WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Cost Efficient Construction Group Assignment.

PREPARED BY – YISHAK KIDANE AND

ID NO – 12D0855 AND
SUBMITED TO- HANNA

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE :- SUMMARIZING THE ARTICLE

1. Affordable housing; practices and prospects ……………………………….……..3
of house supply in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia by Esrael Woldeeyesus Mohamed
2. Housing the poor in African cities by UN habitat…………………………………4
3. Sustainable and Inclusive housing in Ethiopia ……………………………………5
by Tadashi Matsumoto and Jonathan Crook
4. Urban residential housing provision and challenges: ……………………………..6
The case of SHUME ABO, sub-city of BAHEIR DAR TOWN,
AMHARA regional state, Ethiopia. By Daniel Tsegachewrta
5. An overview of squatter settlements in ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia……………….7
By ELIAS BERHANU DEBELA
6. A Practical Guide for Conducting: Housing Profiles…………………………….. …7
7. National Report on Housing & Sustainable Urban Development…………………..8
8. Presentation on the Ethiopia Urbanization Review…………………………………8
9. INNER CITY HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT- INDUCED DISPLACEMENT:
IMPACT ON POOR FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN ARADA SUB CITY OF
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA………………………………………………………….9
10. Ethiopia has one of Africa’s most ambitious housing policies……………………..9

CHAPTER TWO :- LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………9
CHAPTER THREE :- FINDING AND DISCUSSION ……………………………….12
CHAPTER FOUR :- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
1. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………15
2. Recommendation………………………………………………………………….16
Reference…………………………………………………………………………….17

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CHAPTER ONE :- INTRODUCTION

1. Affordable housing; practices and prospects of house supply in Addis

Abeba, Ethiopia by Esrael Woldeeyesus Mohamed
Ethiopia have a police that ever person has the right to have a house according to Universal Declaration
of Human rights Article 25, “ Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and
well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing…” but the question remains
at large of how Ethiopia is implementing or exercising that right for the people. Ethiopia tried to
implement that by building apartments for housing problem but due to the corruption that sit in our
country.
Families who pay more than 30% of their income for housing are considered cost burdened and may
have difficulty affording necessities such as food, clothing, transportation and medical care. Even if the
implemented housing solution was intended to help poor or low income citizens but it is not achieving
what is was set to achieve rather than helping those who need it it’s being used to get the riches people
to get rich and making people who can’t afford house harder.
Scottish policy officially defines affordable housing as: “housing of a reasonable quality that is
affordable to people on modest incomes… affordable housing may be in the form of social rented
accommodation, mid-market rented accommodation, shared ownership, shared equity, discounted low
cost housing for sale including plots for self build, and low-cost housing without subsidy.”
(Development Trusts Association Scotland, (n.d.))
Since African urban growth rate is now 11 times the growth rate of Europe Ethiopia urban population
growth as it will triple to 43.3 million in 2037 from 15.2 million in 2012. The other factor is inflation
government print money to pay borrowed money from other countries with money that is worth much
less because it can purchase fewer goods. Inflation makes the provision of affordable housing difficult
the housing sector is affected by not only the construction material inflation but also by others, like
food price increase.
Informal settlement is another factor of housing problem this leads to people to live in dangerous and
poorly constructed housing. And this can lead to eviction of there informal house since there house is
not legal or because of some redevelopment this can lead to becoming homeless for some peoples
So after the overthrow of ‘Derg’ EPDRF announced its first policy of housing in addis abeba soon after
the IHDP (Integrated Housing Development Programme) was launched in 2004 and started its
implementation in 2005. The program is “ a government led and financed housing provision
programme for low-and-middle-income households in Ethiopia.” In addition to constructing 400,000
condominium units, the program initial objectives were to promote home owner ship for low-income
house holds, to create 200,00 jobs, to enhance the capacity of the construction sector, and to promote
the development of 10,000 micro and small enterprises. (UN Habitat, 2011). The program provides
houses through three schemes which are 10/90, 20/80, and 40/60 based on the down payment required
to obtain the house.
Initially, IHDP was developed and financed with the objective to bring affordable houses for
low- and middle-income households. Despite its successes on some other aspects, for instance
job creation, it was unfortunate that the program could not provide affordable house for the poor
and even middle-income segments of the city inhabitants. Referring the case of most of residents,
neither the renters nor homeowners are enjoying affordable houses. According to the research
finding, 60% of residents expressed that they are paying more than 41% of their income (after
tax) for mortgage or rent. Considering the cost of living, price trend (e.g. food inflation) and
income, only 20% of residents are optimistic regarding their ability to continue rent/mortgage
payment without compromising to meet the needs of their household. This shades affordability
of IHDP houses. In addition, the research finding shows that, only 36% of those who reside in
the IHDP house are homeowners while 64% are renters. It means most of the IHDP houses are
used for renting which clicks another research question on the why. This indicated that
continuing the same program, in the same way, may not bring any better result but depletion of
resources for those who are better off.
2. Housing the poor in African cities by UN habitat

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Land is an important transferable asset that may be sold, rented, inherited or loaned. Secure rights to
land also encourage age people to invest in improved housing and the land itself. Eviction can be
violent or silent: Eviction can happen in different ways. Private landowners and government agencies
have their ways of pushing out the poor who have no legal right to the land they occupy. But there are
also quieter and more efficient forms of eviction. Where the poor are gradually pushed out of the city
by market forces. One tiny parcel of land at a time, so hardly anyone notices until one day all the poor
people are gone.
Privately owned land in cities may tend to be used in ways that are more economically efficient than
public land, but this efficiency often comes at the cost of excluding the poor and limiting the state’s
capacity to manage urban land with a greater balance between commercial and social uses. The
question that should be asked is Why can’t the poor access public land in cities? It is maybe because of
CENTERALIZED DECISION-MAKING, INEFFICIENT USE OF URBAN SPACE,
GOVERNMENT-DRIVEN APPROACHES, RIGID AND COSTLY REGULATION FRAME
WORKS, POOR LAND RECORDING SYSTEMS.
Land tenure is complicated Sometimes, within the same poor settlement, neighbouring households may
live under different tenure terms and degrees of security. Some may have rental contracts, some may
own their parcels of land, others may have user rights, still others may be squatters – or tenants of
squatters – with no legal tenure rights at all to the land.
Thinking long-term When considering the choice between individual or collective land rights, the first
objective of any policy should be to make sure poor households and poor communities are protected
against eviction – in the short and long term.One of the best ways to ensure that lowincome settlements
are sustained is to make tenure collective, through long-term collective leases or through land titles to
community cooperatives, provided that the community is organized.
More women signing on the dotted line In increasing numbers of community-managed housing
projects, the land titles or lease contracts are being routinely signed by the women in the
household.Land is increasingly being seen as a commodity and not as a common good whose
use must be carefully regulated for the benefit of all citizens. This shift has huge implications for how
public and private land is used, and how its use is being regulated by governments.
The demand for land A growing population automatically increases demand for land – pieces of land of
all sizes and locations, for all income groups and covering the whole spectrum of tenure forms (both
formal and informal), and for all kinds of uses: commercial, industrial, recreational and public. When a
city’s population grows rapidly, and governments and land markets can’t provide land fast enough to
meet these growing demands, land prices skyrocke.
Land is a political issue Any problems around land will be made worse if governance is weak. When
this is the case, “state capture” is common – where those in power are able to gain control over most of
the land and its resources. Corruption also becomes a large problem. And in the end, it is the poorest
households in our cities that suffer.
Some benefits of eviction on wrong settlers is usage of land for right purpose but the down size of that
is it is the violation of human rights. They disrupt and impoverish poor communities already living in
difficult situations, reduce the stock of affordable housing and only move the problem to a new
location.
Before making any policy decisions about land tenure, it is important for governments to review the
existing land situation in their cities, as well as resources and institutional capacity, and to understand
the implications of various tenure policy options.
The 10 strategies should be considered together with those described in the other Quick Guides in this
series, including sites-and-services and other alternatives to eviction, housing finance , rental housing
and the central role of community-based organizations.
STRATEGY 1: PLANNING MORE EFFICIENTLY, STRATEGY 2: BETTER LAND
INFORMATION, STRATEGY 3: BETTER LAND TAXATION SYSTEMS, STRATEGY 4: LAND
SHARING, STRATEGY 5: LAND POOLING, STRATEGY 6: CROSS SUBSIDY SCHEMES,
STRATEGY 7: REGULARIZING EXISTING SLUMS, STRATEGY 8: USING PUBLIC LAND FOR
HOUSING, STRATEGY 9: LEARNING FROM INFORMAL LAND DEVELOPERS, STRATEGY
10: SUPPORTING COMMUNITY INITIATIVES.

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3. Sustainable and Inclusive housing in Ethiopia by Tadashi Matsumoto and Jonathan
Crook
Urban sprawl has a range of economic, social and environmental repercussions, including lower
productivity, rising greenhouse gas emissions, encroachment on fertile agricultural land, and reduction
in recreational spaces for leisure.
Ethiopia is the second most populous and the fifth least urbanized country in Africa. At present,
21% of Ethiopia’s 112 million residents live in urban areas (23.5 million people),iii according to the
national definition.5 Although significantly below the sub Saharan average of 40.4%, Ethiopia’s urban
population is expected to grow considerably over the next few decades: the Central Statistical Agency
of Ethiopia (CSA) projects that the urban population will increase to 42.3 million by 2037, growing at
3.8% per year, while the World Bank projects this growth at a higher rate of 5.4% per year.6 The main
drivers of urbanization are: Economic growth, Administration and planning, Changing patterns of
work, Growing labour force.
Ethiopia’s urban population is expected to grow considerably over the next few decades (42.3 Million -
urban residents in 2037). ECONOMIC GROWTH Higher prosperity in urban areas drives population
growth, as the mortality rate is lower than the fertility rate (25.6% RURAL residents live in poverty
14.8% URBAN residents live in poverty).
Housing quality in Ethiopia is lower than in neighbouring countries, with overcrowded and poor living
conditions constituting the major housing challenges in large urban centres. “Wood and mud” – also
referred to as chika bet [wood/mud + straw-mortar house] construction – historically served as the
primary construction material for the walls of three-quarters of all housing units, rising to 80% in cities.
Household coverage for water, sanitation and electricity remains low in Ethiopia. Nearly two-thirds
(65%) of all households have access to an improved source of drinking water, but only 6% use
improved sanitation. The remaining 94% use unimproved sanitation: generally a shared facility (9%),
an unimproved facility (53%) or no facility (32%). Urban households are more likely than rural
households to use improved sanitation (16% versus 4%), and while nearly all urban households (93%)
have access to electricity, this is only the case for 26% at the national level. Unimproved sanitation
poses numerous health risks, which can be compounded by rapid urbanisation as cities struggle to
provide wastewater infrastructure to a fast-growing population. Sanitation-related issues are among the
leading causes of disease transmission in Africa, especially for cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery and
typhoid. The low share of improved sanitation in Ethiopia’s cities is a common challenge across urban
areas in sub-Saharan Africa, where only 20% of the population is estimated to have safely managed
sanitation and 25% to basic sanitation.
As will be further detailed, the Integrated Housing Development Programme (IHDP) – the leading
national policy instrument for the construction of affordable condominium units – successfully
supplied 383,000 housing units between 2006 and 2018, but is soon expected to be phased out owing to
capacity and delivery issues, as well as the highly subsidized nature of the programme.
Building on the overarching guidelines in NUDSP (National Urban Development
Spatial Plan), urban land-use plans, such as Addis Ababa’s tenth master plan, account for a range of
traditional zoning regulations regarding road width and building use height, floor area ratio, and set
back distance,56 but the interviews, as well as literature review, show that these are not always strictly
respected in practice. Addis Ababa’s tenth master plan, providing a long-term vision for the years 2017
to 2027, highlights that green areas accounts for 37% of the city’s surface but that this marks a
reduction over time due to informal development as well as circumvention of regulations on the part of
private actors, and even of public actors.
Kebele housing units are inexpensive, high-density (relative to built-up area and even to land area due
to crowded land use and living conditions) and low-quality rental units that were officially introduced
to the Ethiopian housing market in 1975 when the Derg nationalised a vast swathe of informal
settlements and conferred their management to the lowest level of government, the kebele (now
integrated into the woreda). The FHC manages the second type of formal, government-controlled rental
housing available in Ethiopia. This type of housing was officially introduced at the same time as kebele
housing in 1975 – by Proclamation Number 35 which nationalised all urban land and private housing
units – but unlike kebele housing, which manages rentals below a monthly rate of 100 ETB, FHC is
charged with the management of rental units above 100 ETB.

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4. Urban residential housing provision and challenges the case of SHUME ABO, sub-
city of BAHEIR DAR TOWN,AMHARA regional state, Ethiopia by Daniel
Tsegachewrta
Housing is the basic and indispensable human need which determines health and living
conditions. It compasses and determines developmental,physiological and socioeconomic
aspects of human life (UN, 2010). UN secretary general and Executive Director for inhabitant, Joan
Clos has said that “affordable housing should be put back at the center of cities, interns of planning and
policy and geographical location “(UN- Habitat 2016).
Currently, the living cost has increased more than before in urban area due to globalization.
Majority of the people including government employee are not able to save some amount of
money. Housing shortage is one of the major problems in the urban areas of Ethiopia. The poor quality
of housing units which is continually declining, limited private and government building capacity, the
increasing prices of building materials and a rapid increase of population of urban areas.
The concept of good governance can be described as the set of policies, functions, responsibilities, and
procedures that an entity establishes to guide and direct how it is going to achieve its goals. United
Nations Economical and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNESCAP(2009) defines good
governance as a process of decision making and procedures by which those decisions are implemented
or not implemented. Observation of housing production around the world reveals that one of the major
determinants factors affecting housing production is lack of constant and guaranteed source of
finance.A major challenge facing securing affordable housing for low income Ethiopia has been
access to housing finance because in 1990’s the construction and business bank started lending
money directly to housing cooperative.
Infrastructure supply polices have major influences on the performance of the housing sector.
When infrastructure is adequately provided, the price of land remains low as can be reflected
in lower housing cost. Under investment in residential infrastructure such as roads, water,
sanitation and drainage may, on the other hand, result in higher cost of serviced land, delays
In construction, and thus higher housing cost. The Ethiopian has policy on urban development but lacks
policy on urban expansion (Adam, 2010).The absence of effectiveness housing policy of a certain
government to construct and manage houses has a great influence on the life of individuals in a
country.
According to the 2013 UN-Habitat global report on human settlement, urban population
increased in the past 50 years. This fast rate of urbanization in developing world is attributed
to rural-urban migration, economic growth and development, technological change, and rapid
population growth (marshal, 2009).
Housing is one of the basic needs for mankind and it is important for the physical survival of
human beings. Furthermore, adequate housing has a vital importance for social welfare and for
the development process of a given country as a whole (Olayiwola, et al., 2005).According to
Johan and Daniel (2007), adequate housing stimulates both physical and economic
improvement of the population. Houses are not only just places to live but also they are assets
for their owners. It can be used to generate income through home-based business activities
And it can also serve as collateral for loans for the owners (Habitat& UNESCAP,20)
Shelter for human being is not merely a protection from heat and cold, from rain and flooding
or from external intrusion by anybody else, but that it also directly or indirectly determines
his health, efficiency and productivity as well as his interaction in space which again will
determine his economic status and contribution to the society that he is belonging to. Its
shortage and inefficiency tend to retard the overall progress of a nation (Mulata ,2014).

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 5. An overview of squatter settlements in ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia
By ELIAS BERHANU DEBELA
UN-HABITAT (2006) estimated that about 924 million people in LDCs live in urban informal
settlements without secure tenure. This number is projected to increase to two billion in the year 2030
(ibid). UNCHS, cited in Daniel (2006), estimated that between 20% and 80% of urban growth in less
developed countries is informal.
Informality in the urban structure and appearance is the key evidence of either unaffordable
cost of housing or deficit in housing supply (Roberts & Okanaya, 2018). The explosion of
informal settlements in many cities of the less developed world indicates growing disparity in
the allocation of resources and wealth (Gondo, 2011).
The issue of urban informal settlements is complex and dynamic. The rapid urbanization
trends in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA) show that Ethiopia stands third, next to Tanzania and
Mozambique, in regard to the population living in informal settlements (Shubira Kalugila,
in Jemal, 2019). The investment in the formal settlement sector is below the level registered
by most developing countries.
The notions of “legality” and “planning” are emphasized in the UN 2015 description of the
term informal settlements, which are defined as (i) settlements where housing units have been
built on land on which the occupants do not have “legal” right and claim, and (ii) “unplanned”
settlements where housing units do not comply with contemporary planning and building
bylaws (UN, cited in Jemal, 2019). According to Inostroza (2017), informal urban settlements
have four critical features of informality: “(i) absence of legal (official) title; (ii) irregular
development of urban structure; (iii) shortage of vital public service; and (iv) occurrence on
the public land/property”. Some writers often use the terms squatter and slum
interchangeably.
The major causes of squatter settlements are embedded in the complex socio-economic,
political and institutional settings, including the broader array of legal and administrative
factors (WB 2000, HABITAT 2000, in Daniel, 2006). The major causes of squatter
settlements are embedded in the complex socio-economic, political and institutional settings,
including the broader array of legal and administrative factors (WB 2000, HABITAT 2000, in
Daniel, 2006).
Eviction (demolition) is the earliest mode of government reaction to informal settlements; not
however been successful as informal settlements continued to proliferate and step up in size
and number (Fernandes, 2011; Gondo, 2011, Philimon, 2019).
6. A Practical Guide for Conducting: Housing Profiles

The article “A Practical Guide for Conducting: Housing Profiles” is a publication by UN-Habitat that
provides a step-by-step guide for conducting comprehensive national housing profiles with a direct
objective of understanding the housing sector, while offering evidence-based data to inform policy
reform1. The article covers the following topics:

 The rationale and objectives of housing profiles

 The methodology and process of conducting housing profiles
 The main components and indicators of housing profiles
 The analysis and presentation of housing profile data
 The use and dissemination of housing profile results

The article is intended for a wide range of stakeholders involved in the housing sector, such as policy
makers, planners, researchers, practitioners, civil society, and donors. The article aims to help them
improve their knowledge and capacity to conduct housing profiles and use them as a tool for
developing and implementing effective and inclusive housing policies and programmes.

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 7. NATIONAL REPORT ON HOUSING AND SUSTAINABLE URBAN
DEVELOPMENT

The article “National Report on Housing & Sustainable Urban Development” is a document prepared
by the Ministry of Urban Development, Housing & Construction of Ethiopia for the Habitat III
conference in 2016. The article provides an overview of the current state and challenges of the housing
and urban development sector in Ethiopia, as well as the policies, programs and targets that the
government has adopted to address them. The article also highlights the achievements and lessons
learned from the implementation of the Habitat Agenda resolutions adopted in 1996, and identifies the
future priorities and issues for a new urban agenda.

The article is organized into eight chapters, covering the following topics:

 The urban demographic issues and challenges in Ethiopia

 The land and urban planning policies and practices in Ethiopia
 The environment and urbanization issues and challenges in Ethiopia
 The urban governance and legislation framework in Ethiopia
 The urban economy and municipal finance issues and challenges in Ethiopia
 The housing and basic services provision and access in Ethiopia
 The indicators and monitoring of the urban sector performance in Ethiopia
 The case studies of good practices and innovations in the urban sector in Ethiopia

The article is based on a participatory and consultative process involving various stakeholders from the
government, civil society, private sector, academia, and development partners. The article aims to
provide a comprehensive and evidence-based assessment of the housing and urban development sector
in Ethiopia, and to contribute to the global dialogue and agenda setting for sustainable urban
development.

8. PRESENTATION ON THE ETHIOPIA URBANIZATION REVIEW

The article “Presentation on the Ethiopia Urbanization Review” by the World Bank is a slide deck that
summarizes the main findings and recommendations of the Ethiopia Urbanization Review report 1. The
article provides an overview of the urbanization trends and challenges in Ethiopia, and the
opportunities and policy actions to foster smart and sustainable urban development. The article covers
the following topics:

 The fundamentals and benefits of urbanization

 The urbanization patterns and drivers in Africa and Ethiopia
 The urbanization and economic growth nexus in Ethiopia
 The priority areas for government investment in urban areas, such as land, infrastructure,
housing, and basic services
 The urban institutions and governance framework for a middle-income Ethiopia
 The takeaways and key messages for policy makers and stakeholders

The article is based on a comprehensive and participatory analysis of the urban sector in Ethiopia,
involving various data sources, methods, and consultations. The article aims to provide a concise and
evidence-based assessment of the urbanization process in Ethiopia, and to support the government’s
efforts to make urbanization a national priority and a catalyst for economic transformation 1.

9. INNER CITY HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT- INDUCED DISPLACEMENT:

IMPACT ON POOR FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN ARADA SUB CITY OF ADDIS
ABABA, ETHIOPIA

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 The introduction of the article “INNER CITY HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT-
INDUCED DISPLACEMENT: IMPACT ON POOR FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN
ARADA SUB CITY OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA” by Tebarek Lika Megento is as follows:
This paper attempts to explore the impact of housing and urban development-induced displacement
with a view to assessing the implications on poor female- headed households facing eviction and
identifying policy options. Among the 10 sub cities of Addis Ababa city, the Arada sub city was chosen
for the study. The target groups were female-headed households displaced from their former
neighborhoods and resettled in less favored parts of the inner city of Addis Ababa. Using a multi-stage
sampling procedure, the required information was collected from 150 households. The methods used to
obtain the data included household surveys, key informant interview, personal observations and
document reviews. The results of the study reveal that female-headed households are gravely affected
by housing and urban development-induced displacement. The data point to an increase in level of
poverty, lose of livelihoods and asset bases, unavailability and/or lack of service facilities, poor
housing conditions and unaffordability of condominium houses. The study urges the need to revise
policy strategies with a view to address the unmet demands of the affected community.
10. ETHIOPIA HAS ONE OF AFRICA’S MOST AMBITIOUS HOUSING POLICIES

The introduction of the article “Ethiopia has one of Africa’s most ambitious housing policies – but the
lottery-based system is pulling communities apart” is as follows:

The article is a publication by The Conversation that provides a critical analysis of the Integrated
Housing Development Programme, a mass housing project implemented by the Ethiopian government
since 2006. The article examines the challenges and impacts of the programme on the urban poor,
especially those who are displaced from their former neighbourhoods and resettled in new
condominium blocks. The article argues that the programme is creating weak and fragmented
communities, failing to meet the housing demand, and facing financial and institutional problems. The
article is based on the author’s doctoral research, which involved six months of fieldwork in one of the
new housing sites in Addis Ababa. The article aims to contribute to the debate on housing and urban
development in Ethiopia and beyond

CHAPTER TWO :- LITERATURE REVIEW

1. INTRODUCTION

Here is our summary and evaluation of the article:

 The article provides a comprehensive framework and methodology for conducting housing profiles,
which are analytical tools to assess the housing sector in a given context and identify the main
challenges and opportunities for improving it.
 The article covers the following topics: the concept and rationale of housing profiles, the normative
view of the housing sector, the process and steps of conducting housing profiles, the data collection and
analysis methods, the structure and content of the housing profile report, and the dissemination and
follow-up actions.
 The article is well-written, clear, and informative. It uses relevant examples, case studies, and diagrams
to illustrate the key points and concepts. It also provides useful references, checklists, and templates for
conducting housing profiles.
 The article is based on the extensive experience and expertise of UN-Habitat in supporting housing
sector reforms and interventions in various countries and regions. It reflects the latest global trends and
challenges in housing, such as rapid urbanization, population growth, climate change, informality, and
affordability.
 The article is relevant and useful for a wide range of stakeholders, such as policy makers, planners,
practitioners, researchers, and civil society organizations, who are involved or interested in housing
issues and solutions. It can help them to understand the complexity and diversity of the housing sector,
to identify the gaps and priorities for action, and to formulate evidence-based and participatory housing
policies and strategies.

9
we have reviewed the article “National Report on Housing & Sustainable Urban Development” by the
Ministry of Urban Development, Housing & Construction of Ethiopia1. Here is my summary and
evaluation of the article:

 The article provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the housing and urban
development sector in Ethiopia, in the context of the global agenda for sustainable
development and the preparation for the Habitat III conference in 2016.
 The article covers the following topics: the urbanization trends and patterns in Ethiopia, the
institutional and legal framework for housing and urban development, the urban economy and
finance, the urban land and planning, the urban housing and basic services, the urban
environment and climate change, and the future challenges and issues for a new urban agenda.
 The article is well-structured, informative, and evidence-based. It uses relevant data, statistics,
maps, and graphs to illustrate the current situation and the progress made in the housing and
urban development sector in Ethiopia. It also provides useful references, annexes, and
acronyms for further reading and clarification.
 The article is based on the extensive consultation and collaboration of various stakeholders,
such as government agencies, development partners, civil society organizations, academia,
and private sector, who contributed to the preparation and validation of the report. It reflects
the national vision, policies, and strategies for housing and urban development, as well as the
best practices and lessons learned from the implementation of various programs and projects.
 The article is relevant and useful for anyone who is interested or involved in housing and
urban development issues and solutions in Ethiopia and beyond. It can help them to
understand the opportunities and challenges of the urbanization process in Ethiopia, to identify
the gaps and priorities for action, and to formulate and implement inclusive, participatory, and
sustainable housing and urban development policies and strategies.

we have reviewed the article “Presentation on the Ethiopia Urbanization Review” by the World Bank 1.
Here is my summary and evaluation of the article:

 The article provides an overview of the urbanization process in Ethiopia and the challenges
and opportunities it presents for economic growth, poverty reduction, and service delivery. It
also suggests some policy recommendations to address these challenges, such as improving
land administration, increasing housing supply, upgrading slums, and enhancing urban
planning and governance.
 The article covers the following topics: the fundamentals of urbanization and its relationship
with economic growth, the trends and patterns of urbanization in Africa and Ethiopia, the
priority areas for government investment in urban areas, and the urban institutions for a
middle income Ethiopia.
 The article is well-written, clear, and informative. It uses relevant data, statistics, maps, and
graphs to illustrate the key points and concepts. It also provides useful references, annexes,
and acronyms for further reading and clarification.
 The article is based on the extensive research and analysis of the World Bank and its partners
on the urbanization issues and solutions in Ethiopia and other countries. It reflects the latest
global trends and challenges in urbanization, such as rapid urbanization, population growth,
climate change, informality, and affordability.
 The article is relevant and useful for anyone who is interested or involved in urbanization
issues and solutions in Ethiopia and beyond. It can help them to understand the opportunities
and challenges of the urbanization process in Ethiopia, to identify the gaps and priorities for
action, and to formulate and implement inclusive, participatory, and sustainable urbanization
policies and strategies.

10
 we have reviewed the article “INNER CITY HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT-
INDUCED DISPLACEMENT: IMPACT ON POOR FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN
ARADA SUB CITY OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA” by Tebarek Lika Megento1. Here is my
summary and evaluation of the article:

 The article explores the impact of housing and urban development-induced displacement on
the livelihoods of poor female-headed households in Arada sub city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
It uses a case study of the Lideta sub city, where a large-scale urban renewal project was
implemented. It finds that the displacement resulted in the loss of social networks, income
sources, and cultural identity of the affected residents. It also argues that the compensation
and resettlement schemes were inadequate and unfair. It recommends that the government
should adopt a more participatory and inclusive approach to urban development and
displacement.
 The article covers the following topics: the concept and rationale of housing and urban
development-induced displacement, the research design and methodology, the socio-economic
profile of the displaced households, the impact of displacement on the livelihoods of the
displaced households, and the policy implications and recommendations.
 The article is well-researched, insightful, and engaging. It uses various sources, methods, and
frameworks to illuminate the complexity and diversity of the displacement phenomenon and
its effects on the poor female-headed households. It also provides critical and balanced
assessments of the achievements and failures of the urban development project and its actors.
 The article is based on the author’s personal and professional experience and expertise in
urban studies and development. The author is a lecturer and researcher at Addis Ababa
University and a renowned scholar and activist in Ethiopia and abroad. He has published
several books and articles on urban issues and has participated in various academic and public
forums and dialogues.
 The article is relevant and useful for anyone who wants to learn more about the housing and
urban development-induced displacement and its impacts on the poor and vulnerable groups
in Ethiopia and beyond. It can help them to appreciate the diversity and unity of the urban
identity, to understand the historical and contemporary challenges and opportunities of the
urban development, and to engage in constructive and informed discussions and actions for
the future of the urban poor.

Here are our review of the article Ethiopia has one of Africa’s most ambitious housing policies – but
the lottery-based system is pulling communities apart1:

The article is written by Hone Mandefro, a PhD candidate and public scholar at Concordia University,
who conducted six months of doctoral fieldwork on the social impact of Ethiopia’s mass housing
programmer. The article provides a critical analysis of the programmer, which aims to address the
housing shortage and slum proliferation in the country. The article highlights some of the main
challenges and drawbacks of the programmer, such as:

 The programmer is creating weak and fragmented communities, as residents are relocated to
new neighborhoods far from the city center and their previous social networks. The lottery
system used to distribute houses also breaks up existing communities and disrupts the sense of
belonging and identity of residents.
 The programmer is not meeting the demand for adequate and affordable housing, as only
about half a million units have been built nationwide, while the government estimates a need
for 5.5 million houses by 2030. The programmer also faces problems of leadership and
financing, which affect its efficiency and quality.
 The programmer is not addressing the root causes of the housing crisis, such as rapid
urbanization, land scarcity, poverty and inequality. The programmer also neglects the diverse
needs and preferences of residents, who may prefer different types of housing and tenure
arrangements.

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 The article is well-written and informative, as it draws on the author’s empirical research and relevant
literature to support his arguments. The article also uses visual aids, such as photos and graphs, to
illustrate the housing situation and the programmer’s outcomes. The article is engaging and persuasive,
as it uses anecdotes and quotes from residents to convey their experiences and perspectives. The article
is timely and relevant, as it contributes to the ongoing debate on urban development and housing policy
in Ethiopia and beyond.

The article could be improved by providing more context and background information on the housing
programmer, such as its objectives, design, implementation and evaluation. The article could also
compare and contrast the programmer with other mass housing initiatives in Africa and elsewhere, to
highlight its strengths and weaknesses. The article could also suggest some possible solutions or
alternatives to the programmer, such as community-led housing, participatory planning and inclusive
urban governance.

CHAPTER THREE :- FINDING AND DISCUSSION

 The article A Practical Guide for Conducting: Housing Profiles is a useful resource for anyone
who wants to conduct a comprehensive and evidence-based analysis of the housing sector in a
country or a city. The article provides a clear and practical methodology for collecting, processing,
and presenting data on various aspects of the housing sector, such as housing demand and supply,
affordability, quality, location, tenure, finance, policy, and governance. The article also explains
how to use the data to identify the main challenges and opportunities for improving the housing
sector, and to inform policy reform and action plans.

The article has several strengths and limitations. Some of the strengths are:

 The article is well-structured and easy to follow. It has a logical flow of information and a clear outline
of the steps and components of the housing profile process.
 The article is comprehensive and covers a wide range of topics and indicators related to the housing
sector. It provides a holistic and multidimensional perspective on the housing situation and its linkages
with other sectors, such as land, infrastructure, environment, economy, and governance.
 The article is participatory and inclusive. It emphasizes the importance of engaging various
stakeholders and beneficiaries in the housing profile process, such as government, civil society, private
sector, academia, and development partners. It also provides guidance on how to conduct stakeholder
analysis, consultation, validation, and dissemination of the housing profile results.
 The article is adaptable and flexible. It recognizes that each country or city has its own context and
needs, and that the housing profile methodology can be adjusted and customized accordingly. It also
provides examples and case studies of how the housing profile methodology has been applied in
different settings and situations.

Some of the limitations are:

 The article is generic and does not provide specific details or tools for conducting the housing profile in
a particular country or city. It leaves a lot of room for interpretation and adaptation, which may pose
challenges for inexperienced or resource-constrained practitioners.
 The article is ambitious and may not be realistic or feasible in some contexts. It requires a lot of data,
time, resources, and capacity to conduct a comprehensive and participatory housing profile. It may not
be possible to collect all the data or indicators suggested by the article, or to involve all the
stakeholders or beneficiaries in the process.
 The article is descriptive and does not provide much guidance on how to analyze or interpret the data
or indicators. It does not provide clear criteria or benchmarks for assessing the housing situation or
performance, or for identifying the gaps or priorities for policy reform or action. It also does not
provide much guidance on how to formulate or implement the policy recommendations or action plans
based on the housing profile results.

 The article “National Report on Housing & Sustainable Urban Development” by the Ministry of
Urban Development, Housing & Construction of Ethiopia is a document that provides an overview
of the current state and challenges of the housing and urban development sector in Ethiopia, as

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 well as the policies, programs and targets that the government has adopted to address them. The
article also highlights the achievements and lessons learned from the implementation of the
Habitat Agenda resolutions adopted in 1996, and identifies the future priorities and issues for a
new urban agenda1.

The article has several findings and discussions, which can be summarized as follows:

 Ethiopia is experiencing rapid urbanization, with the urban population expected to grow from 19.5% in
2015 to 30% in 2025. This poses significant opportunities and challenges for the country’s economic
and social development, as well as its environmental sustainability1.
 The government has recognized the importance of urban development as a national priority and a
catalyst for economic transformation. It has adopted various policies and strategies to promote urban
growth, productivity, and inclusiveness, such as the Growth and Transformation Plan, the Urban
Development Policy, the National Urban Planning Proclamation, the Integrated Housing Development
Programme, and the Urban Local Government Development Programme1.
 The government has made notable progress in improving the urban sector performance and outcomes,
such as increasing the urban infrastructure and service coverage, reducing the urban poverty and
unemployment rates, enhancing the urban governance and institutional capacity, and promoting the
urban environmental management and resilience1.
 However, the urban sector still faces many challenges and gaps, such as the low level of urban
economic diversification and competitiveness, the high demand and low supply of affordable and
adequate housing, the limited access and quality of urban land and planning, the insufficient and
inefficient urban finance and revenue mobilization, and the weak urban coordination and partnership
among different actors and levels1.
 The article suggests some key issues and recommendations for a new urban agenda, such as
strengthening the urban economic base and innovation, expanding the urban housing and basic service
provision and access, improving the urban land administration and management, enhancing the urban
fiscal and financial sustainability, and fostering the urban participation and accountability 1.

 Here is a possible finding and discussion on the article “Presentation on the Ethiopia Urbanization
Review” by the World Bank1:

The article presents an overview of the urbanization process in Ethiopia and its implications for
economic growth, poverty reduction, and service delivery. It also identifies some priority areas for
government investment and institutional reforms to harness the potential of urbanization and achieve
middle-income status by 2030.

The main findings of the article are:

 Ethiopia is urbanizing rapidly, but at a low level of income and with modest structural transformation.
The urban population has increased from 6 million in 1994 to 17 million in 2012, and is projected to
reach 42 million by 2037. However, the urbanization rate is still low compared to other countries at
similar levels of development, and the share of industry and services in GDP and employment is not
commensurate with the urbanization level.
 Urbanization in Ethiopia has been associated with high levels of economic growth, but not with high
productivity. Cities contribute to 38% of GDP with only 15% of total workforce, but the productivity
gap between urban and rural areas is narrowing. Moreover, urbanization has not led to significant
poverty reduction or improved access to basic services for the urban poor. The urban poverty
headcount ratio is 25.7%, and only 55% of the urban population has access to improved water sources
and 21% to improved sanitation facilities.
 Ethiopia faces several challenges and opportunities to manage its urban transition and leverage it for
economic and social development. Some of the challenges include: addressing the housing deficit and
slum proliferation, improving urban infrastructure and service delivery, enhancing urban land
management and planning, strengthening urban governance and fiscal decentralization, and fostering
urban-rural linkages and regional integration. Some of the opportunities include: exploiting the
demographic dividend and the potential for agglomeration economies, diversifying the urban system
and promoting secondary cities, investing in human capital and innovation, and implementing the
Growth and Transformation Plan II and the Urban Development and Construction Sector Development
Program.

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 The article suggests some policy recommendations and priority areas for government intervention to
address these challenges and opportunities, such as:

 Increasing public investment in urban infrastructure and service delivery, especially in water supply,
sanitation, transport, and energy, to improve the quality of life and the business environment for the
urban population.
 Enhancing urban land management and planning, by improving the efficiency and transparency of land
allocation, valuation, and registration, and by developing and implementing integrated and
participatory urban plans and strategies at different spatial scales.
 Strengthening urban governance and fiscal decentralization, by clarifying the roles and responsibilities
of different levels of government, enhancing the capacity and accountability of local governments, and
increasing their own-source revenues and intergovernmental transfers.
 Fostering urban-rural linkages and regional integration, by promoting the development of urban
clusters and corridors, facilitating the mobility and connectivity of people and goods, and harmonizing
the policies and regulations across regions and countries

 The article “INNER CITY HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT- INDUCED

DISPLACEMENT: IMPACT ON POOR FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN ARADA SUB
CITY OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA” by Tebarek Lika Megento1 is a research paper that
explores the impact of housing and urban development-induced displacement on poor female-
headed households in Arada sub city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The article aims to assess the
implications of displacement on the livelihoods, assets, and service access of the affected
households, and to identify policy options to address their unmet demands.

The main findings of the article are:

 Housing and urban development-induced displacement is a widespread phenomenon in Addis Ababa,

affecting about 50,000 households per year. The displacement is mainly driven by the implementation
of the Growth and Transformation Plan II and the Urban Development and Construction Sector
Development Program, which aim to transform the city into a modern and attractive metropolis by
replacing the old and dilapidated housing stock with new and high-rise buildings.
 Female-headed households are disproportionately affected by displacement, as they constitute about
40% of the displaced households in Arada sub city. They face multiple challenges and vulnerabilities,
such as low income, limited education, high dependency ratio, lack of social support, and exposure to
gender-based violence and discrimination.
 Displacement has negative impacts on the livelihoods, assets, and service access of female-headed
households. The data show that displacement leads to an increase in poverty, loss of income sources
and asset bases, deterioration of housing conditions and affordability, disruption of social networks and
community ties, and decline in access to basic services such as water, sanitation, health, education, and
transport.
 The government’s compensation and resettlement schemes are inadequate and ineffective to address
the needs and demands of the displaced female-headed households. The compensation is based on the
size and quality of the demolished houses, which are often undervalued and do not reflect the market
prices. The resettlement options are either to buy condominium houses, which are unaffordable for
most of the displaced households, or to rent houses in the periphery of the city, which are far from their
workplaces and service centers. Moreover, the displaced households are not consulted or involved in
the decision-making process, and their rights and interests are not protected by the existing legal and
institutional frameworks.

The article suggests some policy recommendations and priority areas for government intervention to
address the challenges and opportunities of displacement, such as:

 Increasing public investment in low-cost and affordable housing projects, especially for female-headed
households and other vulnerable groups, and ensuring their participation and representation in the
planning and implementation of such projects.
 Enhancing the efficiency and transparency of the compensation and resettlement schemes, by adopting
a fair and market-based valuation system, providing adequate and timely cash compensation, and

14
 offering a range of resettlement options that suit the preferences and capacities of the displaced
households.
 Improving the quality and accessibility of urban infrastructure and service delivery, especially in the
resettlement areas, by expanding and upgrading the water, sanitation, energy, transport, health,
education, and security facilities, and by ensuring their affordability and sustainability.
 Strengthening the legal and institutional frameworks for the protection and promotion of the rights and
interests of the displaced households, by establishing clear and enforceable laws and regulations,
enhancing the capacity and accountability of the relevant authorities and agencies, and creating
effective mechanisms for grievance redress and dispute resolution.

 Here is a summary of the article Ethiopia has one of Africa’s most ambitious housing policies –
but the lottery-based system is pulling communities apart1:

 The article discusses the challenges and impacts of the Integrated Housing Development Programmed
(IHDP), a mass housing programmer launched by the Ethiopian government in 2006 to address the
shortage of adequate and affordable housing in urban areas.
 The article is based on the author’s doctoral research, which examines the change and continuity in
relationships among neighbors as their living spaces in Addis Ababa change from single-story houses
to high-rise condominiums.
 The article identifies three main problems facing the IHDP:
o The programmer is creating weak and fragmented communities, as most houses are located away from
the city center, where job opportunities are concentrated, and the lottery system used to distribute
houses has dismantled residents’ social networks.
o The programmer is not meeting the demand for housing, as only about half a million units have been
built nationwide, while the government estimates a need for 5.5 million houses by 2030.
o The programmer is facing challenges of leadership and financing, as the government has failed to
deliver on its promise of providing subsidies, mortgages, and infrastructure for the beneficiaries.
 The article suggests some possible solutions to improve the IHDP, such as:
o Revising the lottery system to consider the preferences and needs of the applicants, such as proximity
to work, family, and friends, and to ensure social diversity and cohesion in the new neighborhoods.
o Increasing the supply of housing by involving the private sector, civil society, and cooperatives in the
construction and management of the condominiums, and by adopting alternative and sustainable
building technologies and materials.
o Enhancing the quality of housing by ensuring adequate infrastructure, services, and amenities for the
residents, and by providing them with training and support to form and run effective condominium
associations.

CHAPTER FOUR :- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1. Conclusion
Considering the cost of living, price trend (e.g. food inflation) and income, only 20% of residents
are optimistic regarding their ability to continue rent/mortgage payment without compromising
to meet the needs of their households. According to 76% of respondents’ observation on the
price trend and other factors, they are pessimistic about the future possibility of low-income
community members to own condominium houses.
The objective of this paper is to provide an assessment of Ethiopia’s existing national housing policy
framework, from the perspective of compact urban evelopment and housing affordability. Applying the
analytical framework developed in Housing policies for sustainable and inclusive cities to the case of
Ethiopia, served to identify six national urban housing policy instruments.131 These six instruments
consist of: two policies to regulate land use for urban housing development – land-use planning and
land allocation; two policies to promote homeownership in cities – IHDP and cooperative housing; and
two policies to promote rental housing in cities – kebele housing and the FHC.
This was mainly due to shortage ofkebele’s administration houses and municipality’s houses.
But housing provision carried out by private owners was slightly better than that of kebele’s
and municipalities. On otherhand,inadequate housing provision by kebele’s and municipality’s
forced the residents to live inrented houses which have high prices. Thus, the residents were
exposed to expenses highcosts for houses per months.

2. Recomandation

15
The rapid pace of urbanisation in Ethiopia is profoundly changing the country and
can generate many benefits. However, it also poses several pressing challenges with
regard to supplying affordable housing and limiting sprawling urban development.
In response to these challenges, the analysis and policy recommendations set
out in this paper seek to help scale up affordable housing and ensure compact
development in Ethiopia’s cities, supporting residents’ well-being and promoting
sustainable and inclusive cities.
Rather than jumping in to a quick fix, for instance letting the government to build more houses, it
is good to examine a wider perspective of the nation to make affordable housing affordable.
Especially for a poor country like Ethiopia with constraints of resources like money and skilled
man power, dumping all the solution to the government can never be the rewarding option. But
the government has to play its own role while the stakeholders do the same. Concluding the cost
of house as caused by only due to the construction materials would be wrong. It is important to
examine the community ability, focus on R&D and make use of any available resource for
affordable housing provision. To the context of Ethiopia, specifically Addis Ababa, considering
the below points would help for a better Affordable Housing Provision.

Reference

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 Affordable housing; practices and prospects of house supply in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia by Esrael
Woldeeyesus Mohamed
 Housing the poor in African cities by UN habitat
 Sustainable and Inclusive housing in Ethiopia by Tadashi Matsumoto and Jonathan Crook
 Urban residential housing provision and challenges:The case of SHUME ABO, sub-city of
BAHEIR DAR TOWN,
 An overview of squatter settlements in ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopian By ELIAS BERHANU
DEBELA
 A Practical Guide for Conducting: Housing Profiles
 National Report on Housing & Sustainable Urban Development
 Presentation on the Ethiopia Urbanization Review
 INNER CITY HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT- INDUCED DISPLACEMENT:
IMPACT ON POOR FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN ARADA SUB CITY OF ADDIS
ABABA, ETHIOPIA
 Ethiopia has one of Africa’s most ambitious housing policies
 Zhang, Y.F., Alemayehu, A., Walley, S.C., Wood, D.T., Rajashekar, A.V., et al., 2019. Unlocking
Ethiopia’s Urban Land and Housing Markets: Synthesis Report. World Bank Group, Washington
DC, Ministry of Urban Development and Construction, Addis Ababa, Ministry of Finance and
Economic Cooperation, Addis Ababa. Available at:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/549221572382742218/ Unlocking-Ethiopias-Urban-
Land-and-Housing-Markets-Synthesis-Report.

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