& d« O mYre à‘w { XV: H¥ $ n`m ‘m§ {dbmo H $`&&18&&
n`:nÌm{X‘mÌo U ny { OVmo `: na§ nX§ & ^mdmË‘H$mñ‘X² ö X`-nËnL² H o $ eo f ê$nHo $ &
àmJo d {Xe{V àrV: g H¥ $ îU: eaU§ ‘‘&&6&& a‘ñd amY`m H¥ $ îU e`mZmo ag^mdV:&&19&&
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ñZmЩ V m{Zd¥ Ë `Wª àmo p ÄN>Vm“{d^mo ‘‘& ËdXmkßV-ñd`mJmË‘mÝZHy $ Q>ñ` g‘n© U mV² &
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{à`m“g“gå~pÝY-JÝYgå~ÝYVmo ^do V ² & `Wo Ý Ð`mJ^“ñ` ñd`mJñ` M H$maUmV² &
H$Xm{MV² H$ñ`{MX² ^mdmo øV: ñZmZ§ g‘mMa&&10&& ZÝXmXrZm‘² AZÝ`Ëd§ H¥ $ V§ ‘{` VWm Hw $ é&&23&&
^mdmË‘H$V`m Šb¥ ß V-ñdmo Î mar`mË‘H$mgZo & g‘w ë bg{V H$L² H x $ ‘Nw > [aVnw î n‘mbm§ `Xm

179 180
 XXm{g h{gVm gVr gpI H¥ $ nmH$Q>mj¡ ‘ w © X m& lrJmonrZmWà^wMaU {da{MV
g‘rj{g `Xm d{Xî`{g ‘w X m VXmh§ VXm- && gm¡ÝX`©nÚ &&
Ë‘Vm‘{n {h ‘w p ŠVVmo ß `{YH$Vw À N> ‘ w p ŠV§ ~« w d o & &24&&
`Xm gpI a{Vlw { Và{WV~ÝYarË`m a‘ÝË` gm¡ Ý X`ª {ZOöX² J V§ àH${Q>V§ órJy T >^mdmË‘H§ $
{Vl‘Oera§ ñ‘a{g ‘m§ g‘rú` {à`§ & & nw w § ê $nÄM nw Z ñVXÝVJ© V § àmdr{deV² ñd{à`o &
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gw a o e gXZ§ Z dm ^dVw ‘mo j Ef ñ’w $ Q>‘² & &25&& ê$n§ VV² {ÌV`mË‘H§ $ na‘{^Ü`o ` § gXm dëb^‘² & &
Z ‘o H$ñ`mnrßgm {ÌOJ{V dardË`© { Vna§ -
pËdX§ Ëdo H § $ {Vð>Ë`{V ‘‘ ‘Zñ`m{b gVV‘² & & {ZO=AnZo H¥$îU:=lrH¥$îU
{MaàmÏ`ª `Ëñd§ d« O n{Vgw V ñVpËà`V‘m& (H¥$îU)öX²JV§=öX`‘| aho^`o ~^m¡=emo^m`‘mZ ^`o
‘w X m amYm Mmo ^ m¡ ‘ËH¥ $ V{ZHw $ ÄOo f w a‘U‘² & &26&& órJyT>^mdmË‘H§$=JyT> ór ^mdmË‘H$ {h=`mgy§
àH${Q>V§=àH$Q> (Vñ‘mV² H$maUmV²)
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nwZ:=’o$[a ê$n§=ê$n
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(EVËnÚmZm‘² EH$nwñVH$V: emo{YËdmV² emoYZm{XH$m`ª Ho$fmpÄMV² íbmoH$mZm§ ‘‘ g§píbï>m¡=g§`moJ ^`ogy§ A{^Ü`o`§=Ü`mZ H$aZm|
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‘wÐUÝVw Adí`§ d¡îUdmZm§ ’$bàX‘² BË`V: Vm{Z ‘`m àH$mí`ÝVo. AÌ {dÚ‘mZm ag‘`:=agmË‘H$
`m: H$míMZ AewÕ`: Vm: gmåàXm{`H${dÛm§g: àmMrZnwñVH$V: emoY{`Ëdm ‘m§
kmn{`î`pÝV B{V àmW©`o@h‘²).

181 182
^mdmW© : gd©ag^moŠVm lrH¥$îUHo$ ^rVa AnZo ñdê$nmZÝXHo$ XmZmW© EH$ Jy‹T>
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brbmHo$ n[aH$a Ego gmjr^yV ñdê$nH$mo nmÌV`m Adbå~Z H$aV ho. gmo `m
agbrbm‘| CÀN>{bV Jy‹T> ^mdmË‘H$, ^JdËgm¡ÝX`© VWm ñdm{‘Zrgm¡ÝX`© Ho$
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(2) Jy‹T> nw§(^moŠV¥)^md VWm
(3) gm{j^md
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`mo½` ho&&9&&
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gmo `m íbmoH$‘| ‘hmà^wHo$ Ego ñdê$nH$mo dU©Z lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUZo {H$`mo ho.
gmo H$mhoV| Omo à‘mUHo$ {~Zm à‘o` {gÕ hmoV Zmqh. Vog| ‘hmà^w `{X àH$Q> Z
hmodVo Vmo nw{ï>^pŠV^mdH$mo Adbå~Z ~{Zdodmao lrH¥$îUH$mo Egmo Jy‹T> gm¡ÝX`©hþ
nw{ï>OrdZ²Ho$ H$mO àH$Q> Z hmoVmo.
H$Nw>H$ nmI§S>r Ord `m íbmoH$‘| d{U©V ‘hmà^wH$s {ÌV`mË‘H$VmHo$ ì`mOV|
lrH¥$îUH$s AZÝ`^pŠVHo$ ‘hmà^yZ²Ho$ CnXoegm| AnZmo àÀN>ÝZ Ûof àH$Q> H$[a
XoV h|:Omo lrH¥$îUH$mo ‘ybê$n Vmo EH$mË‘H$ ho Aé {ÌV`mË‘H$ hmo`doV| ^OZmW©
CËH¥$ï>Va ñdê$n Vmo lr‘hmà^wZ²H$mo ho. gmo Ego lr‘hmà^yZ²Ho$ àÀN>ÝZ Ûofr
183
OZZ²Ho$ nmIÊS>H$mo IÊS>Z `mhr íbmoH$V| ˆo OmV ho Omo {ÌV`mË‘H$ ê$n Vmo
Ho$db Ü`mZ H$[adoHo$ H$mO ho godmHo$ H$mO Zmqh
bmoH$‘| Oogo H$moC H$Nw>H$ Y‘m©MaU qH$dm AY‘m©MaU H$aV hmo` Vhm§ Omo
gmjr ~{Z R>m‹S>mo aho VmH$m|hþ Y‘© AWdm AY‘© H$mo H$Nw> ’$bboe hmoV ho. n[a
‘w»` ’$b Vmo Y‘©H$Vm© AWdm AY‘©H$Vm© H$m|{h {‘bV ho. n[a dmHo$ Y‘m©MaU
qH$dm AY‘m©MaU H$mo Omo gmjr ~ZV ho gmo à‘mU Vmo ‘mÝ`mo OmV ho. VogoB©
ñdm{‘ZrOr‘| àH$Q>-^mo½`^md Aé JyT>-^moŠV¥^md A§er^yV ho VmHo$ A§e^yV
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àH$Q>‘| ^moŠV¥^mdmË‘H$ n[a Jy‹T>V`m ^mo½`^mdmË‘H$ lrH¥$îUHo$ ñdê$nmZÝXH$mo
XmZ H$[adodmao nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJ©H$mo CnXoe {H$`mo.
V~ lrH¥$îUH$s nw{ï>^pŠVHo$ AmnHo$ CnXoegm| Ûof H$[adodmaoZ²H$s Amoa H$Nw>
Vmo Mbr Zmqh. V~ lrH¥$îU^OZVo nw{ï>OrdH$mo {d‘wI H$[ado lr‘hmà^yZ²H$s
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Vmo Amn Vm Jy‹T>^mdZ²Ho$ gmjrê$n-à‘mUê$n hr h|- H$Ny> AY©ZaZmar Oogo ê$nVo
Amn àH$Q> Zmht ^`o h|. gmo ""X¡dmoÕmaà`ËZmË‘m... ^pŠV‘mJm©ãO‘mV©ÊS>:...
A“rH¥$Ë`¡d Jmonredëb^rH¥$V‘mZd:... gmpÝZÜ`‘mÌXÎmlrH¥$îUào‘m...
^ŠË`mMmamo n Xo ï >m... ^w { d ^pŠVàMma¡ H $H¥ $ Vo ñdmÝd`H¥ $ V² . ..
VËH$Wm{jßV{MÎm: V{Ûñ‘¥ V mÝ`:'' Zm‘Z² V | {gÕ hmo V ho Omo Amn
nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJm©Mm`© h|. Vmgm| Omo Ord AmnHo$ CnXoemZwgma lrH¥$îU^pŠV Zmqh
H$aV h| {VZH$m| X¡dr Z OmZZmo. gmo H$mhoVo Omo gy`m}X`H$mo àH$me hmoVhr H$‘bH$mo
’y$b Vmo pI{b OmV ho n[a amÌrHo$ AÝYH$ma‘| pI{bdodmao ’y$b ‘waPmdZ² bmJV
184
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pI{b OmV h| n[a AmgwarZ²Ho$ AÝYH$mar ’y$b ‘waPmdZ² bmJV h|. gmo H$mhoV| Omo
Amn Om OrdH$mo A“rH$ma H$aV h| dmH$m| Vmo AmnH$mo gmpÝZÜ` {‘bV ho. Aé
OmH$m| AmnH$mo gm§Mmo gmpÝZÜ` {‘bV ho Vm‘| A{dbå~ lrH¥$îUào‘hþ àH$Q> ˆo
OmV ho. gmo dmohþ Ord Jmonrn{V lrH¥$îUH$m| dëb^g‘ bmJV ho. `mhr à`moOZV|
Vmo AmnZo AnZr dmUr Aé d§eOhþ àH$Q> {H$`o Omo nw{ï>Ord nw{ï>à^wH$o ñdê$nmZÝXHo$
AZw^d‘| godm-H$WmH$s àUmbrgm| Am{jßV{MÎm hmo`Ho$ AÝ` g~ H$Nw>H$m| {dñ‘¥V && lrH¥$îUmo {dO`Vo &&
H$[a Xod|. Vmgm| Omo Ord AmnHo$ CnXoemZwgma nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJ©no MbV Zmqh VmH$m| && lr‘XmMm`©MaUH$‘boä`mo Z‘: &&
lr‘hmà^whþ {~gmar XoV h|, `h Ñ‹T> H$[a OmZZm|. `m‘| ZmXg¥{ï> AWdm {~ÝXwg¥{ï>
H$mo H$Nw> ^oX^md Zmqh ho&& lr‘X²JmonrZmWà^wMaUmZm§ OÝ‘Hw$ÊS>br
&& Ego Jmoñdm‘r lrXr{jVmË‘O í`m‘ ‘Zmoha Ûmam {da{MV {MÝVmgÝVmZhÝVmamo `ËnmXmå~wOaoUd:&
gm¡ÝX`©nÚH$s ì`m»`m gånyU© ^B© &&
ñdr`mZm§ VmZ² {ZOmMm`m©Z² àU‘m{‘ ‘whþa² ‘whþ:&&
`XZwJ«hVmo OÝVw: gd©Xw:Im{VJmo ^doV²&
V‘h§ gd©Xm dÝXo lr‘X²dëb^ZÝXZ‘²&&

ñdpñV lrZ¥ n {dH« $ ‘mH© $ g‘`mVrV g§ d V² 1567 X{jUm`Zo eaÑVm¡

‘hm‘m“ë`àX‘mgmoÎm‘o‘mgo ^mÐnX‘mgo H¥$îUnjo {VWm¡ 12 MÝÐo nwî`ZjÌo nX²‘`moJo
H$m¡bdU} Ed§ nÄMm“ewÕm¡ AÌ {XZo ew^g‘`o gd©Jh« mZwH$y ë`o lr‘XmMm`©‘hmà^yUm§
Joho lr‘X²JmonrZmWmZm§ àmH$Q>瑲 A^yV². VÚWm {dídmoÕmaH¥$Vo ñ’w$Q>mo A^dX² Bh
lrJmonrZmWm{^Y:. ew^§ ^dVw. d§emo {dñVaVm§ `mVw.

185 186

Ad©shQ_phgu
(1)Å¡ L$V$p¡fu (rNfrh) ^qfL¡$ kpdN°u ApC kp¡ sp¡ cp¡N îuW$pLy$fÆ Ap`
lu L¡$ ÖìeL$p¡ Apfp¡N¡ kp¡ Ap` lu L$p¡ cep¡. Å¡ îuW$pLy$fÆL$p¡ Öìe MpeNp¡ kp¡ d¡fp¡
_pl] Afy d¡fp¡ k¡hL$ cNhv$ue lp¡eNp¡ kp¡ v¡$hÖìe L$blw„ _ MpeNp¡. Å¡ MpeNp¡
kp¡ dlp`rss lp¡eNp¡. sps¡ hp âkpv$d¢s¡ cp¡S>_ L$qfh¡L$p¡ A`_p¡ Ar^L$pf _ lsp¡;
epL¡$rgA¡ Np¡A_L$p¢ Mhpep¡ Afy îuedy_pÆd¢ `^fpep¡(el kyr_L¡$ kb h¥óZh
Qy` lp¡e fl¡).
(dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®—:—Ofyhpsp®-3).
(2)^_ rh._u L$pd_pAp¡_¡ `|Z® L$fhpdpV¡$ S>¡ ipõÓrhrls îhZ-L$us®_-
AQ®_ rh. L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡hp A_y›$p__¡ L$dd® pN}e ÅZhy.„ `p¡sp_u
ApÆrhL$p QgphhpdpV¡$ Å¡ îhZ-L$us®_-AQ®_ rhN¡f¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ lp¡e sp¡
s¡d_¡ sp¡ L©$rj_u dpaL$ "gp¥qL$L$ L$d'® S> L$lh¡ p. ÅS>ê$ S>C_¡ dgânpg_p\® N„NpS>g
hp`fhp S>¡hy„ s¡ r_rjv¹$^ ApQfZ R>¡; A_¡ Aphp vy$óL©$Ðe_¡ L$pfZ¡ `p`S> gpNsy„
lp¡e R>¡.
(îurh£g_p\—âcyQfZ—:—c[¼sl„k).
(3)A`_¡ k¡ìe õhê$`L$u k¡hp Ap`ylu L$f_u. Ap¡f DÐkhpqv$ kde
A_ykpf, A`_¡ rhÑ A_ykpf, h÷-Apc|jZ cp„rs-cp„rsL¡$ d_p¡f\ L$qf kpdN°u
L$f_u.
(îuNp¡Ly$g_p\Æ-Qsy\£i—:—24 hQ_pd©s).
(4)S>b k„sv$pkL$p¡ kNfp¡ Öìe Nep¡ sb îuW$pLy$fÆL$u k¡hpd¢ d„X$p_
îuW$pLy$fÆL¡$ Öìekp¢ fpM¡ Ap¡f îuW$pLy$fÆL¡$ Öìed¢s¡ Qp¡buk V$L$p `|„Æ L$qf L$p¡X$u
b¡Qs¡. kp¡ îuW$pLy$fÆL$u `|„Æd¢s¡ sp¡ L$prkv$L$p¡ qv$ep¡ _ ÅC kp¡ L$dpCL$p¡ V$L$p qv$e¡.
sb C_L$u dS|>fuL$p¡ fpS>cp¡N _ cep¡ kp¡ dlpâkpv$ lw _ rgep¡. V$L$pL¡$ Q|_L$p¡
Þepfp¡ cp¡N Ofs¡ kp¡ fpS>cp¡N Å_s¡=dlpâkpv$—g¡s¡; Ap¡f r_ÐeL$p¡ _¡N blp¡s
îuW$pLy$fÆL¡$ Öìekp¢ lp¡sp¡. sps¡ Ap`y_u fpS>cp¡NL$u k¡hp rkv¹$^ _ cC (Å_¡).
1 2
L$prkv$L$p¡ qv$e¡ kp¡ _pfpeZv$pkL$p¢ rgM¡ Å¡ syçlpfu âcysps¢ A¡L$ qv$_ fpS>cp¡NL$p¡
_pNp `ep£ Å¡ d¡fu kÑpL$p¡ cp¡N _ ^ep£—! ep âL$pf kÞsv$pk rhh¡L$^¥ep®îeL$p¡
ê$` qv$Mpe¡. rhh¡L$ el Å¡—=—îuNykp„CÆL$p¡ lw„X$u `W$pC—••—Ap`y_u k¡hp _ cC,
fpS>cp¡NL$p¡ _pNp, dp_¡. ^¥e® el Å¡—=—îuW$pLy$fÆL¡$ ÖìeL$p¡ Mp_`p_ _ qL$e.¡ Apîe
el Å¡—=—d_d¢ Ap_„v$ `pe¡—••—vy$:M¼g¡i _ `pe¡.
(îulqffpeÆ-[v¹$h$sue¡i—:—cphâL$pi.84 h¥óZhhpsp®-76).
(5)`pqfîrdL$ (Þep¡R>phf-c¡V$-`Npf-dS|>fu) sfuL¡$ rhÑ Ap`u_¡ buÅ
L$p¡C `pk¡\u k¡hp L$fphhpdp„ Aphsu lp¡e sp¡ s¡\u rQÑdp„ Al„L$pf h^¡ `Z rQÑ
L$qv$ cNhp_¹dp„ Qp¢V¡$ _l]. Å¡ cNhÐk¡hp L$fhpdpV¡$ buÅ `pk¡\u `pqfîrdL$
^_ g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Np¡f-dlpfpS>_¡ S>¡d eoepN_y„ am _ dm¡ `Z eS>dp__¡S>
dm¡ s¡hu fus¡ k¡hpL$sp®_u `Z cNhÐk¡hp r_óag Åe. v$rnZp Ap`u_¡ eS>dp_,
Np¡f-dlpfpS>v¹$hpfp, S>¡d eoepN L$fph¡ s¡d cNhÐk¡hp (lpgdp„ S>¡d h¥óZhp¡
c¡V$-kpdN°u-d_p¡f\p¡ _p¢^phu_¢ Np¡õhprd-dlpfpÅ¡v¹$hpfp L$fph¡ R>¡ s¡d—:—
A_yhpv$L$) L$fphu g¡hpdp„ ip¡ hp„^p¡—? L$d®dpN®dp„ s¡h„y L$fhp_y„ ip÷dp„ L$üy„ lp¡hp\u
s¡d L$fu iL$pe R>¡. c[¼sdpN®dp„, `f„sy, s¡hu rhr^ D`v¡$ipe¡gu _ lp¡hp\u, Aphu
fus¡ ^_ Ap`u_¡ cNhÐk¡hp L$fphhu _l]. c[¼sdpN®dp„ sp¡ cNhvy$¼s âL$pf¡—
(`p¡sp_p s_-d_-^_\u `p¡sp_p Of¡ `p¡sp_p `qfhpfS>_p¡_p klep¡N\u)—S>
cNhÐk¡hp L$fhu Å¡CA¡.
(kyfsõ\—3/2—N©lpr^`rs—îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ—:—rkÙp„.dy¼sp.rhh©.âL$p.2)
(6)""—AÓ N©lõ\p_-rh^p_¡_, õhN©lpr^r›$s-õhê$`-cS>_-`qfÐepN¡_
AÞeÓ sÐL$fZ¡ c[¼s: _ chrs, Crs k|rQs„ chrs—:—Al]ep„ k¡hp¡`ep¡Nu õ\p_
sfuL¡$ Of_y„ rh^p_ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡\u, Å¡ `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ rbfpS>sp âcy_y„
cS>_ R>p¡X$u_¡ buS>¡ L$i¡—cS>_ (—c¡V$-kpdN°u-d_p¡f\-Tp„Muê$`¡—)—L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
sp¡ c[¼s \C—_ L$l¡hpe''.
(îuhëgcpÐdS>-îubpgL©$óZÆ—:—c[¼shr^®.ìep.2).
 (7)S>¡ îuhëgcLy$m R>¡ s¡ `p¡s_p k¡ìeõhê$` D`f L¡$hp¡ õ_¡l fpM¡ R>¡ L¡$
A¡L$ bpSy> Öìe_p¡ Y$Ngp¡ L$fp¡ A_¡ A¡L$ bpSy> îuW$pL$pf¡ Æ_¡ `^fphp¡ sp¡ îuhëgcLy$m
A¡ Öìe kpdy„ Å¡i¡ `Z _rl; A_¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ Arsõ_¡l L$fu `^fphu g¡i¡.
`Z S>¡ Ap L$rm_p¡ Æh R>¡ s¡_¡ sp¡ Öìe OÏ„ râe R>¡. dpV¡$ s¡ sp¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ kpdy„
Å¡i¡ _rl. A_¡ L¡$hm h¥ch kpdy„ Å¡i¡ A_¡ sfs dp¡l `pdi¡...
(îudËz$Æ dlpfpS>_p„ 32 hQ_pd©sp¡—:—5).
(8)gp¥qL$L$ L$pd_pAp¡_¡ `|Z® L$fhp_u BÃR>p\u S>¡ cNhv¹$cS>_d¢ âh©Ñ \pe
R>¡ s¡ v$f¡L$ âL$pf¡ ¼g¡i `pd¡ R>¡. s¡\u, L„$CL$ c¡V$-kpdN°u dmu fl¡ s¡hu L$pd_p\u
S>¡ k¡hp hN¡f¡ L$f¡ s¡ `pM„X$u A_¡ v¡$hgL$ L$l¡hpe R>¡.
(îu_©tklgpgÆ dlpfpS>—:—rkv¹$^p.dy¼sp.V$u.ígp¡.16-17).
(9)îuDv$e`yf v$fbpf_¡ Apiuhp®v$. Ap\u S>Zphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ d¢ õ\phf-
S>„Nd k„`rÑ_p Apr\®L$ s\p dprgL$ue hrlhV$ A„N¡, d_¡ kgpl Ap`hpdpV¡$,
ep¡Áe ìe[¼sAp¡_u A¡L$ krdrs_u _udZ|L$ L$fu R>¡. k¡hp rhN¡f¡ bpbsdp„ `yfps_
s¡dS> âhs®dp_ âZpgu_p A_ykpf L$pe® L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡. s\p Å¡ `yfps_
`f„`fp_p¡ bp^ _ \sp¡ lp¡e A_¡ krdrs Å¡ L$p¡C ky^pfp_u CÃR>p fpMsu lp¡e
sp¡ s¡ ky^pfpAp¡ õhuL$pfhpdp„ Aphi¡. s\p îuW$pLy$fÆ_y„ Öìe Adpfp ìe[¼sNs
h`fpidp„ _l] Aph¡, S>¡hu L¡$ `f„`fp ApS>¡ `Z R>¡; A_¡ s¡_¡ Åmhhpdp„ Aphi¡.
s¡ R>sp„ `Z dpfp hX$hpAp¡_p kde\u Qpëep Aphsp„ dpfp dprgL$u_p lL¹$L$p¡
s¡S> âdpZ¡ L$ped fl¡i¡. Ap dyS>bS> S>dp-D^pf_u _p¢^p¡ `Z s¡-s¡ Mpspdp„
Qpgy fl¡i¡, S>¡ dyS>b Qpgy Mpspdp„ lpg _p¢^pC füy„ R>¡.
(r_.gu.Np¡õhprdrsgL$pres îuNp¡h^®_gpgÆ dlpfpS>—:—X¡$¼g¡f¡i_ rdrs—
••—cpÖ-iy¼gp `„Qdu k„.1989—=—sp.`-9-1932).
(10)dlpfpS>_¡ S>¡ AphL$ h¥óZhp¡ rhN¡fd¡ p„\u Aph¡ s¡dp\u Of-MfQ sfuL¡$
W$pL$pf¡ Æ_p¡ MfQ dlpfpS> Qgph¡ R>¡. W$pL$pf¡ Æ_¡dpV¡$ õ\phf L¡$ S>„Nd AdyL$ rdëL$s
Sy>v$u L$pY$u s¡dp„\u MfQ Qgphsp _\u. W$pL$p¡fÆ_p h¥ch_p¡, cp¡N_p¡, Apc|jZ-
h÷ rhN¡f¡_p¡ MfQp¡ dlpfpS> L$f¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_u AphL$D`f A¡ kfh¡ MfQ L$f¡ R>¡...
3 4
W$pL$p¡fÆ_u kÞdyM c¡V$ ^fu iL$psu _\u...W$pL$p¡fÆ_u c¡V$ v¡$hd„qv$fdp„S> dp¡L$ghu
`X¡$. dlpfpS>\u s¡ c¡V$_p¡ D`ep¡N \C iL¡$—_rl.
(r_.gu. Adf¡guhpmp îuhpNuigpgÆ_p Apd-dyMÐepf—:— NpeL$hpX$u
hX$p¡v$fp fpÄe_u L$p¡V®$dp Sy>bp_u).
(11)S>¡hu fus¡ Adpfp `|h®`yfyjp¡ `p¡s¡ Ap`Zp ^d®_y„ kÐe õhê$` s\p
iyÙpÜ¥srkÙp„s k„`Z
| f® us¡ kdÆ_¡ h¥óZh^d®_p¡ e\p\® D`v¡$i gp¡L$p_¡ ¡ L$fsp„ lsp;
A_¡ hQgp L$pmdp, S>¡ k„`rÑ rhN¡f¡ L$pfZp¡\u Ad¡ OZ¡ v$fS>S>¡ R>p¡X$u v$u^p¡ R>¡,
s¡\u OZp Mfp„ gp¡L$p¡_¡ kp^pfZ k¡hp A_¡ L$p¡fu rhÑÅ c[¼s_y„S> ê$qY$ A_ykpf
op_ füy„ R>¡.
(r_.gu.îuv¡$hL$u_Þv$_pQpe®Æ-`„Qd¡i—:—"Apîe'A¡râg87).
(12)Ap`Zp¡ âdyM rkÙpÞs R>¡ "Akdr`®s_p¡ ÐepN'. DÑd D`pe sp¡
s¡ S> R>¡ L¡$ Ofdp„ S>¡ `Z fkp¡C b_¡ s¡ âcy_¡ cp¡N ^fu_¡ `R>u S> dlpâkpv$
g¡hp¡. ... Äep„ ky^u Akdr`®s_p¡ ÐepN _l] \pe Ðep„ ky^u byrÙ DÑd _l]
b_¡. kp_ycphsp ¼epf¡ rkÙ \C iL¡$—? Äepf¡ Ap`Zu byrÙ r_d®m b_¡. ...ApS>¡
Ap`Z¡ (Ofdp„ rbfpS>sp k¡ìe) lufp_¡ `pfMu _\u iL$sp. kpQp lufp_¡ Th¡fu
S> `pfMu iL¡$. [õ\rs L¡$hu R>¡ L¡$ Ap`Z¡ Mp¡V$p lufp_¡ kpQp¡ dp_u_¡ s¡_u `pR>m
(lh¡gu-d[Þv$fp¡dp„—?) cpNu füp R>uA¡. îudlpâcyÆA¡ sp¡ r_r^ê$`u kpQp¡ lufp¡
S> Ap`Z_¡ Apàep¡ R>¡. cNhp_¹ Nuspdp„ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ ""qv$ìe„ v$v$prd s¡ Qny: `íe
d¡ ep¡Nduíhfd¹''. cNhp__¡ Ap¡mMhpdpV¡$ sp¡ qv$ìesp âpàs \hu Å¡CA¡. qv$ìesp
S> ApÐdbm R>¡. ... s¡\u dpfp¡ sp¡ Ap` gp¡L$p\¡ u kpN°l A_yfp¡^ R>¡ L¡$ ApÐdbm_¡
âpàs L$fhpdpV¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ L„$CL$ v¥$r_L$ r_ed b_php¡. jp¡X$iN°Þ\_p `pW$_p¡ r_ed
gp¡...
(r_.gu.Np¡. îurNqf^fgpgÆ dlpfpS>, BÞv$p¥f-_p\Üpfp, rÜsueN©^ui—
:— îudv¹$hëgc A_¡ îulqffpeÆ Æh_v$i®_, cpN-2, hQ_pd©s 7—dy„, `©›$—
124).
 (13)hL$ug—:—Å¡ `yrô$dpN}e, L$p¡C`Z, d„qv$fdp„ h¥óZhp¡ îuW$pLy$fÆ_u k¡hp
s¡dS> _¡N-cp¡NdpV¡$ A_¡ îuW$pLy$fÆ_u k¡hp_p _cphdpV¡$ c¡V$ rhN¡f¡ Ap`u
rhÑÅk¡hp L$fsp lp¡e sp¡ A_¡ s¡ d„qv$fdp„ s_yÅk¡hp L$fsp lp¡e sp¡ s¡ d„qv$f
`yrô$dpN}e _\u A¡d Ap`_y„ L$lh¡ „y R>¡—?
`|.`p.dlpfpS>îu—:—`yrô$dpN}e h¥óZhp¡_u s_yÅ L¡$ rhÑÅ k¡hp õhs„Ó
L$fhp_u âr¾$ep _\u A_¡ s¡hu k¡hp L$f¡ sp¡—s¡ kp„âv$preL$ d„qv$f _—L$l¡hpe.
(r_.gu.Np¡õhpdu îuh°S>fÐ_gpgÆ dlpfpS> kyfsõ\—3/2 N©lp^ui—:—
Sy>bp_u, _qX$epv$_p L¡$kdp„).
(14)...s¡huS> fus¡ Ap`Z¡ Ðep„ kÞdyMc¡V$ \pe R>¡ s¡ `Z v¡$hÖìe R>¡;
A_¡ s¡ kpdN°u_p L$pddp„ _\u Aphsu. îuNp¡Ly$g_p\Æ A_¡ îuQÞÖdpÆ _p
Ofdp„ lÆ Ap r_ed_y„ `pg_ \pe R>¡. Ðep„ S>¡ kÞdyMc¡V$ \pe s¡ L$us®r_ep¡
gC Åe R>¡. A¡ L$us®r_ep¡ dlphr_ep¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ hëgcLy$g_p¡, edy_pÆ_p¡ Np¡f
lp¡e R>¡. buÅ¡ s¡_y„ A_yL$fZ L$f¡ s¡ Mp¡Vy„$...Ad¡ îu_p\Æ ANpX$u S>¡ kÞdyMc¡V$
^fuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡ îudlpâcyÆ_u `pvy$L$pÆ_¡ ^fuA¡ R>uA¡ R>sp„ s¡ Ag„L$pfpqv$L$dp„
h`fpe R>¡ , kpdN° u dp„ _rl. kÞdy M c¡ V $ ^fhpdp„ OZp¡ A_pQpf \pe
R>¡...îuW$pL$p¡fÆ-r_rdÑ¡ L$p„C d„Npe _l] L¡$ L$p„C A`pe _l]. A¡ fus¡ Aph¡g
Öìe v¡$hÖìe b_¡...s¡ g¡_pf_u by[v¹$^$ bNX¹$ép hNf _ fl¡.
(r_.gu.îufZR>p¡X$gpgÆ, fpS>_Nf_p hQ_pd©s=484-87).
(14/L$)h¥óZhp¡_u `pk¡ S>¡ L$p„C `fd `v$p\® R>¡, s¡_y„ A[õsÐh ApS>_pS>
iyc qv$__¡ Apcpfu R>¡. L$pm_u cujZsp A_¡ `qf[õ\rs_u rhjdsp_p AÐe„s
rhL$V$ eyNdp„ îudÐâcyQfZ_p qv$ìe rkv¹$^p„sp¡D`f AV$g fl¡hpdp„S> ÆhdpÓ_y„
A¥rlL$ A_¡ `pfgp¥qL$L$ L$ëepZ fl¡g„y R>¡. AÞepîe_p¡ ÐepN A¡ cph_pD`f S>Ns_p
Æhp¡ ×Y$ fl¡ sp¡, S>¡ h¥óZh lh¡guAp¡_p h¥chp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ h¥óZhp¡ Ofk¡hp c|gu
Nep lsp, k„Å¡Nhips¹ s¡ lh¡guAp¡dp„ îu_p v$i®_ ApS>¡ b„^ \sp„ h¥óZhp¡_p
Of îuW$pLy$fÆ_u k¡hp\u qL$ëgp¡gsp \i¡. A¡ gpc k„âv$pe A_¡ k„âv$peuAp¡ dpV¡$
_p_p¡k|_p¡ _\u. Cðf¡ÃR>p AL$m R>¡. d_¡ îv¹$^p R>¡ L¡$ Ap ApL$fu L$kp¡V$udp„\u
Ap`Ï„ kh®_y„ î¡eS> k^_pê„$ R>¡.
5 6
(14/M)d¡f¡ A_yepeuAp¢L$p¡ v$p¡ âL$pfk¡ v$unp v¡$sp lw„. â\d L„$W$u bp„^_p
s\p v|$kfu b°ûkçbÞ^v$unp v¡$_p. L„$W$u bp„^_p kp^pfZ h¥óZhp¢L$p¡ lu v$u Åsu
l¥. s\p b°ûkçbÞ^ rhi¡jê$`k¡ D_ A_yepeuAp¢L$p¡ Å¡ k¡hpd¢ rhi¡jê$`k¡ bY$_p
Qpls¡ l¦. `l¡gu v$unpL$p¡ "ifZ-v$unp' L$ls¡ l¦ s\p v|$kfu v$unpL$p¡ "ApÐdr_h¡v$_'
L$ls¡ l¦. ifZ v$unpd¢ h¥óZh rka® _pdõdfZ L$f_¡L$p lu Ar^L$pfu l¥. sp¡
k¡hphpg¡ h¥óZhL$p¡ b°ûkçbÞ^v$unp g¡_¡L¡$ bpv$ lu Ar^L$pf lp¡sp l¥.
b°ûkçbÞ^hpgp h¥óZh A`_¡ Ofd¢ lu k¡hpL$p Ar^L$pfu lp¡sp—l¥... ld õhê$`L$u
k¡hp _Þv$pgeL$u cph_pk¡ L$fs¡ l¥. Ckrge¡ ld—kpsp¢L¡$ kps `yÓp¢L¡$ Of "Of' lu
L$lgps¢ l¦ Ap¥f ldpfp Of "sukfp-Of' L$lgpsp l¥ Ap¥f ldpf¡ OfL$u k©rô$ "sukf¡
OfL$u k©rô$' L$lgpsu—l¥.
(14/N) îuApQpe®QfZ_p rkÙpÞsp¡dp„ cNhs¹ kçbÞ^ A_¡ cNhs¹
k¡hp _¡ S> â^p_sp Ap`hpdp„ Aphu lsu. bpv$dp„ `qfgrns \pe R>¡ L¡$ Apdp„
`Z L„$CL$ A„sf Aphu Ney.„ ... îuApQpe®QfZ_p _¡ îuâcyQfZ_p k¡hL$p,¡ Ap`Z¡
Å¡CA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ kh® âL$pf_p„ R>¡. A¡h„y _\u L¡$ AdyL$ rhriô$ ìe[¼s S> cNhÐk¡hp_¡
ep¡Áe lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡ AdyL$ `qf[õ\rsdp„ S> cNhÐk¡hp \C iL¡$ R>¡. Aphp¡
L$p¡C S> Dëg¡M _\u dmsp¡. A_¡L$ âL$pf_p Æhp¡ cNhÐk¡hp L$fsp lsp. S>¡dp„
õdip_hpku, h¡íep hN¡f¡\u gC_¡ kpfp rhÜp_¹ b°pûZp¡ `Z lsp. ApS>_p
kdedp„, d_¡ A¡h„y âsus \pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap`Z¡ s¡ QqfÓ_¡ c|gu A_¡ `pR>m\u dy¿e
b_¡gp L¡$hm cphpÐdê$`_¡ gC b¡W$p R>uA¡ L¡$ S>¡ ApS>¡ `Z h¥óZhp¡dp„ âQrgs
R>¡. ... lz„ dp_y„ Ry>„ L¡$ QqfÓp¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp„ rkÙpÞsp¡_u AphíeL$sp fl¡ R>¡.
(r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°S>c|jZgpgÆ dlpfpS> s©sue¡i—:—15/L$—:—sp.24-12-
48—_p qv$_¡ dyb „ C_p h¥óZhp¡_u Ål¡f—kcpdp„ îudÐâcyQfZ_p âpL$V$ép¡Ðkhâk„N¡
AÝenõ\p_¡\u L$fg¡ hQ_pd©s "h¥íhp_f' A„L$-31 k_¹-48—::—15/M—:—bep_
d|rs®bp L$pep®. klp. L$rd. v¡$hõ\p_rhcpN M„X$ Dv$e`yf A¡h„ L$pV¡ $p bS>qfe¡ L$rdi_
dy.L$p„L$fp¡gu. apCg k„¿ep.1-4-64. îuv¹$hpfL$p^uid„qv$f qv$_p„L$ 7/11/65—::—
15/N—:—îudv¹$hëgc A_¡ îulqffpeÆ Æh_v$i®_, cpN-2, hQ_pd©s 20—
dy„, `©›$—146,149).
(15 )ApS> dyT¡ A`_¡ ùv$eL¡$ D•pf L$l_¡ v$p,¡ d¡fp ùv$e S>g flp l¥, d„qv$fp¡d¢
Öìek„N°lL$u âh©rÑ dpÓ fl NC l¡ Ap¡f hlu A_\p£L$u S>X$ l¥. A¥k¡ d„qv$fp¡L¡$
A[õsÐhk¡ L$p¡C gpc _l]. ldpfp k„âv$pe kpdyrlL$ _l] h¥e[¼sL$ l¥. kph®L$prgL$
s\p kph®v¡$riL$ Ahíe l¥ `f„sy kph®S>r_L$ _l]. ""—L$fs L©$`p r_S> v¥$hu Æh_`f—
'' Ck D[¼sd¢ "r_S>' iåv$L$p âep¡N qL$ep Nep l¥. v¥$hu Æh L$l] cu lp¡ kL$s¡
l¦ `f„sy kph®S>r_L$ ê$`k¡ _l]. ApS> ld "`yrô$'L$p _pd g¡_¡L¡$ cu Ar^L$pfu _l]
l¦—! ldpf¡ d„qv$f L$lp„ l¦—! ApS>L$p ldpfp Æh_ Qphp®L$-Æh_ lp¡ flp l¥. ¼ep
ld, ApS> rS>k âL$pfL$p k„âv$pe l¥, Dk¡ rS>hp_p Qpls¡ l¦—? eqv$ kÃQ¡ k„âv$peL$p¡
Qpls¡ lp¡ sp¡ õhê$`k¡hp Of-Ofd¢ `^fpAp¡ A¡h„ _pdk¡hp`f cpf f¿Mp¡...c[¼sL$u
âp[às õhN©lp¡d¢ k¡hp L$f_¡k¡ lu lp¡Nu. ApS>L¡$ C_ d„qv$fp¡k¡ L$p¡C gpc _l] l¥,
¼ep¢qL$ C_d¢ Öìek„N°lL$u â^p_sp ApNeu l¥ Ap¥f S>lp„ Öìe CL$Ì$p lp¡sp l¥ hl]
A_\® lp¡s¡ l¦. ApS> k„âv$peL$p rhL©$s õhê$` Ckuk¡ l¥.
(r_.gu.Np¡.îuL©$óZÆh_Æ-dlpfpS>, dyb „ C-dÖpk—: hëgcrhop_ k„.5-
6 hj® 1965).
(16/L$)ld îuhëgcpQpe®ÆL$u ApopL$p `pg_ L$lp„ L$f fl¡ l¦—? ldpf¡
elp„ N©lk¡hp L$lp„ flu l¥—? L¡$hg d„qv$fp¢L¡$ v$i®_p¢k¡ ¼ep gpc l¥—? îudlpâcyÆL$u
Apop l¥ ""L©$óZk¡hp kv$p L$pep®''. eqv$ îudlpâcyÆ d„qv$fL$p¡ dy¿e dp_s¡ sp¡
A`_u su_ `qf¾$dpAp¢d¢ A_¡L$ d„qv$f õ\pr`s L$f v¡$s¡. îuNykp„CÆ_¡
îurNf^fÆL$p¡ kpsõhê$`L$p d_p¡f\ L$fs¡ kde Cku âL$pfL$u Q¡sph_u v$u \u.
d[Þv$fõ\p`_ L$fs¡ kde D_L$p¡ X$f \p qL$ Ofd¢k¡ W$pLy$fÆ d[Þv$fd¢ `^pf ÅA¢N¡.
d¡f¡ r`spÆ_¡ L$g (D`f V$p„L¡$g 15—dp hQ_dp„) Å¡ L$lp hl Anfi: kÐe l¥.
syd A`_¡ Ofp¢d¡ W$pLy$fÆL$p¡ `^fpAp¡ Ap¡f k¡hp L$fp¡.
(16/M)`yrô$dpN}e âZprgL$pdp„ V²$õV$ Mê„$ Dsfsy„ _\u. îuApQpe®QfZ¡
v$f¡L$ b°ûk„b„^u Æh_¡ Apop L$fu—R>¡ L¡$ ""N©l¡ [õ\Ðhp õh^d®s:'' (c[¼shr^®_u)
A\p®s¹...N©ldp„ flu_¡ õh^dp®QfZ L$fhy„. Np¡õhprdbpgL$p¡ `Z ApQpe® lp¡hp\u
h¥óZh `Z R>¡. A¡V$g¡ ApQpe®îu_u D`fp¡¼s Apop `pg_ L$fhp_u s¡d_u `Z
afS> R>¡...dpV¡$ dpfy„ dp_hy„ sp¡ ApS> R>¡ L¡$ ApQpe®QfZ_p„ rkv¹$^p„sâdpZ¡ h¥óZhp¡
`p¡sp_p Of¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_u k¡hp L$f¡ A_¡ ^d®N°Þ\p¡_y„ hp„Q_ L$f¡, _rl L¡$ d[Þv$fp¡dp„
S>C_¡...V²$õV$ A¡ `yrô$dpN}e âZprgL$pdp„ b„^-b¡ksy„ _\u bëL¡$ Ap`Zu âZpgu_p¡
c„N L$f¡ R>¡.
7 8
(v$lukfdp„ îuNp¡h^®__p\-lh¡guV²$õV$_p k„õ\p`L$ r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°Å^uiÆ
dlpfpS>—:—17/L$ "hëgcrhop_' A„L$—5-6 hj®—1965, 17/M—:—"_hâL$pi' A„L$—
8 hj®—8).
(17/L$)Ap¥f S>b S>_fg `[ågL$-V²$õV$ l¥, sb W$pLy$fÆL$p¡ Np¡õhpdu-
k„b„^k¡ `©\L¹$ L$f, W$pLy$fÆL$p¡ kb k„`rÑ A`®Z L$f, A\p®s¹ c¡V$ L$fL¡$, qfgurS>ek
A¢X$pµd¢V$ L¡$ ê$`d¢ lzA¡ hl V²$õV$ l¦. A¡ku Ahõ\pd¢ C_ V²$õV$p¢k¡ Å¡ _¡N-cp¡N
Qgpep Åsp l¥ hl v¡$hÖìek¡ Qgpep Åsp l¥. v¡$hÖìeL$p D`cp¡N L$f_¡hpg¡ A„sd¢
v¡$hgL$ (—_fL$dp„ `X$_pf `p`u—)lu l¦. îudv$pQpe®QfZ_¡ âcyL$u kp¡_L¡ $u L$V$pf¡ u rNfhu
fM L$f S>b cp¡N Afp¡Npep sb Ap`_¡ D¼s Öìek¡ kdr`®s kbL$p kb âkpv$
Npep¢L$p¡ qv$ep. el l¥ kpçâv$preL$ rkv¹$^p„s. Ck âL$pfL¡$ Apv$i®ê$` rkv¹$^p„sp¢L$p
rS>k â\pk¡ rh_pi lp¡ L$f ApQpep£L$p¡ v¡$hgL$ b_pep Åe, Dk â\pL$p¡ rS>s_u
iuO° kçâv$pek¡ lV$p v$u Åe Ds_p lu î¡e Ckd¢ Np¡õhprd-kdpS> s\p h¥óZh-
kdpS> L$p r_rls l¥.
(17/M)cNhÐk¡hp k„âv$peL$u ApÐdê$` âh©rÑ l¥. ApQpf k¡hpL$p A„N
l¥ k¡hpL$u A_yL$| gspL¡$ A_yê$` lu ApQpfL$p `pg_ qL$ep Å_p Qprle¡. ApQpf-
`pg_L$p¡ âdyMsp v¡$ L$f cNhÐk¡hpL$p ÐepN DrQs _l] l¡. cNhÐk¡hp S>¥k¡ cu
b_¡ L$fp¡...NyfOy fp¢d¢ ds c¡Å.¡ ..eqv$ ld cNhv¹$ÖìeL$p¡ `¡V$d¢ X$pg¢N¡ sp¡ hl A`fp^
l¥. N°Þ\p¢L¡$ AÝee_L¡$ ârs ld¢ kdpS>L$p¡ ApL$rj®s L$f_p Qprle¡.
(r_.gu.Np¡. îuv$urnsÆ dlpfpS> dy„bC-qL$i_NY$—: 18/L$—:—"ApQpep£ÃR>¡v$L$
V²$õV$-â\pk¡ `yÅfu`_L$u õ\p`_p Op¡f rkÙpÞslpr_ A¡h„—Op¡f õhê$`Ãeyrs'g¡M
`©›$—7.; 18/M—:—"îuhëgcrhop_'—A„L$—5-6 hj®—1965).
(18/L$)S>¡d õhê$`k¡hp õhp\®b[y v¹$^$\u A_¡ gp¥qL$L$ L$pe® kdÆ_¡ _ L$fhp_u
îudlpâcyÆ_u Apop R>¡, s¡ âdpZ¡ _pdk¡hp `Z h©rÑ—A\£ _ L$fhu A¡hu Apop
îudlpâcyÆ r_bÞ^dp„ L$f¡ R>¡...h©rÑ—A\£ k¡hp L$fhp\u âÐehpe (v$p¡j)gpN¡.
S>¡d N„Np-S>dy_pS>m_p¡ D`ep¡N Nyv$pânpg_p\® _ \pe, s¡d k¡hp_p¡ D`ep¡N
`Z h©Òe\® _ L$fpe.
(18/M)s_ A_¡ rhÑ Å¡ âcydp„ h`fpe sp¡ d_ âcydp„ S>ê$f gpN¡ R>¡.
dpV¡$S> îuhëgc¡ D`v¡$i L$ep£ R>¡ L¡$ ""s[Ðkv¹$Ýe¥ s_yrhÑÅ''. dp_ku S>¡ `fp R>¡
s¡_¡ rkv¹$^ L$fhp s_y-rhÑÅ k¡hp S>ê$fu R>¡. s_ A_¡ rhÑ bÞ_¡ ¼ep„e A¡L$
õ\m¡ gNpX$p¡ sp¡ rQÑ s¡dp„ fps-qv$hk fl¡ R>¡. v$gpg_p¡ ìehkpe L$f_pf
ìehkpedp„ L¡$hg s_\u îd L$f¡ R>¡ `Z s¡dp„ rhÑ `p¡sp_y„ S>fpe gpNsy„ _\u.
Ap\u Å¡ bÅfcph h^¡ L¡$ OV¡$ sp¡ s¡_p\u s¡_¡ d_\u tQsp \su _\u...A_¡
R>p¡L$fp_p¡ r`sp A¡L$gu rhÑÅ sfuL¡$ V¹$éyi_ au Ap`u_¡ kdS>¡ R>¡ L¡$ R>p¡L$fp¡ `pk
\hp_p¡S> R>¡. Ap ÓZ¡_¡ ag âp[às _l] \pe L$pfZL¡$ s_yÅ-rhÑÅ bÞ_¡ gpNsp
_\u. lh¡ s_yrhÑÅ bÞ_¡ gNpX¡$ sp¡ rQÑ `fp¡hhp_p v$pMgp Å¡CA¡—:—A¡L$ vy$L$p_v$pf
vy$L$p_ A_¡ dpg _u Mfuv$udp„ d|X$u gNpX$u h¡`pf iê$ L$fu A_¡ khpf\u fps ky^u
lpS>fu Ap`u s_ `Z h¡`pfdp„ gNpX¡$ R>¡ sp¡ s¡\u fps-qv$hk vy$L$p_ A_¡ h¡`pf
_p S> rhQpfp¡ Aph¡ R>¡—:—L¡$d h¡`pf kpfp¡ \pe, L¡$d h^¡...dpV¡$ `yrô$dpN®dp„ âcydp„
Apk[¼s rkv¹$^ \hpdpV¡$ d_p¡h¥opr_L$ âr¾$ep bsphu R>¡ L¡$ s¡Z¡ s_y-rhÑ_u
k¡hp cph`|h®L$ L$fhu.
(r_.gu.Np¡.îuNp¡thv$fpeÆ dlpfpS>—`p¡fbÞv$f—:—19/L$—:—ky^p^pfp 114—
••—19/M—:—ky^prbÞvy$ 73).
(19)hëgcdsd¢ el rkv¹$^p„ss: Ngs l¥ Ap¡f A¥k¡ v¡$hõ\p_p¢L¡$ QY$ph¡L$p
âkpv$ cu Mpep _l] Å kL$sp l¥, ¼ep¢qL$ hlp„ v¡$hgL$Ðh lu â^p_ l¥. ApS>L¡$
eyNL$p¡ v¡$Ms¡ lzA¡ S>lp„ Þepk L$f_p AphíeL$ l¥ hlp„ D`ey¼® s rkv¹$^pÞsp¢L$p¡ Ýep_d¢
fM L$f lu Þepk L$f_p AphíeL$ l¥, rS>kk¡ v¡$hgL$h©rÑk¡ bQp Å kL¡$. eqv$
A¥ku ìehõ\p _l] L$u Åsu sp¡ v¡$hÖìe lp¡sp l¥, rS>kL$p k¡h_ L$f_¡k¡ ApQpe®
õ`ô$ L$ls¡ l¦ qL$ _L®$`ps lp¡Np.
(r_.gu.Np¡.îufZR>p¡X$pQpe®Æ â\d¡i—:—""ldpfu Oprd®L$ [õ\rsL$p hs®dp_
õhê$` A¡h„ crhóeL$u ìehõ\pL¡$ l¡sy ârsh¡v$_'').
(20)¼ep¢qL$ îu_p\Æ õhe„ DkL¡$ cp¡L$sp l¦ qL$Þsy h¥óZhh©„v$ s\p k¡hL$NZ
cu DkL¡$ dlpâkpv$ g¡_¡ sL$L¡$ Ar^L$pfu _l] l¥. el ApQpe®QfZL¡$ Crslpkk¡
âÐen âdpZc|s l¥. DkL¡$ dlpâkpv$ g¡_¡L$p L¡$hg NpeL$p¡ lu Ar^L$pf l¥. AÞe\p
Dk v¡$hÖìeL¡$ D`cp¡N L$f_¡k¡ r_íQe lu A^:`s_ l¥...kb âL$pfL¡$ v$p_ QY$php¢
h hk|g hk|gu L$f_¡L$p Dëg¡M qL$ep Nep l¥, hl cu k„âv$peL¡$ rkv¹$^p„sk¡ r_sp„s
rhfyv¹$^ l¥. ldpf¡ k„âv$peL$u âZpguL¡$ A_ykpf Å¡ ldpf¡ k„âv$peL¡$ k¡hL$ l¦, D_L$p
9 10
lu Öìe Nyfy-rióeL¡$ k„b„^k¡ g¡L$f k¡hpd¢ D`ep¡N L$fpep Å kL$sp l¥. k„âv$ped¢
kb âL$pfL¡$ v$p_-QY$ph¡L$p D`ep¡N k¡hpd¢ _l] qL$ep Åsp l¥. Ap¥f L$v$prQs¹ L$l]
qL$ep Åsp lp¡ sp¡ hl k„âv$peL¡$ r_edp¢k¡ rhfyv¹$^ lp¡_¡L¡$ L$pfZ b„v$ L$f v¡$_p Qprle¡.
(`|.`p.Np¡.îuO_íepdgpgÆ-kàsd¡i—:—îu_p\v¹$hpfp qW$L$p_¡L¡$ âb„^L$u
qv$ëguep¡S>_pL$u Apgp¡Q_p sp.1-2-56).
(21/L$)âí_—:—v¡$hÖìe L$p_¡ ¡ L$lh¡ pe—? v¡$hÖìe A¡V$g¡ v¡$h_y„ Öìe v¡$h_¡ DØ¡iu_¡
A`®Z L$fpsy„ Öìe L¡$ L$pC¡ `v$p\® "v¡$hÖìe' L$lh¡ pe. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ Nyf_y ¡ DØ¡iu_¡ A`®Z
L$fpsy„ Öìe "NyfyÖìe' L$l¡hpe. âcy_u âkpv$u hõsy_¡ "dlpâkpv$' L$l¡hpe...Ap
âL$pf_p„ d„qv$fp¡dp„ sp¡ kÞdyMdp„ c¡V$ ^fpsy„ Öìe s¡dS> V²$õV$_u Ap¡qakdp„ Aphsy„
Öìe s¡_¡ õ`ô$ "v¡$hÖìe' L$lu iL$pe A_¡ s¡ Öìe\u rkv¹$^ \su kpdN°udp„
cNhÐâkpv$u \ep `R>u dlpâkpv$`Ï„ sp¡ Aph¡ R>¡ `f„sy s¡_u kp\¡ s¡dp„ v¡$hÖìe`Ï„
sp¡ fl¡S> R>¡. s¡\u h¥óZhp¡A¡ A¡ dlpâkpv$_¡ v¡$hÖìe kdÆ_¡S> ìehlpf L$fhp¡
Å¡CA¡. s¡ dlpâkpv$ g¡hpdp„ v¡$hÖìe_p¡ bp^ sp¡ fl¡gp¡S> R>¡.
(21/M)d„qv$f_p õ\m a¡fapf A„N¡ îu Np¡.`|.108 îubpgL©$óZgpgÆA¡
L$üy„ L¡$ `yrô$dpN®dp„ kph®S>r_L$ d„qv$f_u `f„`fpS> _\u. A¡dp ìe[¼sNs õhê$`,
r_Æ õhê$`, _u S> hps R>¡. A_¡ s¡\u s¡_p¡ k¡hpâL$pf v¡$hpgeâL$pf_p¡ _\u.
d„qv$f_u bp„^Zu `Z Of S>¡huS> \pe R>¡. ¼ep„e ÝhS>-OyçdV$ lp¡sp _\u. h¥óZhp¡
`Z Ofdp„ k¡hp L$f¡ R>¡, s¡_¡ "d„qv$f'S> L$l¡ R>¡...
(—"k¡hp-v¡$hÖìe-rhdi®' N°„\_p klg¡ML$ r_.gu.Np¡.îubpgL©$óZgpgÆ
dlp¡v$e, k|fs—:—22/L$—:—h¥.hp.A„L$.3.hj®.dpQ® 1983—••— 22/M—:—"NyS>fps
kdpQpf' A„L$ 25-5-93dp„\u kpcpf—).
(22)...b°ûk„bÞ^ g¡ L$f k¡hp L$f_¡k¡ âÐe¡L$ B[ÞÖep¢L$p cNhp_¹d¢ rhr_ep¡N
lp¡sp l¥...d[Þv$f-NyfyOf L¡$hg D`v¡$i N°lZ L$f_¡L¡$rge¡ l¦. k¡hp ld¢ A`_¡ Ofp¢d¡
L$f_u l¥.
(`|.`p.Np¡.îud\yf¡íhfÆ, k„õ\p`L$-îuNp¡h^®__p\Æ—d„qv$f, léyõV$_
V¡$L¹$kpk ey.A¡k.A¡.—:—hëg.rhop. A„L$—5-6 hj®—1965).
 (23)âí_—:—Ap`Zp k„âv$pedp„ d„qv$f_¡ "d„qv$f' _ L$l¡sp„ "lh¡gu' ipdpV¡$
L$lh¡ pdp Aph¡ R>¡—? DÑf—:—kpdpÞefus¡ Bsf tlvy$ k„âv$pedp„ "d„qv$f' iåv$ v¡$hpge_p
A\®dp„ h`fpe R>¡ `f„sy Ap fus¡ v¡$hpge_p ê$`dp„ d„qv$f S>¡hu k„õ\p_y„ `yrô$dpN®dp„
A[õsÐh _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ `yrô$dpN®dp„ S>¡ âcy Ap`Zp dp\¡ `^fphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡
s¡ âcy-õhê$` A_¡ s¡d_u k¡hp v$f¡L$_p ìe[¼sNsê$`¡ s¡d_u cph_p A_ykpf
`^fphu Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_p îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_u k¡hp `yrô$dpN}e Æh_y„
A¡L$dpÓ `p¡sp_u afS> b_u S>sy„ `p¡sp_yS„ > ^dp®QfZ R>¡. `yrô$dpN®dp„ k¡hp kpdyrlL$
Æh__p¡ rhje _rl `Z ìe[¼sNs Æh__p¡ rhje R>¡. S>¡d gp¡L$dp„ `Ð_u A\hp
dpsp _p¡ `rs A\hp `yÓ _u k¡hp_p¡ L¡$ hpÐkëe—Ap`hp_p¡ s¡_p¡ ìe[¼sNs ^d®
afS> A_¡ Ar^L$pf lp¡e R>¡, s¡ S> âdpZ¡ S>¡ k¡hL$_„y S>¡ k¡ìe—õhê$` lp¡e s¡ k¡ìe_u
k¡hp_p¡ s¡_p¡ ìe[¼sNs ^d® A_¡ Ar^L$pf R>¡. k¡hp A¡ Ål¡f L$pe® L¡$ Ål¡f âh©rÑ
_\u `f„sy k¡hp A¡ `p¡sp_p Ap„sqfL$ Æh_ kp\¡ k„b„^ ^fphsu lp¡hp\u s¡
Ap`Zp Æh__u Ap`Zp r_S>Ofdp„ \su õh^d®ê$` âh©rÑ R>¡...dpV¡$ Csf
lh¡guAp¡_u S>¡d "îu_p\Æ_y„ d„qv$f' iåv$ ê$Y$ \C Ne¡gp¡ lp¡hp\u s¡ h`fpe
R>¡. lL$uL$sdp„ kpdyrlL$ v$i®_ L¡$ k¡hp Äep„ \su lp¡e s¡hp AÞedpN}e Ål¡f
v¡$hõ\p_ S>¡hy„ A¡ d„qv$f _\u.
(—"k¡hp-v¡$hÖìe-rhdi®'N°„\g¡ML$ A.kp¡.hp.Np¡.`|.`p.îuhëgcfpeÆ,
kyfs—:—`yrô$.ius.R>p„e. `p_p„ _„.157-158).
(24)îudlpâcyA¡ Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p d„qv$fp¡_u âZpgu Ecu L$fu _\u; `Z A¡dp„
S>Nv¹$Nfy y îuhëgcpQpe®_p¡ A¡L$ gp„bp¡ ×rô$L$pZ ¡ lsp¡—:—âÐe¡L$ h¥óZh_y„ Of _Þv$pge
b_hy„ Å¡CA¡ ...A¡L$ d„qv$f_u bpSy>dp„ A¡L$ bl¡_ fl¡. A¡d_¡ Ðep„ W$pL$pf¡ Æ rbfpS>¡.
d„qv$f_u Apfsu_p O„V$p A¡d_¡ k„cmpe. k¡hp L$fsp b¡W$¡ gu A¡ bl¡_ W$pL$pf¡ Æ_p
h÷p¡ L$pY$u õ_p_ L$fphsu lsu Ðep„ Apfsu_p O„V$p `X$ép. `¡gu W$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ `X$sp
dyL$u_¡ d„qv$f¡ v$p¡X$u.—\p¡X$u hpf¡ O¡f Aphu. lh¡ rhQpf L$fp¡, Aphu fus¡ L$p¡C k¡hp L$f¡
sp¡ A¡dp„ k¡hp_p¡ Ap_„v$ Aph¡ Mfp¡—? Al] sp¡ âÐe¡L$ h¥óZh_y„ Of _Þv$pge—R>¡.
(îud˜pNhssÒhdd®op `|.`p.kyîuB[Þv$fp—b¡V$uÆ—:h¥.`.A„L$—S|>_—1990).
11
(25)""—Ars ^Þehpv$pl® l¥ qL$ Ap`_¡ Bs_u d¡l_s L$fL¡$ kçâv$peL¡$
rkv¹ $ ^ pÞs_L| „ $ L$ p ¡ V ® $ d ¢ kdTpe¡ — ''—••—""ldpfp Bkd¢ `| f p klep¡ N lp¡ N p,
s_d_^_k¡...ldpf¡ kcu rQ.bpgL$ Bk L$pe®d¢ klep¡N L$f_¡L$p¡ s¥epf l¦''.
(—Åd_Nfõ\ rQ.lqffpeÆ_p rkv¹ $ ^p„ s r_›$ r`s© Q fZ
r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°S>c|jZgpgÆ dlpfpS>—:—Np¡.íep.d._¡ dp¡L$gph¡g sp.26-10-
86 A_¡ 7-11-86 _p `Óp¡dp„—).
(26)
Np¡ . îulqffpeÆ—:—S>fp Ýep_\u kp„ c mÅ¡ ... ""sÓ Aed¹ A\® : .
gpc`|Å\®eÐ_õe D`^d®Ðh-v¡$hgL$Ðhpqv$'' õ`ô$ kp„cmÅ¡, ""kç`pv$L$Ðhps¹''.
...gpc-`|Å\® eÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡ k¡hp L$fu_¡, Äepf¡ s¡ gpc-`|Å\® âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡
sp¡ s¡ D`^d® \ey„; v¡$hgL$Ðh hN¡f¡ S>¡ v$p¡jp¡ R>¡ s¡ s¡_u A„v$f âh¡i¡ R>¡.
...
Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ—:—A¡V$g¡ Mpk Ýep_dp„ fpMÅ¡ lp¢, L¡$ cphârs›$p S>¡
õhê$`_u \C lp¡e s¡ õhê$`_u `Z gpc A\hp `|Å dpV¡$ Å¡ k¡hp L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
sp¡ k¡hpL$sp® v¡$hgL$ (`p`u) \C füp¡ R>¡ ...
Np¡.îulqffpeÆ—:—A_¡ D`^d®Ðh Aphu füy„ R>¡ ...A_¡ Ap r_rjÙ—R>¡.
...
Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ—:—Ap [õ\rsdp„ Nyfy `p¡sp_u gpc L¡$ `|Å_¡dpV¡$ rióe\u
L$p„C `Z W$pL$p¡fÆdpV¡$ dp„Nsp¡ lp¡e s¡ ... ip÷r_rjÙ lp¡hp\u ... v$p_ lp¡hp\u
v¡$hÖìe lp¡hp\u D`ep¡N L$fhpep¡Áe lp¡sy„ _\u.
Np¡.îulqffpeÆ—:—lp, rbgLy$g. ... Ap sp¡ rbgLy$g õ`ô$ R>¡. ... "õhh©rÑhpv$'\u
`Z õ`ô$ \pe R>¡.
—`|.`p.Np¡.îulqffpeÆ dlpfpS>, Åd_Nf `yrô$rkÙpÞsQQp®kcp, rhõs©s
rhhfZ `©›$—164,193—
(27)Ap L$pe®¾$d v¹$hpfp b_¡ A¡V$gp¡ âepk Ap`îuA¡ dy„ThZ v|$f L$fhp_p¡
L$ep£ R>¡; buÅ¡ L$p¡B Apdp„ Apie d_¡ v¡$Mpsp¡ _\u. A„sdp lz„ sp¡ A¡L$ S> hõsy
L$lui L¡$ kdpS>_u A„v$f; A_¡ Ap`Zp k„âv$pedp„ A¡V$gy„ b^y„ rkv¹$^pÞsh¥`fuÐe
\B Ney„ R>¡ L¡$ NyS>fps_p A¡L$ Npddp„ lz„ Ne¡gp¡—••—lz„ sp¡ âhpk Myb L$ê„$ Ry>„—••—
12
A¡ Npddp„ `yrô$dpN®_p S> Ap`Zp k„âv$pe_p b¡ d„qv$fp¡ R>¡ A_¡ d„qv$fp¡_u qv$hpg
`Z A¡L$ S> R>¡. `f„sy gp¡L$pr\®Ðh, S>¡d Ap`¡ Apop L$fu NB L$pg¡ ""gp¡L$p\} Q¡v¹$
cS>¡s¹ L©$óZ„ [¼gô$p¡ chrs kh®\p'', A¡V$gy„ b^y„ gp¡L$pr\®Ðh kdpS>dp„ DÐ`Þ_
\ey„ R>¡. `qfZpd A¡ Apìey„ L¡$ bÞ_¡ d„qv$fp¡_u qv$hpgp¡ A¡L$ S>. d„Ngp_p v$i®_dp„
h¥óZhp¡; A¡L$ d„qv$f sp¡ bpgL©$óZgpg_y„ R>¡ A_¡ buSy>„ d„qv$f QÞÖdpÆ_y„ R>¡. khpf
`X¡$ A¡V$g¡ QÞÖdpÆhpmp h¥óZhp¡ bpgL©$óZgpg_p¡ S>¡ d¡hp¡ lp¡e s¡ QÞÖdpÆdp„
gB Åe A_¡ bpgL©$óZgpgÆhpmp S>¡ h¥óZhp¡ lp¡e A¡ QÞÖdpÆ_p¡ S>¡ d¡hp¡
A_¡ âkpv$ lp¡e s¡ bpgL©$óZgpgÆdp„ gB Aph¡—! Aphu S>bfv$õs lp¢kpsp¡ku
h¥óZhkdpS>dp„ DÐ`Þ_ \B; ÅZ¡ A¡L$buÅ_u õ`^p® L$fsp lp¡e A¡d. Bjp®-
v¹$h¡j_y„ hpsphfZ Äepf¡ k¡hp_p n¡Ódp„ DÐ`Þ_ \pe A¡_p\u dp¡Vy„$ gp¡L$pr\®Ðh
L$ey„ lp¡B iL¡$—! Ap b^p L¡$V$gpL$ rhQpfp¡ A_¡ S>¡ ip¡-buT_¡k k„âv$pedp„ \ep¡ A¡
b^p_y„ r_hpfZ \pe A¡ dpV¡$ Ap ApMy„ A¡L$ kyv„ $f QQp®kcp_y„ Apep¡S>_ \ey.„
A_¡ dpfu sp¡ Mpk rh_„su R>¡ L¡$ Aphp b^p rkv¹$^pÞsh¥`fuÐe_p¡ chpX$p¡ Å¡
h^pf¡ \sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ NyS>fpsdp„ \pe R>¡. cpNhsÆdp„ `Z g¿ey„ R>¡ ""NyS>®f¡ ÆZ®sp„
Nsp:'' c[¼s Å¡ ÆZ® \C lp¡e sp¡ NyS>fpsdp„. NpX$qfep¡ âhpl hÝep¡ lp¡e sp¡
NyS>fpsdp„. A¡V$g¡ rkv¹$^pÞs_u kÐer_›$p_¡ ... A_¡ dlpâcyÆ_p `yrô$rkv¹$^pÞsp¡_„y
kv¹$ÅNfZ ... A¡dp„ dpfp\u b_sp¡ klL$pf lz„ Ap`hp s¥epf—Ry>„.
(—`|.`p.Np¡.rQ.îuÖyrdgLy$dpfÆ dlp¡v$e—:—""`yrô$rkv¹$^pÞs-QQp®kcp
sp.10-13 ÅÞeyhpfu 92 `pgp®, dy„bB, rhõs©s rhhfZ `©.317-318—).
(28)`yrô$dpN® Nyàs R>¡, v¡$MpX$p¡ L$fhp dpV¡$ sp¡ R>¡ S> _l], c¼s A_¡ cNhp_¹
hÃQ¡ ApÞsqfL$ kçbÞ^ ×Y$ L$fhp_p¡ dpN® R>¡...bÞ_¡_p kçbÞ^p¡ A¡hp lp¡hp
Å¡BA¡ L¡$ L$p¡B ÓuÅ ìe[¼s_¡ A¡_u ÅZL$pfu _ \pe. Ap`Zp¡ Ap`Zp cNhp_¹
kp\¡ L¡$hp¡ kçbÞ^ R>¡, s¡ buÆ L$p¡B ìe[¼s_¡ S>Zphhp_u S>ê$fs iy„—? _pd_p
d¡mhhp dpV¡$—? `p¡sp_y„ dlpÐçe h^pfhpdpV¡$—? Ap sp¡ b^y bp^L$ R>¡.
(—`|.`p.Np¡.rQ.îuv¹$hpfL¡$igpgÆ dlp¡v$e îuhëgcpQpe®âpL$V$é`uW$
Adf¡gu-L$p„v$uhgu-Qç`pfÎe-k|fs—:—"`yrô$_h_us' `©.12—).
(29/L$)âí_—:—ApS> Qg fl¡ Å¡ qX$õàeyV¹$ l¦ hpd¢ qL$s_¡L$ rkÙpÞs QrQ®s
lp¡ fl¡ l¦ S>¥k¡ qL$ _e¡ d[Þv$f _l] Mp¡g_¡, V²$õV$ d[Þv$f _l] b_p_¡, W$pLy$fÆL¡$
13
_pd`¡ Öìe _l] g¡_p¡, W$pLy$fÆL¡$ v$i®_ _l] L$fp_¡, s\p rb_p kdS>¡-kp¡Q¡ L$p¡CLy$
b°ûkçbÞ^ _l] v¡$_p¡. B_ kb rhjed¢ Ap`L$p¡ Arcds ¼ep l¥—?
DÑf—:—v¡$Mp¡ d[Þv$fL$u S>lp„ sL$ [õ\rs l¥ sp¡ e¡ bps kÐe l¥ L¡$ `yrô$dpN}e
âL$pfky„ d[Þv$f sp¡ dpÓ A¡L$ lu l¥; Ap¡f kb OfL$u [õ\rs lsu. ... ApS> d[Þv$f
rS>s_¡ l¦ A\hp rS>_ õ\p__¹Ly„$ A`_ d[Þv$f kdT¡ l¦ hp¡ õ\p_ ... hpLy$ A`_
dep®v$p`yrô$ d[Þv$f L$l kL¡$ l¦, `yrô$d[Þv$f _l]. `yrô$L$p¡ âL$pfsp¡ dpÓ N©lk¡hpd¢
lu l¥.
(29/M)ApS>\u v$p¡Y$kp¡ hj® `|h£, îudlpâcyÆ_p kde\u Ðep„ ky^u,
`yrô$dpN®dp„ L$p¡C cNhv¹$ d[Þv$f Mp¡ghp_p¡ ¾$d _ lsp¡. âÐe¡L$ h¥óZh_¡ Of¡-Of¡
k¡hp \pe s¡_p¡ ApN°l fMpsp¡. h¥óZhp¡ `p¡sp_¡ Of¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_p õhê$`_¡ k¡ìe
L$fu `^fphu NyfyOf_u âZprgL$p dyS>b k¡hp L$fsp.
(—`|.`p.Np¡.îuh°S>¡iLy$dpfÆ s©sue¡i 30/L$—:—"ApQpe®îuhëgc' ApµNõV$
1994, A„L$—5, `yrô$dpN®hs®dp_, âí_-DÑf 4, `©.—7. 30/M—:—b°S> dp¡l¡
rbkfs _pl], `©.140-41—)
(30)îudlpâcyÆ Apop L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ vy$r_epdp„ cV$L$sy„ fl¡sy„ Ap`Ï„ d_-
rQÑ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ kp\¡ Å¡X$u_¡ s¡d_u s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp L$fhu. ... s_yrhÑ_u k¡hp
A¡V$g¡ Ap`Z¡ L$dpe¡gp `p¡sp_p ^_\u, `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_u `p¡sp_p
ifuf\u k¡hp L$fhu s¡.
(—`|.`p.Np¡.rQ.îuhpNuiLy$dpfÆ "hëgcue Q¡s_p', Ap¡¼V$p¡bf 15, 2003,
`©.—4—)
(31)rQÑ cNÐâ¡ddp„ `qf`|Z® \C Åe R>¡, `|Z®s: cNhp_¹dp„ Å¡X$pC
Åe R>¡, sÞde A_¡ sëgu_ \C Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ `fpk¡hp \pe R>¡. Ap_¡ dp_ku
k¡hp L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap_u kp\¡ d_yóe¡ ifuf\u `Z k¡hp L$fhu Å¡CA¡. ... s_yÅ
k¡hp\u ifuf_u iyrÙ \pe R>¡. Al„sp-lz`Zp _p¡ _pi \pe R>¡. ^_\u L$fpsu
k¡hp "rhÑÅ' k¡hp R>¡. s¡_p\u ddsp-dpfp`Zp_p¡ _pi \pe R>¡. Al„sp A_¡
ddsp A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp fl¡ R>¡ Ap\u s_yÅ A_¡ rhÑÅ k¡hp kp\¡
14
\hu Å¡CA¡. Apdp„ â^p_sp s_yÅ k¡hp_u R>¡. L¡$hm ^_ Ap`u v¡$hp\u k¡hp
\su _\u. A¡_p\u fpS>ku h©rÑ Aph¡ R>¡.
(—`|.`p.Np¡.rQ.îuv¹$hpfL¡$igpgÆ dlp¡v$e, j›¡$i, hX$p¡v$fp—:—"îud˜Nh•usp
`yrô$v$i_® ' `©.125—)
(32)ApS>¡ afu\u A¡ kde Apìep¡ R>¡. s¡_p\u `Z dyíL¡$g kde Apìep¡
R>¡. s¡ kde¡ sp¡ AÞedpN}e gp¡L$p¡ dsp¡_¡ âõsys L$fu_¡ c°d DÐ`Þ_ L$fsp lsp.
`Z ApS>¡ sp¡ Ap`Zp kçâv$pe_p S> "kyoS>_p¡' îudlpâcyÆ_u hpZu_p¡ rh`fus
A\® L$fu füp R>¡. gp¡L$p¡_¡ `\c°ô$ L$fu füp R>¡, v¥$huÆhp¡_u kp\¡ Op¡f AÞepe
L$fu füp R>¡. s¡\u S> lpgdp„ dlpâcy îuhëg^ui_p h„iS> `yrô$dpN}e eyhp
ApQpep£A¡ A¡L$ "k„hpv$õ\p`L$dÎX$m'_u õ\p`_p L$fu_¡ dyçbCdp„ ... Qpf qv$hk
ky^u A¡L$ `yrô$rkÙpÞs QQp®kcp_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$e®y„ lsy„. ... kcpdp„ 35 dlp_ycph
ApQpep£ D`[õ\s lsp. 28 Np¡õhpdu ApQpe® dlp_ycphp¡A¡ Np¡.—îuíepd—
d_p¡lfÆ dlpfpS>îu—(qL$i_NY$-`pgp®)_p "rkÙpÞshQ_phgu'_p cphp_yhpv$_¡
kldrs Ap`u lsu. L¡$V$gpL$ ApQpe® dlp_ycphp¡A¡ Akldrs Ap`u lsu A_¡
L¡$V$gpL$ dp¥_ füp lsp. Akldrs âL$V$ L$fhphpmp `|.`p.Np¡.îulqffpeÆ
h°S>c|jZgpgÆ dlpfpS>îu, Åd_NfhpmpA¡ `|Äe Np¡õhpdu îuíepd—
d_p¡lfÆ dlpfpS>îu_u kp\¡ s¡dZ¡ L$f¡g cphp_yhpv$_p dyv¹$v$pAp¡ D`f QQp®
âpfçc L$fu lsu. ... kde_p Acph¡ QQp® r_Z®e`f `lp¢Qu _ iL$u. `fÞsy
hs®dp_dp„ L¡$V$gpL$ QQp®õ`v$, k„iepõ`v$ dyv$¹ v$pAp¡_u õ`ô$sp Ap QQp®dp„ âpàs
\C s¡ Mf¡Mf A¡L$ dp¡V$u rkrÙ R>¡. A¡V$gy„ S> _l] `fÞsy _uQ¡ bsph¡g dyv¹$v$pAp¡_p
rhíg¡jZdp„ `|Äe îuíepd—d_p¡lfÆ_u kp\¡ klds \C_¡ `|Äe îulqffpeÆA¡
Ap`Zp kçâv$pe_u DÑd k¡hp L$fu R>¡—:
1. `yrô$dpN}e k¡ìeõhê$` `|Z®`yfyjp¡Ñd õhê$`\u S> rbfpS>¡ R>¡, s¡ õhê$` `R>u
Nyfy_p k¡ìe lp¡e L¡$ rióe(h¥óZh)_p k¡ìe lp¡e. bÞ_¡(õhê$`p¡)dp„\u L$p¡Cdp„
`Z `yfyjp¡Ñd`Ï„ Þe|_pr^L$ lp¡sy„ _\u.
2. `yrô$dpN}e rkÙpÞs A_ykpf L©$óZk¡hp L$fhp_y„ õ\p_ Of S> lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡,
kph®S>r_L$(õ\m) _l].
3. `yrô$dpN}e cNhÐk¡hp_¡ ^__u âp[às_y„ kp^_ b_phhy„ _ Å¡CA¡.
15
4. v¡$hgL$ ìe[¼s (=—cNhÐk¡ìeõhê$`_¡ ^__u âp[às_y„ kp^_ A\hp
ApÆrhL$p_y„ kp^_ b_ph_pf) _u k¡hp r_rjÙ L$np_u lp¡hp\u (s¡) k¡hp_p¡
Ar^L$pfu _\u.
5. îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ dpV¡$ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_u v$p_-c¡V$ dp„Nhu A\hp õhuL$pfhu A¡
ip÷Üpfp r_rjÙ R>¡. A¡V$gy„ S> _l] `fÞsy gpc-`|Å_p l¡sy\u `p¡sp_pdpV¡$
Öìe A\hp L$p¡C hõsy_¡ õhuL$pfhu s¡ ip÷_u ×rô$dp„ F>Zp_ybÞ^u v$p¡j_¡
DÐ`Þ_ L$f_pf lp¡hp\u bÞ^_L$pfL$ R>¡.
5. `yrô$dpN®_p rkÙpÞs A_ykpf îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ r_h¡v$_ L$f¡gp `v$p\®_y„ S> kd`®Z
\C iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡ kdr`®s `v$p\p£_p¡ S> cNhv¹$ D[ÃR>ô$ê$`dp„ âkpv$ gC iL$pe
R>¡. îuW$pL$p¡fÆ dpV¡$ v$p_ A\hp c¡V$ _p ê$`dp„ Aph¡g kpdN°u_¡ âkpv$_p
ê$`dp„ gC iL$psu _\u L¡$dL¡$ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ dpV¡$ v$p_ A\hp c¡V$ _p ê$`dp„ âpàs
\e¡g `v$p\®(Öìe)\u Aph¡g kpdN°u_¡ âkpv$_p ê$`dp„ `pR>u g¡hp\u
"v$Ñp`lpf'_y„ `p` gpN¡ R>¡.
6. k¡ h p sp¡ ip÷_p¡ rhje R>¡ . s¡ \ u k¡ h p_p kçbÞ^dp„ ip÷\u—
••îudlpâcyÆ_p N°Þ\p¡\u S> b^p¡ r_Z®e \C iL¡$ R>¡, AÞe L$p¡C âL$pf¡
_l].
(—k„ey¼s Op¡jZp`Ó—:—Adv$phpv$, rdrs apëNy_ kyv$u—7, îuhëgcpåv$—514,
qv$_p‘—:—11—dpQ®—1992.
lõspnf—:—
r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°S>fpeÆ dlpfpS>,
`|.`p.Np¡.îuh°S>¡ÞÖLy$dpfÆ dlpfpS> (Adv$phpv$);
`|.`p.Np¡.îuv¡$hL$u_Þv$_pQpe®Æ, Qsy\£i(Np¡Ly$g-Adv$phpv$),
`|.`p.Np¡.îuh°S>¡iLy$dpfÆ dlpfpS>(L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)
`|.`p.Np¡.îufpS>¡iLy$dpfÆ dlpfpS>(L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)
`|.`p.Np¡.îuhëgcgpgÆ dlpfpS>(L$X$u-Adv$phpv$);
`|.`p.Np¡.îuS>ev¡$hgpgÆ dlpfpS>,
`|.`p.Np¡.îud\yf¡iÆ dlpfpS>,
16
 `|.`p.Np¡.îuL$Þl¥epgpgÆ dlpfpS>,
`|.`p.Np¡.îulqffpeÆ(L$pdp-hufdNpd-Adv$phpv$).—
(33)s_yÅ k¡hp Ap¥f rhÑÅ k¡hp A¡L$ lu ìe[¼s L$f¡ sb L$l] ÅL$f hl
dp_kuL$p¡ rkÙ L$fsu l¥. L¡$hg s_yÅ L$fgu ep L¡$hg rhÑÅ L$fgu sp¡ AlÞsp-
ddsp v|$f _l] lp¡Nu. ... L¥$k¡—? d¦ Ap`L$p¡ A¡L$ Dv$plfZ v¡$sp lw„. ... Å¡ Ofk¡hp
L$fs¡ l¦ D_L¡$rge¡ sp¡ L$p¡C âí_ _l] l¥. g¡qL$_ eqv$ L$p¡C rhÑÅ k¡hp L$f¡Np sp¡
kdT guÆe¡ qL$ Dk_¡ d[Þv$fd¢ c¡V$ v$u. d_p¡f\ qL$ep. DkL$u Ap` fkuv$ g¢N.¡
... sb Ap` L$l¢N¡ ""d¥_¡ k¡hp rgMpeu l¥''. Ap` L$ls¡ l¦ ""d¥_¡ k¡hp rgMpeu
l¥'' sb AlÞsp L$lp„ v|$f lzC—? Ab Ap` d¡lspÆk¡ ¼ep dp„Np¡N¡—? ""e¡ d¡fu
fkuv$ l¥, d¡fp âkpv$ gpAp¡''. sp¡ v¡$Mue¡, AlÞsp-ddspd¢ ld Ap¥f b„^ Ne¡.
sp¡ A¥ku k¡hp k„kpfL$p¡ v|$f _l] L$fN¡ u, k„kpfd¢ bp„^N¡ u. .... L¡$hg eqv$ ld rhÑÅ
L$fs¡ l¦ sp¡ ldpf¡ Al„L$pfL$p¡ bY$ps¡ l¦. Ap¥f AlÞsp v|$f _ lp¡Nu, ddsp v|$f _
lp¡Nu sp¡ dp_ku L¥$k¡ rkÙ lp¡Nu—? ¼ep¢qL$ kcu bÞ^_L$p d|g AlÞsp-ddsp
lu l¥.
(`|.`p.Np¡.îuÜpfL¡$igpgÆ, L$pdh_-kyfs, rkÙpÞsdy¼sphgu âhQ_,
cê$Q, S>ÞeyApfu 2005)
(34)Ad¡ sp¡ fpS>_p Mpkp Mhpk dy[¼s d_ _ Aph¡ f¡'' h°År^`_y„
k¡h_ L$f_pfp Ad¡ dy[¼s dp„Nsp _\u. R>sp„ `yrô$dpN} h¥óZhp¡ cpNhs kàspl
b¡kpX$u_¡ `p¡sp_p r`s©Ap¡_¡ dp¡ndpN£ dp¡L$g¡ R>¡—! r`s©dp¡np\£ cpNhs kàspl—
! L$p¡C A¡L$kp¡ ApW$—! L$p¡C A¡L$ lÅf ApW$—! ... Ap`Zp r`s©Ap¡ sp¡ Np¡gp¡L$dp„
Åe R>¡ A¡d_¡ `pR>p dp¡ndp„ ip dpV¡$ dp¡L$gp¡ R>p¡—? ... cpNhs kàspl `|fu
L$fu_¡ `R>u dpmp `l¡fpdZu L$f¡ A_¡ L$l¡ L¡$ Np¡gp¡L$^pd... lh¡ Np¡gp¡L$ ^pddp„
dp¡L$ghp R>¡—! A¡V$g¡ r`s©Ap¡_¡ Al]\u Ðep„ v$p¡X$p-v$p¡X$u S> L$fphhu R>¡—! Ap`Ï„
L$p¡C Ýe¡e S> _¼L$u _\u—!! Ap`Z¡ îudlpâcyÆ_p N°Þ\p¡ Mp¡ëep _\u A¡_y„ Ap
vy$ó`qfZpd R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ Ap`Zp `|h®Å¡_¡ `Z cp¡Nhhy„ `X¡$ R>¡.
(`|.`p.Np¡.rQ.îu`yfyjp¡ÑdgpgÆ, Sy>_pNY$ îuedy_pô$L$ âhQ_, fpS>L$p¡V$,
2006)
17
(35)...Äep„ ky^u rkÙpÞs_p r_[íQs õhê$` L¡$ ìep¿ep_p¡ âí_ R>¡, Ad¡
b^p ^dp®Qpe®, Ap`Zp kçâv$pe_p âhs®L$ dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe® s\p `fhs}
AÞe `Z dpÞe b^p ìep¿epL$pfp¡_p kÞv¡$lfrls rh^p_p¡_p Ap^pf¡ Ap õ`óV$
iåv$p¡dp„ Op¡rjs L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ Ap`Zp ^prd®L$ rkÙpÞs s¡dS> `f„`fp A_ykpf
cNhÐk¡hp—-—k¡hpõ\m—-—k¡hp¡`ep¡rNkç`rÑ—-—k¡hpL$sp® (—Nyfy L¡$ h¥óZh—) s¡dS>
cNhÐõhê$`_y„ Mp_Nu A\hp `pqfhpqfL$ lp¡hy„ A¡L$ A_yëg„O_ue ^prd®L$
Ar_hpe®sp R>¡. s¡\u s¡Ap¡dp„\u L$p¡C_¡ `Z kph®S>r_L$ b_phhy„ kh®\p ^d®rhfyÙ
lp¡hp_p L$pfZ¡ A¡L$ Op¡f ^prd®L$ A`fp^ R>¡.
...hpëgc kçâv$pe_p rkÙpÞs âdpZ¡ `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ `p¡sp_p ^__¡ s\p
r_S> `qfhpfS>_p¡_¡ cNhs¹ õhê$`_u k¡hpdp„ D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hp A¡ S> Apfp^_p_y„
hpõsrhL$ õhê$` R>¡.
...Ap\u `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ `p¡sp_p ^__p rhr_ep¡N rh_p s\p `p¡sp_p
`qfhpf_p dpZkp¡_p klep¡N hNf L$fpsu Apfp^_p, hpëgc kçâv$pe_u
Apfp^_p_u `qfcpjp âdpZ¡ Apfp^_p R>¡ S> _rl. Aphu [õ\rsdp„ Adpfp
Ofdp„ Aphsp gp¡L$p¡ Üpfp Adpfp k¡ìe cNhv¹$õhê$`_p v$i®_ L$fhp L¡$ c¡V$ ^fhu
hN¡f¡ ApQfZ Apfp^_p_u AÞsN®s dpÞe r¾$epL$gp` _\u.
...cS>_(k¡hp) Å¡ r_S> Ofdp„ _\u L$fpsy„ sp¡ A¡hp cNhv¹$cS>__¡
`y[óV$dpN}e `qfcpjpdp„ cNhv¹$cS>_ S> _\u L$l¡hpsy„. `y[óV$dpN®dp„ r_S>Ofdp„
flu_¡ cNhv¹$cS>_ L$fhp_p âL$pf rkhpe buÅ¡ L$p¡C âL$pf—R>¡—S>—_rl.
...c¡V$ ^f¡gp ^_\u cp¡N ^f¡gu kpdN°u_¡ âkpv$ê$`¡ N°lZ L$fhu Adpf¡
Ðep„ rbgLy$g hrS>®s R>¡. ...kph®S>r_L$ d„qv$fdp„ v$i_® p\} S>_kdyv$pe_p ârsr_r^_p
ê$`dp„ k¡hp L$fhp_u âr¾$ep_¡ _ sp¡ hpëgckçâv$pedp„ L$p¡C AhL$pi R>¡ A_¡ _
A¡h„y ApQfZ rkÙpÞs_u ×[óV$A¡ âi„k_ue `Z R>¡. cNhÐk¡hp_y„ A_y›$p_ _
sp¡ _p¡L$fu L¡$ _ sp¡ ^„^p_p ê$`dp„ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. ... hpëgckçâv$pedp„ Np¡.—
dlpfpÅ¡_¡ ... cNhÐk¡hp_u Ah¡Ædp„ L¡$ `yÅfu_u l¥rkesdp„ L„$C `Z c¡V$
õhuL$pfhu dpÓ hrS>®s S> _\u bëL¡$ A^d® s\p Aep¡Áesp k„`pv$L$ R>¡.
...îudlpâcy b^p `y[óV$dpN}Ap¡_u k¥Ùp[ÞsL$ r_óW$p õh^dp®_ykfZ_y„
kpdÕe® s\p `pfõ`qfL$ kp¥d_õe âv$p_ L$f.¡ ... b^p `y[óV$dpN}ep¡_p r_S>Ofp¡dp„
18
rbfpS>dp_ k¡ìeõhê$` l„d¡ip Mp_Nu S> fl¡; ¼epf¡e kph®S>r_L$ _ b_u Åe— Np¡. ep¡N¡iLy$dpf fOy_p\gpgÆ (L$pdh_-Np¡Ly$g-`pgp®)
! ""byrÙâ¡fL$ L©$óZõe `pv$`Ú„ âkuv$sy''. Np¡. h°S>râe dyfgu^fÆ (bp¡fuhgu)
Np¡. _ufS>Ly$dpf îudp^hfpeÆ (dy„bC-_prkL$)
Np¡. ifv$Ly$dpf (iug|bphp) îudyfgu^fÆ (`p¡fb„v$f)
lõspnf—:— Np¡. QÞÖNp¡`pg (Q„vy$bphp) îudyfgu^fÆ (`p¡fb„v$f)
Np¡. ifv¹$ Ar_fyÙÆ (dp„X$hu-lpgp¡g) r_.gu.Np¡.îu_©ÐeNp¡`pgÆ îuL©$óZÆh_Æ (dy„bC)
Np¡. qL$ip¡fQÞÖ (dp„X$hu-Sy>_pNY$) `ÓÜpfp kçdrs—:
Np¡. AS>eLy$dpf íepdky„v$fÆ (dÖpk) r_.gu.Np¡.îubpgL©$óZgpgÆ îuNp¡thv$fpeÆ (kyfs)
Np¡. d_dp¡l_ (dy„bC) r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°S>c|jZgpgÆ dlpfpS> (Åd_Nf)
Np¡. íepdkyÞv$f dyfgu^fÆ (bp¡fuhgu) `ÊQd`uW$p^uíhf r_.gu.Np¡.îurNqf^fgpgÆ (L$pdh_-hëgcrhÛp_Nf)
Np¡. lqffpe L©$óZÆh_Æ (dy„bC) r_.gu.Np¡.îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$p¡V$p)
r_.gu.Np¡.îuL©$óZQÞÖÆ îuL©$óZÆh_Æ (dy„bC) (—""dlpâcy îudv¹$h$ëgcpQpe® h„iS> Np¡õhpduAp¡_y„ k„ey¼s Op¡jZp`Ó''
Np¡. hëgcgpg îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$X$u-Adv$phpv$) 1986. `yrô$rkÙpÞsQQp®kcp k„rnàs rhhfZ, `©›$ 49-78—)
Np¡. lqffpe îuNp¡thv$fpeÆ (`p¡fb„v$f)
r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°Å^ujÆ îuL©$óZÆh_Æ (v$rlkf)
Np¡. h°S>¡iLy$dpf îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)
r_.gu.Np¡.îuL©$óZLy$dpf îufdZgpgÆ (L$p„v$uhgu-L$pdh_)
Np¡. fpS>¡iLy$dpfÆ îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)
Np¡. rhS>eLy$dpfÆ îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)
Np¡. ep¡N¡íhf d\yf¡íhfÆ (hX$p¡v$fp-kyfs)
Np¡. fOy_p\gpg îufdZgpgÆ (L$pdh_-Np¡Ly$g-`pgp®)
Np¡. v¡$hL$u_Þv$_pQpe® (Np¡Ly$g-Adv$phpv$)
Np¡. _h_usgpg îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$pdh_-cph_Nf)
Np¡. dyfgud_p¡lf îuh°Å^uiÆ (v$rlkf)
r_.gu.Np¡.îudp^hfpeÆ îuNp¡Ly$g_p\Æ (dy„bC-_prkL$)
Np¡. fd¡iLy$dpf îuNp¡`u_p\Æ (dygy„X$-_prkL$)
Np¡. L$ëepZfpe (L$Þl¥epbphp) (hufdNpd-Adv$phpv$)
19 20