PHYS 274

Modern Physics
2nd Level
Geophysics group

Dr. Heba AbdelMaksoud

Hebaabdelmaksoud@sci.asu.edu.eg

Physics Department
Faculty of Science
Ain Shams University
 Atomic Model

John Dalton Solid Sphere Model or Bowling Ball Model

- -
J.J. Thomson -- - + plums pudding model
-

-
- -

Ernest Rutherford +
-
Nucleus
-
-

-
-
- + -
Neils Bohr
-
-
Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud
 In previous Lecture
The radii of the Bohr orbits
n 2 h 2 o
n h o
2 2
rn  n  1, 2, 3, 
rn  n  1, 2, 3,  Zme 2
me 2
Z  atomic number

n 2 ao
rn = n2 ao ao = 0.0529 nm rn 
Z

The energy level of the electrons in the atomic orbit

me 4 1
En   Z 2

8 o2 h 2 n 2
13.6
En   Z 2

n2
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 Atomic Spectrum

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 The Bohr Model of the atom
Postulate# 3: Electromagnetic radiation is emitted if an electron, Initially moving in an orbit
of total energy Ei, discontinuously changes its motion so that it moves in an orbit of total
energy Ef. The frequency of the emitted radiation is .

ΔE=(Ei-Ef)=h𝝼
Photons have to the following properties
Higher-energy
Orbit Ei
 Travel at the speed of light c
h𝝼

 Have no mass
e-

 Carry energy and momentum

Lower-energy
Orbit Ef
 Undergo particle-like collisions

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 Absorption and Emission spectrum

Ef Ei

hν hν

Ei Ef

Absorption Emission
When atom absorb energy When atom emits energy as
of photon to promote photon as electron falls from
electron jump to higher higher energy orbit to lower
energy orbital energy orbit
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 Absorption and emission spectrum

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 Continuous Spectrum
Slit

Hot Source
or white light Prism

Photographic Film

Light from the sun (white light) appears as a continuous spectrum of light.
Continuous Spectrum: There are no discrete, individual wavelengths of light but rather all
wavelengths appear, one after the other in a continuous fashion.

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 Absorption Spectra of Hydrogen

Discrete Absorption Spectrum

Slit
Hydrogen Gas
or cold gas
Film

White Light
Source
Prism

Photographic Film
Absorption spectrum occurs when light passes through a cold gas and atoms in the gas absorb
at characteristic frequencies; since the re-emitted light is unlikely to be emitted in the same
direction as the absorbed photon, this gives rise to dark lines (absence of light) in the
spectrum.

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Emission Spectra of Hydrogen
Discrete Absorption Spectrum
Discrete Emission Spectrum
Slit

Film

Low Density
Glowing
Prism
Hydrogen Gas

Photographic Film

Emission Spectra: are produced by thin gases in which the atoms do not experience many
collisions (because of the low density). The emission lines correspond to photons of discrete
energies that are emitted when excited atomic states in the gas make transitions higher to
lower energy levels.
Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud
 Sources of continuous, emission, and absorption spectra

Continuous spectrum

gas
hot source
Absorption spectrum

Emission spectrum
 Bohr’s model of Hydrogen atom
• According to the 3rd postulate:
ΔE = Ei – Ef = hν = hc/λ,
Hence we can easily obtain the theoretical expression for the emission line
spectrum of hydrogen-like atom
h  E i ( higher )  E f ( lower )
Eq. (5)  1 
h  
me 4 1 

me 4  me 4 1
2  En   2 2 2
8 o h n
2 2 2
 8 o2 h 2 n f  8 o h n
i 
me 4   1 1  
h  2 
 2 
8 o h  n
2 2
ni 
 f

c me 4   1 1  
h  
 8 o2 h 2 
 n2 2 
ni 
 f
Rydberg constant
1 me 4   1 1  
 3 
 2 
 8c o h  n
2 2
ni 
 f

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Bohr’s model of Hydrogen atom

Rydberg constant
me 4
RH 
8c o2 h 3
(9.109 x10 31 )(1.02 x10 19 )4
RH  8 12 2  34 3

8( 3 x10 )(8.85 x10 ) (6.626 x10 )
RH  1.0973732  10 7 m -1
 1 1   1 
 RH  2  2 

 RH  2  2  Z 2
1 1 1
 n   
 f ni  
 nf ni 
Wavenumber Wavelength
Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud
 Hydrogen atom spectra
High E Low E
Short  Long 
Visible lines in H atom
spectrum are called the
BALMER series.

6
5
4
3
Energy

1
En = -13.6 Ultra Violet Visible Infrared n
n2 Lyman Balmer Paschen
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Hydrogen atom spectra
(ultraviolet)

(visible)

(infrared)

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Hydrogen Spectral Lines
Bohr’s model of the atom accounted mathematically for the energy
of each of the transitions shown.
ionization

IR
E6
region
E5
656 nm
E4

E3
A B C D

486 nm
Paschen (IR)
E2
A B C D E
Energy

434 nm
Balmer (Visible)

410 nm

UV
region
E1
A B C D E F

Lyman series (UV)

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Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud
Example #1: The electron in the hydrogen atom makes a transition
from n=2 energy state to the ground state . Find the
wavelength and frequency of the emitted photon.
n=2
Part#1
Solution
ni= 2  1 
 RH  
1 1
  2 
nf=1  

2
n f ni  n = 1, ground state

We can use this equation Part#2

1 1  1 1   3R 
1

 RH  2  2   RH      H 
1 2  1 4  4 
c=fλ
 4   
   3R 
 H 
  

4
 3(1.097 x10 7 ) 


f=c/λ
1.215 x10  7  121.5nm
 c   3 x10 
8

This wavelength in UV region f      

7 
 2.47 x10 15
Hz
    1.215 x10 

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

Example #2: Calculate the energy of transition involving n1 = 6 to n2 = 3
in a hydrogen atom, given that Rydberg constant
R = 109737.32 cm–1 and h = 6.63 × 10–34 J sec.

Solution

1
E  h  hc

 1 1 
1
 RH   
  2 2 
 nf ni 
1 1 1  1
 RH    RH
  9 36  12
(6.63 x10 34 )(8 x1010 )(1.097 x10 7 )
E  
12
E  1.81x10 19 J
E  1.13 eV

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

Example #3: If the energy difference between the ground state of an
atom and its excited state is 4.4 × 10–19 J, what is the
wavelength of the photon required to produce this
transition ?

Solution ch  (3x108 ) * (6.63x10 34 ) 

1 ch  1.989 x10  25 ( J .m)

ΔE  h  hc
 1.989 x10  25 6
hc ch  19
 1.242 x10 (eV .m)
 1.602 x10
ΔE
(6.63 x10 34 )(3 x108 ) 7
ch  1242(eV .nm)
 19
 4.52 x10 m
4.4 x10
1242
  452 nm ΔE  eV
(nm)
1242

ΔE
1242
  452 nm
2.75
Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud
Example #4: the ratio of frequencies of the first line of the Lyman
series and the first line of Balmer series is :
(a) 27/5 (b) 27/8 (c) 4/27 (d) 8/27

Solution
 1 1 
1 
 RH   
2 
  n2 ni 
 f

For lyman nf=1 and ni=2

1 1 1 3 1
 RH     RH (1) f 
 1 4 4 
f lyman 3 R
For Balmer nf=2 and ni=3  4
H 3 36 27
 * 
f balmer 5 R 4 5 5
1 1 1 5 36 H
 RH     RH (2)
  4 9  36

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

Example # 5: What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have
the same wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4 to
n = 2 of He+ spectrum ?

For He+ spectrum Solution

λ1 = λ2
 1 1   1 1 
1 
 RH Z  2  2 , Z  2 1
 RH    
2  2 
1 n 2 n 2
ni 
 f ni   f

 1 1 
1 1 1  3 3
RH  RH    
 RH ( 4)   RH n 2 
1 ni 
2
4
 4 16  4  f

1 3  1 1 
 RH 3
  
1 4 4 n 2 2 
ni 
 f

For H spectrum This is possible if nf = 1 and ni = 2.

Thus the transition ni = 2 to nf = 1 (Lyman
 1 1  series) in hydrogen atom has the same
1 
 RH   
2  wavelength as the Balmer series
2  n2 ni  transition nf = 4 to ni = 2 of He+ spectrum.
 f

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

Example # 6:
Suppose that, as a result of a collision, the electron in a hydrogen
atom is raised to the second excited state n=3
(1) What is (i) the energy and (ii) wavelength of the photon
emitted if the electron makes a direct transition to the ground
state?
(2) What are the energies and the wavelengths of the two photons
emitted if, instead, the electron makes a transition to the first
excited state (n=2) and from there a subsequent transition to
the ground state?

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 (i) Make use of Solution n=3

Part #1
13.6 n=2
En  
n2 Δ E = E3 - E1
13.6 13.6
E3      1.511eV n=1
n2 9
13.6 13.6
E1   2    13.6
n 1 Another Solution.
 E  E 3  E1  hc
 E  h 
 1.51  13.6  12.1eV 
hc
(ii) The wavelength of the photon emitted 
E
1  1 1   1 1   8 RH  ch 1242eV  nm
 RH  2  2   RH          102.6nm
  1 3   1 9   9  E 12.1 eV

 9   9 
      7 
  1.026 x10  7  102.6nm
 8 RH   8(1.097 x10 ) 

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Solution
Part #2
the energies of the two photons emitted in the transitions from
n = 3  n = 2 and n = 2  n = 1 are, respectively,
n=3
 13.6
E3   1.511eV ΔE = E3 - E2
9 n=2
 13.6
E2   3.4eV Δ E = E3 - E1
4 Δ E = E2 - E1

E  E 3  E 2  1.89eV n=1

ch 1242eV  nm
with wavelength    657nm
E 1.89 eV

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Solution
Part #2

 13.6 n=3
E2   3.4eV ΔE = E3 - E2
4
n=2
 13.6
E1   13.6eV Δ E = E3 - E1
1 Δ E = E2 - E1

E  E 2  E1  10.2eV
n=1

ch 1242eV  nm
with wavelength     121nm
E 10.2 eV

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Example#8: The Balmer series for the hydrogen atom corresponds to electronic transition that Terminate
in the state of quantum number n=2, as shown in figure.
(a) Find the longest wavelength photon emitted and determine its energy.
(b) Find the shortest wavelength photon emitted in the Balmer series.

Solution (a) Solution (b)

The longest wavelength photon in the Balmer series results from The shortest wavelength photon in the Balmer series is
transition from n=3 to n=2, Using the following Eq. emitted when the electron makes a transition from n=∞ to
n=2, therefore,
1  1 1 
 RH
  2 
 =0
 2
 nf ni  1  1 1 
 RH   
 1 min  22  
1 1   
 RH 2  2  
 max 2 3  1  R 
   RH     H  
1 1  5   4  4 
 RH    RH 
4 9  36  min 
4

4
 364.6nm
36 36 RH (1.097 x10  7 )
 max   
5R H 5(1.097 x10  7 )
6.563x10  7 m  656.3nm The energy of this photon E=hν=hc/λ
This wavelength is in the red region of the hc 1242
visible spectrum E photon   
The energy of this photon E=hν=hc/λ min 364.6
E photon 
hc
max

1242
656.3
 E photon  3.4eV
E photon  1.89eV

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Absorption
Balmer Series

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

  1 
ni=4 1

 RH 


1
 2 

ni 
2
 n
nf=3 1 1 1 
f

1
 RH     533 x10 m
3

  9 16 
  1875nm
hc 1242
E photon   
max 1875
E photon  0.66eV

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 See Lect #1

Lymen Series

ΔE  7.64  5.98  1.66 eV

ΔE 1.66 * (1.602 x10 19 )
ΔE  h     34
 4.01x1014
Hz
h 6.63 x10
Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud
The energy of a photon varies
A. Directly with wavelength C. Directly with frequency
B. Inversely with frequency D. Inversely with the frequency

Electrons in excited hydrogen atoms are in the n=3 energy level> How many different photon
frequencies could be emitted as the atoms return to the ground state?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

Which of the photons given would have the greatest energy?

A. red C. green
B. yellow D. blue

In which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a photon have the greatest energy?
A. red C. infrared
B. visible D. ultraviolet

The energy of a photon is inversely proportional to its

A. wavelength C. frequency
B. speed D. phase

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 which graph best represents the relationship between photon energy and photon frequency?

Photon energy
Photon energy

Frequency
Frequency
Photon energy

Photon energy

Frequency Frequency

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A photon of light carries
A. energy, but not momentum C. momentum, but not energy
B. Both energy and momentum D. neither energy nor momentum

The shortest wavelength in Lyman series is equal to

A. RH C. RH/2
B. 1/RH D. 2/3RH

Photon of highest frequency will be absorbed when transition takes place from
A. 1st to 5th orbit B. 2nd to 5th orbit
C. 3rd to 5th orbit D. 4th to 5th orbit

In hydrogen spectrum which one of the following series lies in the ultraviolet region?
A. Balmer series
B. Pfund series
C. Bracket series
D. Lyman series
 Assignment (2)
1- Calculate the energy emitted when electrons of 1.0 g atom of hydrogen undergo transition
giving the spectral line of lowest energy in the visible region of its atomic spectrum.
(R = 1.1 × 107 m–1).

2- For the Balmer series i.e., the atomic transitions where final state of the electron is n = 2,
what is the longest and shortest wavelength possible? Is any of the frequency of Lyman
series, which corresponds to transitions where electron ends up in n = 1 level, in the visible
region?

3- Using the Rydberg formula, calculate the initial energy level when an electron in a hydrogen
atom transitions into n= 2 and emits a photon at 410.1 nm. Note: the Rydberg constant =
1.097 x 107 m –1.

4- Consider a large number of hydrogen atoms with electrons randomly distributed in the n = 1, 2, 3, and 4 orbits.
(a) How many different wavelengths of light are emitted by these atoms as the electrons fall into lower-energy
orbitals?
(b) Calculate the lowest and highest energies of light produced by the transitions described in part (a).
(c) Calculate the frequencies and wavelengths of the light produced by the transitions described in part (b).

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Quiz #1
Energy of an electron in the second orbit of hydrogen
atom is E and the energy of electron in 3rd orbit of He will
be:
𝟏𝟔𝑬 𝟏𝟔𝑬
(a) E3= (b) E3=
𝟑 𝟗

13.6 Z2
En   Z 
2
E0
𝟒𝑬 n2 n2 𝟒𝑬
(c) E3= For H n  2, Z  1 (d) E3=
𝟗 E0 𝟑
E2   E
4
For He n  3, Z  2
4 16
E3  E0  E
9 9

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud