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Analysis of Compounds
Analysis of Compounds
Leibigs method fused mass by boiling it with On treating sodium fusion extract
Carbon and hydrogen are distilled water with sodium nitroprusside,
detected by heating the This extract is known as sodium appearance of a violet colour
compound with copper(II) oxide. fusion extract. further indicates the presence of
Carbon present in the compound Test for Nitrogen sulphur
2–
is oxidised to carbon dioxide The sodium fusion extract is S +¿
(tested with lime-water which boiled with iron(II) sulphate and nitrogen and sulphur both are
develops turbidity) then acidified with concentrated present in an organic compound,
hydrogen to water (tested with sulphuric acid sodium thiocyanate is formed. It
anhydrous copper sulphate, which The formation of Prussian blue gives blood red colour and no
turns blue) colour confirms the presence of Prussian blue since there are no
C+ 2CuO ∆ 2 Cu+CO 2 nitrogen free cyanide ions
→
Sodium cyanide first reacts with Na+C+ N + S → NaSCN
2 H +CuO ∆ Cu+ H 2 O –
sodium fusion extract is first The mass of water produced is solution of potassium hydroxide
boiled with concentrated nitric determined by passing the which absorbs carbon dioxide.
acid to decompose cyanide or mixture through a weighed U- Traces of nitrogen oxides formed,
sulphide of sodium formed during tube containing anhydrous if any, are reduced to nitrogen by
Lassaigne’s test. calcium chloride passing the gaseous mixture over
These ions would otherwise Carbon dioxide is absorbed in a heated copper gauze
interfere with silver nitrate test another U-tube containing ( P−P1 ) P2 V 2
for halogens =
concentrated solution of T1 T2
Test for Phosphorus potassium hydroxide P = pressure of moist gas
The compound is heated with an These tubes are connected in P1 = pressure due to water vapour
oxidising agent (sodium series
P – P1 = pressure of dry gas
peroxide) increase in masses of calcium
V1 = vol of gas in ml
The phosphorus present in the chloride and potassium hydroxide
compound is oxidised to gives the amounts of water and T1 = Temperature of gas in K
phosphate carbon dioxide P2 = pressure of gas at STP
The solution is boiled with nitric percentage of carbon = T2 = 273 K
acid and then treated with 12 x m2 x 100 V2 = vol of nitrogen at STP
ammonium molybdate. 44 x m Percentage of nitrogen =
A yellow colouration or percentage of hydrogen =
28 x V 2 (STP) x 100
precipitate indicates the presence 2 x m2 x 100 22400 x m
of phosphorus 18 x m Kjeldahs method
Nitrogen
The compound containing
Na3 P O4 +3 HN O3 → H 3 P O4 +3 NaN O3 methods
Two nitrogen is heated with
Dumas maethod concentrated sulphuric acid.
Kjeldahls method Nitrogen in the compound gets
H 3 P O 4+ 12 ( NH 4 ) 2 Mo O4 + 21 HN O3 → ( N H 4 ) 3 PO 4 .12 Mo O3 +21 N H 4 N O3 +12 H 2 O
Dumas method converted to ammonium sulphate
Quantitative analysis The nitrogen containing organic acid mixture is then heated with
compound, when heated with excess of sodium hydroxide
A known mass of an organic
compound is burnt in the
copper oxide in an atmosphere of The liberated ammonia gas is
carbon dioxide, yields free absorbed in an excess of standard
presence of excess of oxygen and
nitrogen in addition to carbon solution of sulphuric acid.
copper(II) oxide
dioxide and water
The amount of ammonia
Carbon and hydrogen in the
produced is determined by
compound are oxidised to carbon
dioxide and water ( y
2 ) (
y estimatingZ the amount of y
C X H Y N Z + 2 X + CuO → XC O2+ H 2 O+ N 2 + 2 X + Cu
2 sulphuric2acid consumed 2in the )
The mixture of gases so produced reaction.
C X H Y +(x + y /4)O2 → x C O2+( y /2)H 2 O
is collected over an aqueous
ANALYSIS OF COMPOUNDS
Percentage of oxygen
32 x m2 x 100
¿
88 x m
The percentage of oxygen can be
derived from the amount of
iodine produced also
The elements, carbon, hydrogen
and nitrogen present in a
compound are determined by an
apparatus known as CHN
elemental analyse
The analyser requires only a very
small amount of the substance (1-
3 mg) and displays the values on
a screen within a short time.
Layers Test – bromine
Beilsteins Test – halogen