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    STEEL DESIGN TENSION MEMBERS (1)

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    Steel Design Tension Members

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    ‘ARST- STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS INTRODUCTION Tension members are structuralelements that are sub jected to oxial tensile forces. They ore used in various types of structures ondinclude truss members, bracing for buildings and brides, and cables in suspended roof systems, and cables in suspension and coble-stayed bridges. Any cross-sectional configuration may oe determinant of the strength of a tension member is the cross-sectional area, Circular rods ond rolled anole shopes are frequently.used. Built-up shapes, either from plates, or a combination of plates ond rolled shapes, are sometimes used when lora¢ loads ust be resisted, The most common built-up configurations probably the double-angle section, shown below, along with other typical cross sections. Because the use of this sectionis so widespread, tbls of properties o' various combinations of anoles are included the AISC Stee! Construction Manual. The stressin anaxilly loaded tension member is given by > " Blo Where P= themagnitude of the load A= the cross-sectional area (the area normal to the load). Tension members are frequently connected at their ends with belts, as shoum in fig, below. Nomenclature: Ag? gross area Annet area Ac = effective area Avccs * projected area of holes U= areareduction factor due to shear lag at the connection doat = diometer of bolt or ony fastener roe * diometer of hole ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL Relationships among gross aren, net area, and effective area: An= Ag Atos ‘Ac AyU for bolted comnection ‘Ae Ail for welded connection Hoke diame ter and Bott Diometer U-S. Customary Units Formulation: dude deat + V8" for doolt <1" dude * deat + 3/6" for doolt > 1 Hoke diameter and Bott Diameter S.L Units Formulation: dice dhote + Srna for duo < 25ran IF dian = 20min, doe = 23am Grete * Abat + Sram for dat S 25mm 7 AF dha = 2Z6ran, dae 7 33mm TENSILE STRENGTH A tension member can failly reaching one of two mit states: excessive deformation or fracture. To prevent excessive deformation initiated by yielding, the load on the gross section must be small enough that the stress on the gross sectionis less thon the yield stress Fy. To prevent fracture, the stresson the net section must bbe eas thon the tensile strength Fu. b each eose, the streas P/A rust be less thon a limiting stress F or CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS. ‘ARST- STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS. @ ACD: In allowable strength design, the total service load is compared to the allowable strength (alowable load: Rs a, where Pais the required strength (applied load), and Pr/® is the allowable strength The subscript “a” indicates that the required strengthis for “alowoble strength design,” but you can think of it1as a standing for “applied” load. For yielding of the gross section, the safety factor 2, is 107, the allowable load is (The factor 0.6 appears to be a rounded volue but recall that 1.67 is a rounded value. IF 4 =5/3is used, the allowable load is exactly O.GFA,) For fracture of the net section, the safety factor is 200 and the alowable loadis EFFECTIVE AREA © Of the several factors influencing the performance of a tension member, the way itis connectedia the moat important. A conection almost always weakens the member, and the measure of its Fluence is called the joint of efficiency. This factor is o function of the ductiity of the wateria, fastener spacing, stress concentrations at hols, fobrication procedure, ond a phenomenon known as shear lag, Allcontribute to reducing the effectiveness of the member, but shear lagis the rost importont. © Shear lag occurs when some elements of the cross sectionare not connected, os when only one leg of ar angle is bolted to a gusset plate, as shown n the fiqure below. The consequence of this partial connection is that the connected element becomes overloaded, ond the unconnected part isnot fuly stressed. Lengthening the connected region will reduce thiseffect. It is suggested that shear lag be accounted for by using 0 reduced net area whichis coled effective net area, Because shear lag affects both bolted welded connections, the effective net area concept appiies to both types of connections, ‘ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS For bolted connectiors, the effective net areais A.=AU For welded conrections, we refer to this reduced area as the effective area (rather than the effec tive net urea), and itis given by A= AU where U= connection reduction factor. The rules for determining U follinto five categories: 1. Aogneralcategory for any type of tension member except plates and round HSS withL 21310 2 Plates 3 Round HSS withL 21.30. 4 Alternative values for sinale and double anoles 5, Alternative values for W,M, S, ond HP shapes 1. For ony type of tersion member except plates and round HSS vith L 2 13D where X = distance from centroid of connected area tothe plane of the connection A =length of the connection The figure below ilustrates & for various types of connection. ‘ARST- STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS 2. Plates hroeneral,U= 10 ior plates since the cross section has only one element andit is connected, There is one exception for welded plates, however. If the member is connected with lonojtudinal welds on each side with no tronsverse weld the folowing vaues apply: 4. Alternatives Values for Single and Double Angles: The following volies may be used inlieu of the U value from the equation for U. © For four or more fastenersin the direction of loading, U0.80. © Four three fasteners in the direction of laading, U*0.G0 ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS 5, Alternotives to Equation 3.1 for W,M, ,HP, or Tees Cart from These Shapes! \F the folowing conditions ore satisfied, the corresponding values voy be usedinliew or Equation 3.1 © Connected through the flange with three or more fasteners in the direction of loadina, witha width at least 2/3 of the depth: U= 0.90, © Connected through the flange with three or more fasteners in the cirec tion of loading, witha width kss thon 23 of the depth: 0.85, © Comected through the web with four or more fasteners in the direction of loading: U. 0.70. © ha tension member is cornected with only transverse welds, 10, ond is the area of the comected element. Figure 3.11 ilustrates the difference betueen transverse ond longitudinal welds. Connections ly transverse welds olone are not common. “~ Longitudinal ‘Transverse © Forbctted splice plates, Ae* AS OB5Ay © For opencross'sectional shapes (such as W,M, $C, MP, WT, ond ST) ond (angles), the value of U need not be less than the ratio of the comected element gross area to the total gross area. The design of a tension member involves finding amember with adequate gross and net oreas. I the member has abolted connection, the selection of suitable gross section requires an accounting for the area ost because of holes. For o member with a rectongular cross section, the calculations are relatively stroiohtforward. a roled shape is to be used, however, the orea to be deducted connot be predicted in advance because the member's thickness at the location of the holes is not known. The central problem of all member design, including tension member design is to find across section for which the required strength does not exceed the available strength, ARST- STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS For allowable strenoth design, if we use the alowable stress form, the requirement corresponding to yielding is and the required eros oreais The slenderness ratio imitation willbe satisfied if sknderness ratio= U/r i L 300 where r is the minimum radius of gyration of the cross section and L is the member ength, Alternatively, the required stresses con be used instead of the required areas. « For the yielding of the gross section, P required f; = 4S allowable F, = 0.6F, a ond for fracturing of the net section, P required f, = =~ < allowable F, = 05%, DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TENSION MEMBERS: 1 Determine the designing load. The desioning load is the greatest among the voles obtained from the vorious load combinations. 2. Colculate the orcss oreo required due to yielding of the oross section ond the effective oreo that is requived due to fracturing of the net section. P oer 2. Req'd and Req'd, 3. Select a trial economical section or shope and test the adequacy the trial section, The following criteria must be satisfied: actualoross area Ag 2 required Ag octualeffective area Ae Zrequired Ae actual senderness ratio L/r 2300 4. Revise the sectionif necessary. ‘ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS SAMPLE PROBLEM 1: 01. A 12-mm x 125 mm plate of A 36 steclis used os a tension member. It is connected to a gusset plate with four Yo-mm diameter bolts os shoum. For this set-up, assume that U=LDetermine the alowable strength of the member using ASD. GIVEN uel Steel Grade? ASG dhok= 8mm f= 248 MPa F,= 400MPa REQ’D Par? SOLUTION AREAS: CONSIDER YIELDING OF THEGROSS SECTION: Ag = (12) (125) mm? FROM REQD 1500 mm? An =Ag-Anoe Po = 0GF,x Ay = 1500 - (19) (12) (2) Pa — = (0.6) (248 MPa) (1500 ram?) = 1044 mr? 223 200N Ae #AnxU Po = 223.2kN = (1044) (1) = 1044 ronn? CONSIDER FRAC TURING OF THE NET SECTION: FROM{ —=Pa/ Ae Po =FoxAe Po =O5FuxAe Pa =0.5(400 MPa) (1044 nan”) Pa *208800N = 208.6 kN FRAC TURING OF NET SECTION CONTROLS, ADOPT Pa= 208.8 KN ALLOWABLE STRENGTH OF MEMBER ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS SAMPLE PROBLEM 2: 02. A single angle L 31/2 x 31/2 x 3/8 tension member is connected to a gusset plate with 20-mmdiameter bolts as shown. The steel grade used is A3G. The service loads ore TAO KN dead ioad and GO KN live load, Investigate the adequacy of the member based on ASD under NSCP Specifications. Assume that for this set-up, U= 0.85. GIVEN | dat? 20mm age * 23 mm u=065 1312x312 x3/8 A3G STEEL ‘Ag? X00 mn? F248 MPa £=3/8"x 25.4 remin Fy= 400 MPa 79525 mm REQ’D ADEQUACY OF MEMBER =? SOLUTION SERVICE LOADS: CONSIDER YIELDING OF THE GROSS CEC TION: Po=1H0kN PL=GOKN FROMREQD {=Po/ Ao, = 200% 10°N/ 1600 mnt REQD ALLOWABLE STRENGTH: (ASD) =125MPax F.=0.6Fy = 06 (248) COMB. t = HOKN =148.8 MPa COMB. 2; 0+ PL= 140 + GO=200KN = ADEQUATE OR SAFE 200KN «AREAS: R FRAC TURING OF THENET SECTION: a Fined FROMI=P4/he My Ag “Atos = 200 x 10°N/ M74 rm? 1600 -(231(9525) = MONPa " Blo Where P= themagnitude of the load A= the cross-sectional area (the area normal to the load). Tension members are frequently connected at their ends with belts, as shoum in fig, below. Nomenclature: Ag? gross area Annet area Ac = effective area Avccs * projected area of holes U= areareduction factor due to shear lag at the connection doat = diometer of bolt or ony fastener roe * diometer of hole ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL Relationships among gross aren, net area, and effective area: An= Ag Atos ‘Ac AyU for bolted comnection ‘Ae Ail for welded connection Hoke diame ter and Bott Diometer U-S. Customary Units Formulation: dude deat + V8" for doolt <1" dude * deat + 3/6" for doolt > 1 Hoke diameter and Bott Diameter S.L Units Formulation: dice dhote + Srna for duo < 25ran IF dian = 20min, doe = 23am Grete * Abat + Sram for dat S 25mm 7 AF dha = 2Z6ran, dae 7 33mm TENSILE STRENGTH A tension member can failly reaching one of two mit states: excessive deformation or fracture. To prevent excessive deformation initiated by yielding, the load on the gross section must be small enough that the stress on the gross sectionis less thon the yield stress Fy. To prevent fracture, the stresson the net section must bbe eas thon the tensile strength Fu. b each eose, the streas P/A rust be less thon a limiting stress F or CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS. ‘ARST- STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS. @ ACD: In allowable strength design, the total service load is compared to the allowable strength (alowable load: Rs a, where Pais the required strength (applied load), and Pr/® is the allowable strength The subscript “a” indicates that the required strengthis for “alowoble strength design,” but you can think of it1as a standing for “applied” load. For yielding of the gross section, the safety factor 2, is 107, the allowable load is (The factor 0.6 appears to be a rounded volue but recall that 1.67 is a rounded value. IF 4 =5/3is used, the allowable load is exactly O.GFA,) For fracture of the net section, the safety factor is 200 and the alowable loadis EFFECTIVE AREA © Of the several factors influencing the performance of a tension member, the way itis connectedia the moat important. A conection almost always weakens the member, and the measure of its Fluence is called the joint of efficiency. This factor is o function of the ductiity of the wateria, fastener spacing, stress concentrations at hols, fobrication procedure, ond a phenomenon known as shear lag, Allcontribute to reducing the effectiveness of the member, but shear lagis the rost importont. © Shear lag occurs when some elements of the cross sectionare not connected, os when only one leg of ar angle is bolted to a gusset plate, as shown n the fiqure below. The consequence of this partial connection is that the connected element becomes overloaded, ond the unconnected part isnot fuly stressed. Lengthening the connected region will reduce thiseffect. It is suggested that shear lag be accounted for by using 0 reduced net area whichis coled effective net area, Because shear lag affects both bolted welded connections, the effective net area concept appiies to both types of connections, ‘ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS For bolted connectiors, the effective net areais A.=AU For welded conrections, we refer to this reduced area as the effective area (rather than the effec tive net urea), and itis given by A= AU where U= connection reduction factor. The rules for determining U follinto five categories: 1. Aogneralcategory for any type of tension member except plates and round HSS withL 21310 2 Plates 3 Round HSS withL 21.30. 4 Alternative values for sinale and double anoles 5, Alternative values for W,M, S, ond HP shapes 1. For ony type of tersion member except plates and round HSS vith L 2 13D where X = distance from centroid of connected area tothe plane of the connection A =length of the connection The figure below ilustrates & for various types of connection. ‘ARST- STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS 2. Plates hroeneral,U= 10 ior plates since the cross section has only one element andit is connected, There is one exception for welded plates, however. If the member is connected with lonojtudinal welds on each side with no tronsverse weld the folowing vaues apply: 4. Alternatives Values for Single and Double Angles: The following volies may be used inlieu of the U value from the equation for U. © For four or more fastenersin the direction of loading, U0.80. © Four three fasteners in the direction of laading, U*0.G0 ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS 5, Alternotives to Equation 3.1 for W,M, ,HP, or Tees Cart from These Shapes! \F the folowing conditions ore satisfied, the corresponding values voy be usedinliew or Equation 3.1 © Connected through the flange with three or more fasteners in the direction of loadina, witha width at least 2/3 of the depth: U= 0.90, © Connected through the flange with three or more fasteners in the cirec tion of loading, witha width kss thon 23 of the depth: 0.85, © Comected through the web with four or more fasteners in the direction of loading: U. 0.70. © ha tension member is cornected with only transverse welds, 10, ond is the area of the comected element. Figure 3.11 ilustrates the difference betueen transverse ond longitudinal welds. Connections ly transverse welds olone are not common. “~ Longitudinal ‘Transverse © Forbctted splice plates, Ae* AS OB5Ay © For opencross'sectional shapes (such as W,M, $C, MP, WT, ond ST) ond (angles), the value of U need not be less than the ratio of the comected element gross area to the total gross area. The design of a tension member involves finding amember with adequate gross and net oreas. I the member has abolted connection, the selection of suitable gross section requires an accounting for the area ost because of holes. For o member with a rectongular cross section, the calculations are relatively stroiohtforward. a roled shape is to be used, however, the orea to be deducted connot be predicted in advance because the member's thickness at the location of the holes is not known. The central problem of all member design, including tension member design is to find across section for which the required strength does not exceed the available strength, ARST- STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS For allowable strenoth design, if we use the alowable stress form, the requirement corresponding to yielding is and the required eros oreais The slenderness ratio imitation willbe satisfied if sknderness ratio= U/r i L 300 where r is the minimum radius of gyration of the cross section and L is the member ength, Alternatively, the required stresses con be used instead of the required areas. « For the yielding of the gross section, P required f; = 4S allowable F, = 0.6F, a ond for fracturing of the net section, P required f, = =~ < allowable F, = 05%, DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TENSION MEMBERS: 1 Determine the designing load. The desioning load is the greatest among the voles obtained from the vorious load combinations. 2. Colculate the orcss oreo required due to yielding of the oross section ond the effective oreo that is requived due to fracturing of the net section. P oer 2. Req'd and Req'd, 3. Select a trial economical section or shope and test the adequacy the trial section, The following criteria must be satisfied: actualoross area Ag 2 required Ag octualeffective area Ae Zrequired Ae actual senderness ratio L/r 2300 4. Revise the sectionif necessary. ‘ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS SAMPLE PROBLEM 1: 01. A 12-mm x 125 mm plate of A 36 steclis used os a tension member. It is connected to a gusset plate with four Yo-mm diameter bolts os shoum. For this set-up, assume that U=LDetermine the alowable strength of the member using ASD. GIVEN uel Steel Grade? ASG dhok= 8mm f= 248 MPa F,= 400MPa REQ’D Par? SOLUTION AREAS: CONSIDER YIELDING OF THEGROSS SECTION: Ag = (12) (125) mm? FROM REQD 1500 mm? An =Ag-Anoe Po = 0GF,x Ay = 1500 - (19) (12) (2) Pa — = (0.6) (248 MPa) (1500 ram?) = 1044 mr? 223 200N Ae #AnxU Po = 223.2kN = (1044) (1) = 1044 ronn? CONSIDER FRAC TURING OF THE NET SECTION: FROM{ —=Pa/ Ae Po =FoxAe Po =O5FuxAe Pa =0.5(400 MPa) (1044 nan”) Pa *208800N = 208.6 kN FRAC TURING OF NET SECTION CONTROLS, ADOPT Pa= 208.8 KN ALLOWABLE STRENGTH OF MEMBER ARST - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL CHAPTER THREE: TENSION MEMBERS SAMPLE PROBLEM 2: 02. A single angle L 31/2 x 31/2 x 3/8 tension member is connected to a gusset plate with 20-mmdiameter bolts as shown. The steel grade used is A3G. The service loads ore TAO KN dead ioad and GO KN live load, Investigate the adequacy of the member based on ASD under NSCP Specifications. Assume that for this set-up, U= 0.85. GIVEN | dat? 20mm age * 23 mm u=065 1312x312 x3/8 A3G STEEL ‘Ag? X00 mn? F248 MPa £=3/8"x 25.4 remin Fy= 400 MPa 79525 mm REQ’D ADEQUACY OF MEMBER =? SOLUTION SERVICE LOADS: CONSIDER YIELDING OF THE GROSS CEC TION: Po=1H0kN PL=GOKN FROMREQD {=Po/ Ao, = 200% 10°N/ 1600 mnt REQD ALLOWABLE STRENGTH: (ASD) =125MPax F.=0.6Fy = 06 (248) COMB. t = HOKN =148.8 MPa COMB. 2; 0+ PL= 140 + GO=200KN = ADEQUATE OR SAFE 200KN «AREAS: R FRAC TURING OF THENET SECTION: a Fined FROMI=P4/he My Ag “Atos = 200 x 10°N/ M74 rm? 1600 -(231(9525) = MONPa

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