Section 8.

5

x2 1 x2 1
C08S05.001: =x−1+ , so dx = x2 − x + ln |x + 1| + C.
x+1 x+1 x+1 2

x3 1 1 1 1
C08S05.002: = x2 + x + + , so
2x − 1 2 4 8 8(2x − 1)

x3 1 1 1 1
dx = x3 + x2 + x + ln |2x − 1| + C.
2x − 1 6 8 8 16

C08S05.003: Given:

1 1 A B
= = + ,
x2 − 3x x(x − 3) x x−3
so Ax − 3A + Bx = 1, and thus A + B = 0 and −3A = 1. So

1 − 13 1
3
= + ,
x2 − 3x x x−3
and therefore
  
1 1 1  x − 3 
dx = (ln |x − 3| − ln |x|) + C = ln  + C.
x2 − 3x 3 3 x 


x 1 x
C08S05.004: 2
= , so dx = ln |x + 4| + C.
x + 4x x+4 x2 + 4x

C08S05.005: x2 + x − 6 = (x − 2)(x + 3), so

1 A B
= + .
x2 +x−6 x−2 x+3
Therefore Ax + 3A + Bx − 2B = 1, so that A + B = 0 and 3A − 2B = 1. Thus
   1 1 
1 1
dx = 5
− 5
dx = (ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 3|) + C.
x2 + x − 6 x−2 x+3 5

C08S05.006: Division of numerator by denominator yields

x3 7x − 6
=x−1+ 2 .
x2 +x−6 x +x−6
Next,

7x − 6 A B
= +
x2 + x − 6 x−2 x+3
leads to Ax + 3A + Bx − 2B = 7x − 6, so that A + B = 7 and 3A − 2B = −6. Thus
   8 27 
x3 1 2 8 27
dx = x−1+ 5
+ 5
dx = x − x + ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 3| + C.
x2 + x − 6 x−2 x+3 2 5 5

1 A Bx + C
C08S05.007: = + 2 leads to Ax2 + 4A + Bx2 + Cx = 1. Thus
x3 + 4x x x +4

1
 A + B = 0, C + 0, and 4A = 1.

It follows that A = 14 , B = − 14 , and C = 0. Hence

  1 1 
1 4x 1 1
dx = 4
− dx = ln |x| − ln(x2 + 4) + C.
x3 + 4x x x2 + 4 4 8

1 A Bx + C
C08S05.008: 2
= + 2 leads to Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Bx + Cx + C = 1, and hence
(x + 1)(x + 1) x+1 x +1
A + B = 0, B + C = 0, and A + C = 1.

Therefore

   1 1 1 
1 2x 1 1 1
dx = 2
− + 2
dx = ln |x + 1| − ln(x2 + 1) + arctan x + C.
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) x+1 2
x + 1 x2 +1 2 4 2

C08S05.009: Division of denominator into numerator leads to

x4 16
2
= x2 − 4 + 2 ,
x +4 x +4
and therefore
 x
x4 1 3
dx = x − 4x + 8 arctan + C.
x2 + 4 3 2

1 Ax + B Cx + D
C08S05.010: = 2 + 2 leads to
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 4) x +1 x +4

Ax3 + 4Ax + Bx2 + 4B + Cx3 + Cx + Dx2 + D = 1,

so that

A + C = 0, B + D = 0, 4A + C = 0, and 4B + D = 1.

Thus
   1 1  x
1 1 1
dx = 3
− 3
dx = arctan x − arctan + C.
(x + 1)(x2 + 4)
2 x2 + 1 x2 + 4 3 6 2

C08S05.011: Division of denominator into numerator yields

   
x−1 2
dx = 1− dx = x − 2 ln |x + 1| + C.
x+1 x+1

C08S05.012: Division of denominator into numerator yields

   
2x3 − 1 2x + 1
dx = 2x − dx = x2 − ln(x2 + 1) − arctan x + C.
x2 + 1 x2 + 1

2
C08S05.013: Division of denominator into numerator yields
 2   
x + 2x 1 1
dx = 1 − dx = x + + C.
(x + 1)2 (x + 1)2 x+1

2x − 4 A B
C08S05.014: = + leads to Ax − A + Bx = 2x − 4, so that
x −x
2 x x−1
A+B =2 and A = 4. Thus B = −2.

Therefore
   
2x − 4 4 2
dx = − dx = 4 ln |x| − 2 ln |x − 1| + C.
x2 − x x x−1

1 A B
C08S05.015: = + , so that Ax + 2A + Bx − 2B = 1. So
x2 −4 x−2 x+2
     
1 1 1
1 1 1  x − 2 
dx = 4
− 4
dx = ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 2| + C = ln  + C.
x2 − 4 x−2 x+2 4 4 4 x+2

C08S05.016: Division of denominator into numerator yields

x4 32x + 48
2
= x2 − 4x + 12 − .
x + 4x + 4 (x + 2)2

Next,

32x + 48 A B
= + ,
(x + 2)2 x + 2 (x + 2)2

so that Ax + 2A + B = 32x + 48. It now follows that

A = 32 and 2A + B = 48. So B = −16.

Therefore
   
x4 32 16
dx = x − 4x + 12 −
2
+ dx
x2 + 4x + 4 x + 2 (x + 2)2
1 3 16
= x − 2x2 + 12x − − 32 ln |x + 2| + C.
3 x+2

x + 10 A B
C08S05.017: = + yields 2Ax − A + Bx + 3B = x + 10. Thus
2x2 + 5x − 3 x + 3 2x − 1
   
x + 10 3 1 3
dx = − dx = ln |2x − 1| − ln |x + 3| + C.
2x2 + 5x − 3 2x − 1 x + 3 2

x+1 A B C
C08S05.018: = + 2+ yields Ax2 − Ax + Bx − B + Cx2 = x + 1. Hence
x3 − x2 x x x−1
A + C = 0, −A + B = 1, and − B = 1.

3
Therefore B = −1, A = −2, and C = 2. Thus
   
x+1 2 2 1 1
dx = − − dx = 2 ln |x − 1| − 2 ln |x| + + C.
x3 − x2 x − 1 x x2 x

x2 + 1 A B C
C08S05.019: = + + yields A(x + 1)2 + Bx(x + 1) + Cx = x2 + 1. So
x3 + 2x2 + x x x + 1 (x + 1)2

A + B = 1, 2A + B + C = 0, and A = 1.

Hence B = 0 and C = −2. Therefore

   
x2 + 1 1 2 2
dx = − dx = + ln |x| + C.
x + 2x2 + x
3 x (x + 1)2 x+1

x2 + x x(x + 1) 1
C08S05.020: = = . Therefore
x3 − x2 − 2x (x − 2)x(x + 1) x−2
 
x2 + x 1
dx = dx = ln |x − 2| + C.
x3 − x2 − 2x x−2

4x3 − 7x A B C D
C08S05.021: = + + + yields
x4 − 5x2 + 4 x−2 x−1 x+1 x+2

A(x3 + 2x2 − x − 2) + B(x3 + x2 − 4x − 4) + C(x3 − x2 − 4x + 4) + D(x3 − 2x2 − x + 2) = 4x3 − 7x.

Thus

A + B + C + D = 4,
2A + B − C − 2D = 0,

−A − 4B − 4C − D = −7,

−2A − 4B + 4C + 2D = 0.

This system of equations has the solution A = 32 , B = 12 , C = 12 , D = 32 . Therefore

   
4x3 − 7x 1 3 1 1 3
= + + + dx
x − 5x2 + 4
4 2 x−2 x−1 x+1 x+2
1
= (3 ln |x − 2| + ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x + 2|) + C.
2

2x2 + 3 A B C D
C08S05.022: = + + + yields
x4 − 2x2 + 1 x − 1 (x − 1)2 x + 1 (x + 1)2

A(x3 + x2 − x − 1) + B(x2 + 2x + 1) + C(x3 − x2 − x + 1) + D(x2 − 2x + 1) = 2x3 + 3.

Thus

4
 A + C = 2,
A + B − C + D = 0,
−A + 2B − C − 2D = 0,
−A + B + C + D = 3.

This system has solution A = − 14 , B = 54 , C = 14 , D = 54 . Therefore

  
2x2 + 3 1 5 1 1 5
dx = − + + dx
x − 2x + 1
4 2 4 (x − 1)2 x − 1 x + 1 (x + 1)2

1 5 5
= ln |x + 1| − ln |x − 1| − − + C.
4 x+1 x−1

x2 A B C
C08S05.023: 3
= + 2
+ yields
(x + 2) x + 2 (x + 2) (x + 2)3

A(x2 + 4x + 4) + B(x + 2) + C = x2 ,

so that A = 1, 4A + B = 0, and 4A + 2B + C = 0. It follows that B = −4 and C = 4. Hence

   
x2 1 4 4 4 2
dx = − + dx = − + ln |x + 2| + C.
(x + 2)3 x + 2 (x + 2)2 (x + 2)3 x + 2 (x + 2)2

x2 + x A B C
C08S05.024: = + + yields
(x2 − 4)(x + 4) x−2 x+2 x+4

A(x2 + 6x + 8) + B(x2 + 2x − 8) + C(x2 − 4) = x2 + x,

so that A + B + C = 1, 6A + 2B = 1, and 8A − 8B − 4C = 0. It follows that A = 14 , B = − 14 , and C = 1.

Therefore

   
x2 + x 1 1 1 4 1
dx = − + dx = (ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 2| + 4 ln |x + 4|) + C.
(x − 4)(x + 4)
2 4 x−2 x+2 x+4 4

1 A Bx + C
C08S05.025: = + 2 , so Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Cx = 1. Thus A + B = 0, C = 0, and A = 1.
x3 +x x x +1
Therefore
     
1 1 x 1 1 x2
dx = − dx = ln |x| − ln(x2 + 1) + C = ln + C.
x3 + x x x2 + 1 2 2 x2 + 1

6x3 − 18x A B C D
C08S05.026: = + + + leads to
(x2 − 1)(x2 − 4) x−2 x−1 x+1 x+2

A(x3 + 2x2 − x − 2) + B(x3 + x2 − 4x − 4) + C(x3 − x2 − 4x + 4) + D(x3 − 2x2 − x + 2) = 6x3 − 18x.

Thus

5
 A + B + C + D = 6,
2A + B − C − 2D = 0,
−A − 4B − 4C − D = −18,
−2A − 4B + 4C + 2D = 0.

It follows that A = 1, B = 2, C = 2, and D = 1. Therefore

   
6x3 − 18x 1 2 2 1
dx = + + + dx
(x − 1)(x2 − 4)
2 x−2 x−1 x+1 x+2

= ln |x − 2| + 2 ln |x − 1| + 2 ln |x + 1| + ln |x + 2| + C.

x+4 A Bx + C
C08S05.027: 3
= + 2 leads to Ax2 + 4A + Bx2 + Cx = x + 4. So
x + 4x x x +4
A + B = 0, C = 1, and 4A = 4. So A = 1, B = −1.

Thus
    x
x+4 1 x 1 1 1
dx = − 2 + 2 dx = ln |x| − ln(x2 + 4) + arctan + C.
x3 + 4x x x +4 x +4 2 2 2

4x4 + x + 1 A B C D E
C08S05.028: 5 4
= + 2+ 3+ 4+ implies that
x +x x x x x x+1
A(x4 + x3 ) + B(x3 + x2 ) + C(x2 + x) + D(x + 1) + Ex4 = 4x4 + x + 1.

Thus

A + E = 4,
A + B = 0,
B + C = 0,
C + D = 1,
D = 1.

These equations are easily solve from the bottom up: D = 1, C = 0, B = 0, A = 0, and E = 4. Therefore
   
4x4 + x + 1 1 4 1
dx = + dx = − 3 + 4 ln |x + 1| + C.
x5 + x4 x4 x+1 3x

x A Bx + C
C08S05.029: = + 2 yields Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Bx + Cx + C = x. Thus
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) x+1 x +1
A + B = 0, B + C = 1, and A + C = 0.

It follows that A = − 12 , B = 12 , and C = 12 . Therefore

   
x 1 1 x+1 1 1 1
dx = − + dx = − ln |x + 1| + ln(x2 + 1) + arctan x + C.
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) 2 x + 1 x2 + 1 2 4 2

6
C08S05.030: Rather than searching for unknown coefficients, we note that
 2
x+2 x2 + 4x + 4 x2 + 4 4x 1 4x
= = + 2 = 2 + .
x2 + 4 (x2 + 4)2 (x2 + 4)2 (x + 4)2 x + 4 (x2 + 4)2

Therefore
  2    
x+2 1 4x 1 −1 x 2
dx = dx + dx = tan − 2 + C.
x2 + 4 2
x +4 2
(x + 4)2 2 2 x +1

x2 − 10 A B
C08S05.031: = 2 + implies that 2Ax2 + A + Bx2 + 4B = x2 − 10, and thus
2x4 + 9x2 + 4 x + 4 2x2 + 1

2A + B = 1 and A + 4B = −10, so that A=2 and B = −3.

Therefore

    x √  √ 
x2 − 10 2 3 3 2
dx = − 2 dx = arctan − arctan x 2 + C.
2x4 + 9x2 + 4 2
x + 4 2x + 1 2 2
√
A substitution to integrate the second fraction is u = x 2.

x2 A B Cx + D
C08S05.032: = + + 2 , so that
x4 − 1 x−1 x+1 x +1

A(x3 + x2 + x + 1) + B(x3 − x2 + x − 1) + C(x3 − x) + D(x2 − 1) = x2 .

Therefore

A + B + C = 0,
A − B + D = 1,
A + B − C = 0,
A − B − D = 0.

It follows that A = 14 , B = − 14 , C = 0, and D = 12 . Thus

   
x2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
dx = − + dx = ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 1| + arctan x + C.
x −1
4 4 x − 1 x + 1 x2 + 1 4 4 2

x3 + x2 + 2x + 3 Ax + B Cx + D
C08S05.033: 4 2
= 2 + 2 , and so
x + 5x + 6 x +2 x +3

Ax3 + 3Ax + Bx2 + 3B + Cx3 + 2Cx + Dx2 + 2D = x3 + x2 + 2x + 3.

Therefore

A + C = 1, B + D = 1,
3A + 2C = 2, 3B + 2D = 3.

It follows that A = 0, B = 1, C = 1, and D = 0. Hence

7
     √ √
x3 + x2 + 2x + 3 1 x 2 x 2 1
dx = + dx = arctan + ln(x2 + 3) + C.
x4 + 5x2 + 6 x2 + 2 x2 + 3 2 2 2

x2 + 4 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
C08S05.034: = 2 + 2 + 2 yields
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 2) x +2 x +1 (x + 1)2

A(x5 + 2x3 + x) + B(x4 + 2x2 + 1) + C(x5 + 3x3 + 2x) + D(x4 + 3x2 + 2) + E(x3 + 2x) + F (x2 + 2) = x2 + 4.
Therefore

A + C = 0, B + D = 0, 2A + 3C + E = 0,
2B + 3D + F = 1, A + 2C + 2E = 0, B + 2D + 2F = 4.
Note how the equations involving A, C, and E “separate” from those involving B, D, and F . This makes
it easy to solve them for A = 0, B = 2, C = 0, D = −2, E = 0, and F = 3. Therefore
   
x2 + 4 2 2 3
dx = − + dx
(x + 1)2 (x2 + 2)
2 x2 + 2 x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
√
√ x 2 1 3x
= 2 arctan − arctan x + 2
+ C.
2 2 2(x + 1)

(Part of the solution of Problem 30 was used to integrate the third fraction.)

C08S05.035: Expand the denominator to x4 − 2x3 + 2x2 − 2x + 1 and then divide it into the numerator
to find that

x4 + 3x2 − 4x + 5 2x3 + x2 − 2x + 4
=1+ .
(x + 1)(x − 1)
2 2 (x2 + 1)(x − 1)2
Then

2x3 + x2 − 2x + 4 A B Cx + D
= + + 2
(x + 1)(x − 1)
2 2 x − 1 (x − 1)2 x +1
leads to

A(x3 − x2 + x − 1) + B(x2 + 1) + C(x3 − 2x2 + x) + D(x2 − 2x + 1) = 2x3 + x2 − 2x + 4.

Therefore

A + C = 2, − A + B − 2C + D = 1,
A + C − 2D = −2, − A + B + D = 4;
the solution is A = 12 , B = 52 , C = 32 , D = 2. Therefore
   
x4 + 3x2 − 4x + 5 1
2
5
2
3
2x 2
dx = 1+ + + + dx
(x2 + 1)(x − 1)2 x−1 (x − 1)2 2
x + 1 x2 + 1
1 5 3
=x+ ln |x − 1| − + ln(x2 + 1) + 2 arctan x + C.
2 2(x − 1) 4

8
 2x3 + 5x2 − x + 3 A B C D
C08S05.036: = + + + yields
(x2 + x − 2)2 x − 1 (x − 1)2 x + 2 (x + 2)2

A(x − 1)(x2 + 4x + 4) + B(x2 + 4x + 4) + C(x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 1) + D(x2 − 2x + 1) = 2x3 + 5x2 − x + 3;

A(x3 + 3x2 − 4) + B(x2 + 4x + 4) + C(x3 − 3x + 2) + D(x2 − 2x + 1) = 2x3 + 5x2 − x + 3.

Thus

A + C = 2, 3A + B + D = 5,

4B − 3C − 2D = −1, −4A + 4B + 2C + D = 3.

It follows that A = B = C = D = 1, and therefore

   
2x3 + 5x2 − x + 3 1 1 x 1
dx = + + + dx
(x2 + x − 2)2 x − 1 (x − 1)2 x + 2 (x + 2)2
1 1
= ln |x − 1| − + ln |x + 2| − + C.
x−1 x+2

C08S05.037: Let x = e2t ; then dx = 2e2t dt. Thus

 
e4t 1 x
dt = dx.
(e − 1)3
2t 2 (x − 1)3

x A B C
Then = + + leads to A(x2 − 2x + 1) + B(x − 1) + C = x, and so
(x − 1)3 x − 1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3

A = 0, −2A + B = 1, and A − B + C = 0.

Therefore B = C = 1. Hence
   
x 1 1 1 1
dx = + dx = − − + C.
(x − 1)3 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3 x − 1 2(x − 1)2

Finally,

e4t 1 1 1 1
dt = − − + C = − 2t − + C.
(e − 1)
2t 3 2(x − 1) 4(x − 1)2 2(e − 1) 4(e − 1)2
2t

C08S05.038: Let u = sin θ; then du = cos θ dθ. So

    
cos θ 1 1 1 1
I= dθ = du = − du
sin2 θ − sin θ − 6 u2 − u − 6 5 u−3 u+2
1 1
= (ln |u − 3| − ln |u + 2| ) + C = (ln | − 3 + sin θ | − ln |2 + sin θ | ) + C.
5 5

1
C08S05.039: Let u = ln t; then du = dt. Therefore
t

9
     
1 + ln t u+1 1 1 1
J= dt = du = − du
t(3 + 2 ln t)2 (2u + 3)2 2 2u + 3 (2u + 3)2
1 1 1 1 1
= ln |2u + 3| + · + C = ln |3 + 2 ln t| + + C.
4 4 2u + 3 4 4(3 + 2 ln t)

C08S05.040: Let u = tan t. Then du = sec2 t dt. Hence

    
sec2 t 1 1 1 1
K= dt = du = − + 2+ du
tan3 t + tan2 t u3 + u2 u u u+1
 
1  1 + tan t 
= − ln |u| − + ln |1 + u| + C = ln   − cot t + C
u tan t 
 
 cos t + sin t 

= ln   − cot t + C = ln | sin t + cos t| − ln | sin t| − cot t + C.
sin t 

x−9 3 2
C08S05.041: = − . So
x2 − 3x x x−3
  2
2
x−9
dx = 3 ln |x| − 2 ln |x − 3| = 3 ln 2 − (−2 ln 2) = 5 ln 2 ≈ 3.4657359028.
1 x2 − 3x 1

x+5 1 2
C08S05.042: = − . Hence
3 + 2x − x2 x+1 x−3
 2  2
x+5
dx = ln |x + 1| − 2 ln |x − 3| = ln 3 − (−2 ln 3) = 3 ln 3 ≈ 3.2958368660.
0 3 + 2x − x2 0

 
3x − 15 − 2x2 1 5 7 4
C08S05.043: = − − . Hence
x − 9x
3 3 x x+3 x−3
  2
2
3x − 15 − 2x2 1
dx = 5 ln |x| − 7 ln |x + 3| − 4 ln |x − 3|
0 x3 − 9x 3 0

1 1
= (5 ln 2 − 7 ln 5 + 4 ln 2 + 7 ln 4) = (23 ln 2 − 7 ln 5) ≈ 1.5587732553.
3 3

x2 + 10x + 16 1 2
C08S05.044: = + . Thus
x3 + 8x2 + 16x x (x + 4)2
 5  5
x2 + 10x + 16 2 2 1 1
dx = ln |x| − = − + ln 5 + − ln 2 = − ln 2 + ln 5 ≈ 1.0274018430.
2 x3 + 8x2 + 16x x+4 2 9 3 9

x−9 6
C08S05.045: x · =1− . Hence the volume is
x2 − 3x x−3
 2   2
6
V = 2π 1− dx = 2π x − 6 ln |x − 3| = 2π(1 + 6 ln 2) ≈ 32.4142183908.
1 x−3 1

10
 x+5 6 1
C08S05.046: x · = −1 − − . So the volume is
3 + 2x − x2 x−3 x+1
 2    2
6 1
V = 2π −1 − − dx = 2π − x − 6 ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 1|
0 x−3 x+1 0

= 2π(−2 + 5 ln 3) ≈ 21.9475523379.

3x − 15 − 2x2 4 7
C08S05.047: x · = −2 − + . So the volume is
x − 9x
3 x−3 x+3
 2  
4 7
V = 2π −2 − + dx
1 x−3 x+3
 2
= 2π −2x − 4 ln |x − 3| + 7 ln |x + 3| = 2π(7 ln 5 − 2 − 10 ln 2) ≈ 14.66868411.
1

x2 + 10x + 16 2 8
C08S05.048: x · =1+ − . So the volume is
x3 + 8x2 + 16x x + 4 (x + 4)2
 5  
2 8
V = 2π 1+ − dx
2 x + 4 (x + 4)2
 5
8 2π
= 2π x + 2 ln |x + 4| + = (23 + 18 ln 9 − 18 ln 6) ≈ 21.1522539380.
x+4 2 9

 2
x−9 4 9 4 4
C08S05.049: = + − + . So the volume is
x2 − 3x x x2 x − 3 (x − 3)2
  2  2
2
x−9 9 4 π
V =π dx = π 4 ln |x| − − 4 ln |x − 3| − = (13 + 16 ln 2) ≈ 37.8410409708.
1 x2 − 3x x x−3 1 2

 2
x+5 1 1 1 4
C08S05.050: = + − + . So the volume is
3 + 2x − x2 x + 1 (x + 1)2 x − 3 (x − 3)2
 2  2
x+5
V =π dx
0 3 + 2x − x2
 2
1 4 2π
= π ln |x + 1 | − − ln |x − 3| − = (5 + ln 3) ≈ 17.3747601024.
x+1 x−3 0 3

 1
1−x 2 2
C08S05.051: The volume is V = πy 2 dx. Now y 2 = x = −x2 + 2x − 2 + , and so
0 1+x x+1
  
2
V =π −x2 + 2x − 2 + dx
x+1
 1
1 π
= π − x3 + x2 − 2x + 2 ln |x + 1| = (−4 + 6 ln 2) ≈ 0.1663819758.
3 0 3

11
 x2 (1 − x)
C08S05.052: Let f (x) = for 0
x
1.
1+x
2 20 4
Part (a): [f (x)] = x4 − 4x3 + 8x2 − 12x + 16 − + . So the volume is
x + 1 (x + 1)2
 1
2
V =π [f (x)] dx
0
 1
1 5 8 4 4π
=π x − x4 + x3 − 6x2 + 16x − 20 ln |x + 1| − = (52 − 75 ln 2) ≈ 0.0116963237.
5 3 x+1 0 15

2
Part (b): x · f (x) = 2 − 2x + 2x2 − x3 − , so the volume is
x+1
 1
V = 2π 2x · f (x) dx
0
 1
2 1 π
= 4π 2x − x2 + x3 − x4 − 2 ln |x + 1| = (17 − 24 ln 2) ≈ 0.381669647913.
3 4 0 3

A B C D 93 49 44 280
C08S05.053: f (x) = + + + 2 = + − + 2 . Thus
x−7 x−5 x x x−7 x−5 x x

280
f (x) dx = 93 ln |x − 7| + 49 ln |x − 5| − 44 ln |x| − + C,
x
both by Mathematica 3.0, by Maple V version 5.1, and by hand (except that the computer algebra programs
omit the absolute value symbols).

A B C D 323 384 291 1324

C08S05.054: f (x) = + + + = − − − . Thus
x + 3 (x + 3)2 x + 7 (x + 7)2 x + 3 (x + 3)2 x + 7 (x + 7)2

384 1324
f (x) dx = 323 ln |x + 3| + − 291 ln |x + 7| + + C,
x+3 x+7
both by Mathematica 3.0 and by hand (except that Mathematica omits the absolute value symbols).

A B C D E
C08S05.055: f (x) = + + + +
x − 4 (x − 4)2 x − 3 x + 5 (x + 5)2
104 567 37 39
48
=− 3
+ + 16
− 48
− 2
. Therefore
x−4 (x − 4)2 x − 3 x + 5 (x + 5)2

104 48 567 37 39
f (x) dx = − ln |x − 4| − + ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 5| + + C,
3 x−4 16 48 2(x + 5)
both by hand and by Mathematica 3.0 (except that Mathematica omits the absolute value symbols).

A B C D E F
C08S05.056: f (x) = + + + + +
x − 2 (x − 2)2 (x − 2)3 (x − 2)4 x + 2 (x + 2)2
375 26375 2625 375 375
375
= 4
+ 16
+ 2
− − 4
− 16
. Thus
x−2 (x − 2)2 (x − 2)3 (x − 2)4 x + 2 (x + 2)2

375 26375 2625 125 375 375
f (x) dx = ln |x − 2| − − + − ln |x + 2| + + C,
4 16(x − 2) 4(x − 2)2 (x − 2)3 4 16(x + 2)

12
both by hand and by Mathematica 3.0 (except that Mathematica omits the absolute value symbols).

C08S05.057: Mathematica yields the partial fraction decomposition

4 6 3 2x 5
+ + + 2 + 2
2x − 1 3x − 1 (3x − 1)2 x + 25 x + 25
and the antiderivative

1 5
− − arctan + 2 ln(1 − 3x) + 2 ln(1 − 2x) + ln(25 + x2 ).
3x − 1 x
By hand, we get

1 x
− + arctan + 2 ln |3x − 1| + 2 ln |2x − 1| + ln(x2 + 25) + C.
3x − 1 5
Mathematica normally omits the absolute value symbols in logarithmic integrals as well as the constant of
integration; of course,

5 x
− arctan = arctan + C,
x 5
so the two answers are basically the same.

C08S05.058: The partial fraction decomposition of the integrand (using Mathematica) is

1 1 5 100x 100x
+ + + − ,
x − 2 x + 2 25x + 1 25x + 1 (25x2 + 1)2
2 2

and according to the computer algebra system, the antiderivative is

2
+ arctan(5x) + ln(x2 − 4) + 2 ln(25x2 + 1);
25x2 + 1
by hand, we obtained

2
+ arctan(5x) + ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 2| + 2 ln(25x2 + 1) + C.
25x2 + 1

C08S05.059: Maple V version 5.1 and Mathematica 3.0 both yield


ax2 + bx + c c
dx = + (a + b + c) ln(x − 1) − (b + c) ln x + C.
x2 (x − 1) x

The term including ln x drops out if we let c = −b, and then the term including ln(x − 1) drops out if a = 0.
Thus to obtain a rational antiderivative, let a = 0, b = 0 (but otherwise arbitrary), and c = −b.

C08S05.060: According to Mathematica,


ax2 + bx + c a+b+c c b + 2c
= (a + 2b + 3c) ln x − (a + 2b + 3c) ln(x − 1) − − 2− + C.
x3 (x − 1)2 x−1 2x x

The logarithmic terms drop out if a+2b+3c = 0. Thus choose a and b not both zero and let c = −(a+2b)/3.
For example, if a = 1, b = 1, and c = −1, then the antiderivative is

1 1 1
− + + + C.
x − 1 2x2 x

13
C08S05.061: According to Mathematica,

ax2 + bx + c
dx
x3 (x − 4)4
16a + 4b + c 16a + 8b + 3c 8a + 6b + 3c c b+c
= − + − − −
192(x − 4)3 512(x − 4)2 512(x − 4) 512x2 256x

(8a + 8b + 5c) ln(x − 4) (8a + 8b + 5c) ln x

− + + C.
2048 2048
The logarithmic terms drop out if 8a + 8b + 5c = 0. Hence choose a and b not both zero (but otherwise
arbitrary) and let c = −(8a + 8b)/5. For example, if a = b = 5 and c = −16, then the antiderivative is

7 9 11 1 11
− + − + + + C.
16(x − 4)3 64(x − 4)2 256(x − 4) 32x2 256x

14