SILVICULTURE – II 1ST TERMS
Productive forest (commercial forest) – a
20 TERMS:
1. Silvics - the study which treats the life of
trees in the forests.
2. Silviculture - theory and practice of
controlling forest establishment,
composition, and growth.
Art of producing and tending a forest. The
application of the knowledge of Silvics in
the treatment of a forest.
3. Site - known as habitat as used by
ecologists.
It refers to the effective conditions under
which a plant or plant community lives.
4. Phototropism - a movement in response to
light.
5. Climax Forest - a successional stage where
the forest is stabilized form and the area is
most fully occupied.
6. Front - the intersection of two different air
masses and the earth’s surface.
7. Even – aged forest – composed of trees
which are approximately of same age.
8. Uneven – aged forest – composed of trees
having at least 3-4 well-spaced age classes.
9. High forest – develop form seeds.
10. Composite forest (coppice with standard
forest) – developed from both seeds and
sprouts.
11. Storied forest – when tolerant species
dominate stand.
12.
forest that has high commercial value.
13. Protection forest – a forest intended for
protection and maintain biodiversity.
14. Forest reserves – declared by the President
as permanent forest and will remain as
forest.
15. Stand - a population of trees that has been
established in a forest environment.
16. Reaction Wood - is a name given to wood
of distinctive anatomical characteristics
which is formed in leaning trees.
17. Thinning - Intermediate cuttings that are
aimed primarily at controlling the growth of
stands through adjustments in stand
density are called thinnings.
Results in the leave trees tending to have
more taper because the treatment increases
live-crown ratios
18. Pruning - tends to produce stems with less
taper because the treatment decreases live-
crown ratio.
19. Intraspecific grafting – grafting between
different trees of the same species.
20. Undercutting – is the pruning of seedling
roots in the nursery bed to limit the growth
of long, unbranched main roots.
Stomatal behaviour - a small spores in the
epidermis of leaves through which the bulk
of water and gases diffuse.
Within – Tree Variation in Net
Photosynthesis - defines as the difference
between gross rates of photosynthesis and
concurrent rates of respiration.
Water potential gradient – water moves in
trees because there is a gradient in the free-
energy status of water within the soil- plant
atmosphere system.
Soil-borne pathogens - are of universal
occurrence and commonly cause root
diseases in forest trees.
Verticicladiella – commonly cause rotting of
roots lead to death or more commonly
resulting in windthrow.
Site factors - include topography, soil type
and depth, soil moisture at time of
operation, and degree of soil protection
from litter or slash.
Stand factors - include tree species, age or
size, stand density before and after
operation and rooting characteristics.
Operational factor - involve ground
pressure and vibration of equipment,
operator skill and attitude, load sized being
removed, pattern of extraction routes, and
frequency of entry .
ENUMERATIONS:
Cyclic events of silvicultural practices:
 ECONOMICS
 ECOLOGY
 SOCIETY
Objectives of Silvicultural Practice
 Control of composition
 Control of stand density
 Restocking of unproductive areas
 Protection and salvage
 Control of length of rotation
 Facilitating the harvesting, management,
and the use of the forest
 Protection of site and indirect benefits
The subject matter of the practice of silviculture is
logically divided Into three parts;
 Methods of reproduction
 Intermediate cuttings
 Protection
Age Distribution
 Even – aged stand
 Uneven – aged stand
 Stands with two age
Forest Composition and Stand Structure and
tree Class
a. Forest Composition and Stand Structure and
tree Class:
1. Origin or Reproduction Method
 High forest
 Low forest (coppice forest)
 Composite forest (coppice with
standard forest)
2. Age
 Old growth
 Young growth forest
 • Gymnosperm means
b. Young growth of forest is divided into: • Angiosperm means

 Productive Residual Forest (ASLO) – Krafts Tree Classification (Five Classes)

above 5m2/ha basal area
 Degraded Residual Forest (ISLO) –
below 5m2/ha basal area
c. Age class
1. Even – aged forest
a. Storied forest – when tolerant
species dominate stand.
b. Irregular forest – when group of
dominant trees are happened to be
logged.
c. Reserved forest – when beneath
species serve as the new crop.
2. Uneven – aged forest
d. Species
 Pure forest
 Mixed forest
 Dominant Trees
 Codominant Trees
 Intermediate Trees
 Suppressed Trees
 Dead Trees
Crown classes
• Dominant trees
• Codominant trees
• Intermediate trees
• Suppressed trees
Salman and Bongberg's Classification. He explained
the four risk ratings namely:
 Risk 1 (Low risk)
 Risk 2 (Moderate risk)
 Risk 3 (High risk)
 Risk 4 (Very High Risk)

e. Ownership
 Public forest Three Kinds of Reaction
 Private forest
• Physical reactions
f. Mode of establishment • Photochemical reactions
 Natural forest • Chemical and enzymatic reactions
 Artificial forest

g. Uses/Purposes Photosynthesis in Trees

 Productive forest (commercial forest)
 Protection forest • Stomatal behavior
 Forest reserves • Within – Tree Variation in Net
Photosynthesis
Pure stands owe their existence to one or more of • Leaf age
the following basic causes: • Position in trees
• Differences in net photosynthesis
a. Climatic conditions among crown classes
b. Edaphic factors • Sun and shade adaptations
c. Catastrophe • Differences among genotypes
• Differences between hardwoods and
Tree Classification conifers
 • Parenchyma
Effects of Environment on Photosynthesis
The actual properties of wood which make it more
or less useful for a product depend primarily on its:
• Light
• Light saturation point • specific gravity,
• fiber length
• cell-wall thickness, and
Effects of Environment on Photosynthesis • cellulose and lignin content

• Temperature Three major causes of degrade in young growth

• Carbon dioxide concentration lumber are:
• Water availability
• Nutrition • knot size and frequency
• reaction wood, and
Environmental Effects on Respiration • spiral grain

• Light Silviculturists can influence wood quality by

• Temperature treatments that affect:
• Soil atmosphere
• Water • Spacing
• Nutrition • live- crown ratio
• growth rate
• tree breeding
Effects of Environment on Translocation

• Light Kinds of shoot growth:

• Temperature
• Water • Free growth
• Fixed growth
• Fixed and free growth
Effect of Environment Transpiration
• Light
• Temperature Kinds of a crown shape:
• Vapor – pressure deficit
• Water availability • Orbicular – round – shaped crown. Ex.
Canarium
• Oval crown – oval shaped crown.
Cambium usually divided into three kinds of cells • Ovate crown – egg-shaped crown. Ex. Celtis
• Obovoid crown – inverted –egg shaped
• Vessels crown. Ex. Dipterocarpus
• Fibers • Cordate crown – heart-shaped crown.
• Parenchyma • Truncate crown – flat-topped crown. Ex.
Moluccan sau

Three Kinds of Cell in Hardwood:

• Vessels
• Fibers
Branching patterns:
Three types of root grafting
• Deliquescent branch
• Excurrent branch • Self-grafting,
• Intraspecific grafting
Types: • Interspecific grafting

Ascending excurrent branch Factors affecting seedling survival

Horizontal excurrent branch
Drooping excurrent branch
Seasonal growth
• Soil temperature
• Availability of water at planting depth
• Capacity to produce roots

• Height growth
• Stem growth Root Disease
• Root growth
• Fomes annosus –important root disease
Factors influencing periodicity and fruitfulness fungi in natural stands which is very
widespread and attacks both hardwoods
• Site and conifers.
• Climate • Poria weirii – which is an important root
• Physiological causes disease in Douglas-fir; and Armillaria
• Biota mellea, the shoestring fungus which is
• Diseases associated with oak and conifers.
• Birds and mammals • Verticicladiella wagnerii – which
aggressively attacks ponderosa pine in the
cooler sites in Western United States and
Treatments to induce Seed Production phytophthora cinnamomi, which is causing
extensive die-back in pine forests of the
• Stress Southeast and in Australian eucalypt
• Girdling forests.
• Fertilization • Verticicladiella – commonly cause rotting of
• Hormones roots lead to death or more commonly
• Spacing resulting in windthrow.
• Polyporus schweinitzii – a brown cubicle rot,
which attack both pine fir in the West.
Roots functions:

• Anchorage Control of root development

• Absorption
• Conduction • Undercutting
• Storage • Root wrenching
• Root pruning

Types of rooting system

• Taproot system
• Fibrous root system
The potential for soil or root damage appears to
depend largely on the following conditions;
• Site factors
• Stand factors
• Operational factor
ACTIVITY #1
1. Defined as the study which treats the life of trees
in the forests. – Silvics
2. It is known as habitat as used by ecologists. -
Site
3. Term used to indicate productive capacity of an
area of forest land, usually for a given species or a
combination of species. - Site quality
4. Average weather conditions prevalent in any
locality. - Climate
5. Response of plant to the relative lengths or
duration of light and dark periods. -
Photoperiodism
6. Refers to the acquisition of new inherent
qualities or tendencies through the influence of a
different environment. - Acclimatization
7. Large body of air that is characterized by
smallness of temperature in humidity. - Air masses
8. Theory and practice of controlling forest
establishment, composition, and growth. -
Silviculture
9. Contains at least three age classes intermingled
intimately on the same area. - Uneven-aged stand
10. Developed from both seeds and sprouts. -
Composite forest
ACTIVITY #2
1. Classification of forest which composed of
residual trees and has been logged. - Young growth
forest
2. Species classification consists of two or more
species. - Mixed forest
3. It is a forest classification owned by private
individual or corporation. - Private forest
4. Mode of forest establishment which develop
through natural means. - Natural forest
5. Declared by the President as permanent forest
and will remain as forest. - Forest reserves
6. Forest intended for protection and maintain
biodiversity. - Protection forest
7. Forest that has high commercial value. -
Productive forest (commercial forest)
8. A population of trees that has been established
in a forest environment. - Stand
9. It is a type of a tree classification which they do
not produce flowers and have seeds which are
directly exposed to the air for wind pollination. -
Gymnosperm
10. Type of crown classes which are definitely
overtopped members of the forest that having
almost no free overhead light. They are commonly
weak and slow - growing. - Suppressed trees
ACTIVITY #3 4. It refers to the effective conditions under
1. Silvics is a study which deals with which a plant or plant community lives.

A. Life history and general characteristics of A. Habitat

trees B. Locality
C. Site
B. Stand development and environmental D. Niche
factors
5. What is the most important environmental
C. Stand establishment and development factor modifying the daily opening and
closing of stomata?
D. Life longevity and tolerance
A. Light
B. Soil nutrients
2. Silviculture is an art of C. Air temperature
D. Atmospheric moisture
A. Controlling establishment of forest stand
6. Plants that bear flowers after a period of
B. Controlling tree growth and stand vegetative growth, regardless of
composition photoperiod.

C. Controlling quality of forest vegetation A. Short-day plants

B. Long-day plants
D. All of these C. Day-neutral plants
D. Intermediate plants

3. The precise method of determining site

quality is to 7. The chief source of energy for green plants
and all life on earth.
A. Examine the effectiveness of silvicultural
treatments A. Energy from within the earth
B. Solar radiation
B. Analyze the strength and weaknesses of C. Erupting volcanoes
evaluations D. Lightning

C. Grow a fully stocked stand of desired 8. A movement in response to light is known

species on a site as ____________.

D. All of the above A. Phototropism

B. Gravitropism
C. Thigmotropism
D. Photoperiodism

9. It refers to the acquisition of new inherent
qualities or tendencies through the
influence of a different environment.
A. Translocation
B. Acclimatization
C. Adaptation
D. None of these
10. The natural movement of air of any
velocity is termed as
A. Wind
B. Air parcel
C. Air mass
D. Front
ACTIVITY #4
1. Defined as the study which treats the life
of trees in the forests. - Silvics
2. A successional stage where the forest is
stabilized form and the area is most fully
occupied. - Climax Forest
3. A synonymous term of environment or
location. – Habitat or Setting?
4. A term used to indicate productive
capacity of an area of forest land usually for
a given species or a combination of species.
- Site quality
5. Site factors which focuses on the soil
characteristics, soil texture and soil
structure. - Edaphic factors
6. The result of the meteorological process
or the interplay of the physical properties of
the air at a specified time. - Weather
7. The chief source of energy for green
plants and all life. - Solar Radiation
8. Refers to the acquisition of new inherent
qualities or tendencies through the
influence of a different environment. -
Acclimatization
9. The intersection of two different air
masses and the earth’s surface. - Front
10. A plant association predominantly of
trees or other woody vegetation, or a
collection of stands. - Forest
11. A stands in which the growing space is
not effectively occupied by crop tree. -
Understocked stands
12. It is similar meaning or term for all –
aged stand. - Uneven – aged stands
13. A descriptive tree term and is merely
the percentage which crown length is of
total height. - Crown Percent
14. Refers to the amount available for
harvest at a given point in time. - Yield
15. The average height of the dominant and
codominant trees in a stand at a reference
age. - Site index
16. Defined as the total cross – sectional
area of all stems in stand and measured at
breast height and expresses as per unit of
land area. - Basal area
 17. Force of attraction between like
molecules. - Cohesion
18. Refers to a translucent, water
impermeable layer secreted from epidermal
cells. - Cuticle
21. According to the pressure flow theory,
translocation depends on _____. - Pressure
gradient
22. Describes the underlying physical and
biological forces that shape and change a
forest. - Forest Dynamics
ACTIVITY #5
1. Forest is
A. A plant and animal community
B. An ecosystem characterized by dense and
extensive tree cover
C. A community of living and non-living
things
D. All of the above
2. High forest is a forest that develops from
A. High suckers
B. Both seeds and sprouts
C. Seeds
D. Natural means
3. Even-aged stands are stands marked by
A. Broken and uneven canopy
B. Unbroken and even canopy
C. By slim stems and sturdy crowns
D. All of these
4. It is assumed that the failure of wildlings
to grow on the forest floor is due to
A. Excessive supply of forest litters
B. Low light intensity and light quality
C. Lack of soil nutrients and water
D. Abundant supply of oxygen
5. Under Kraft’s tree classification, the
terms used to describe the classes of trees
are
A. Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5,
Class 6, and Class 7
B. Dominant, Codominant, Intermediate,
and Suppressed
C. Risk 1, Risk 2, Risk 3 and Risk 4
D. Group A, Group B, Group C, and Group D
6. The average condition of the
atmosphere over a long period of time.
A. Weather
B. Climate
C. Chinook
D. Atmospheric pressure
7. Tree arrangement in the forest is simply
called as stand structure and is best
indicated by the
A. Stem forms of trees
B. Branching pattern and leaf arrangement
C. Age and size of trees
D. Profile of tree crowns
8. A forest found along the seashores and
estuaries where water is brackish
A. Mangrove forest
B. Temperate forest
C. Beach forest
D. Moonson forest
9. Composite forest develops from 14. Mixed stand is a forest stand in which
the composition is
A. Seeds and propagules
B. Sprouts and buds A. Less that 75% of trees belong to a single
C. Seedlings and sprouts species
D. Sprouts and suckers
B. Over 75% of trees belong to a single
species
10. Which of the following is an economic
disadvantage of a mixed forest? C. Over 75% of trees belong to more than
two species
A. Lower yield on some sites
B. Flexible to meet changing market D. Less than 75% of trees belong to more
C. Provide variety of food and shelter to than two species
wildlife
D. Less susceptible to damaging agents
15. A type of forest characterized by
shallow soils and steeper slopes with less
11. A forest composed of trees having at vegetation.
least three to four well-spaced age classes.
A. Beach forest
A. Low forest B. Dipterocarp forest
B. High forest C. Montane rain forest
C. Even-aged forest D. Cloud forest
D. Uneven-aged forest

16. A type of natural forest developed after

12. Trees whose crowns rise above the harvesting or fire.
general level of the canopy and are
expected to full sunlight. A. Uneven-aged forest
B. Cloud forest
A. Suppressed trees C. Young growth forest
B. Intermediate trees D. Old growth forest
C. Codominant trees
D. Dominant trees
17. This type of forest is found in Central
Europe, North Europe, Siberia, High
13. Which of the following is an economic mountains of Asia, North America and
disadvantage of an even-aged forest? Canada.

A. Management is expensive and complex A. Coniferous forest

B. Yield per hectare is high
C. Species rotation is shortened B. Chaparral
D. Less damage to residual stand
C. Temperate hardwood forest

D. Tropical hardwood forest

18. A grassland with scattered trees is D. Salman and Bongberg’s tree classification
called

A. Chaparral 23. Even-aged and uneven-aged are types

B. Prairie of stands under age class classification. All
C. Tundra hardwood forests are pure forests.
D. Savanna
A. Both statements are true

19. Which of the following is NOT an B. Both statements are false

ecological constraint to the choice of
silvicultural treatment? C. First statement is true and second is false

A. Site quality D. First statement is false and second is true

B. Microenvironment
C. Pests
D. Policy 24. All man-made forests are even-aged
stands. All mixed forests are artificial
forests.
20. Mossy forests in the Philippines occur
on mountains above 1,200 meters altitude. A. Both statements are true
This forest is also known as
B. Both statements are false
A. Tidal forest
B. Elfin forest C. First statement is true and second is false
C. Limestone forest
D. Pine forest D. First statement is false and second is true

21. Trees in the forest community that are 25. Old growth forest is represented by
standing without leaves. residual forest. Young growth forest
comprises the logged over areas.
A. Intermediate trees
B. Suppressed trees A. Both statements are true
C. Cull trees
D. Dead trees B. Both statements are false

C. First statement is true and second is false

22. This type of tree classification is based
on age, degree of dominance, crown D. First statement is false and second is true
structure and development, and physical
conditions.
26. Coniferous forest is a pure forest. Trees
A. Kraft’s tree classification that composed the coniferous forests are
grouped under gymnosperm.
B. Dunning’s tree classification
A. Both statements are true
C. Taylor’s tree classification
B. Both statements are false

C. First statement is true and second is false
D. First statement is false and second is true
27. Which statement is NOT a biological
advantage of mixed stand?
A. Stands are healthier and less susceptible
to causal agents.
B. Interior climate exhibits greater and rapid
fluctuations.
C. Crown space is better utilized.
D. Roots utilize soil profile better.
28. Mixed stands have generally higher
aesthetic values. Mixed stand is likewise a
mixture of tolerant and intolerant species.
A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. First statement is true and second is false
D. First statement is false and second is true
29. High forest, low forest and coppice
forest are group of forest classified
according to
A. Species
B. Age
C. Origin
D. Stand
30. What is a large body of air where
temperature and moisture content are
consistent throughout?
A. Cyclone
B. Air mass
C. Anticyclone
D. Front
ANSWERS:
1. B. An ecosystem characterized by dense
and extensive tree cover√
2. C. Seeds√
3. B. Unbroken and even canopy√
4. B. Low light intensity and light quality√
5. B. Dominant, Codominant, Intermediate,
and Suppressed√
6. B. Climate√
7. D. Profile of tree crowns
8. A. Mangrove forest√
9. C. Seedlings and sprouts√
10. A. Lower yield on some sites√
11. D. Uneven-aged forest√
12. D. Dominant trees√
13. C. Species rotation is shortened
14. C. Over 75% of trees belong to more
than two species√
15. A. Beach forest
16. C. Young growth forest √
17. A. Coniferous forest√

18. D. Savanna√

19. D. Policy√

20. B. Elfin forest√

21. D. Dead trees√

22. A. Kraft’s tree classification

23. C. First statement is true and second is

false√

24. B. Both statements are false√

25. D. First statement is false and second is

true√

26. D. First statement is false and second is

true

27. B. Interior climate exhibits greater and

rapid √fluctuations.

28. A. Both statements are true√

29. C. Origin√

30. B. Air mass√