Abp Introduction To Kinematics Presentation 2023-10-17

Introduction to
Kinematics
2022-09-09
www.njctl.org
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=oEeElS3bXfM
Table of Contents:
Introduction to Kinematics
Click on a topic to go to that section
· Motion in One Dimension
· Distance - Time Graphs

· Reference Frames, Displacement and Velocity
· Kinematics Equation 1
· Free Fall: Acceleration Due to Gravity

· Displacement vs. Time
· Mixed Kinematics Problems

Motion in One Dimension
Return to
Table of
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=WhS4aifA2eM Contents
Distance
We all know what the distance between two objects is...
So what is it?
What is distance?
What is length?
ALSO - you can't use the words "distance" or "length" in your

definition; that would be cheating.
Distance
As you can see from your efforts, it is impossible to define distance.
Distance is a fundamental part of nature. It is so fundamental that

it's impossible to define. Everyone knows what distance is, but no
one can really say what it is.
However, distances can be compared.

Distance
We can compare the distance between two objects to the

distance between two other objects.
For convenience, we create standard distances so that we can

easily make comparisons... and tell someone else about them.
We will be using the meter as our unit for measuring distance.

It's just that it's been accepted as a universal standard, so
everyone knows what it is.
This doesn't define distance, but it allows us to work with it.

Distance
We'll be using meter as our standard for measuring distance.
The symbol for distance is "d".
And the unit for the meter is "m"
d = 0.2 m
Time
Similarly, everyone knows what time is...
But try defining it; what is time?
Remember you can't use the word "time"

or an equivalent to the word "time", in your definition.
Time
Like distance, time is a fundamental aspect of nature.
It is so fundamental that it's impossible to define. Everyone knows

what time is, but no one can really say what it is...
However, like distances, times can be compared.

Time
We can say that in the time it took to run around the track, the
second hand of my watch went around once...so my run took 60
seconds. When we compare the time between two events to the
time between two other events, we are measuring time.
This doesn't
define time,
but it allows
us to work
with it.
Time
We will be using thesecondas our standard for measuring time.
The symbol for time is "t"
The unit for a second is "s".
t = 10s
Click here a "minute physics" video

on measuring time and distance
Speed
Speed is defined as the distance traveled divided by the

time it took to travel that distance.
speed = distance
time
Speed is not a fundamental aspect of nature,

it is the ratio of two things that are.
Speed
The units of speed can be seen by substituting the units for

distance and time into the equation
meters
seconds
We read this unit as

"meters per second"
Solving Word Problems
In physics (and many other disciplines), you will need to find an
unknown quantity based on given information (givens).
Here's a good approach:
1. Identify and list the givens and the unknown.
2. Draw and label a diagram of the situation.
3. Select a formula containing the givens and the unknown.
4. Cross out terms that are equal to zero.
5. Solve the formula so that the unknown is alone on the left.
6. Substitute in the givens, with their units.
7. Calculate the value of the unknown, including its units.
8. Box the answer with its units.
Example 1: Speed
A car travels 50 m in 20 s; What is its speed?
Answer on next slide

Example 1: Speed
A car travels 50 m in 20 s; What is its speed?
Given: d = 50 m, t = 20 s
Use the speed formula:
Substitute for the given quantities:

Example 2: Speed
A ball rolled at a speed of 3 m/s for 2.5 s; how far did it travel?

Example 2: Speed
A ball rolled at a speed of 3 m/s for 2.5 s; how far did it travel?
Given: s = 3 m/s, t = 2.5 s
Use the speed formula.
Multiply both side by t.
Substitute for the given quantities.

Example 3: Speed
How much time will it take you to travel a distance of 150 m at a
speed of 30 m/s?

Example 3: Speed
How much time will it take you to travel a distance of 150 m at a
speed of 30 m/s?
Given: d = 150 m, s = 30 m/s
Use the speed formula.
Multiply both side by t. Substitute in the givens.
Divide both sides by s.

1 A car travels at a constant speed of 10 m/s. This
means the car:
A increases its speed by 10m every second.

B decreases its speed by 10m every second.
Answer
C moves with an acceleration of 10 meters every second
D moves 10 meters every second.
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=7E8c3jVbN2w
1 A car travels at a constant speed of 10 m/s. This
means the car:
A increases its speed by 10m every second.

B decreases its speed by 10m every second.
Answer
D
C moves with an acceleration of 10 meters every second
D moves 10 meters every second.
E I need help
[This object is a pull tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=7E8c3jVbN2w
2 A rabbit runs a distance of 60 meters in 20 s;
what is the speed of the rabbit?
A 0.3 m/s
Answer
B 0.6 m/s
C 3 m/s
D 4 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=XrtRbPudROU
2 A rabbit runs a distance of 60 meters in 20 s;
what is the speed of the rabbit?
A 0.3 m/s
Answer S = d/t
B 0.6 m/s S = 60m/20s
S = 3 m/s
C 3 m/s
D 4 m/s
[This object is a pull
tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=XrtRbPudROU
3 An airplane on a runway can cover 500 m in 10 s;
what is the airplane's average speed?
A 0.02 m/s
Answer
B 50 m/s
C 100 m/s
D 5000 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=OJNi1GsWnuI
3 An airplane on a runway can cover 500 m in 10 s;
what is the airplane's average speed?
A 0.02 m/s
Answer s = d/t
B 50 m/s s = (500m)/(10s)
s = 50 m/s
C 100 m/s
D 5000 m/s
tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=OJNi1GsWnuI
4 A car travels at a speed of 40 m/s for 4.0 s;
what is the distance traveled by the car?
A 4m
Answer
B 10 m
C 160 m
D 320 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=CWvo93CQnNI
4 A car travels at a speed of 40 m/s for 4.0 s;
what is the distance traveled by the car?
A 4m s = d/t
Answer
d = st
B 10 m d = (40m/s)(4s)
d = 160m
C 160 m
D 320 m [This object is a pull

tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=CWvo93CQnNI
5 You travel at a speed of 20 m/s for 6.0 s; what
distance have you moved?
A 6m
Answer
B 20 m
C 120 m
D 160 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=mPMcjq1CNxA
5 You travel at a speed of 20 m/s for 6.0 s; what
distance have you moved?
A 6m Answer s = d/t
d = st
B 20 m
d = (20m/s)(6s)
C 120 m d = 120m
D 160 m [This object is a pull

tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=mPMcjq1CNxA
6 You travel at a constant speed of 20 m/s; how much
time does it take you to travel a distance of 120 m?
A 6s
Answer
B 12 s
C 20 s
D 60 s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=_8JNZyQXze4
time does it take you to travel a distance of 120 m?
A 6s
Answer
s = d/t
t = d/s
B 12 s
t = (120m)(20m/s)
C 20 s t=6s
D 60 s
tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=_8JNZyQXze4
time does it take you to travel a distance of 150m?
A 0.2 s
Answer
B 5s
C 15 s
D 30 s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=k7od93faZ3E
time does it take you to travel a distance of 150m?
A 0.2 s s = d/t
Answer
t = d/s
B 5s
t = 150m/30m/s
C 15 s t=5s
D 30 s [This object is a pull

tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=k7od93faZ3E
Distance - Time Graphs
Return to
Table of
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=3y4OCZgN5wk
Contents
Graphing Motion
Another way to look at motion is to make a graph plotting the
distance traveled against time elapsed.
This represents a powerful analytical tool that we will be applying
to some labs in this unit.
By convention, elapsed time is plotted on the x-axis when
graphing motion.
The other variable, in this case, traveled distance, is plotted on the
y-axis.
Graphing Motion
Example: A lab cart moves on a horizontal table top. The traveled
distance and time are measured by the motion sensors.
First, we'll make a table from our observations.
Distance (m) Time (s) This table shows 9 measurements.
0 0
2.00 0.79 The two variables are:
4.00 2.24 Distance Traveled and Elapsed Time.
6.00 2.68
We create a scatter plot by plotting
8.00 4.32 the points.
10.00 5.25
12.00 5.82
14.00 7.15
16.00 8.20
Graphing Motion
Each data row of the table equates to a point on the graph.
Points are not connected

in a scatter plot. This is
how a scatter plot differs
from a line graph.
A line of best fit, or trend

Distance (m)
line, can help us predict

outcomes using the data
that you already have. It is
drawn on a scatter plot that
best fits the data points.
It also smooths out

measurement errors.
Time (s)
Graphing Motion
There are quantitative approaches to drawing a line of best fit,
but a simpler approach will get a good approximation.
Place a ruler or straightedge on the plot and move it until the

edge lines up with the points.
Usually, about half the points are above the edge and half are
below.
Then draw the line along that edge.
The line does not need to pass through any data points to be
correct.
It often won't pass through any data points.

Graphing Motion
Now we can complete the graph.
The line of best fit helps

correlate the data, making it
possible to make predictions
about times and distances
that were not included in the
Distance (m)
data.
For any given elapsed time,

the distance traveled in that
time can be predicted from
the line of best fit.
The line "replaces" the data

points in describing the Time (s)
motion.
Graphing Motion
Using the line of best fit,

we can predict that at
9.0 s the cart would
Distance (m)
have traveled 17.6 m,
as seen by the green
dashed lines.
This prediction is made,

even though no data
were collected at 9.0 s.
Time (s)
Graphing Motion
Slope is defined as the amount by which the y-value changes
with respect to a change in the x-value.
More precisely, slope is defined as:
Since the y-axis is the vertical axis and the x-axis is the horizontal
axis, the slope is sometimes referred to as rise over run. This is
a short-hand way of saying delta y over delta x.
Graphing Motion
It's often useful to find the slope of a line in order to analyze the
correlation between variables.
Slope shows the rate of change of the variable on the y-axis with
respect to the variable on the x-axis.
Sometimes, the slope of the line will identify a derived quantity.
For instance, suppose we make a distance versus time graph

(distance on the y-axis and time on the x-axis).
Let's examine the meaning of its slope.

Graphing Motion
This graph shows the distance

versus time for an object.
The slope of the line shows the

Distance (m)
following:
Speed is the slope of the best fit

line on a distance versus time
graph.
Time (s)
Graphing Motion
An object traveling at a higher

speed will have a greater slope
on a distance versus time graph
of its motion.
Distance (m)
Likewise, a smaller slope would

represent an object with a lower
speed.
An object at rest would have

zero slope (a horizontal line) on
a distance versus time graph.
Time (s)
Graphing Motion
Distance vs. Time
Students will sometimes
erroneously count the boxes
on the graph instead of using
the scale on each axis for
calculating the slope.
Distance (m)
Suppose a student were to
calculate the slope of the best
fit line to the right using the two
identified points on this graph.
Time (s)
Graphing Motion
The student counts 5 boxes up
and 4 boxes to the right for the Distance vs. Time
top right point. The student then
might incorrectly calculate the
slope as:
Distance (m)
The student should look at the
scale and identify the
coordinates (0, 0) and (4, 10)
and then correctly calculate the
slope as:
Time (s)
8 What is the slope of the line in the graph below?
distance vs time
A 0.5 m/s
Answer
distance (m)
B 2.0 m/s
C 8.0 m/s
D 0.5 s/m
E I need help time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=RRY8hzlZHKc
8 What is the slope of the line in the graph below?
distance vs time
A 0.5 m/s
Answer
distance (m)
B 2.0 m/s
A
C 8.0 m/s
D 0.5 s/m
E I need help [This object is a pull tab]
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=RRY8hzlZHKc
9 Which line represents the object traveling at the highest
speed?
distance vs time
A B
C
Answer
B
distance (m)
D
C A
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ypiH_lElnnE
9 Which line represents the object traveling at the highest
speed?
distance vs time
A B
C
Answer
B B
distance (m)
D
C A
D
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ypiH_lElnnE
10 Which line represents the object traveling at the lowest
non-zero speed?
distance vs time
A B
C
Answer
B
distance (m)
D
C A
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ZPbrFYJiIDM
10 Which line represents the object traveling at the lowest
non-zero speed?
distance vs time
A B
C
Answer
B
D
distance (m)
D
C A
D
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ZPbrFYJiIDM
11 What is the speed of the object represented by line A?
distance vs time
A 0 m/s
B
B 0.5 m/s C
Answer
C 1.0 m/s
distance (m)
D
A
D Not enough
information
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=iueM6KyHY_Y
11 What is the speed of the object represented by line A?
distance vs time
A 0 m/s
B
B 0.5 m/s
Answer C
A
C 1.0 m/s
distance (m)
D
A
D Not enough
information
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=iueM6KyHY_Y
12 What is the speed of the object represented by line B?
distance vs time
A 0 m/s
B
B 0.5 m/s C
Answer
C 1.7 m/s
distance (m)
D
A
D Not enough
information
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=wQMJwGjKLkk
12 What is the speed of the object represented by line B?
distance vs time
A 0 m/s
B
B 0.5 m/s C
Answer
C
C 1.7 m/s
distance (m)
D
A
D Not enough
information [This object is a pull tab]
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=wQMJwGjKLkk
13 What is the speed of the object represented by line C?
distance vs time
A 0 m/s
B
B 0.5 m/s C
Answer
C 1.0 m/s
distance (m)
D
A
D Not enough
information
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=raf_Zx4-31E
13 What is the speed of the object represented by line C?
distance vs time
A 0 m/s
B
B 0.5 m/s
Answer C
C
C 1.0 m/s
distance (m)
D
A
D Not enough
information
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=raf_Zx4-31E
14 What is the speed of the object represented by line D?
distance vs time
A 0.59 m/s
B
B 1.0 m/s C
Answer
C 1.6 m/s
distance (m)
D
A
D Not enough
information
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=qbyoXquUA4E
14 What is the speed of the object represented by line D?
distance vs time
A 0.59 m/s
B
B 1.0 m/s
Answer C
A
C 1.6 m/s
distance (m)
D
A
D Not enough
information
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=qbyoXquUA4E
15 Which line represents the object moving at the highest
speed?
distance vs time
A B
Answer
B
C distance (m)
A D
D
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=EATL215rtro
15 Which line represents the object moving at the highest
speed?
distance vs time
A B
C
Answer
B B
C distance (m)
A D
D
E I need help
time (s)
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=EATL215rtro
Reference Frames,
Displacement and Velocity
Return to
Table of
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=d6cLNOhi_30
Contents
Position and Reference Frames
Speed, distance and time didn't require us to define where we

started and where we ended up. They just measure how far
we traveled and how long it took to travel that far.
However, much of physics is about knowing where something

is and how its position changes with time.
To define position we have to use a reference frame.

Position and Reference Frames
A reference frame lets us define where an object is located,

relative to other objects.
For instance, we can use a map to compare

the location of different cities, or a globe to
compare the location of different continents.
However, not every reference frame is appropriate for every

problem.
Reference Frame Activity
Send a volunteer out of the classroom to wait for further
instructions.
Place an object somewhere in your classroom. Write specific

directions for someone to be able to locate the object
Write them in a way that allows you to hand them to someone

who can then follow them to the object.
Remember: you can't tell them the name of something

your object is near, just a direction to move and how far
to move in that direction.
Test your directions out on your classmate, (who is hopefully

still in the hallway!)
Reference Frame Activity - Reflection
In your groups, make a list of the things you needed to

include in your directions in order to successfully locate the
object in the room.
As a class, discuss your findings.

Results - Reference Frames
You probably found that you needed:
A starting point (an origin)
A set of directions (for instance left-right, forward-backward, up-down)
A unit of measure (to dictate how far to go in each direction)

Results - Reference Frames
In this course, we'll usually:
Define the origin as a location labeled "zero"
Create three perpendicular axes : x, y and z for direction
Use the meter as our unit of measure

The Axis
In this course, we will be solving problems in one-dimension.
Typically, we use the x-axis for that direction.
+x will usually be to the right
-x would then be to the left
We could define it the opposite way, but unless specified

otherwise, this is what we'll assume. We also can think about
compass directions in terms of positive and negative. For
example, North would be positive and South negative.
The symbol for position is "x".

Displacement
Now that we understand how to define position, we can talk

about a change in position; a displacement .
The symbol for "change" is the Greek letter "delta" "Δ".
So "Δx" means the change in x or the change in position

Displacement
+y
Displacement describes how far
you are from where you started,
regardless of how you got there.
-x +x
-y
Displacement
+y
For instance, if you drive 60 miles
from Pennsylvania to New
Jersey...
-x x0 +x
(In physics,
we label the
starting
-y position x0 )
Displacement
+y
and then 20 miles back toward
Pennsylvania.
-x x0 xf +x
(We also
label the final
-y position x )
f
Displacement
You have traveled: +y
a distance of 80 miles, and
a displacement of 40 miles,
-x x0 xf +x
since that is how far you are from
where you started
-y
we can calculate displacement with the following formula:

Δx = Xf - Xo
Displacement
Measurements of distance can only be positive values

(magnitudes) since it is impossible to travel a negative
distance.
Imagine trying to measure a negative length with a meter stick...

Displacement
However, displacement can be positive or negative since
you can end up to the right or left of where you started.
+y +y
-x xo xf +x -x xf xo +x
-y -y
Displacement is positive. Displacement is negative.

Average Speed
Speed has been defined as the ratio of distance and time:
We've only calculated examples where the speed of the object

doesn't change; it's a constant. Another name for this is
instantaneous speed.
When an object's speed changes over time, the same formula is

used to calculate its average speed. A bar is placed over the "s"
to indicate average speed.
Velocity
Speed is a scalar.
What's more interesting is when we not only consider the

magnitude of an object's motion, but in which direction it is
moving.
Velocity is a vector and gives the magnitude and direction of the

object's motion. It is defined as:
Where Δx is the displacement of the object. When Δt is very

small, "v" is known as instantaneous velocity.
The velocity of a moving object can be described as "15 m/s to

the east," or "15 m/s in the positive direction," depending on the
reference frame used.
Average Velocity
Sometimes during an object's motion, its velocity will change.
For instance if you are driving to the grocery store, there may be a
highway where the car travels quickly and there may be stop signs,
where the car's velocity is zero.
The average velocityfor the trip can be found by dividing the total
displacement by the elapsed time.
The symbol for average velocity is v with a bar over it:
The average velocity can be positive, negative or zero, depending on

the motion with respect to the starting point.
Instantaneous Velocity
The average velocity can't tell us the velocity at every moment in

time, it's just the average for the entire trip.
Continuing with our trip to the grocery store. When the car stops
at a stop sign, we say that its instantaneous velocity is zero.
The instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object at a very

brief moment in time.
Mathematically,
The instantaneous velocity can also be positive, negative or zero,

depending on the motion.
Vectors and Scalars
Scalar - a quantity that has only a magnitude (number or value)
Vector - a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction
Which of the following are vectors? Scalars?
Quantity Vector Scalar

Time
Distance
Displacement
Speed
Velocity

Vectors and Scalars
Scalar - a quantity that has only a magnitude (number or value)
Vector - a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction
Which of the following are vectors? Scalars?
Quantity Vector Scalar

Time X
Distance X
Displacement X
Speed X
Velocity X
16 All of the following are examples of positive
direction except:
A to the right
B north
C west
Answer
D up
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=JnzoLC8tbAE
16 All of the following are examples of positive
direction except:
A to the right
B north
C west
Answer
C
D up
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=JnzoLC8tbAE
17 All of the following are examples of negative
direction except:
A to the right
B south
Answer
C west
D down
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Wm-YzMopcY8
17 All of the following are examples of negative
direction except:
A to the right
B south Answer
C west A
D down
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Wm-YzMopcY8
18 How far your ending point is from your starting
point is known as:
A distance
B displacement
C a positive integer
Answer
D a negative integer
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=vxIWZ9_rQFo
18 How far your ending point is from your starting
point is known as:
A distance
B displacement
C a positive integer
Answer
B
D a negative integer
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=vxIWZ9_rQFo
19 A car travels 60m to the right and then 30m to
the left. What distance has the car traveled?
-x +x
Answer
A 30 m
B 60 m
C 90 m
D 0m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=HxpHVhVbGF4
19 A car travels 60m to the right and then 30m to
the left. What distance has the car traveled?
-x dtot = d1 +d2 +x
Answer
dtot = 60m+ 30m

A 30 m
B 60 m dtot = 90m
C 90 m
D 0m [This object is a pull
tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=HxpHVhVbGF4
20 You travel 60m to the right and then 30m to the left.
What is the magnitude (and direction) of
your displacement?
-x +x
A -30 m
Answer
B 0m
C 30 m
D 60 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=DOIpNF9Rdz0
20 You travel 60m to the right and then 30m to the left.
What is the magnitude (and direction) of
your displacement?
-x +x
A -30 m
Δx = 30m
Answer
B 0m
C 30 m (to the right)
D 60 m
E I need help
tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=DOIpNF9Rdz0
21 Starting from the origin, a car travels 4km east and
then 7 km west. What is the net displacement from
the original point?
A 3 km west
B 3 km east
C 7 km west
Answer
D 11 km east
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=iYNfUacg-9A
then 7 km west. What is the net displacement from
the original point?
A 3 km west
B 3 km east
C 7 km west
Answer
D 11 km east A
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=iYNfUacg-9A
22 You run around a 400m track. At the end of your
run, what is the distance that you traveled?
A 0m
B 100 m
C 200 m
Answer
D 400 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Zh-BoXNwIDo
run, what is the distance that you traveled?
A 0m
B 100 m
C 200 m
Answer
d = 400m
D 400 m
E I need help

tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Zh-BoXNwIDo
run, what is your displacement?
A 0m
B 100 m
Answer
C 200 m
D 400 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=GtCTnmgkkXQ
run, what is your displacement?
A 0m
B 100 m
Answer
C 200 m Δx = 0m
D 400 m
E I need help [This object is a pull

tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=GtCTnmgkkXQ
then 7 km west. What is the total distance
traveled?
A 3 km
B -3 km
C 7 km
Answer
D 11 km
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=vl2i9fvhOVE
then 7 km west. What is the total distance
traveled?
A 3 km
B -3 km
C 7 km
Answer
D 11 km D
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=vl2i9fvhOVE
25 Which of the following is a vector quantity?
A distance
B time
Answer
C speed
D velocity
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ERA0QyQ-iAA
25 Which of the following is a vector quantity?
A distance
B time
Answer
C speed D
D velocity
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ERA0QyQ-iAA
26 A student competed in a 400 m race, starting and
finishing the race at the same position after one lap
around the track. The student took 80 s to complete the
race. What was the student's average speed?
A 0 m/s
Answer
B 2.5 m/s
C 5 m/s
D 10 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=cpwDIN7_Zfw
race. What was the student's average speed?
A 0 m/s
Answer
B 2.5 m/s C
C 5 m/s
D 10 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=cpwDIN7_Zfw
race. What was the magnitude of the student's average
velocity?
Answer
A 0 m/s
B 2.5 m/s
C 5 m/s
D 10 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=J3pJUocWorU
race. What was the magnitude of the student's average
velocity?
Answer
A 0 m/s A
B 2.5 m/s
C 5 m/s
D 10 m/s [This object is a pull tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=J3pJUocWorU
Kinematics Equation 1
Return to
Table of
Contents
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=TpwQxHGYuk8
Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
change of velocity
acceleration =
elapsed time
Acceleration
Acceleration is a vector, although in one-dimensional motion we

only need the sign.
Since only constant acceleration will be considered in this course,

there is no need to differentiate between average and
instantaneous acceleration - they're the same.
Units for Acceleration
Units for acceleration
You can derive the units by substituting the correct units into the
right hand side of these equations.
Since "Δ" means change:

Δv = v - v 0
and
Δt = t - t 0
Let t 0 = 0, then Δt = t
Solve for v
This equation tells us how an object's

velocity changes as a function of time.
This is Kinematics Equation 1.

Example 1: Kinematics Equation 1
If an object accelerates from rest, with a constant acceleration of
5.4 m/s2, what will its velocity be after 28 s?

If an object accelerates from rest, with a constant acceleration of
5.4 m/s2, what will its velocity be after 28 s?
Given: vo = 0 m/s, a = 5.4 m/s2, t = 28 s
Use Kinematics Equation 1.
Substitute in the givens.

An object is traveling at a constant velocity of 15 m/s when it
experiences a constant acceleration of 3.5 m/s2 for a time of
11 s. What will its velocity be after that acceleration?

An object is traveling at a constant velocity of 15 m/s when it
experiences a constant acceleration of 3.5 m/s2 for a time of
11 s. What will its velocity be after that acceleration?
Given: vo = 15 m/s, a = 3.5 m/s2, t = 11 s

An object is moving at a velocity of 23 m/s. It accelerates to a velocity
of 85 m/s over a time of 8.3 s. What acceleration did it experience?

An object is moving at a velocity of 23 m/s. It accelerates to a velocity
of 85 m/s over a time of 8.3 s. What acceleration did it experience?
Given: vo = 23 m/s, v = 85 m/s, t = 8.3 s
Use Kinematics Equation 1. Substitute in the givens.
Solve for a.
A car is driving at a velocity of 24 m/s. If its brakes can supply
an acceleration of -5.0 m/s2, how much time will be required to
bring the car to a stop?

A car is driving at a velocity of 24 m/s. If its brakes can supply
an acceleration of -5.0 m/s2, how much time will be required to
bring the car to a stop?
Given: vo = 24 m/s, a = -5 m/s2, v = 0 m/s
Solve for t.
28 Acceleration is the rate of change of _________ .
A displacement
B distance
C speed
D velocity
Answer
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=4tmNAmswOd0
28 Acceleration is the rate of change of _________ .
A displacement
B distance
C speed
D velocity
Answer
E I need help D
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=4tmNAmswOd0
29 The unit for velocity is:
A m
B m/s
C m/s2
D ft/s2
Answer
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=D-h5qV2Plys
29 The unit for velocity is:
A m
B m/s
C m/s2
D ft/s2
Answer
E I need help B
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=D-h5qV2Plys
30 The metric unit for acceleration is:
A m
B m/s
C m/s2
D ft/s2
Answer
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=EMkc2W5u6vw
30 The metric unit for acceleration is:
A m
B m/s
C m/s2
D ft/s2
Answer
C
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=EMkc2W5u6vw
31 Starting from rest, you accelerate at 4.0 m/s2 for 6.0 s.
What is your final velocity?
A +4 m/s
B +16 m/s
Answer
C +24 m/s
D +32 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=my2wda8jQn0
31 Starting from rest, you accelerate at 4.0 m/s2 for 6.0 s.
What is your final velocity?
A +4 m/s
B +16 m/s
v = v + at
Answer
C +24 m/s v = 0m/s + 4m/s (6s) 2
v = 24 m/s
D +32 m/s
E I need help
tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=my2wda8jQn0
32 You have an initial velocity of -3.0 m/s. You then
experience an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 for 9.0 s; what
is your final velocity?
A -3.5 m/s
B +18.4 m/s
Answer
C +19.5 m/s
D +27.9 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=DREeRklptKI
32 You have an initial velocity of -3.0 m/s. You then
experience an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 for 9.0 s; what
is your final velocity?
A -3.5 m/s
B +18.4 m/s
v = v + at
Answer
o
C +19.5 m/s
v = (-3m/s) + 2.5m/s2(9s)
D +27.9 m/sv = 19.5 m/s
E I need help
tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=DREeRklptKI
33 How much time does it take to accelerate from
an initial velocity of 20 m/s to a final velocity of
100 m/s if your acceleration is 1.5 m/s2 ?
A 20.7 s
B 32.4 s
Answer
C 53.3 s
D 80.1 s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=J4FZ8vf_RSw
33 How much time does it take to accelerate from
an initial velocity of 20 m/s to a final velocity of
100 m/s if your acceleration is 1.5 m/s2 ?
A 20.7 s
B 32.4 s
v = v + at
o
Answer
t = (v-v )/a = (v - vo)/a

o
C 53.3 s t = (100m/s-20m/s)/1.5m/s2
t = 53 sec
D 80.1 s
E I need help
tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=J4FZ8vf_RSw
34 An object accelerates at a rate of 1.5 m/s2 for 4 s until
it reaches a velocity of 10 m/s. What was its
initial velocity?
A 0 m/s
B 2 m/s
Answer
C 4 m/s
D 6 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=-q-YF4pzxBM
34 An object accelerates at a rate of 1.5 m/s2 for 4 s until
it reaches a velocity of 10 m/s. What was its
initial velocity?
A 0 m/s
B 2 m/s v = vo + at
Answer
vo = v - at
C 4 m/s
vo = 10m/s - 1.5m/s2(4s)
D 6 m/s vo = 4 m/s

tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=-q-YF4pzxBM
Free Fall:
Acceleration Due to Gravity
Return to
Table of
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=JGdxOEVDmo4 Contents
Free Fall
All unsupported objects fall towards Earth with the
same acceleration. We call this acceleration the
"acceleration due to gravity" and its magnitude is
denoted by g.
g = 9.8 m/s 2
In the absence of friction, all objects, regardless of

their mass, accelerate towards the earth at the
same rate, where the negative sign indicates the
acceleration is down, towards the earth.
a = -g = -9.8 m/s 2
Click here to watch When the only force acting on the

object is the force of gravity, the object
Galileo's famous
is said to be in free fall.
experiment performed
on the moon
Free Fall
What happens at the top?
What happens when

it goes down?
What happens when
it goes up?
An object is thrown upwards What happens when

with initial velocity, v0. it lands?

Free Fall
The object is in free fall, as it
has a constant acceleration It stops momentarily.
of -g. The only force acting v=0
on it is gravity. a = -9.8 m/s 2
It speeds up.
It slows down. (negative acceleration)
(negative acceleration) a = -9.8 m/s 2
a = -9.8 m/s 2
An object is thrown upwards It returns with a

with initial velocity, v0. velocity of -v 0.
Free Fall
The velocity vs. time graph represents the motion of any object
thrown straight up into the air. The y intercept is v0 and the slope of
the line is the acceleration, a = -g as shown by Kinematics
Equation 1.
An object is thrown upward

with initial velocity, vo
v
(m/s) It stops momentarily.
v=0
g = -9.8 m/s 2
t (s)
It returns with its

original velocity but in the
opposite direction.
Example 1: Free Fall
What is the velocity of a dropped object after it has fallen for 3.0 s?

What is the velocity of a dropped object after it has fallen for 3.0 s?
Given: vo = 0 m/s, a = -9.8 m/s2, t = 3.0 s

An arrow is launched straight up from the ground with an initial
velocity of 23.4 m/s. How long until it reaches its highest point?

An arrow is launched straight up from the ground with an initial
velocity of 23.4 m/s. How long until it reaches its highest point?
Given: vo = 23.4 m/s, a = -9.8 m/s2, v = 0 m/s

Solve for t.
35 A ball is dropped from rest and falls (do not
consider air resistance). Which is true about its
motion?
A acceleration is constant
B acceleration is decreasing
C speed is constant
Answer
D speed is descreasing
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=lqrx6I6fFPo
35 A ball is dropped from rest and falls (do not
consider air resistance). Which is true about its
motion?
A acceleration is constant
B acceleration is decreasing
C speed is constant
Answer
D speed is descreasingA
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=lqrx6I6fFPo
36 An acorn falls from an oak tree. You note that it
takes 2.5 seconds to hit the ground. How fast
was it going when it hit the ground?
A 2.5 m/s
B 4.8 m/s
C 9.8 m/s
Answer
D 25 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ZjGTOtqx7Fk
36 An acorn falls from an oak tree. You note that it
takes 2.5 seconds to hit the ground. How fast
was it going when it hit the ground?
A 2.5 m/s
B 4.8 m/s
C 9.8 m/s
v = v + at
Answer
D 25 m/s v = 0m/s + (-9.8m/s2)(2.5s)

v = - 25 m/s
E I need help
Speed is 25 m/s
tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ZjGTOtqx7Fk
37 A ball is thrown down off a bridge with a velocity
of 5 m/s. What is its velocity 2 seconds later?
A -4.8 m/s
B -14.8 m/s
C -19.6 m/s
Answer
D -24.6 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=_ush_fkVoyk
37 A ball is thrown down off a bridge with a velocity
of 5 m/s. What is its velocity 2 seconds later?
A -4.8 m/s
B -14.8 m/s
C -19.6 m/s
v = v + at
Answer
D -24.6 m/s
o
v = -5m/s + (-9.8m/s2)(2s)
E I need helpv = - 24.6 m/s

tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=_ush_fkVoyk
38 An arrow is fired into the air and it reaches its
highest point 3.0 seconds later. What was its
velocity when it was fired?
A +9.8 m/s
B +29.4 m/s
C +58.4 m/s
Answer
D +98 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=6CXXQIqCZro
38 An arrow is fired into the air and it reaches its
highest point 3.0 seconds later. What was its
velocity when it was fired?
A +9.8 m/s
B +29.4 m/s
C +58.4 m/s v = vo + at
Answer
0 = v + -9.8m/s2(3s)
o
D +98 m/s
v = 29.4m/s
o
E I need help
tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=6CXXQIqCZro
Displacement
vs. Time
Return to
Table of
Contents
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=q3pd2874OFs
Displacement vs. Time
Kinematics Equation 1 allows us to determine the velocity of an

object undergoing constant acceleration at any given time.
We will now develop equations to determine the displacement of

an object undergoing constant acceleration at any given time.
This approach will depend on two different, but consistent, ways

of determining average velocity.
We already learned that average velocity is given by.
This simply says that the average velocity of an object over

an elapsed time, Δt, is given by its displacement, Δx, divided
by that elapsed time, Δt.
This is always true.
Even though this course is limited to cases of constant

acceleration, the above equation is true even if acceleration
is not constant.
To find the displacement of an object traveling at that average
velocity over a given time we can solve this equation for Δx.
This says that the displacement of an object is just its average

velocity times the amount of time it has traveled at that velocity.
Using this equation requires we first find the average velocity.

We can find the average velocity of an object moving at a
constant acceleration by just averaging its initial and final
velocities.
The same way you would find the average of any two numbers.
This works in this course since we will not address cases of

changing acceleration (but this will not work in some calculus-
based physics problems).
The equation states that the average velocity of an object over an

elapsed time, Δt, is the sum of its initial velocity, v0, and final
velocity, v, divided by two.
You can solve a wide variety of problems with these two
equations.
First, you can find the average velocity of an object with this
equation.
Then, you can find its displacement (its change in position) by

using this equation.
These two equations can be combined to skip the middle step of
determining the average velocity before determining the
displacement over time.
Just set them equal to one another, solve for Δx and, finally,
assume that t0 = 0, so Δt = t.
Example 1: Average Velocity & Displacement
An object constantly accelerates from rest to 5.0 m/s in 8.0 s.
What was its average velocity?
How far did it travel?
Answer on next page

An object constantly accelerates from rest to 5.0 m/s in 8.0 s.
What was its average velocity?
How far did it travel?
Given: v0 = 0 m/s, v = 5.0 m/s, t = 8.0 s
An object accelerates from rest to a velocity of 18.0 m/s. How far
will it have moved after 9 s?

An object accelerates from rest to a velocity of 18.0 m/s. How far
will it have moved after 9 s?
Given: vo = 0 m/s, v =18.0 m/s, t = 9.0 s
Use the displacement equation.

An object accelerates from rest. After accelerating for 12 s,
it has traveled 240 m. What is its velocity at that time?

An object accelerates from rest. After accelerating for 12 s,
it has traveled 240 m. What is its velocity at that time?
Given: vo = 0 m/s, t =12.0 s, Δx = 240 m
Use the displacement equation.
Simplify based on the givens.

Solve for v.
39 What is the average velocity of an object that starts
from rest and has a final velocity of 40 m/s?
A 10 m/s
Answer
B 20 m/s
C 30 m/s
D 40 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=lX5gsOORSzQ
39 What is the average velocity of an object that starts
from rest and has a final velocity of 40 m/s?
A 10 m/s Answer
B 20 m/s
B
C 30 m/s
D 40 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=lX5gsOORSzQ
40 A driver travels 48 km during their two hour morning
commute. What was their average velocity?
A 48 km/hr
B 34 km/hr
Answer
C 24 km/hr
D 12 km/hr
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=sdlB0Cx7Xr8
40 A driver travels 48 km during their two hour morning
commute. What was their average velocity?
A 48 km/hr
B 34 km/hr
Answer
C
C 24 km/hr
D 12 km/hr
E I need help [This object is a pull tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=sdlB0Cx7Xr8
41 A car accelerates from rest to 30 m/s in 8.0 s. What
was its average velocity and how far did it travel
during that time?
A 30 m/s, 240 m
Answer
B 20 m/s, 120 m
C 15 m/s, 240 m
D 15 m/s, 120 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=i94-f-yvqpo
41 A car accelerates from rest to 30 m/s in 8.0 s. What
was its average velocity and how far did it travel
during that time?
A 30 m/s, 240 m
Answer
D
B 20 m/s, 120 m
C 15 m/s, 240 m
D 15 m/s, 120 m [This object is a pull tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=i94-f-yvqpo
42 A car accelerated from rest for 12 s, at which time it
had traveled 480 m. What were its average and final
velocities?
A 20 m/s, 40 m/s
Answer
B 20 m/s, 80 m/s
C 40 m/s, 40 m/s
D 40 m/s, 80 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=OzmIQR9-bqw
42 A car accelerated from rest for 12 s, at which time it
had traveled 480 m. What were its average and final
velocities?
A 20 m/s, 40 m/s Answer
B 20 m/s, 80 m/s D
C 40 m/s, 40 m/s
D 40 m/s, 80 m/s [This object is a pull tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=OzmIQR9-bqw
40
43 A car accelerates to a velocity of 80 m/s in 15 s, by
which time it had traveled 900 m. What were its
average and initial velocities?
Answer
A 60 m/s, -40 m/s
B 40 m/s, -80 m/s
C 60 m/s, +40 m/s
D 60 m/s, -90 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Vs-j_Dumtuk
40
Answer
A 60 m/s, -40 m/s
C
B 40 m/s, -80 m/s
C 60 m/s, +40 m/s

D 60 m/s, -90 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Vs-j_Dumtuk
A 30 m/s, -20 m/s
B 60 m/s, -40 m/s
C 30 m/s, +20 m/s
D 60 m/s, +40 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Jb4dfVjtDvM
A 30 m/s, -20 m/s Answer
B 60 m/s, -40 m/s A
C 30 m/s, +20 m/s
D 60 m/s, +40 m/s [This object is a pull tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Jb4dfVjtDvM
Return to
Table of
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Vnw2ixwc10E Contents
Kinematics Equation 1 allows us to determine the velocity of an objec
based on its acceleration over time.
We will now deriveKinematics Equation,2which will allow us to

determine the position of an object over time based on its:
· Initial position
· Initial velocity
· Acceleration
The derivation on the next page combines equations using algebra.

It's there to show you the connection of mathematics and physics.
Your ability to recreate it won't be tested.
You will use Kinematics Equation 2 extensively, so will become very

familiar with it.
The displacement equation we just used
Multiply both sides by 2
Substitute
Simplify
Divide both sides by 2
Substitute
Solve for x to obtain Kinematics Equation 2

An object accelerates from rest with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2.
How far will it have moved after 9 s?

An object accelerates from rest with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2.
How far will it have moved after 9 s?
Given: xo = 0 m, vo = 0 m/s, a = 2 m/s2, t = 9 s
Simplify based on the givens.

An object starts at rest and then travels 48 m in 5.2 s with a constant
acceleration. What is the magnitude of its acceleration?

An object starts at rest and then travels 48 m in 5.2 s with a constant
acceleration. What is the magnitude of its acceleration?
Given: xo = 0 m, vo = 0 m/s, x = 48 m, t = 5.2 s
Simplify based on the givens. Substitute in the givens.
Solve for a.
Multiply both sides by 2.
Divide both sides by t2.

An object, initially at rest, is subject to an acceleration of 34 m/s2. How
long will it take for that object to travel 3400 m?

An object, initially at rest, is subject to an acceleration of 34 m/s2. How
long will it take for that object to travel 3400 m?
Given: xo = 0 m, vo = 0 m/s, x = 3400 m, a = 34 m/s2
Solve for t.
Multiply both sides by 2.
Divide both sides by a.

45 An airplane starts from rest and accelerates at a
constant rate of 3.0 m/s2 for 30.0 s before leaving
the ground. How far did it move along the
runway?
A 90 m
B 270 m
Answer
C 1350 m
D 2700 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=OhB6n5VNJpA
45 An airplane starts from rest and accelerates at a
constant rate of 3.0 m/s2 for 30.0 s before leaving
the ground. How far did it move along the
runway?
A 90 m
B 270 m
x = x + v t + ½at
o o
2
Answer
C 1350 m x = ½at 2
x = ½(3m/s2)(30s)2
D 2700 m x = 1350m
E I need help
tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=OhB6n5VNJpA
46 A Volkswagen Beetle moves at an initial velocity
of 12.0 m/s. It coasts up a hill with a constant
acceleration of -1.60 m/s2 . How far has it traveled
after 6.00 seconds?
A 2.41 m
Answer
B 28.8 m
C 43.2 m
D 60.3 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=x5ZYK7lkV8c
46 A Volkswagen Beetle moves at an initial velocity
of 12.0 m/s. It coasts up a hill with a constant
acceleration of -1.60 m/s2 . How far has it traveled
after 6.00 seconds?
A 2.41 m
x = x + v t + ½at
o o
2
Answer
B 28.8 m x = v t + ½at
o
2
x = 12m/s(6s) + ½(-1.6m/s2)(6s)2
C 43.2 m x = 43.2m
D 60.3 m
tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=x5ZYK7lkV8c
47 A motorcycle starts out from a stop sign and
accelerates at a constant rate of 20 m/s2 . How long
will it take the motorcycle to go 300 meters?
A 5s
B 5.5 s
Answer
C 17.3 s
D 30 s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Uh87-Cgt6ak
47 A motorcycle starts out from a stop sign and
accelerates at a constant rate of 20 m/s2 . How long
will it take the motorcycle to go 300 meters?
A 5s
B 5.5 s x = x + v t + ½at
o o
2
x =½at
Answer
C 17.3 s
t = √((2x)/a)
D 30 s t = √((2*300m)/20m/s2)
E I need help
t = 5.5 s
tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=Uh87-Cgt6ak
48 A train pulling out of Grand Central Station
accelerates from rest at a constant rate. It covers
800 meters in 20 seconds. What is its rate of
acceleration?
A 4 m/s2
B 5 m/s2
Answer
C 10 m/s2
D 20 m/s2
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=A2YjfXJW1pA
48 A train pulling out of Grand Central Station
accelerates from rest at a constant rate. It covers
800 meters in 20 seconds. What is its rate of
acceleration?
A 4 m/s2
x = x + v t + ½at
o o
2
B 5 m/s2 x =½at 2
Answer
C 10 m/s2
a = 2x/t2
a = 2(800m)/(20s)2
D 20 m/s2 a = 4m/s2

tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=A2YjfXJW1pA
Return to
Table of
Contents
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=iqiFFvmKUMY
(v+v )/2
o
We can combine the two equations we have beenworking

with, Kinematics Equations 1 and 2, to eliminatet.
Solve Kinematics Equation 1 for t, and substitute the

result into Kinematics Equation 2.
The result is Kinematics Equation 3.
This equation is used for cases where the time is unknown.

An object accelerates from rest with a constant acceleration of
7.5 m/s2. How fast will it be traveling after it goes 21 m?

An object accelerates from rest with a constant acceleration of
7.5 m/s2. How fast will it be traveling after it goes 21 m?
Given: xo = 0 m, vo = 0 m/s, x = 21 m, a = 7.5 m/s2
Solve for v.
An object accelerates from rest to a speed of 24 m/s over a
distance of 56 m. What acceleration did it experience?

An object accelerates from rest to a speed of 24 m/s over a
distance of 56 m. What acceleration did it experience?
Given: xo = 0 m, vo = 0 m/s, x = 56 m, v = 24 m/s
Simplify based the givens. Substitute in the givens.
Solve for a.
An object experiences an acceleration of 6.8 m/s2. As a result,
it accelerates from rest to 24 m/s. What distance did it travel
during that acceleration?

An object experiences an acceleration of 6.8 m/s2. As a result,
it accelerates from rest to 24 m/s. What distance did it travel
during that acceleration?
Given: xo = 0 m, vo = 0 m/s, a = 6.8 m/s2, v = 24 m/s

Solve for x.
49 A car accelerates from rest to 30m/s while
traveling a distance of 20m; what was its
acceleration?
A 22.5 m/s2
Answer
B 30 m/s2
C 45 m/s2
D 90 m/s2
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=RNQxw3-mQCU
49 A car accelerates from rest to 30m/s while
traveling a distance of 20m; what was its
acceleration?
A 22.5 m/s2
v2 = v + 2aΔx
Answer
2
o
v2 = 2aΔx
B 30 m/s2
a = v2/2Δx = (30m/s)2/2(20m)
a = 22.5m/s 2
C 45 m/s 2
D 90 m/s2 [This object is a pull

tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=RNQxw3-mQCU
50 You accelerate, from rest, at 10 m/s2 for a distance of
100 m; what is your final velocity?
A 20.3 m/s
Answer
B 44.7 m/s
C 84.3 m/s
D 100 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=kZBFio3GHFY
50 You accelerate, from rest, at 10 m/s2 for a distance of
100 m; what is your final velocity?
A 20.3 m/s
v2 = v + 2aΔx
Answer o
2
B 44.7 m/s v2 = 2aΔx

v = √(2(10m/s2)(100m))
C 84.3 m/s
v = 44.7m/s
D 100 m/s
E I need help tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=kZBFio3GHFY
51 A dropped ball falls -8.0 m; what is its final
speed?
A 8.2 m/s
Answer
B 10.3 m/s
C 12.5 m/s
D 17.2 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=v7dJTLjftrE
51 A dropped ball falls -8.0 m; what is its final
speed?
A 8.2 m/s
v = v + 2aΔx
2 2
Answer
B 10.3 m/s o
v = 2(-9.8m/s2)(-8m)
2
C 12.5 m/s v = 12.5 m/s

D 17.2 m/s
E I need help tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=v7dJTLjftrE
52 A ball with an initial velocity of 25m/s is subject
to an acceleration of -9.8 m/s2 ; how high does it
go before coming to a momentary stop?
A 25.4 m
Answer
B 31.9 m
C 62.5 m
D 248.8 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ReTH6IKoUYs
52 A ball with an initial velocity of 25m/s is subject
to an acceleration of -9.8 m/s2 ; how high does it
go before coming to a momentary stop?
A 25.4 m
v2 = v + 2aΔx
Answer
2
o
B 31.9 m Δx = (v2 - vo2)/2a

Δx = ((0m/s)2 - (25m/s)2)/2(-9.8m/s2)
C 62.5 m Δx = 31.9 m
D 248.8 m
tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ReTH6IKoUYs
Mixed Kinematics Problems
Return to
Table of
Contents
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=-lc_z60Tqdg
Kinematics Equations
With any two of these equations any kinematics problems, with
constant acceleration, can be solved.
Example 1: Mixed Equations
A car which is traveling at a velocity of 1.6 m/s undergoes an
acceleration of 1.2 m/s2 over a distance of 40 m. How fast is it
going after that acceleration?
What would be the best

equation to find the velocity of
the car?

A car which is traveling at a velocity of 1.6 m/s undergoes an
acceleration of 1.2 m/s2 over a distance of 40 m. How fast is it
going after that acceleration?
Given: vo = 1.6 m/s, a = 1.2 m/s2, x = 40 m, xo = 0
Kinematics Equation 3 is the best match to the given variables.
Solve for v.
First, simplify the equation. Substitute in the givens.

An object is traveling at a constant velocity of 2.5 m/s when it
experiences a constant acceleration of 0.5 m/s2 for a time of 30 s.
What will its velocity be after that acceleration?

equation to find the velocity of
the object?

An object is traveling at a constant velocity of 2.5 m/s when it
experiences a constant acceleration of 0.5 m/s2 for a time of 30 s.
What will its velocity be after that acceleration?
Given: vo = 2.5 m/s, a = 0.5 m/s2, t = 30 s
Kinematics equation 1 is the best match to the given variables.

An object is moving with an initial velocity of 4.5 m/s. It is then
subject to a constant acceleration of 0.6 m/s2 for 10 s. How far
will it have traveled during the time of its acceleration?

equation to find the
displacement of the object?

An object is moving with an initial velocity of 4.5 m/s. It is then
subject to a constant acceleration of 0.6 m/s2 for 10 s. How far
will it have traveled during the time of its acceleration?
Given: vo = 4.5 m/s, a = 0.6 m/s2, t = 10 s, xo = 0
Kinematics equation 1 is the best match to the given variables.
First, simplify the equation.

53 An arrow is projected by a bow vertically up with a
velocity of 40 m/s, and reaches a target in 3 s. How
high is the target located?
A 12.7 m
B 60.6 m
Answer
C 75.9 m
D 120.2 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=OVCqcjGQEwY
53 An arrow is projected by a bow vertically up with a
velocity of 40 m/s, and reaches a target in 3 s. How
high is the target located?
A 12.7 m
x = xo + vot + ½at2
x = vot + ½at2
B 60.6 m
Answer
x = (40m/s)3s + ½(-9.8m/s2)(3s)2
C 75.9 mx = 120m + (-44.1m)
x = 75.9m
D 120.2 m

tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=OVCqcjGQEwY
54 An object accelerates from rest, with a constant
acceleration of 8.4 m/s2, what will its velocity be after
11s?
A 81.1 m/s
Answer
B 84.9 m/s
C 92.4 m/s
D 198.3 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=D7wd9ctbXkM
54 An object accelerates from rest, with a constant
acceleration of 8.4 m/s2, what will its velocity be after
11s?
A 81.1 m/s
Vf = Vi + at
Answer
B 84.9 m/sVf = (0m/s) + 8.4 m/s (11s)

2
Vf = 92.4 m/s
C 92.4 m/s
D 198.3 m/s [This object is a pull

tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=D7wd9ctbXkM
55 An object accelerates from rest to a velocity of 34 m/s
over a distance of 70 m. What was its acceleration?
A 8.3 m/s2
B 10 m/s2
Answer
C 17 m/s2
D 36 m/s2
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=bmQkTIhu5u4
55 An object accelerates from rest to a velocity of 34 m/s
over a distance of 70 m. What was its acceleration?
A 8.3 m/s2
d = (Vf2 - Vi2)/2a
B 10 m/s 2
Answer
a = (Vf2 - Vi2)/2d
a = (34m/s) 2
-(0m/s) 2
/ 2(70m)
C 17 m/s a = 8.26 m/s2
2
D 36 m/s2

tab]
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=bmQkTIhu5u4
56 An object is moving with an initial velocity of 3.5 m/s. It is
then subject to a constant acceleration of 0.8 m/s2 for
5 s. How far will it have traveled during the time of its
acceleration?
A 27.5 m
Answer
B 10.4 m
C 47.6 m
D 56.7 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=vvegg3oDewo
56 An object is moving with an initial velocity of 3.5 m/s. It is
then subject to a constant acceleration of 0.8 m/s2 for
5 s. How far will it have traveled during the time of its
acceleration?
A 27.5 m
Answer
B 10.4 m
A
C 47.6 m
D 56.7 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=vvegg3oDewo
57 An object accelerates from rest at a constant rate of
0.4 m/s2 for 15 s. How far will it have traveled during the
time of its acceleration?
A 17.5 m
Answer
B 45.0 m
C 47.6 m
D 56.7 m
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=cGvrMtTrKVI
57 An object accelerates from rest at a constant rate of
0.4 m/s2 for 15 s. How far will it have traveled during the
time of its acceleration?
A 17.5 m
Answer
B 45.0 m B
C 47.6 m
D 56.7 m [This object is a pull tab]
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=cGvrMtTrKVI
58 An object accelerates from rest with a constant
acceleration of 7.5 m/s2. How fast will it be traveling
after it goes 12 m?
A 67.5 m/s
Answer
B 55.0 m/s
C 27.6 m/s
D 13.4 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ARYfAfl8-pc
58 An object accelerates from rest with a constant
acceleration of 7.5 m/s2. How fast will it be traveling
after it goes 12 m?
A 67.5 m/s
Answer
B 55.0 m/s D
C 27.6 m/s
D 13.4 m/s
E I need help
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ARYfAfl8-pc

Abp Introduction To Kinematics Presentation 2023-10-17

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Introduction to

· Motion in One Dimension

· Distance - Time Graphs

· Free Fall: Acceleration Due to Gravity

· Mixed Kinematics Problems

We all know what the distance between two objects is...

ALSO - you can't use the words "distance" or "length" in your

As you can see from your efforts, it is impossible to define distance.

Distance is a fundamental part of nature. It is so fundamental that

However, distances can be compared.

We can compare the distance between two objects to the

For convenience, we create standard distances so that we can

We will be using the meter as our unit for measuring distance.

This doesn't define distance, but it allows us to work with it.

We'll be using meter as our standard for measuring distance.

The symbol for distance is "d".

And the unit for the meter is "m"

Similarly, everyone knows what time is...

But try defining it; what is time?

Remember you can't use the word "time"

Like distance, time is a fundamental aspect of nature.

It is so fundamental that it's impossible to define. Everyone knows

However, like distances, times can be compared.

The symbol for time is "t"

The unit for a second is "s".

Click here a "minute physics" video

Speed is defined as the distance traveled divided by the

Speed is not a fundamental aspect of nature,

The units of speed can be seen by substituting the units for

We read this unit as

Answer on next slide

Use the speed formula:

Substitute for the given quantities:

Answer on next slide

Use the speed formula.

Multiply both side by t.

Substitute for the given quantities.

Answer on next slide

Multiply both side by t. Substitute in the givens.

Divide both sides by s.

A increases its speed by 10m every second.

A increases its speed by 10m every second.

D 320 m [This object is a pull

D 160 m [This object is a pull

D 30 s [This object is a pull

Points are not connected

A line of best fit, or trend

line, can help us predict

It also smooths out

Place a ruler or straightedge on the plot and move it until the

Then draw the line along that edge.

It often won't pass through any data points.

The line of best fit helps

For any given elapsed time,

The line "replaces" the data

Using the line of best fit,

This prediction is made,

More precisely, slope is defined as:

Sometimes, the slope of the line will identify a derived quantity.

For instance, suppose we make a distance versus time graph

Let's examine the meaning of its slope.

This graph shows the distance