DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WEB-BASED NUTRITIONIST

SYSTEM

BY

ATU KENECHUKWU GOSPEL

(19CG026409)

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

AND INFORMATION SCIENCE, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, COVENANT UNIVERSITY OTA, OGUN STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONORS) DEGREE IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE

NOVEMBER, 2022

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Artificial intelligence (AI) has influenced our everyday lives. From e-commerce to streaming
services to self-driving cars, AI is involved in so many aspects of our daily lives and this is just
the beginning of it. In the coming years, AI is will become much more advanced and many of the
activities seen today will eventually become either semi-automated or fully automated.

In the healthcare sector, AI has made massive improvements in patient diagnosis and has also
aided in tackling major issues associated with health. However, despite all the progress, there
still remain some dominant factors affecting the field of health and one of them is malnutrition.

The term Malnutrition does not have a standard definition but a general description of the word
malnutrition is the deficiency or imbalance of a wide range of nutrients and vitamins resulting in
several adverse effects on the body (John Saunders and Trevor Smith, 2010). Over the years,
malnutrition has remained a constant burden facing many developing countries such as Nigeria,
Congo, Pakistan, and many other countries in the sub-Saharan region of Africa and Southern
Asia, with high poverty rates. (Statista, 2022).

Malnutrition has been identified as a significant factor contributing to various health challenges.
These challenges include but are not limited to cancer, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and, in
severe cases, mortality when appropriate measures are not taken (Eroğlu, 2019). In addition, it
also has effects on many systems, mainly the immune system.

Cardiovascular diseases are currently recognized as one of the primary causes of death
worldwide in the 21st century. According to Hiwot Amare of the Department of Internal
Medicine, Ethiopia, cardiovascular diseases accounted for over 17.5 million deaths, about 31 %
of all global deaths in 2012 with over three-quarters of those deaths taking place in low- and
middle-income countries in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are
still common today because they are caused by a complex interaction of several risk factors, and
many of these risk factors are still prevalent in modern societies. One major cause of
cardiovascular diseases is an unhealthy diet. Many people still consume diets that are high in

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saturated and trans fats, salt, and sugar. These unhealthy diets can contribute to high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity, which are all risk factors for CVDs (Anand et al., 2015).
This report has proposed a web-based nutritionist system that generates healthy meal plans for
individuals who either have cardiovascular diseases or want to avoid contacting it and it does this
by collecting information such as age, health condition, allergy, and so on.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Despite the availability of numerous nutrition apps on the market, many fail to provide
personalized advice tailored to the unique needs and goals of individual users. This lack of
personalization can make it difficult for users to achieve their desired health outcomes, leading to
frustration and lack of motivation (Knick, 2018). A study by Hemphill (2019) found that many
nutrition apps fail to take into account individual characteristics such as age, sex, activity level,
and medical history when providing recommendations, resulting in a one-size-fits-all approach
that may not effectively address the specific needs of different users.

1.3 AIM OF OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study is to help people in making more healthy food decisions by implementing a
web-based Nutritionist system that gathers user information such as their age, weight, gender,
medical condition, allergy, and even what they ate previously and uses the gathered information
to provide the user with healthy meal recommendations.

To achieve the aim, the following specific objectives will be considered.

I. Requirement gathering by reviewing existing healthcare systems that have tackled the
same challenge, studying their pros and cons, and also extracting some useful
components that would be useful in the study
II. To design and prototype the system based using Figma
III. Implement the web-based public Nutritionist system using HTML CSS and JavaScript
with tensorflow.js for machine learning
IV. Evaluate the system using

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1.4 METHODOLOGY
OBJECTIVE METHODOLOGY
Requirement gathering by reviewing existing Data from existing articles, journals and all
healthcare systems that have tackled the same other documents covering the same domain
challenge, studying their pros and cons, and will be sourced. Also, existing systems that
also extracting some useful components that have attempted to tackle the same challenge
would be useful in the study will be examined as well
To design the system using use case and UML Use case and UML diagram illustrations will
diagrams and prototype the system using be used to illustrate how the app will be used.
Figma Also, Figma will be used for prototyping
Implement the web-based public Nutritionist The website will be implemented using the
system using HTML CSS and JavaScript with traditional web combo of HTML CSS and
tensorflow.js for machine learning JavaScript with python for Machine learning.
Evaluate the system using user feedback The app will be tested by a number of students
and their feedback will be recorded and
reviewed.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Below are the significances of the system

● The system will assist people who find it difficult to make healthy food decisions:

People who struggle to make healthy food decisions can finally be relieved from that
stress by making use of this system. Instead of having to work their brains into making
healthy food decisions for them, they can just use the app which will help them in making
those decisions.

● Can Help You Eat Healthier: One will naturally benefit from eating a healthier

and more tailored diet if you use this system. This application will offer suggestions for
items one should try to include in your diet.

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 ● Keeping track of one's food consumption manually will become more challenging

without the use of an app that does it. The only way a person can determine what they are
doing correctly in terms of their health and what they are doing incorrectly is by using an
app that can track and monitor their progress. It also highlights potential improvements
that could be made.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project was initiated to assist people in making healthy food decisions whenever they find
themselves in a situation where they don’t know what to eat.

1.7 OUTLINE OF STUDY

This project has 5 chapters. The first chapter of this report provides the study's background, a
summary of the problem, aim, and objectives, the research technique employed, and the study's
importance and limitations.

The second chapter is a survey of the literature, which includes a conceptual overview of the
literature, definition of key terms, and review of existing systems.

The system analysis is the third chapter, and the design includes the techniques and procedures
needed to complete the project.

Chapter four goes over the outcome analysis and results as well as the design and testing of the
program.

And to conclude chapter five includes the summary, conclusions, and references for additional
research.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this section, the roles of a nutritionist will be covered. The differences between a dietician and
a nutritionist as well as the types of nutritionists will also be discussed. Also, within this section,
the consequences of malnutrition will be covered and lastly different dietician or nutritionist
systems will be reviewed.

2.2 WHO IS A NUTRITIONIST

A nutritionist is a medical professional whose primary purpose is to advise people n what to eat
in order to live healthily or achieve a specific health-based goal or objective like losing weight,
gaining weight, or reducing blood pressure (Andrea Clement Santiago, 2022). Nutritionists
operate mainly in hospitals, nursing homes, elderly homes, or even medical offices however one
may find them in other settings as well.

2.2.1 WHAT DO NUTRITIONISTS DO

Nutritionists treat a number of health challenges and conditions and in addition, they also
provide certain individuals with information made specifically for them. For example, a
nutritionist may inform an obese patient on how to consume fewer calories and burn fat.

Below are some basic operations of nutritionists:

● Explaining what nutrition is, why it is important to be observed and monitored, and why

it will be beneficial to the client

● Assess clients' health needs and diet

● Create meal plans by taking client’s preferences and other necessary information into

account

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 ● Give advice about how to plan a healthy diet and how to avoid contracting nutrition-

based diseases, illnesses, and infections

● Keep up with the latest nutritional science research

Indeed, all nutritionists perform similar tasks however the kind of tasks they perform differ
depending on their area of expertise. Here are some examples of nutritionists listed below;

Clinical Nutritionist

Clinical nutritionists work individually with patients in hospitals and clinics. They often
collaborate with other doctors, nurses, and other nutritionists on healthcare teams to develop
meal plans that help patients combat certain health issues such as cancer, hypertension, and
obesity. They usually operate in hospitals or private organizations.

Gerontological Nutritionist

A gerontological nutritionist is someone who studies how nutrition affects the elderly. They
work in hospitals, nursing homes, and community health centers to teach patients and clients
how to care for the elderly. Their main responsibility is to create nutritious menus for their older
clients, who may have age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, have
trouble swallowing food, or are recovering from surgery (Newlifenutrition, 2016). To guarantee
that their customers' nutritional needs are satisfied, they also teach their clients' caregivers and
family members about healthy eating practices.

Public Health Nutritionist

Public health nutritionists, sometimes known as community nutritionists, teach the general public
about nutrition via classes or workshop training sessions. In order to help persons with low
incomes or high-risk jobs maintain healthy lives with the resources at their disposal, they
primarily work with community organizations or local governments. Their primary objective is

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to inform the targeted populations and their caregivers about healthy foods, sensible eating
practices, and optimal nutrition.

Sports Nutritionist

Sports nutritionists collaborate with athletes to help them develop meal plans and learn about
nutrition so they can enhance their performance or balance their active lifestyles. All professional
athletes, sports leagues, and universities require sports nutritionists to ensure that they stay in
good health. Sports nutritionists' primary objective is to help athletes achieve their optimal
performance with a healthy diet. Sports dietitians can help their clients prepare for forthcoming
sporting events by creating meal plans, lecturing about pre- and post-training eating habits, and
prescribing supplements to improve the athletes' immunity and performance. They might also
provide tips on how to stay hydrated and manage your weight.

2.2.2 ARE NUTRITIONISTS AND DIETICIANS THE SAME?

No, they are not. It is true that dieticians and nutritionists both assist people in finding the best
foods and diets to meet their medical needs however, they are not the same. A registered dietitian
nutritionist (RDN) is not the same as a nutritionist. As confusing as it sounds, this is the truth.
Although all dietitians are nutritionists, not all nutritionists are dietitians. To become a dietitian,
one would have to receive a certification from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics in order to
engage in that practice while anyone can become a nutritionist without any certification or
degree required (Lisa Wartenberg, 2020).

2.3 BALANCED DIET

A balanced diet is a meal diet that gives the body the full nourishment of the 5 different classes
of food needed by the body to be in full health. These 5 classes of food include:

Carbohydrates

This is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Arguably the most consumed type of food,
carbohydrates are called energy-giving foods because they are one of the primary sources of
energy for the body. The human body requires energy to carry out its internal processes. Each

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time a person breathes, several involuntary activities take place, including breathing, blood
circulation, controlling body temperature, dissolving chemicals, and developing muscular tissue.

They are obtained from yam, maize, sugar, cassava, potatoes, oat, millet, ripe plantain, rice,
honey, bread, etc.

Proteins

Proteins are responsible for building and repairing worn-out tissues in the body, A children grow
they require a lot of body-building foods in order to develop healthy bodies, have strong bones,
and strengthen the immune system. Every human, regardless of age, needs bodybuilding foods
since the body is constantly tearing down old tissues and needs to build new ones. Pregnant
women and growing children need more protein due to the numerous changes their bodies go
through.

Fats

Fats and oils are vital for human nourishment as an important source of energy; calories structure
a substantial source of energy for the body, they support and help with cell formation, and they
aid in muscle development and mineral absorption. Fats and oils are crucial for human nutrition
since they are a significant source of energy; also, they have potent anti-inflammatory properties
that reduce the risk of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and arthritis. Contrary to popular belief, there
are good fats that can be found in vegetables, fish, seeds, and nuts. Consuming fats is not always
bad.

Minerals

Minerals are very important because the body needs minerals for healthy development and
metabolic process regulation. They are essential for several bodily activities such as bone and
tooth formation, digestion management, and staying properly hydrated. Calcium, iron, and zinc
are the three most well-known minerals. They aid in bone strengthening, nerve signal
transmission, keeping up with sound circulatory strain, and muscular withdrawal and unwinding.

Vitamins

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Vitamins aid in the body's ability to metabolize food into energy, maintain healthy neurons and
immunity, and aid in blood clotting. These nutrients are mysterious, everyday components of our
food that support practically every bodily system and aid the body in utilizing carbohydrates,
fats, and protein. Additionally, they are involved in regulating growth, producing red platelets,
and defending the body against dangerous diseases and infections.

2.4 CALORIES

Calories represent the amount of energy produced after consuming and digesting a food item.
The more calories stored in a food type the more energy is produced after that food type has been
eaten.

2.4.1 CALORIC REQUIREMENTS

In this section, the number of calories an individual would require each day to stay fit and
healthy will be reviewed. A recent study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was
able to determine how many calories are necessary for every American of each gender and age
group.

For women

Age Daily calorie requirements

19–30 years 2,000–2,400 calories

31–59 years 1,800–2,200 calories

60+ years 1,600–2,000 calories

For 19 – 30:

Around this age most women would rather just maintain their current weight and most times
2000 to 2400 calories is enough.

For 31 – 59:

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The amount of energy required for women around this age is significantly reduced. To maintain
their body weight, women in this age bracket should typically take 1,800–2,200 calories each
day.

60 plus:

Women over 60 often require even less calories, and to maintain their weight, need to consume
1,600–2,000 calories daily

It is important to note that the number of calories consumed per day is based on age, weight,
health condition, and level of activity. Additionally, considering that pregnant women and
nursing mothers require substantially more calories, these estimations do not apply to them.

For Men

Age Daily calorie requirements

19–30 years 2,400–3,000 calories

31–59 years 2,200–3,000 calories

60+ years 2,000–2,600 calories

For 19 – 30:

To maintain their weight, males between the ages of 19 and 30 are advised to take 2,400–3,000
calories per day, according to the most recent Dietary Guidelines for Americans

For 31 – 60 plus:

The need for energy decreases with age. In actuality, males need between the ages of 31–59 need
between 2,200 and 3,000 calories per day to maintain their weight whereas men over 60 typically
need between 2,000 and 2,600

For children

Age Daily calorie requirements Daily calorie requirements

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 for Males for Females

2–4 years 1,000–1,600 calories 1,000–1,400 calories

5–8 years 1,200–2,000 calories 1,200–1,800 calories

9–13 years 1,600–2,600 calories 1,400–2,200 calories

14–18 years 2,000–3,200 calories 1,800–2,400 calorie

Children and teenagers have different energy requirements depending on their gender and age. A
3-year-old toddler may only require 1,200 calories, whereas a teenager may require closer to
3,000 calories.

However, keep in mind that calorie counting is often unnecessary for growing adolescents and
teenagers.

In actuality, restricting a child's calorie intake raises the likelihood that they may experience
nutritional inadequacies, experience slow growth, and develop an unhealthful connection with
food or an eating problem.

Instead of tracking calories, it's ideal to encourage nutrient-dense foods, prepare more meals and
snacks at home, and encourage children and teenagers to engage in regular physical activity.

2.4 CONSEQUENCES OF MALNUTRITION

There are many infections and diseases that arise as a result of poor nutrition and unhealthy
eating habits. The severe effects of malnutrition occur between the ages of two and four, namely
during pregnancy and early life. Children who are malnourished have weakened immune
systems and are therefore more prone to diseases and infections. Stunting can result from
chronically inadequate nutritional intake and recurrent infections, and its consequences on
delayed motor and cognitive development are largely irreversible.

In this section, we will discuss some of the most recognized consequences of malnutrition in the
society of today.

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2.4.1 UNDERWEIGHT
Underweight is a term used to describe a person whose body weight is too low to be considered
healthy. The risk of mortality among children who are even mildly underweight has increased,
and the danger is substantially higher for those who are severely underweight (J. Ngo et al,
2016).

Being Underweight was linked to a higher all-cause death rate as compared to normal weight.
Regardless of smoking status, both sexes showed increased risk, which was mostly driven by an
increase in deaths from unnatural causes, other than cancer, cardiovascular disease, or respiratory
illnesses (Lucienne Roh et al, 2014).

2.4.2 OVERWEIGHT

Just as underweight is described as being too light to be considered healthy, being overweight or
obese is being too heavy to be considered healthy. There are more overweight or obese
individuals than underweight adults, which is a huge public health concern on a global scale. In
2016, 11% of men and 15% of women were obese, and 39% of men and 40% of women, or over
2 billion adults, were overweight (WHO, 2021). Over the past forty years, there has been a
noticeable increase in both overweight and obesity.

In the United States, obesity and overweight are prevalent conditions that are characterized by an
increase in the size and number of fat cells in the body. Unhealthy habits, such as not getting
enough exercise and consuming high-calorie and low-nutrient foods and beverages, some
medications, genetics, and family history all contribute to being overweight or obese.

2.4.3 DIABETES

Diabetes emerges when your body's cells cannot absorb sugar (glucose) and use it as fuel,
leading to your bloodstream accumulating additional sugar. Mismanagement of diabetes can
have catastrophic effects, including harm to your heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves, and many other
bodily organs and tissues. Over the past few decades, the prevalence of diabetes has increased,
driven by an increase in obesity rates around the world (WHO, 2022). Diabetes is a significant
public health issue due to its early morbidity, mortality, shortened life expectancy, and associated
financial consequence to patients, their careers, and the healthcare system . 8.5% of persons who

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were 18 years of age and older had diabetes in 2014. A total of 1.5 million deaths were directly
related to diabetes in 2019, and 48% of these deaths occurred in those under the age of 70
(WHO, 2022). Diabetes contributed to an additional 460 000 renal disease fatalities, and elevated
blood glucose is responsible for almost 20% of cardiovascular mortality

Types of Diabetes

1. Type 1 diabetes: This type is an autoimmune disease, which means that the body attacks
itself. In this situation, the pancreas' insulin-producing cells are killed. Type 1 diabetes
affects up to 10% of patients with the disease. Typically, children and young adults
receive the diagnosis (although it can develop at any age). Type 1 Diabetes used to be
more often known as "juvenile" diabetes. Those who have Type 1 diabetes must take
insulin daily. It is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes for this reason.
2. Type 2 diabetes: For this kind, the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or the
cells don't react to the insulin as it should. The most typical form of diabetes is this one.
Up to 95% of those who have diabetes are Type 2 patients. This type is more common in
persons in their forties and fifties. Type 2 diabetes is also known as adult-onset diabetes
and insulin-resistant diabetes.
3. Prediabetes: The stage of diabetes before Type 2 is this type. Although the blood glucose
levels are greater than normal, Type 2 diabetes has not yet been formally diagnosed.
4. Gestational diabetes: Some women develop this kind of diabetes during their pregnancy.
After pregnancy, gestational diabetes typically disappears. But if you have gestational
diabetes, your risk of getting Type 2 diabetes in the future is increased.

2.5 REVIEW OF EXISTING SYSTEMS

In this section, some already existing will be reviewed and observed to get further information
that will aid in system development.

2.5.1 MyPlate Calorie Counter

Developed by the lifestrong group limited, MyPlate calorie counter is a nutritionist application
that tracks the amount of nutrients a person consumes and the and the amount of calories they

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burn up after exercise. This app would be instrumental to a person who wants to track what he
eats and what he should eat. The app has a very large database such that whenever a food type is
entered, the app would give you information on how much calories that food type has, the
micronutrients contained in it as well as the amount of cholesterol, fiber and sugar within it.

A standout feature of Myplate calorie counter is its community support forum that provides
support, motivation, and tips and tricks for new members that just started using the app. This
feature also allows users to join a program that will give them access to weekly meal plans
crafted by professional nutritionists.

A disadvantage of using this app is that it does not consider people with certain medical
challenges like allergies and it is unable to filter its diet plans and recipes based on those
restrictions. Also, even though the database is quite large it is still relatively small compared to
other healthcare systems

Figure 2.1 Image showing MyPlate Calorie Counter website

2.5.2 MyFitnessPal

MyFitnessPal is a popular nutrition app that allows users to track their calorie and nutrient
intake, set goals, and monitor their progress. The app has a large food database which makes it
easy for users to track the foods they eat and provides a detailed breakdown of the

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macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)
consumed. Additionally, the app has a barcode scanning feature which allows for easy tracking
of packaged foods.

One of the strengths of MyFitnessPal is the ability to set and track goals. Users can set goals for
weight loss, weight gain, or maintenance, and the app will calculate a daily calorie budget to help
users reach their goals. Additionally, the app can connect to various fitness apps and devices
such as a Fitbit or Apple watch, which allows for a comprehensive view of overall health and
fitness.

However, a limitation of MyFitnessPal is that the recommendations and goals are not
personalized to the user's specific needs and goals and lack of professional support such as
registered dietitians or nutritionists. It's based on a generic macronutrient ratio that might not be
suitable for everyone, hence a user should consult with a dietitian or a nutritionist before taking
any decision based on the app's recommendations.

Another limitation of MyFitnessPal is that it's a self-reported food diary, and there is potential
for inaccuracies in tracking, which can lead to incorrect nutrient information and progress
tracking.

In conclusion, MyFitnessPal is a useful app for tracking calorie and nutrient intake and setting
goals. Its large food database, barcode scanning feature, and integration with other fitness apps
and devices make it easy to use and understand. However, it lacks personalization to the user's
needs and lacks professional support which can limit its effectiveness for achieving desired
health outcomes. Users should consider consulting with a dietitian or a nutritionist to get more
accurate and personalized advice.

2.5.3 Nutrium

Nutrium is a meal planning software for dieticians and nutritionists which can help them better
manage their practices. It provides a user-friendly tool kit for running sessions with patients and
clients to help them manage their health progress. Nutrium aims to make consultation and data
collection from clients much easier and more convenient.

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Nutrium has 7 features for storing information obtained after consultation with clients and they
can be seen below

 Information Tab: This tab is used to enter details about the patient, such as their name,
medical history, and consultation goals. Photographs of the client may be added if
necessary.
 Measurement Tab: This tab is used to enter client-specific data such as anthropometric
measures, blood pressure, cholesterol, and weight.
 Planning Tab: This tab is used for setting objectives and goals to facilitate the creation
of meal plans on the following tab. One can also set the duration of the meal plan and the
distribution of macronutrients for meal plans here.
 Meal Tab: In this tab, a practitioner would enter foods and meals in a section to create a
meal plan for the client. separate meals such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks, can
be entered with each one of the having its own set of food items and quantities.
 Recommendation Tab: In this tab, you can recommend physical activities to your
clients as well as other recommendations such as foods to avoid and supplements.
 Analysis Tab: In this tab, the program compares the meal plan to the client's nutritional
goals and displays the meal plan's micronutrient values. The nutritionists can choose how
they want the client’s plan delivered whether by pdf, message, or email.
 Deliverables Tab: This final tab allows one to choose what information they want to be
sent or shared with the client and provides a way to make appointments and send instant
messages to the client through the program without needing paper or emails.

A disadvantage of this app is that it does not give any health recommendations based on the
client’s health condition or challenges. What it does is that it recommends health professionals
that could help manage and create meal plans for the client. This app does not provide any form
of support in choosing the best diet plan for clients.

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 Figure 2.2 image showing the Nutrium website

2.5.4 DoFasting

DoFasting is an app that was made to make intermittent fasting easy for beginners. In case you
are unfamiliar with the term intermittent fasting, it is it’s a cyclical dietary approach that changes
between different points in time of eating and fasting all through the day. IF operates in the same
manner as any other weight-loss plan: eating fewer calories than what the body expends. The
most prevalent technique for intermittent fasting is the 16:8 approach where all calories are
consumed within eight consecutive hours over the course of a 24-hour day.

The major feature of the app is a customizable fasting schedule and timer however it also has
weight, water, steps, and calorie tracking modules. The DoFasting app has a library of workouts
suitable for all ages, genders, and experience levels

The DoFasting app is unsuitable for professional athletes as they would require a constant supply
of energy for their sporting activity. An issue with the Dofasting app is that someone cannot
return to a previous day and adjust the data if they miss a day of food tracking.

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