Fishing Procedure and Tool

PERENCO Drilling Manual
7200
FISHING – PROCEDURES AND TOOLS
1. FISHING (GENERAL)
Fishing is an expensive and non productive operation. All progress stops.
General Causes: 1. Equipment Failure.
2. Drill string or casing sticking.
1. Equipment Failure
a) Exceeding equipment strength limits.
b) Equipment wear.
c) Cracks, leading to equipment failures and drill string twist offs.
d) Lack of good maintenance.
2. Stuck Pipe
a) Caused by squeezing formations due to insufficient mud weight.
b) Pressure differential sticking due to too high a mud weight causing too much
overbalance or pressure differential (excess of weight element in the BHA, thick
cake, mud weight, annulus overload by high ROP or bad hole cleaning …).
c) Poor quality mud, because too high a solid content, high gels, too thick a filter
cake or other cause.
d) Well bore mechanical instability
e) Key seat (in build-up section and soft formation)
Equipment failure can be virtually eliminated by a well established maintenance

programme. Stuck pipe is a matter of appreciating the danger of incorrect mud weights
and inferior quality mud.
Stuck pipe problems, caused by differential sticking have been solved very
successfully with solvents such as Pipe Lax, Mud Ban and other similar brands, by
percolating surfactants as SFT (Black Magic) or by lowering the mud weight.
In case of no success establish as soon as possible the stuck point.
Revision V1.0 reviewed by C. Capacho 1/26 30/03/2004

Prevention is far cheaper than cure and whatever tool goes down the hole; contractor
or rental tools, ensure these have a certificate of their last inspection.
Negligence and payment disputes are solved much more readily if regular inspection
and reports are available.
In any fishing operation considerable attention must be paid to all equipment run in
the hole.
1. Ensure ALL fishing tools used are recorded on a drawing prior to running.
2. Ensure all Internal Diameters used can pass back off tools.
3. Where possible fax a drawing of the fish to the Drilling Office.
4. Accurate depth records are vitally important.
Where a twist off has occurred tag the top of fish prior to POH and strap the pipe
on the way out.
5. The condition of all fishing tools, i.e. grapples, overshot bowls, jars, mills etc.,
must be physically inspected by the PERENCO Drilling Supervisor prior to
assembly and making up.
6. Ensure solvents are on site, e.g. Pipe Lax (be careful, can cause hole instability)
or Mud Ban or SFT to spot around the fish ASAP.
2. GENERAL FISHING PRACTICES
(Consult 6050/GEN - Jar Placement and Jarring Practices.)
2.1 Fishing Assembly
Fishing tool - bumper sub - jar - 1 x DC - stabiliser - accelerator - HWDP - DP.
Note:
For the number of DC’s required, see 2.2.
Assembly should be chosen according to tool availability and problems encountered

for each job at hand.
2.2 The fishing string DC weight should equal or exceed the weight of the fish. It is
recognised that in some cases this amount of drill collars may exceed the accelerator’s
manufacturers recommendations.
Note:
Review the amount of DC’s run with an accelerator to achieve the desired jarring
effect, taking into account the deviation of the hole and the possibility of differential
sticking. The principle is that the heavier the fishing assembly then the greater the
duration of impact. Minimum drill collar weight results in a destructively high impact

velocity, striking the jar anvil for a minimal time and inducing an ineffective
movement of the fish.
2.3 An accelerator is required in deviated holes and when fishing at shallow depths, where
there is insufficient pipe stretch to achieve the necessary impact on the fish.
Note:
Ensure the accelerator stroke length exceeds that of the jar.
2.4 A bumper sub is required in all fishing assemblies.
2.5 Stabilisers may be incorporated into an assembly to provide stabilisation of the fishing
tool. Inside casing a soft blade or non-rotating stabiliser is required.
2.6 Only when using taper taps, die collars or washover strings, should a safety joint and
circulation sub be installed in the assembly (to facilitate a circulation and release
capability should problems occur).
2.7 A circulation sub is required where tool ID’s are small and/or where there is a
possibility of toolstring becoming plugged. Note that excessive jarring may cause the
sleeve to shear out and prevent circulation through the fish. Always ensure the shear
pins in the sleeve are new.
2.8 Ensure that all fishing equipment is properly maintained and that there is an updated
inventory at all times.
2.9 During each fishing operation ensure that there is a good understanding of the fishing
tools (their strengths and applied stresses) by ALL drilling personnel.
(Communication is vital.)
2.10 Ensure dimensions of all downhole equipment are recorded and a drawing made of
each tool prior to running in the hole.
2.11 Ensure all depths and pipe tallies are correct.
2.12 Ensure contractor and rental tools have updated and valid inspection reports available.
Ensure all fishing tool ID’s can accommodate any internal fishing or back-off tool
which may subsequently be run.
2.13 The Drilling Superintendent must be informed of any alteration or modification to any
standard fishing tool.
2.14 If a twist off occurs, the hole should be circulated and the mud conditioned prior to
pulling out of the hole. This is not so necessary if there are few cuttings in the hole
(e.g. very slow drilling rates).
 Avoid washing out the hole above the fish.
 Improve mud properties where possible to assist fishing operations.

 Tag fish prior to pulling out of hole. Strap pipe during pulling out of the hole.
 If differentially stuck, lower mud weight or implement “U” tube method (if there
are no well control ramifications) only if approved by Drilling Superintendent.
Refer to Sections 7000/GEN and 7010/GEN.
 While pulling out after a twist off, check every connection for washouts.
2.15 With a twisted off string at surface, check the counterpart of the fish CAREFULLY to
determine as accurately as possible, size, shape and condition of fish. See item 4.2.2.
2.16 When bit cones or similar junk items have been lost on bottom and it is considered
better to fish than to sidetrack around fish, a jet junk retriever is the first option unless
an “Apple” tool is available (an “Apple” tool with redress kits should be organised).
2.17 Fax a drawing of the fish to the Drilling Superintendent.
2.18 Prior to connecting to a fish, ensure that the following are known:
 String weight up, down and rotating with and without circulation (as applicable
for each tool run).
 Free rotating torque of the fishing string.
 Pipe stretch and strokes of fishing tools.
 Jarring calculations, safe working loads, strengths of fishing tools, etc.
 Establish circulating rates and pressures.
 Circulate and condition mud prior to fishing, if required.
2.19 Tools are to be checked by Drilling Supervisor prior to running into the hole.
2.20 Ensure that during the fishing operation, the tool joints of the fishing string are not
opposite the BOP’s.
2.21 Circulate slowly when searching for fish. An increase in pressure, while lowering,
and/or rotating, will confirm tool location on top of fish (pack-off rubbers normally
good for up to 1000 psi).
At this point shut pumps down if required.
If fish does not come free and back-off is required, refer to Section 7150/GEN.
2.22 When a fish is free, circulate bottoms up before flow checking and pulling out. Check
degasser operation.
2.23 When fishing packer/completion assemblies initially circulate over chokes.

2.24 While Pulling Out a Fish:
 Do not pull more than 85% of the minimum yield strength of the pipe.
 Circulate while working the fish through tight spots.
 Pick up and set string in slips carefully avoiding any shock loading to toolstring.
 Do not rotate a fish while pulling out of the hole.
2.25 If fishing tools cannot be released, the installation of a surface jar with a 48” stroke
will provide the necessary bump down to release the fishing tool. Ensure that the
surface jar is initially set on its minimum tonnage adjustment to prevent damage to the
surface equipment.
Note:
Prior to jarring, ensure that all surface equipment is in a state of readiness.
3. GENERAL JARRING PRACTICES
3.1 Preparation for Jarring Operations
(Consult 7050/GEN for additional information.)
1) Check derrick and equipment for loose bolts, clamps, sheaves, etc. before and
during extended periods of jarring.
2) Prior to jarring mark string at the rotary table.
3) Check drill line sensator thoroughly. Ensure weight readings are correct and that
the anchor line clamp remains secure.
4) Have all unnecessary personnel off the drill floor during jarring operations.
5) If applicable, installation of the kelly is required before jarring. With top drive
regularly check top drive components. Bleed down top drive counterbalance
system, if applicable.
6) If prolonged jarring is expected (e.g. cutting and pulling casings), consider

laying out swivel if kelly is in use.
7) If elevators are used for jarring, ensure latches are additionally secured.
8) Ensure rig floor supervisors are kept informed of tool use, strengths, capabilities,
problems envisaged, etc.

3.2 Jarring Operations
1) Always allow the jars to trip at their safe working load before pulling to the
maximum allowable limit. Know safe working loads for all tools. Never exceed
this until jar has tripped. Only then apply extra overpull.
2) When using a surface jar, commence at lightest tonnage setting available, then
increase as required.
Caution: Do not set trip tonnage of surface jar greater than the weight of free
pipe to surface above the stuck point. This prevents the fish being pulled tighter
into the stuck point.
3) Slip the blockline regularly. Rule of thumb 2 - 4 hours while jarring.
4) After fish is recovered, slip and cut blockline at the casing shoe during first trip
into the hole.
5) Depending on the jar in use, maximise the jarring efficiency.
Note:
With the pump on: Efficiency is increased when jarring up.
Efficiency is decreased when jarring down.
6) Avoid running jar in the neutral point. This will cause rapid and severe damage
to hydraulic mechanisms.
7) Normally position jars at least 10m from any stabiliser to allow jar to flex.
8) Ensure that type of jar selected will do the job. Follow manufacturer’s
recommended operating procedures.
9) Ensure operating instructions are available on the rig.
It is essential that all Drillers are fully aware of jar operating techniques and are
fully conversant with fishing situation. This relies on good communication.
4. FISHING EQUIPMENT
4.1 Force Multiplying Tools
General
The operation of force multiplying tools, i.e. jars, accelerators and bumper subs,
primarily exploit the force contained in the stretch of the toolstring.
Bumper subs provide a method of delivering upward and downward blows. Jars
provide a force for upward and/or downward blows dependent on type of jar in use.

Accelerators or jar intensifiers increase the force of these blows by releasing stored
energy as the jar trips. The upward movement of the drill collars in the fishing string is
accelerated and as the jar reaches its full stroke the total impact is delivered directly to
the fish.
4.1.1 Conventional Bumper Subs
General
A hexagonal, splined or other shaped mandrel and body transmits torque and allows
several inches of upward or downward stroke to the fishing string. It also assists in
defining the neutral point and allows for string movement for the “working in” of
torque.
This allowance for movement by a stretched string is adequate to activate the releasing
mechanism in overshots and spears. Also generally adequate for freeing a stuck fish or
tool in a moderately sticky formation.
The bumper sub should be installed immediately above the fishing tool.
Operation
a) To “Bump Down”
Pick up string enough to open tool completely and take an allowable strain on
the string (hole drag plus 20,000 lbs initially). Note free movement while
bumper sub is opening.
By dropping the string to within 6” of the closed position of the tool and
stopping the string abruptly with the brake, the lower end of the string will be
caused to bump downward, closing the bumper sub. Due to the elasticity of the
string, a series of downward blows will be delivered to the tool below the subs.
b) To Bump a Solid Downward Blow
Pick up string as above, i.e. length of tool stroke.
Drop the string to its neutral weight without braking.
The bumper sub will quickly close.
The lower end of the mandrel body strikes the shoulder on the lower end of the
mandrel, transmitting a single solid blow to the tool below.
c) To Bump a Solid Blow at Surface in Order to Disengage a Fishing Tool
Leave at least 1 DC above bumper sub.
Pick up stroke of bumper sub and bump down on fish.

A solid blow will occur to the fishing tool effecting release of tool from the fish.
4.1.2 Accelerators
General
An accelerator concentrates the jarring action within the drill collars above the jar,
preventing the “hammer” forces dissipating up the string. This results in a higher
hammer velocity which increases impact and impulse.
It is a powerful component within the fishing BHA and should always be run.
An accelerator is a totally free end consisting of a sliding mandrel within a sleeve.

When the drill string is run in the hole, the accelerator is stroked out. When overpull is
applied and the jar trips, the accelerator will stroke up and the jar will impact before
the accelerator does. For this reason, the stroke of an accelerator MUST be greater
than the stroke of the jar.
Care must be taken when using a combination of a jar and an accelerator. Very high
impact forces are generated and calculation of possible loading must be done prior to
deciding how many drill collars to run between the two components.
The JARPRO computer programme can be used to determine the loadings on a fishing
BHA when using an accelerator.
4.1.3 A fishing assembly of Jar, 4 x DCs, Accelerator, 4 x DCs would be sufficient to jar up
successfully and have enough weight available to jar down to free spears, overshots,
etc.
4.2 Overshots
4.2.1 General Guidelines and Procedures
1) A pack-off is required with an overshot in order to circulate through the fish

before pulling out. When fishing TCP guns, do not use a pack-off as it would
prevent circulation.
2) Do not limit the penetration of the fish into the overshot to facilitate tool release
from the fish. The primary objective is recovery of the fish and the grapple’s
taper will allow release with a forceful knock downwards.
3) Use an extension sub when appropriate to enable the desired catch area to be
reached by the grapple and packer. Ensure that, on full engagement with the fish,
both the grapple and the packer element will NOT be positioned alongside any
reduced diameter such as a slip or elevator recess.
4) Try and utilise full strength overshots at all times. (This is the only tool designed
to withstand jarring and rotation.)
Note:

A slim hole overshot is designed for pick-up only.

5) A spiral grapple can withstand greater overpulls and has a greater contact area
between bowl and fish. However, if the top of fish requires dressing, a basket
grapple and mill control are required.
6) If utilised for a back-off, to prevent backing off top sub or bowl connections, a
standard overshot with left handed bowl, guide and top sub connections is
preferred.
7) If utilised for backing off 3 1/2” or smaller tubulars, a standard overshot with
right hand threaded bowl tapers and appropriate grapples is preferred. Left hand
rotation would normally release tool from fish. However, if slight tension is
applied, enough torque can be applied to back off smaller tubulars before tool
releases itself.
Note:
The make-up torque of tubulars is significantly less than the make-up torque
of overshot connections.
8) Spiral grapples will effectively pack-off a worn fish as much as 3/32” undersize.
Overrange of each grapple is approximately 1/32”.
9) Basket grapple tolerances are the same as for spiral grapples.
10) If size of fish is uncertain, consideration should be given to a multibowl and

grapples.
4.2.2 Operational Procedures
Surface Checks
Check overshot is correctly dressed, that bowl tapers and wickers on the grapple are
unworn with all parts in good condition. It is worth testing the grapple on the
recovered section of the fish. If the grapple can fit onto the matching part of the fish on
surface, it is in fact too big and the next size down should be used. Ensure top sub is
bored out (to allow passage of free point indicator and back-off tools) and internally
painted.
Ensure accurate measurements and drawings have been made and recorded. Select
correct guide shoe and mill control to suit situation and hole conditions present.
Check that the guide shoe will not pass the fish in the hole. An oversized guide shoe
may be required.
Once the overshot is made up, ensure that the grapple is free to move in the overshot
bowl.
Engaging the Fish

Prior to engaging the fish, check weights up and down and rotating. Circulate above
fish to clean top of fish. Record pump rates and pressures. Tag top of fish to ascertain
its exact depth. Circulate bottoms up if you have been out of the hole for an extended
period.
Note:
If gas has accumulated in the borehole (especially in production wells) and it is not
possible to circulate when latched onto the fish, the gas may become a problem when
pulling out.
Pick up string and commence rotating slowly and pumping at a low rate. Lower string
slowly until weight is taken and/or a pressure increase is observed. Stop the pump,
ensuring that no pressure is trapped. Continue rotating and lower string until sufficient
weight has been taken.
Stop rotating and release any torque from the toolstring.
Pulling on the Fish
A pull on the fishing assembly causes the grapple to be moved downwards in relation
to the bowl of the overshot resulting in a firm grip on the fish being taken. If the fish
does not come free, then attempt to circulate down through the fish. If the fish comes
free, continue circulating at least bottoms up.
Prior to Pulling Out of Hole
If it is uncertain how well the fish is engaged, consideration should be given to

carrying out the following procedure as it is better to drop the fish on bottom than
POH.
With overshot engaged and any torque released from the string, ensure a firm grip on
the fish is taken by lowering part of the string weight onto the overshot (+/- 40% of
fish string weight). Pick up the fish 2 to 3m and drop the string 1m, catching the string
on the brake.
Pulling Out of Hole
Avoid bumping string when setting the slips. Circulate through tight spots.
Do not rotate the fishing string.
Releasing the Overshot from the Fish
If the fish does not come free, the tool can be released by bumping down on the fish
and rotating simultaneously to the right. Picking up on the toolstring will allow the
overshot to feed itself off from the fish.
Precautions When Using Tools

Unless an upward strain is maintained, never rotate the fishing string to the left while
the overshot is engaged with the fish.
Always bump down the toolstring before starting releasing operations. Increase bump
down weight as required if tool cannot be released.
Always shut off pumps before lowering overshot over the fish (to prevent damaging
seal/packer).
When fish has been freed, monitor trip tank levels at all times and circulate at least
bottoms up.
5. SPEARS
5.1 General
1) Spears should be dressed with a pack-off to circulate through and around the
fish.
2) A stop ring or stop sub should be utilised to prevent too deep an entry into the
fish, to provide the ability to reset jars, and to enable easier tool release.
3) Spears should be run in the latch position.
4) If release of spear from the fish is required, bump down before commencing
releasing operations.
5) In order to release the fish, right hand rotation while picking up the string will
feed the left hand wickers on the spear slips or grapple off the fish.
6) On smaller spears, install a circulation sub in the fishing assembly to prevent the
small ID from becoming plugged.
7) If the spear requires rotation to release the slips (e.g. J slot, etc.), in deep or
crooked holes more than one full turn to set or release the spear will be required.
Always maintain a moderate upward strain on fishing tool when rotating for
release or setting operations.
8) In thin walled tubing or casing, release spear frequently to ensure wall

deformation will not prevent tool release.
9) When engaging spear, space out toolstring so that a tool joint is just above the
rotary table.
5.2 Operational Procedures
Surface Checks
Examine and ensure that spear grapple wickers are sharp and the size is correct for the
fish to be engaged. Ensure that the spear is correctly assembled and that all parts are in
good working order. Ensure all measurements of tools are taken and recorded.

Prior to RIH, with the spear made up on the string, check release and operation of
grapple on main spear body. Reset spear into latch position for running into the hole.
In deep wells the grapple should be secured in the catch position. Drill a small hole in
the grapple and spear mandrel, then pin in place with a mild steel pin.
Above the Fish
Check string weights up, down and rotating, monitor free rotating torque and establish
circulating rates and pressures.
To Engage and Pull the Fish
Tag fish by noting weight decrease or pressure increase. Shut down pump at this point
and bleed off any trapped pressure.
Lower string until spear has entered fish to the desired depth (measure amount of
entry). Prevent stop ring from bottoming out.
Rotate spear, if applicable, to rotate mandrel of tool through the grapple, setting the
grapple in its engaging position.
Fish can now be pulled. Pulling will wedge the grapple into a positive engagement on
the fish.
When engaged attempt to circulate. If circulation is not possible, maintain up to 1000

psi to enhance jar performance. If pressure can be maintained, jars can be reset without
bottoming out on stop ring due to pack-off friction.
To Release from the Fish
Bump down with the weight of the fishing string. This breaks engagement of spear
grapple on the fish. Rotate a few turns to the right and pick up the string until spear is
clear of fish.
Right hand rotation moves the mandrel up through the grapple forcing the grapple
down against the releasing ring and putting the spear in the release position.
If the spear does not release, bump down, then simultaneously rotate to the right. Pick
up the string until spear is clear of fish.
Note:
With prolonged jarring operations using a spear, it is essential that at least once every
hour the spear is released from the fish then re-engaged. This prevents the possibility
of the spear grapple becoming “bedded” into the fish. Consider running a safety joint
in the fishing assembly, especially when fishing large diameter casings as the spear
grapple can very quickly become irretrievably locked to the fish.

6. WASHOVER STRINGS
6.1 General
Washover strings are required where:
1) The formation has bridged off and stuck the string.
2) Where the string has become cemented.
3) Washing/milling over a stuck completion or drill string BHA.
4) Dressing the top of a fish to latch onto with a fishing assembly.
5) Where sidetracking is impossible.
Generally a maximum washover string length of 50m should not be exceeded. This
will prevent the wash string from becoming mechanically stuck or from twisting off
(especially in deviated or crooked holes).
6.2 Washover Shoe Selection
Inside Casing: Hard facing only on the inside of the shoe.
In Open Hole: Hard facing can be both inside and outside.
Clearance is small; use a thin walled shoe. Free movement and torque observation is
critical in such operations.
Due to temperatures required for proper application of cutting materials, it is best to

maintain 3/8” minimum wall thickness in the dressed or head area of the shoe. This
ensures adequate strength to prevent tearing and allows the wall thickness to hold
enough cutting material to accomplish washover and milling operations.
To allow adequate circulation and to reduce torque, adequate clearance is desirable on

the ID and OD of the shoe. It is recommended that the ID of the cutting head of the
shoe be dressed to at least 1/16” less than the wash pipe ID and the OD to at least
1/16” larger than the wash pipe OD. This permits the use of inner and outer gauge
cutters on the head of the shoe which will trim the fish so it passes on to the wash pipe
without interference. The outer gauge cutters provide a circulation path in the annulus
for cuttings removal. Where conditions allow, these clearances should be enlarged,
provided that the 3/8” minimum thickness of the shoe can be maintained.
6.3 Washover Operations
1) Washover shoe selection is critical for a successful operation.
2) The number of washover joints to be made up will be dependent on:

a) Length of pack-off to stuck point.

b) Hole conditions and tolerances.
c) Generally no more than 30m should be initially run.
3) A safety joint, drive sub, bumper sub, jar and drill collars should be installed
above the washover string. Install a junk basket into the assembly if required.
4) The assembly is run into just above the fish. At this position:
a) Establish string weights, string stretch and rotating weight.
b) Carefully note free rotating torque at various RPM’s between 20 and 100.
c) Establish various circulation rates and pressures.
5) a) Start rotating slowly with low RPM (20 - 50).
b) Slowly lower the string until light weight is taken (6,000 lbs maximum).
Note:
Utilising low weight and RPM initially will reduce the possibility of
splitting or flaring the washover shoe.
c) Monitor torque continuously as progress is made.
d) Use sufficient pump rate to remove cuttings. Monitor mud properties and
confirm at bottoms up that cuttings are being returned.
e) Once progress is being made, establish weight, torque and RPM to achieve
the optimum ROP.
RPM 20 - 100 max.

Weight 2,000 - 8,000 lbs max.
Note:
a) Rotation and circulation should be stopped periodically.
b) Torque build-up and string resistance should be monitored
continuously.
f) It may be necessary to pump viscous pills to assist in removing cuttings

from the annulus.
g) Regularly pick up the wash shoe. This will maximise wear and
effectiveness of shoe.
h) Once operation is complete, the hole should be circulated clean, the wash
string removed and the fishing assembly made up.
i) An overshot assembly will generally be run.

j) Attempts will be made to circulate through and retrieve the fish.
k) If fishing is not successful, then a free point indicator tool and back-off will
be required.
l) Once the back-off is achieved, the washover operation is repeated. This is

repeated until all of the fish is retrieved.
7. JUNK SUBS AND JUNK BASKETS
Junk subs and junk baskets are used for removing objects generally too heavy to be
emoved from the hole by normal circulation. They are run as close to the bottom of a
BHA as possible.
7.1 Junk Subs
1) Up to three junk subs may be run in tandem for excessive junk removal.
2) In completion fluids the assistance of viscous pills will generally be required to

lift junk off bottom.
3) General procedure would be to go to bottom at maximum pump rate and work

junk sub on/off bottom a few times. If a bit/mill is used, spudding and rotating to
break up junk would not be uncommon. The pump would be shut down for a few
minutes periodically just off bottom. The procedure is repeated until all of the
junk is recovered.
7.2 Operation
The mud stream agitates the junk and lifts it. The annular capacity between the wall of
the tool and the hole is smaller towards the bottom of the sub. Above the basket the
annular capacity is greater resulting in a lower flowrate. Junk drops out of the mud at
this point into the junk basket cup. The junk is retrieved when the basket is pulled.
a) Rotate to bottom at maximum pump rate.
b) Gently tag bottom, pick up 6” and fish for junk. This will lift and remove any
small, light pieces of junk which would otherwise be further jammed/pushed into
the hole if weight on bit was applied. After fishing for junk, sit on bottom and
rotate noting torque.
c) Stop the pump and work the string slowly +/- 10m.
d) Repeat a) to c) until on bottom torque is smooth.

7.4 Jet Junk Retrievers
The jet junk retriever should always be stored completely undressed, i.e. with the
finger cage, bearing races and shear pin assemblies removed. Store these in oil or
grease. Check free rotation of cage within bearing races once the tool is dressed and
made up to the string.
After the tool is made up to toolstring, ensure fingers are free.
Do not install nozzle protectors as they could jam in place.
Run retriever in the hole at a controlled rate to within a few metres of bottom.
In open hole and if formations are loose or unconsolidated, break circulation regularly
to flush the basket.
On bottom establish weights, circulation rates/pressures and free rotating torque.

Rotate slowly and tag fish. Clean top of fish and circulate as required.
Note:
Take care fish does not damage internal fingers while rotating to bottom.
When the retriever and top of the fish is clear, drop the ball and slowly pump the ball
to seat. Allow up to 2 min./300m for the ball to seat.
When the ball seats and the piston shear pins shear, pressure may increase or decrease
dependent on tool size. (The flow area of the flushing nozzle may be more or less than
that of the jet nozzles.)
When pins shear, run the pumps at normal operating rates. Rotate down to the fish,
and work the string to retrieve junk into the tool.
7.5 “Core Type” Reverse Circulating Junk Retrievers
Note:
Coring should only be considered where very soft formation enables coring with
minimal rotation.
1) Ensure correct size of ball is available before the tool is run.
2) Check all ID’s of the string to ensure that the ball will pass.
3) Ensure catcher fingers can rotate and work freely after the tool has been fully
made up.
4) Run the tool to above the fish.
5) Slowly pump the ball to seat while working the string just above the fish.

6) Once the ball is seated increase circulation rate and rotate the string slowly while
lowering the basket to the bottom of the hole.
7) In soft formations continue rotating until a core of at least 0.25m has been cut.
Core with 2000 - 5000 lbs, and 20 - 100 RPM. Feed drum constantly when
coring.
8) Increasing torque may indicate that the tool is passing over or encountering junk
on the bottom of the hole.
7.6 Hydraulic Junk Retrievers (“Apple” Tool)
Prior to running this tool, the profile of the previous bit should be considered. A bit
with a concave head will leave a raised profile in the centre of the hole. This raised
section tends to make the soft fingers of the “Apple” tool deform. When the tool is
lifted off bottom, this deformation can cause any captured junk to fall out.
Check at surface that the tool is correctly assembled.
a) Back-off tool and remove outer barrel and shoe.
b) Remove piston and check “O” rings on inner barrel.
c) Install finger sleeve on piston (grub screws).
d) Re-install piston back to upset on inner barrel.
e) Make up outer barrel and mill shoe using chain tongs.
f) Check rupture disc is in place and drop ball is retained.
g) Check ball will pass all ID’s of the fishing string.
Run in hole with the tool.
Install kelly or top drive prior to tagging fish.
Engage pump and establish operating parameters.

Wash down to top of fish.
Max. 350 GPM for 16 1/2”, 11 3/4” and 8 1/2” tools.

Max. 200 GPM for 5 3/4” tool.
Tag fish or bottom with minimal weight.

Circulate and condition mud if required.
Apply light weight and low RPM to work junk inside the tool.
2000 - 5000 lbs, 20 - 100 RPM.

(Cores may be cut if required. Fingers will cut soft to medium formations.)
Release the ball, and pump slowly to seat.

(+/- 1 1/2 - 2 minutes per 300m.)
If hole conditions permit, stop rotating prior to ball seating.
A pressure increase will be observed as the ball seats. The piston will close with a stall
pressure of less than 2500 psi.
When the piston has closed the tool, the rupture disc in the top sub will shear at 2500
psi and circulation can be continued. Raise the tool off bottom before recommencing
rotation.
Keep circulation to a minimum once the tool is closed.
Note:
If considerable time is lost breaking off the kelly to drop the ball, it may be necessary
to work back over the junk with the pump off to avoid operating the tool prematurely.
8. TAPER TAPS AND DIE COLLARS
Taper taps and die collars should only be run as a last resort. The disadvantages
associated with them outweigh the advantages.
Both tools are run in the hole to the top of the fish. Circulation is commenced and the
string rotated. As light a weight as possible is then applied and the tapered threads of
the tool cut and embed the tool on/in the fish.
8.2 Advantages of Taper Taps and Die Collars
Simple and easy to run. Inexpensive and no maintenance required.
After running tools with no success, the fish OD or ID may have been dressed or
distorted sufficiently to use another type of fishing tool.
8.3 Disadvantages of Taper Taps and Die Collars
Tools cannot be released once engaged. A safety joint, circulation sub and jarring
assembly should be run in conjunction with these tools.
Fish engagement may be difficult to achieve.
Tools have a limited catch range.
Connections in most cases only withstand limited overpulls or jarring capabilities.

Gauging of torque is very difficult to monitor during operations.
The ability to apply limited torque can result in an insecure hold.
If too much torque is applied, the tool can become damaged or the fish can become
distorted, making further engagement impossible.
With taper taps, string shots and cutting tools cannot be run due to the restricted ID’s
of the tools.
9. MISCELLANEOUS FISHING TOOLS
9.1 Wireline Spear
A wireline spear to run to fish for parted wireline downhole.
The tool should be run in to a maximum depth of 150m or until resistance is

encountered. The spear is then picked up every 10m until resistance is encountered.
The tool is rotated one or two turns ONLY. When engaged an overpull is taken until
the line and equipment come free or the line breaks at its weak point.
Note:
Install an open circulating sub above the rope spear.
A stop ring is required to prevent the spear from passing too far past the wire and
possibly getting further stuck.
9.2 Impression Blocks
Run the tool to above the top of the fish. Circulate above the fish to clear the fish and
increase the accuracy of impression.
Lower the LIB (Lead Impression Block) onto the fish and apply weight as required.
Pull the tool out of the hole and examine impression.
Note:
If required, place an open circulating sub above the LIB.
9.3 Fishing Magnets
There are two basic types of fishing magnet:
a) Permanent magnets.
b) Electro-magnets.
Type a) is supplied by fishing companies and type b) by wireline companies.
a) Permanent Magnets
The properties of two common magnets are stated below:

Bowen Fishing Magnet

Material: Alnico
Suitable for temperatures up to 550°C
This type of magnet does not deteriorate in storage. However, in service whilst making
and breaking contact between magnet and ferrous material the magnet demagnetises.
Red Baron Fishing Magnet

Material: Samarium Cobalt
Suitable for temperatures up to 250°C
This magnet will suffer reversible losses with increasing temperature, of the order of
0.28%/deg C up to 250 deg C. When cooled, the magnet will recover its magnetism.
The common forms of reduction of magnetism are:
1) Air Gap
The smallest irregularity in the mating surfaces between the magnet and
item being lifted will seriously reduce the effective weight being lifted and
holding force available.
These air gaps can be produced by paint or plating on the surface of the
ferrous material on which the magnet has been placed, or by roughness of
the mating surface. A gap of as little as 0.5 mm reduces the pull by 70%.
In order to reduce the risk of deterioration of the magnet when in storage, a

cover plate should be installed.
2) Temperature
Magnetism decreases with increasing temperature.
Recommended Running Procedure
RIH to just above the fish. Break circulation to disturb the junk on bottom. Cease
circulation and tag fish without pumping.
Pick up and shear out circulating sub. Pump slug and POH.
Advantages of Permanent Magnets
a) Can be run on drillpipe and can utilise the circulation holes in the magnet
to eliminate settling of material above the fish or to loosen the fish. To be
effective, the magnet must touch the fish.
Note:
Consideration should be given to placing an open circulating sub directly
above the magnet to assist in circulating the fish clean.

Disadvantages
a) They cannot be flown by helicopter.
b) They cannot be turned off when running in hole and may collect iron
fillings which prevent a positive contact with the fish.
Note:
Refer to Bowen charts prior to selecting a magnet.
b) Electro-Magnets
As with permanent magnets, the lifting capacity of the tool is dependent on the
contact area between the fish and the tool and bottom hole temperature (the
lifting capacity of the magnet decreases with increasing temperature).
Advantages of Electro-Magnets
a) They can be transported by helicopter.
b) They can be turned on or off so that they do not collect metal filings that
could prevent a positive contact with the fish.
c) They can be run with a casing collar locator for precise location.
d) They can be run with other wireline tools.
Disadvantages
a) It is not possible to circulate whilst on bottom. This could have major

implications if attempting to fish in an “old” well that has a lot of small
iron filings on bottom around the fish. The magnet may pick up the small
particles preferentially, preventing the fish itself from being picked up.
The specifications for the Schlumberger and Western Atlas tools are shown below.
Halliburton Logging do not possess an electro-magnet, but do run the Schlumberger
and Atlas tools.
Schlumberger claim that the magnetic field of the CERT tool is momentarily
interrupted as the tool contacts the fish. A “spike” appears on the current meter and the
field current can be monitored all the way out of the hole to confirm that the fish is
still attached to the magnet.

Atlas Wireline Services supply both 4.5” OD and 6.75” OD tools, with the following
specifications:
OD 4.5” 6.75”
Length 14.00” 7.20”
Weight 55 lbs 100 lbs
Max. Voltage 35 V 55 V
Max. Amp 2.0 A 1.5 A
Max. Lifting Power 575 lbs 1680 lbs
Pressure Rating 15,000 psi 15,000 psi
Temperature 400°F 400°F
The maximum lifting power quoted above is based on 100% contact of a 2.0” thick
slab. The lifting power will decrease according to the amount of contact established
with the fish. Bottom hole temperature will have some effect on lifting power, but this
has never been a problem in previous fishing jobs.
Schlumberger supply a 5” OD tool, with the following specifications:
Flat Plate Lift Capacity in Air 1,000 lb
Maximum Temperature 350°F
Maximum Pressure 20,000 psi
Tool OD 5 in
Tool Length 27 in
Tool Weight 97 lb
Guide Shoes available for 7, 7 5/8” and 9 5/8” casing of any weight.
Minimum residual magnetic field after degausing.
9.4 Tubing Cutters
These may be chemical or explosive cutters and are used if tubing or packers do not
come free after pulling with the maximum allowable pull.
When the packer is pulled free, circulate bottoms up over the choke.

While pulling out the tubing string, circulate while working the fish past and through
tight spots. Ensure that the rotary bushings are locked at all times.
9.5 Tubular Perforating (Collars, Drill Pipe & Tubing)
Introduction
Following a stuck pipe incident on Bruce Well 9/9a-A07(D4), perforating guns were
run to gain Two unsuccessful attempts were made even though there was a positive
indication of the guns firing. This was due to sloughing of sediment above the original
free point. Further the guns themselves became stuck leaving the adaptor, gun strip
and bull plug downhole. The string was finally severed using a JRC severance charge.
Following the perforating failures, work was initiated to demonstrate the suitability of
charges, reasonsfor the guns becoming stuck and make recommendations to prevent
re-occurrence in future. The workwas further expended to address all perforating for
drill collars, drill pipe and tubing using either Atlas orSchlumberger.
Recommendations
2 1/8" Enerjets or Silverjets should be run to perforate 8"DC.
Use a Fin type bull plug and not full diameter one to allow passage of charge debris.
The number of shots required will depend on the TFA necessary to achieve the desired
circulation rate.
To reduce the risk of charge debris wedging the toolstring, especially inside a drill
collar, the minimum shot density should be used (ideally 1 spf). However, to avoid
excessive gun lengths, generally it will be necessary to increase shot density above 1
spf to provide adequate flow area.
Run the following toolstring: Fin type plug, 2-3 ft of 2-4 spf strip guns (Silverjets or
Enerjets), a magnetic positioning device to hold the shots against the tubular wall, a
CCl, plus sufficient tool weight.
Position the gun carrier to give maximum charge clearance such that the back of the
charge is against the inside diameter of the pipe to be perforated (as shown below).
This configuration is less likely toresult in bending of the carrier strip on firing.

Pressure should not be applied while the charges are being fired as this may result in
charge debris plugging the newly formed perforations.
A pack-off and pumping sub will be required at surface to allow circulation to be

established after perforating.
Recommended perforating charges and hole diameters by Atlas and Schlumberger for
perforating drill collars, drill pipe and tubing are summarised in Table 9.5.1.
TABLE 9.5.1
Recommended Perforation Charges from Atlas and Schlumberger for

Perforating Drill Collars, Drill Pipe and Tubing
Tubular OD ID Atlas Average Schlumberger Average

Charge Exit Hole Charge Exit Hole
Diameter (in) Diameter (in)
Drill Collar 10 3 – 3.75 2 1/8 SJ 0.37 2 1/8 EJ 0.34
9 2.5 – 3.75 2 1/8 SJ 0.37 2 1/8 EJ 0.34
8 2.25 – 3.75 2 1/8 SJ 0.37 2 1/8 EJ 0.34
6.75 2.25 – 3.25 2 1/8 SJ 0.37 2 1/8 EJ 0.34
Drill Pipe 4.75 1.75 – 2.81 1 11/16 SJ 0.32 1 11/16 EJ 0.32
6.625 5.965 2 1/8 JJ or SJ 0.26 – 0.37 TP Brown 0.34
5.00 4.0 – 4.41 2 1/8 JJ or SJ 0.26 – 0.37 TP BR or GR 0.22 – 0.34

3.5 2.6 – 2.99 2 1/8 JJ or SJ 0.26 – 0.37 TP BR or GR 0.22 – 0.34
2.375 1.82 – 1.99 1 11/16 JJ* 0.24 – 0.32 TP YEL 0.35
Tubing 7 5.92 – 6.54 2 1/8 JJ or SJ 0.26 – 0.37 TP BR or GR 0.23 – 0.34
5 4.0 – 4.56 2 1/8 JJ or SJ 0.26 – 0.37 TP BR or GR 0.23 – 0.34
4.5 3.24 – 4.09 2 1/8 JJ or SJ 0.26 – 0.37 TP BR or GR 0.22 – 0.34
3.5 2.44 – 3.07 2 1/8 JJ or SJ 0.26 – 0.37 TP BR or GR 0.23 – 0.34
2.375 1.70 – 2.04 1 11/16 JJ* 0.24 TP YEL 0.25 – 0.37
Mneumonics for Charges :
Atlas : JJ Jumbo Jet Schlumberger : EJ Enerjet
SJ Silver Jet TP Tubing Puncher

Brown, Green or Yellow Charges
* The clearances are small, therefore there is a greater chance of the gun sticking.
10. FISHING TOOL CHECK LIST
The following “first phase” fishing tools should be on site and in good condition.
Note:
Ensure that all fishing tools stipulated in contracts on contractor rigs are on site and
in good condition.
1. Overshots and oversized guides with grapples, baskets and extension subs to atch
all sizes of tools in the hole.
2. Fishing jars to match the DC string in use.
3. Bumper subs to match the fishing jar in use.
4. Junk Mills with 1/8” gauge tolerance for 12 1/4”, 8 1/2” and 6” holes.
5. Jar accelerator to match hydraulic jar in use.
6. Reverse or straight circulating baskets for hole size required. (Use jet reversing
type as first choice.)
7. Junk subs for required hole size.
8. Casing spears when running casing, complete with stop rings and pack off
assemblies for required casing weights.

9. Fishing tools to catch electric logging tools (to be supplied by logging company).
10. Safety joints and circulating subs.
11. Taper taps and die collars (optional).
12. A hard formation bit, Security H7T or equivalent for 12 1/4”, 8 1/2” and 6”
holes.
13. Solvents, e.g. Pipe Lax, Mud Ban, etc. in sufficient quantity for the hole section
being drilled.

Fishing Procedure and Tool

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PERENCO Drilling Manual

FISHING – PROCEDURES AND TOOLS

Fishing is an expensive and non productive operation. All progress stops.

General Causes: 1. Equipment Failure.

2. Drill string or casing sticking.

a) Exceeding equipment strength limits.

c) Cracks, leading to equipment failures and drill string twist offs.

d) Lack of good maintenance.

a) Caused by squeezing formations due to insufficient mud weight.

d) Well bore mechanical instability

e) Key seat (in build-up section and soft formation)

Equipment failure can be virtually eliminated by a well established maintenance

In case of no success establish as soon as possible the stuck point.

Revision V1.0 reviewed by C. Capacho 1/26 30/03/2004

3. Where possible fax a drawing of the fish to the Drilling Office.

4. Accurate depth records are vitally important.

2. GENERAL FISHING PRACTICES

(Consult 6050/GEN - Jar Placement and Jarring Practices.)

2.1 Fishing Assembly

Fishing tool - bumper sub - jar - 1 x DC - stabiliser - accelerator - HWDP - DP.

Assembly should be chosen according to tool availability and problems encountered

Revision V1.0 reviewed by C. Capacho 2/26 30/03/2004

2.4 A bumper sub is required in all fishing assemblies.

2.11 Ensure all depths and pipe tallies are correct.

 Avoid washing out the hole above the fish.

 Improve mud properties where possible to assist fishing operations.

Revision V1.0 reviewed by C. Capacho 3/26 30/03/2004

2.17 Fax a drawing of the fish to the Drilling Superintendent.

 Free rotating torque of the fishing string.

 Pipe stretch and strokes of fishing tools.

 Jarring calculations, safe working loads, strengths of fishing tools, etc.

 Establish circulating rates and pressures.

 Circulate and condition mud prior to fishing, if required.

At this point shut pumps down if required.

2.23 When fishing packer/completion assemblies initially circulate over chokes.

Revision V1.0 reviewed by C. Capacho 4/26 30/03/2004

2.24 While Pulling Out a Fish:

 Circulate while working the fish through tight spots.

 Do not rotate a fish while pulling out of the hole.

3. GENERAL JARRING PRACTICES

3.1 Preparation for Jarring Operations

(Consult 7050/GEN for additional information.)

2) Prior to jarring mark string at the rotary table.

6) If prolonged jarring is expected (e.g. cutting and pulling casings), consider

Revision V1.0 reviewed by C. Capacho 5/26 30/03/2004

3.2 Jarring Operations

3) Slip the blockline regularly. Rule of thumb 2 - 4 hours while jarring.

5) Depending on the jar in use, maximise the jarring efficiency.

9) Ensure operating instructions are available on the rig.

4.1 Force Multiplying Tools

Revision V1.0 reviewed by C. Capacho 6/26 30/03/2004

4.1.1 Conventional Bumper Subs

b) To Bump a Solid Downward Blow

Pick up string as above, i.e. length of tool stroke.

Drop the string to its neutral weight without braking.

The bumper sub will quickly close.

c) To Bump a Solid Blow at Surface in Order to Disengage a Fishing Tool

Leave at least 1 DC above bumper sub.

Pick up stroke of bumper sub and bump down on fish.

Revision V1.0 reviewed by C. Capacho 7/26 30/03/2004

An accelerator is a totally free end consisting of a sliding mandrel within a sleeve.

4.2.1 General Guidelines and Procedures