INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

DODOMA

DEPARTMENT OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

OBSTACLECLES TOWARS WATER SOURCES MANAGEMENT IN MOSHI

DISTRICT: A CASE OF MWIKA KUSINI WARD

BY

MARIA LACKSON MBUYA

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE IN

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING OF THE INSTITUTE OF RURAL

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING DODOMA, TANZANIA

AUGUST, 2023
 ABSTRACT

The research work was carried out in Mwika kusini ward the aim was to assess the

obstacles towards water sources management and a specific objective number one was

to determine social cultural obstacles towards water sources management and specific

objective number two was to examine environmental obstacles towards water sources

management and the third specific objective was to determine economic obstacles

towards development of water sources management. The reliable method for data

collection were, focus group discussion, observation and documentary review and data

types used in this study was both primary and secondary, where’s primary data used in

observation and focus group discussion and secondary data used in documentary review

also IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 20 version computer software

program was used for processing and analysis of data through descriptive analysis. The

sample sizes of the study were 66 respondents that are population, sampling frame was

list of households and water expertise, also a sampling unit was a head of household

while sampling procedures was probability sampling and non-probability sampling .The

results revealed that majority of respondents (75%) had low level of education about

management of water sources so such situation results to the destruction of water

sources for (60%) due to lack of awareness among them ,but apart from that there is

other reasons which was out of community control that become obstacles to water

sources management such as climatic change and insufficient financial service for

repairing and maintenances of water sources .

i
 DECLARATION

( Maria Mbuya) declare to the Institute of Rural Development Planning that this

dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented to any other

Institute for a similar or any other degree award

Signature..................................................................................................

Date………………………………………………………………….

ii
 COPYRIGHT

No part of this paper may be produced or transmitted in any form and by any means

without prior written permission of the writer or the Institute of Rural Development

Planning.

iii
 RESEARCH SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION

I certify that I have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by the Institute of Rural

Development Planning the dissertation entitled factor for community compliance to land

use regulations in fulfillment of the requirements for the bachelor degree in Regional

Development Planning of the Institute of Rural Development Planning.

Name of supervisor(s) Dr. Africanus Sarwatt

Signature:……………………………………………………….

Date:………………………………

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty God for giving and awarding

me physical and mental health as well as ability to perform this study up to the end. In

addition, I thank God for giving me guidance, courage, serenity and his power for

directing me in this academic route.

Secondly, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my main supervisor

Dr.Africanus Sarwatt, who made my research at IRDP Dodoma possible by organizing

the research work, reviewing and supervising the whole study. She was being always

willing to help, so patient with me and for her wise advice and useful comments.

Thirdly, I deeply thank staffs from the Mwika kusini ward and Mr. Ambrose kimath and

his staff members and community members for their advices and seductive comments on

my study.

Fourth, I would like to express my special thanks to my family, my mother Victoria

Nyaki, my father Lackson Mbuya and my brother's John Mbuya and Obey Mbuya for

their help and financial support in this study.

Lastly, I would also like to thank all my friends, (Stanley Elias, Elizabeth Shayo, Salina

Emanuel, Lightness Shayo and others), for their valuable assistance, advice and

comments concerning my thesis work.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................i

DECLARATION...............................................................................................................ii

COPYRIGHT....................................................................................................................iii

RESEARCH SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION..........................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................v

TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................vi

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................xi

LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................xii

LIST OF APPENDICES.................................................................................................xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS........................................................xiv

DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS...................................................................................xv

CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the Problem..........................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem.............................................................................................4

1.3 Significance of the Study.............................................................................................5

1.4 Research Objectives.....................................................................................................9

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1.4.1 General Objective......................................................................................................9

1.4.2 Specific Objectives....................................................................................................9

1.5 Research Questions......................................................................................................9

1.6 Scope of the Study......................................................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................................10

LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................10

2.1 Theoretical Literature Review....................................................................................10

2.1.1 ET control theory....................................................................................................10

2.1.2 Game theory............................................................................................................10

2.1.3 The concept of “social –learning”...........................................................................12

2.2 Empirical Literature Review......................................................................................13

2.3 Information Gap.........................................................................................................15

2.4 Conceptual Framework..............................................................................................16

CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................18

RESEARCH METHOGY................................................................................................18

3.1 The Study Area...........................................................................................................18

3.2 Research Design.........................................................................................................18

3.3 Data Types and Sources.............................................................................................18

3.3.1 Data Types...............................................................................................................18

3.3.2 Data Sources............................................................................................................19

3.3.2.1 Primary Data........................................................................................................19

3.3.2.2 Secondary Data....................................................................................................19

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3.4 Data Collection Method and Tools............................................................................19

3.4.1 Observation.............................................................................................................20

3.4.2 Interviews................................................................................................................20

3.4.3 Documentary review...............................................................................................20

3.5 Sampling.....................................................................................................................20

3.5.1 Sampling frame.......................................................................................................21

3.5.2 Sampling unit..........................................................................................................21

3.5.3 Sample size..............................................................................................................21

3.5.4 Sampling procedures...............................................................................................22

3.6 Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation..............................................................22

3.6.1 Data processing.......................................................................................................22

3.6.2 Data analysis...........................................................................................................22

3.6.3 Data presentation.....................................................................................................23

3.7 Limitation of the Study..............................................................................................23

CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................24

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................24

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents............................................................24

4.1.1 Respondent gender..................................................................................................24

4.1.2 Respondent age group.............................................................................................24

4.1.3 Martial status...........................................................................................................25

4.1.4 Education level........................................................................................................25

4.2 Social Cultural Obstacles Towards Water Sources Management..............................27

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4.2.1 Traditional beliefs...................................................................................................27

4.2.2 Awareness level.......................................................................................................28

4.2.3 Education level........................................................................................................29

4.3 Environmental Obstacles Towards Water Sources Management..............................30

4.3.1 Pollution..................................................................................................................30

4.3.2 Climate Change.......................................................................................................31

4.3.3 Deforestation...........................................................................................................32

4.4 Economic Obstacles Towards Development of Good Water Sources.......................33

4.4.1 Human activities......................................................................................................33

4.4.2 Financial service......................................................................................................34

CHAPTER FIVE..............................................................................................................36

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................36

5.2 Recommendations......................................................................................................37

REFERENCES.................................................................................................................39

APPENDICES..................................................................................................................43

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics.............................................................................26

Table 2: Traditional Beliefs..............................................................................................27

Table 3: Awareness.........................................................................................................28

Table 4: Education Level.................................................................................................29

Table 5: Pollution.............................................................................................................30

Table 6: Pollution Instances.............................................................................................31

Table 7: Climate change...................................................................................................32

Table 8: Deforestation......................................................................................................33

Table 9: Human Activities...............................................................................................34

Table 10: Financial Service..............................................................................................35

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework.....................................................................................17

xii
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 : Research Questionnares..............................................................................42

xiii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ASDP Agricultural sector development programme

FTF Feed the future

GDP Gross domestic product

IRDP Institute rural development planning

IWRMDP Integrated water resources management

MKUKUTA Mkakati wa kupunguza na kuondoa umaskini Tanzania

NGOS Non-governmental organizations

SDGS Sustainable development goals

SPSS Statistical package for social science

URT United republic of Tanzania

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 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS

Management A ''Management Is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing,

actuating and controlling; utilizing in each both science and art, and

followed in order to accomplish pre-determined objectives." George R

Terry (1877 - 1955)

Resource According to social studies (1996) resource is a physical material that

humans need and value such as land, air, and water. Resources are

characterized as renewable or nonrenewable; a renewable resource can

replenish itself at the rate it is used, while a nonrenewable resource has a

limited supply

Water Water is a chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one

oxygen atom. The name water typically refers to the liquid state of the

compound. The solid phase is known as ice and the gas phase is called

steam. Under certain conditions, water also forms a supercritical fluid by

Anne Marie Helmenstine February (2020).

Water sources Refers to the origins of water ,such as rivers, lakes, aquifers

spring and wells and other natural reservoirs ,that supply water for

various human and ecological needs .These sources play a crucial

role in providing freshwater for drinking, irrigation, industrial use

and sustaining ecosystems ,Rachel Carson( 2021)

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem

The Tanzanian economy is highly dependent on water sources. Nearly half of

Tanzania’s GDP comes from the agriculture and livestock sectors Salami et al. (2010),

which are highly dependent on water sources. However, these water sources are

currently vulnerable to climate change and variability. In recent years, the major hydro-

plants in the country underperformed due to low river flows. The power shortages

caused significant economic losses in many sectors such as industry, agriculture, and

mining, to mention only a few Mwakalila (2007). Water is, therefore, a key resource that

requires good management. The social and economic circumstances prevailing today

have made particular demands upon the country’s water resource base and the

environment, and its sustainability is threatened by human-induced activities. Over the

past 20 years, these demands have intensified with the increase in population and

concurrent growth of economic activities requiring more water. These demands include

hydropower generation, irrigated agriculture, livestock keeping, domestic use, and

wildlife use URT( 2002).

Water scarcity is experienced in many places and sectors in Tanzania due to unreliable

rainfall, the multiplicity of competing uses, and the degradation of sources and

catchments URT,( 2002) Munishi et al., (2008). There are also increasing challenges in

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managing the multiple trans-regional watercourses, and in strengthening water sources

management policy, and the legal and institutional frameworks. Inadequate regulations

to monitor groundwater sources development has led to underutilization of the sources,

and in some places, overexploitation and interference in the existing water sources.

Fragmented planning, implemented following sector, regional or district interests,

aggravates this situation even further URT, (2002).Water sources management,

especially in agriculture, is a critical factor in the reduction of poverty and hunger in

Tanzania. This is possible due to the fact that the available technological capability for

addressing water management problems is huge. Various researches related to water

sources management have been carried out in the country. At the same time, the

exploitation of its potential is constrained by our inability to apply it within the realities

of political and social systems. Scientific and technical understanding should be united

with the goals of society. Optimal technical approaches may be socially unacceptable,

and compromises often have to be reached. Water sources management research goals

must be based on a blending of technical options with the public’s view of what it deems

to be an acceptable solution to the problem at hand. Technicians must take steps to

ensure that the public view is understood and incorporated in their designs. While

technology is only one of many factors affecting water sources decision making, it is

ubiquitous in that it permeates the planning, policy-making, regulatory, design, and

implementation processes.

For many years, Tanzania has been struggling to achieve food self-sufficiency. In order

to achieve this, many programs and strategies have been formulated and implemented.

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These include ASDP (2001), MKUKUTA (2005), KILIMO KWANZA (2009), and very

recently SACGOT (May, 2010), to mention a few. In all these programs and strategies,

water, and specifically agricultural water, plays a central role. Some of the past research

focused on breeding crops that can cope with droughts given the fact that two-thirds of

the country is semi-arid and crop production is mainly rainfe Hall,( 2004) Xoconostle-

Cazares et al.,( 2011). With the emerging new challenges, for example, due to climate

change Yanda and Munishi,( 2007;) Arndt et al.,( 2011), research will be required in

order to have sustainable agricultural production for the reduction of poverty and hunger

in Tanzania.

Water management affects related lands, and land use practices affect related waters.

The linkages between land–water management practices underscore the need to

coordinate water sources planning and management with land use planning and

regulation. It is for this reason that this thematic area, ‘Water Sources Management’,

will include researches that link both the water–land interface with a major focus on

agricultural water management and the new challenges toward achievement of the Feed

the Future (FtF) program by increasing agricultural productivity, which is guided by

sound research results and guidelines.

Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review published literature on water

sources management in Tanzania in order to highlight what is currently known, and to

identify knowledge gaps, and suggest areas that need further research. However, the

scope of the paper is limited to the following core areas, water sources as impacted by

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climate change, management of water sources in Rained agriculture, management of

water sources in irrigated agriculture and water management catchment studies.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Integrated water management (IWRM) plan based on integrated water resources

management development plans (IWRMDP) another entity is National Water Board this

Advises the Ministry of Water on multispectral coordination in IWRM and planning.

Includes representation from key water resource-related sectors, such as agriculture,

energy, forestry, and environment, local government administrations, , the private sector,

and non-governments organizations (NGOs).

A country also participates in several trans boundary water management and

development projects in an effort to promote greater collaboration, coordination, and

joint implementation. Examples include the Mara River Basin Management Project, the

Nile Basin Decision Support System Project, the SADC Hydrological Cycle Observing

Project, the Songwe River Basin Development Program, and the Regional Rusumo Falls

Hydroelectric Project. Tanzania has signed on to several bi-lateral and multi-lateral

agreements and conventions related to transboundary water management, including a

Joint Water Commission with Mozambique, a Joint Songwe River Basin Commission

with Malawi, the Mara River Basin Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Kenya,

and an MoU on the Kagera River Basin Transboundary Integrated Water Sources

Management and Development with Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and the Nile Equatorial

Lakes Subsidiary Action Plan.6 These transboundary efforts have increased capacity and

4
brought funding to water sources management and development projects, and

strengthened diplomatic relations with neighbors.

Apart from this efforts made by government and different entities concerned with

management of water sources the problems of managing water sources is still exist in

our nation Munish etali study (2008) . For resistance in the area that research was

conducted (70%) were destructed and such situation results to increase of water

shortage in a ward by consider Mawanjeni people undergoes seriously water shortage

for 60% especially during dry season also kimangaro is (45%) ,Matala is( 65% ),

Kondeni (30% ) ,Kiruweni is( 45% ) include wells, spring's, equifer , streams, and

river's that's why was important to conduct a study about problem facing water sources

management in the ward so as to end water problem as according to Tanzania

sustainable development goals 2030 ( SDG'S ) that aimed to end such problem Ward

report (2023).

1.3 Significance of the Study

This research was be conducted so as to identify and understand the nature and extent of

the problems: Research can help to identify the problems that exist in water sources

management, such as overuse, pollution, or inadequate infrastructure. By understanding

the nature and extent of the problems, researchers can help to develop solutions that are

appropriate and effective.

To develop solutions and strategies: Research can help to identify the best strategies and

solutions for managing water sources. For example, researchers might study different

5
approaches to water conservation, or evaluate the effectiveness of different water

treatment methods. By developing effective solutions, researchers can help to address

the problems facing water sources management.

To inform policy and decision-making: Research can provide valuable information that

can inform policy and decision-making related to water sources management. For

example, research might provide data on the environmental and economic impacts of

different water management strategies, or help policymakers understand the social and

cultural factors that influence water use.

To raise awareness and promote action: Research can help to raise awareness about the

importance of water sources management, and encourage people to take action to

address the problems. For example, research might provide information about the health

risks associated with contaminated water sources, or the economic costs of water

shortages. By raising awareness and promoting action, researchers can help to make a

positive impact on water sources management.

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1.4 Research Objectives

1.4.1 General Objective

The overall objective was to assess the obstacles towards water sources management in

Moshi district a case of Mwika kusini ward.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

i. To determine social cultural obstacles towards water sources management

ii. To examine environmental obstacles towards water sources management.

iii. To determine economic obstacles towards development of good water sources

management.

1.5 Research Questions

i. What are the social and cultural obstacles towards water sources management at

Mwika kusini ward

 level of education

 level of awareness

 Traditional beliefs

ii . What are the environmental obstacles towards water sources management?

 climate change

 deforestation

 pollution

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 iii. What are the economic obstacles towards development water sources

management?

 Human activities

 Financial services

1.6 Scope of the Study

The research was conducted at Moshi district in Mwika kusini ward the aim was to

assess the obstacles to good water sources management, because most of villagers facing

such problem. Also study area was selected because if an area will be available water

sources which are function well this will help them to improve they living standards

because water it is important thing in their social and economic activities

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Literature Review

2.1.1 ET control theory

Controlling the total amount of water consumption is one application of the strictest

water sources management strategy. In this study, it developed an approach which called

the ET control theory to focus on how to reduce the real water consumption (invisible

water). The ET control theory is what comparing the target ET with the present ET, if

the present ET is more than the target ET; it means that the present consumed water is

larger than the permitted. Otherwise, it implies that the water sources are surplus. The

acquisition of the present ET has two methods, the calculation method and using the

remote sensing ET. The target ET needed to consider the ecological water using of the

whole basin, which normally is the average precipitation. The methods about reducing

the ET include engineering practices and management practices. The results indicated

that using the management practices which include adjusting the planting structure,

changing the irrigation system, straw covering and plastic covering, to reduce the

agriculture water consumption is the key of the ET control theory.

2.1.2 Game theory

Rural water management is a basic requirement for the development of the primary

sector and involves the exploitation of surface/ground-water sources. Rational

10
management requires the study of parameters that determine their exploitation mainly

environmental, economic and social. These parameters reflect the influence of irrigation

on the aquifer behavior and on the level-stream flow of nearby rivers as well as on the

profit from the farming activity for the farmers' welfare.

The question of rural water management belongs to the socio-political problems, since

the factors involved are closely related to user behavior and state position. By applying

Game Theory one seeks to simulate the behavior of the system 'surface/ground-water

sources to water-users' with a model based on a well-known game, "The Prisoner's

Dilemma" for economic development of the farmers without overexploitation of the

water sources. This is a game of two players that have been extensively studied in Game

Theory, economy and politics because it can describe real-world cases. The present

proposal aims to investigate the rural water management issue that is referred to two

competitive small partnerships organized to manage their agricultural production and to

achieve a better profit. For the farmers' activities water is required and ground-water is

generally preferable because consists a more stable recourse than river-water which in

most of the cases in Greece are of intermittent flow. If the two farmer groups cooperate

and exploit the agreed water quantities they will gain equal profits and benefit from the

sustainable availability of the water recourses (p). If both groups overexploit the

resource to maximize profit, then in the medium-term they will incur a loss (g), due to

the water sources reduction and the increase of the pumping costs. If one overexploit the

resource while the other use the necessary required, then the first will gain great benefit

(P), and the second will suffer a significant loss (G).

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2.1.3 The concept of “social –learning”

Studies claim that sustainable natural sources management can be achieved through

participatory adaptive management and social learning process is essential when

practicing participatory strategies. Originally the concept of social learning is used in

behavioral studies and it explains the learning process of individuals by observing other

individuals within a social interaction that the change of individuals can change the

environment and that environmental change can change the individual. However, the

concept is also being used in natural sources management as a strategy of collective

decision-making and it refers the process of learning as participation. Social learning

process precedes collective decision-making and is being used in participatory

management approaches as a communication and managing strategy. In order to cope

with the changes that occur in politics, economy and environment, the natural sources

management needs to be adaptive and democratic. Social learning is a learning and

capacity building process that voices all stakeholders concerns and brings about

understanding between stakeholders, close knowledge gaps by informing ongoing

changes and new concepts of relevance that it can lead to reflection, understanding and

flexible thinking Mostert and Wostl (2009). This whole learning and capacity building

process brings everyone on common ground so that it will be easier to break down the

issues and reach consensus. In other words, social learning processes precedes the

collective decision-making in natural sources management and closes the knowledge

gaps regarding changes and concepts of relevance. For example: it helps the

stakeholders to understand the concepts such as vulnerability, adaptive management,

12
resilience and uncertainty of environmental changes and how to adapt to these changes.

Adaptive and participatory management can provide suitable solutions for that particular

issue in that particular time and space 34 Social learning approach is used in water

sources management of many countries; particularly European countries have

implemented IWRM and using social-learning process as their main strategy to achieve

successful collective decision-making. Social learning process is a relational practice of

social involvement and content management, that is to say the social involvement

impacts the content management and vice versa. And the outcome of this process can

change the governance structure and the natural environment ecology and society,

(2008) In other words, in social learning process, stakeholders will get the opportunity to

see the concerning issue from different perspective than their own and will get the

opportunity to reframe the perspective that it can bring all stakeholders on common

ground, which can lead to consensus. And this learning process can close the knowledge

gap that it can improve the governance structure and the natural environment Cortner

and Moote, (2008).

2.2 Empirical Literature Review

Based on social cultural obstacles the study relates that traditional beliefs and cultural

practices can lead to a preference for certain water sources, which might not align with

sustainable management practices. For example, in some areas, people might rely on

open wells or ponds due to cultural significance, even if these sources are prone to

contamination Mollinga, (2008). Social norms and power dynamics can also result in

unequal access to water resources, particularly affecting marginalized groups. Gender

13
roles often play a role; women may have primary responsibility for water collection,

limiting their opportunities and perpetuating gender inequality. In 2006, the Human

Development Report stated that the water crisis was affecting more than 1 billion people

in the developing countries (mostly living in poor or informal settlements) due to

unequal and non-sustainable water management policies, opening up unavoidable

competition for water. After a decade, crises has not stopped, in spite of numerous

ecological movements for water preservation

On the side of environmental obstacles towards water sources management Brikké and

Bredero,( 2003) Davis and Brikké, (1995) Environmental obstacles encompass a wide

range of challenges related to the natural world. Pollution, both chemical and biological,

can render water sources unsafe for consumption and harm aquatic ecosystems. Over-

extraction of water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic use can lead to groundwater

depletion and reduced streamflow. Climate change exacerbates these challenges by

altering precipitation patterns, causing droughts or floods, and affecting water

availability. Additionally, habitat destruction and alteration can impact water quality and

ecosystems, making conservation efforts crucial.

any developing countries face a mismanagement challenge in water sources, attributable

to poor technical means, or to engineering project management failure. But it was also

found that water supply issues, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, are owed to

political agendas at a local community, national, and regional level Mollinga, (2008)

14
Also on the economic obstacles towards water resources management researchers found

Mathiesen, (2016) found inadequate funding for water infrastructure, lack of cost

recovery mechanisms, and unequal distribution of costs and benefits among

stakeholders. In some cases, privatization of water services has led to concerns about

affordability and equitable access. Economic considerations also influence decisions

related to water allocation, water pricing, and investments in water conservation and

efficiency measures also challenges in finding local human sources have been identified

as being one of the top three reasons behind low financial absorption in several water

projects funded by international organizations Hoe and Garrett, (2015). Efforts by

volunteers or donor organizations expended in training local engineering counterparts

during development projects may be necessary but not sufficient in terms of local human

resource development. Technology and human skill transfer frameworks require a high

level of local customization, making such initiatives even more challenging Argandoña

and Hoivik, (2009)

2.3 Information Gap

However, there was a little information on obstacles to good water sources management

in the study area. This means that, the study was .attempted to fill research gap by

providing more information on the problems facing water sources management.

Many developing countries face a mismanagement challenge in water resources,

attributable to poor technical means, or to engineering project management failure

Brikké and Bredero,( 2003) But it was also found that water supply issues, especially in

15
arid and semi-arid regions, are owed to political agendas at a local community, national,

and regional level Mollinga, (2008)

The aim of this is to examine how they managing its water resources with increased

mining activities, what hinders the province to use the water. Map of total surface water

in Mongolia Accessed (2017-01-10) 11 resources in sustainable ways and if the

residents’ voices being heard when managing the water resources in the province and

how the current water resources management is affecting the region today and in the

future. In a bigger picture this study tries to show the socio-economic and environmental

challenges in developing countries when managing natural resources

The different between this study he or she based more on sustainability management

while my study it looking on obstacles to management of water sources

2.4 Conceptual Framework

The developed conceptual framework has three parts; first part comprises of independent

variables which consists education level, awareness level, traditional beliefs climate

change, pollution, deforestation, human activities and financial services second part

indicates intermediate variables it consists government policy which consist

education,leadershiship and intermediate variable which include water sources

management. Conceptual framework involves forming ideas about relationship

diagrammatically. This study would adopt the conceptual framework shown in figure.

16
Independent variables Dependent variable
Intermediate variable

 Education level Government policy

 Awareness level.
 Traditional Beliefs  Infrastructure
Water sources
 Climate change  Financial
management
 Pollution support
 Deforestation.
 Human activity
 financial service

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHOGY

3.1 The Study Area

The study was conducted at Mwika Kusini ward found in northern part of the Moshi

district at Kilimanjaro region which its boundaries in northern part is beside Mwika

kaskazini ward, Eastern part is near to Rombo district and western part is bodered with

Mamba kusini and in southern part beside with Makuyuni ward . This is important

because it gives the chance to understand different obstacles towards water sources

management and some solution about it also to raise awareness to the society about

water sources management issues in broader manner. The study was done in different

areas in Mwika kusini ward which has five villages such as Mawanjeni, Kimangaro,

Kondeni, Matala and Kiruweni.

3.2 Research Design

This study was non-experimental which using a cross sectional design. This is because

cross sectional design it enables collection of the required information at a single point

in time so was save time. The design provides useful information for simple statistical

description and interpretation as well as determination between variables.

3.3 Data Types and Sources

3.3.1 Data Types

A researcher was use both qualitative and quantitative data as the type of data.
18
Quantitative data numerical data was used to measures quantities and numbers like age

and frequencies and qualitative data non-numerical data was used to express and to

measure qualities in terms of words, qualitative data was used when respondents express

their perceptions, attitudes, and ideas.

3.3.2 Data Sources

3.3.2.1 Primary Data

Primary data source was collected in the field by using different methods like

questionnaire survey which consists of open ended and closed questions was used to

collect information on the obstacles to good water sources management at ward.

3.3.2.2 Secondary Data

Secondary data was obtained by reviewing relevant documents obtained from different

official documents which involving various published materials available from the study

area. This includes Internet, newspaper, books, and office files records. Secondary data

including water sources records, state of water in various rural areas in the world.

3.4 Data Collection Method and Tools

When conducting research on obstacles to good water sources management, there are

several research Methods and tools that can be employed.

Primary data for the study will be collected through interviews, observations and

literature review methods will be used to collect secondary data such as official.

19
3.4.1 Observation

This was used to collect information on specific objective number three to observing

environmental obstacles to good water sources management by using checklist tool.

3.4.2 Interviews

This research study was using both structured and unstructured interviews as the

methods of data collection, where by structured interview for sampled respondents

(questionnaire) and unstructured interview for key informant (Interview guide).

Interviews was used to gather information from stakeholders and experts on the

problems facing water sources management. Interviews can be conducted with

government officials, scientists, and other experts in the field. This methodology allows

for a more personal understanding of the perspectives of those involved also in this tool

that was used is questionnaire.

3.4.3 Documentary review

A literature review was conducted to gather existing knowledge on obstacles to good

water sources management. This methodology involves reviewing existing research

reports water report, water institution’s records, papers and journals and other

documents to identify common problems and potential solutions by using checklist tool.

3.5 Sampling

This part consists of sampling frame, sampling unit and sampling procedures

20
3.5.1 Sampling frame

The study comprised a list of households especially those living along water sources

and water expertise.

3.5.2 Sampling unit

The sampling unit of this study was a head of households.

3.5.3 Sample size

The sample size was 66 it involved determining the number of water sources that was

sampled. The sample size should be large enough to ensure that the results are

representative of the population but not too large that it becomes unfeasible to collect

data.

But was obtained by the Kothari (2004) formula for unknown population where as

n=p (1-p) z2

e2

Whereby;

n= sample size

z2= level of confidence (1.96)

e= accepted error 10% (0.1)

p= population proportion 20% (0.2)

n= (0.2) (1-0.2) (1.96)2 =42

(0.1)2

21
Therefore, the sample size will be 66.

3.5.4 Sampling procedures

Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques was used to select sample in

the study, In probability sampling, Systematic sampling technique and simple random

technique was used to selecting the sample unit such as households who facing and not

facing such problem so that to provide systematic chance to house hold to be selected.

On non-probability sampling techniques, purposive-probability technique was applied

so as to select key informants group according to position they have in particular area

such as leaders of local government who will be provide information related to the

study.

3.6 Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation

3.6.1 Data processing

Data was processed by editing of questionnaires, coding data, preparation of template,

data entry into SPSS, organizing and data cleaning.(Kothari, 2004).

3.6.2 Data analysis

Descriptive analysis was used to analyses the collected data for all specific. This will

involve manipulation of measure of dispersion such as percentage and frequency

through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPPS).

22
3.6.3 Data presentation

Data was presented on table where table was used to present qualitative data but also can

summarize quantitative data and chart to display quantitative data and chart convenient

to present data.

3.7 Limitation of the Study

However the study was done but there were some constraints a researcher faced during

the process of data collection, such as financial constraints, language barrier for example

most of respondent who were elders they were speaking chagga climatic change which

lead to the occurrence of rainfall ,resistance to some respondent to provide some

information especially elders ,limited access to resources ,such as research facilities, also

transport problems

23
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings, analysis and discussion of the findings that were

obtained through questionnaires, key informant interviews and discussions to assess the

obstacles to good water sources management in Moshi district a case of Mwika kusini

ward.

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

4.1.1 Respondent gender

The results from the findings indicated that majority of respondents (56.1% ) of all

respondents were female, while ( 43.9%) of the respondents were male. This observation

shows that, male was fewer than female. This situation is due to the fact that, most of the

female are the one who remaining at home as a family caring and conduct some

domestic activities and men move from their home to conduct different activities so as to

get income for satisfying family needs

4.1.2 Respondent age group

Age of respondents was one of the indicators the assessment about obstacles to good

water resource management shows that (66) people were interviewed, and majority of

respondents 48.5% of them were aged between 15 - 44 years, followed by (31.8%) of

respondents aged 45 – 64 years and (19.7%) were aged between 65-80 .This implies that

majority of respondents in this study were aged between 15- 44.

24
4.1.3 Martial status

Results in the shown that marital status in the study area most of the respondents

involved in the study were married was about (45.5%), single were about

(31.8%).widow were about (13.6%) and Widower were about (6.1%). This implies that

most of the respondents in terms of marital status were married

4.1.4 Education level

From results from findings Shows that (50%) of the respondents had a primary

education, while (21.2%) had university or college, also (16.7%) had a secondary and

finally (12.1%) had not attended. This implies that most of the respondents at Mwika

kusini ward had low level of education so that according to the study it seems that large

numbers of people are not aware about water sources management, that’s why

management of it becomes obstacles because they had little knowledge on it.

25
Table 1: Demographic Characteristics

Demographic characteristics Frequency Percentage

Age( year) 32 48.5

15-44

45-64 21 31.8

65-80 13 19.7

Total 66 100

Sex 29 43.9

Male

Female 37 56.1

Total 66 100.0

Education level 14 21.2

University/College

Secondary education 11 16.7

Primary education 33 50.0

Not attended 8 12.1

Total 66 100.0

26
4.2 Social Cultural Obstacles Towards Water Sources Management

4.2.1 Traditional beliefs

Result shows that most of respondent in the study area about traditional beliefs obstacles

towards water resource management practices in the community were suggesting as

follow (30%) of respondents suggest that traditional ceremony (22%) of respondents

suggest norms (14%) suggest values. This implies that majority of respondents

suggesting traditional ceremony was an obstacles on adopting sustainable water sources

management, so that people are supposed to be given education so to stop it .These

findings also relate with those of Elinor ostrom (2021) she found that the interaction

between communities and their natural resource including water and highlighted how

cultural practices and local traditions can sometimes hinder effective sources

management efforts. Mwakalila, S. (2007) and Mostert. M (2008). Who found that lack

of awareness contribute to destruction of water sources which become barrier in

adopting sustainable management practice on it.

Table 2: Traditional Beliefs

Frequency Percent

Norms 22 33.3

Traditional ceremony 30 45.6

Values 14 21.2

Total 66 100

27
4.2.2 Awareness level

These finding shows that most of respondents suggests the level of awareness about

importance of water sources management among different social group within the

community was as follow medium (77.35%), low (16.7% and high (6.1%).This implies

that large number of community members had medium level of awareness so that

according to this study people are supposed to be given enough education that will help

them have enough knowledge on it . Also this was further confirmed by Water Sector

Status Report ( 2015) and (2020 ) and Mwakalila, S. (2007) and Mostert. M (2008).

Who found that lack of awareness contribute to destruction of water sources which

become barrier in adopting sustainable management practice on it.

This is clearly illustrated by a respondent who revealed the following.

“The level of awareness and understanding of the importance of water sources

management among different social groups within the community is medium. This is

because there is limited access to education and awareness campaigns about the

significance of sustainable water management practices.”

Table 3: Awareness

Frequency Percent

High 4 6.1

Medium 51 77.35

Low 11 16.7

Total 66 100.0

28
4.2.3 Education level

So as to identify clearly about on social cultural obstacles towards water sources

management its better to know education level of responds .The study results shows that

respondents with primary had low level of understanding( 60.6%) and secondary level

of education they had medium level of understanding( 27.7%) also those with university

or college had high level of understanding (16.7%) .This implies that majority of

respondents had primary education and their understanding level on water sources

management was low compared with those of university so this becomes an obstacle

towards water sources management because the low level of education the little the

knowledge on understanding different issues .This study related to the study of Johnson

A.(2018) , he examines the link between inadequate education and the [challenge’s

faced effectively managing water sources

Table 4: Education Level

Education level Understanding level Frequency Percentage

Primary Low 40 60.6

Secondary Medium 15 27.7

University or High 11 16.7

college

Total 66 100

29
4.3 Environmental Obstacles Towards Water Sources Management

4.3.1 Pollution

The response to the question about witnessed any instances of water pollution in the

study area respondents suggests that (78.8% ) were suggesting yes and( 21.2%) no .This

shows that there’s is high level of water pollution something that create an obstacles

towards proper management of it ,so that in order to overcome such challenges its better

to enact strict law and punishments for those who pollute water sources where’s incident

involved the contamination of a groundwater source due to improper disposal of

hazardous materials such as dumping of domestics wastes ,industrial wastes , and

another was business area wastes such as some plastic material from shops ,markets,

saloon like braids , and hair, leading to the presence of harmful substances in drinking

water and both incidents were primarily caused by shortage of dumping area, lack of

education and low level of awareness about conservation of water sources also these

findings relate to that one of carson,R(2011) was about impact of pollution and the need

to protect environment also on table number six (6) there is further explanation about

pollution variable.

Table 5: Pollution

Frequency Percent

yes 52 78.8

no 14 21.2

Total 66 100.0

30
Where’s incident involved the contamination of a groundwater source due to improper

disposal of hazardous materials such as dumping of domestics wastes (60.6%) industrial

wastes agricultural runoff (9.1 %) and another was business area wastes( 30.3%) such

as some plastic material from shops ,markets, saloon like braids , and hair, leading to the

presence of harmful substances in drinking water and both incidents were primarily

caused by shortage of dumping area, lack of education and low level of awareness about

conservation of water sources. This implies that domestic waste waste was the main

obstacles towards water sources management also these findings relate to that one of

carson,R(2011) was about impact of pollution and the need to protect environment.

Table 6: Pollution Instances

Frequency Percent

Domestic waste 40 60.6

Business area wastes 20 30.3

Agricultural runoff and 6 9.1

industrial waste

Total 66 100

4.3.2 Climate Change

The results on question of between variability in precipitation and severe drought which

one is an obstacle towards water sources management in the area? (24.2%) of

respondents were suggesting variability in precipitation patterns while (75.8%) of

respondents were suggesting severe drought. This implies that majority of respondents

31
were suggesting drought as an environmental obstacles toward water sources

management as( 60%) of respondents evident in the year( 2023) between months of

January, February, and March severe drought occurs in Matala and Mawanjeni ina large

extent and this lead to dry of water in rivers and wells. Also these findings related to

findings of Sandra Pastel (2017) who found about the impact of climate change on water

availability.

Table 7: Climate change

Climate change obstacles Frequency percentage

Variability in precipitation patterns 16 24.2

Severe droughts 50 75.8

Total 66 100

4.3.3 Deforestation

The response to the question on how much deforestation affect water sources

management had the following responses (53.0%) was suggesting was in large extent

and (37.9%) medium extent while (9.1%) were suggesting small extent. This revealed

that majority of respondent in Mwika kusini ward suggests deforestation it affects water

sources management in a large extent while fewer of them suggests in small extent this

situation evident that deforestation is an major environmental obstacles towards water

sources management so that strict laws and policy should be enacted so as to reduce

these instances. Hence this results was also discussed by John Allan (2011), he

emphasizes how deforestation can lead to reduced water retention in the soil and disrupt

water cycle, affecting water availability downstream.

32
Table 8: Deforestation

How much deforestation affect water sources Frequenc Percentage

management y

Large extent 35 53.0

Medium extent 25 37.9

Small extent 6 9.1

Total 66 100

4.4 Economic Obstacles Towards Development of Good Water Sources

4.4.1 Human activities

According to these findings majority of respondents were suggesting as follows about

human activities that become an obstacles towards water sources management 37.8%

were suggesting farming and 37.8% were suggesting lumbering and 13.6% industrial

while 10.6% were suggesting pastoralism. Study about variable of human activities

shows that lumbering and farming were the main obstacles towards development of

good water sources management as among of respondents provided explanation more

about that they were said that some peoples conducting vegetables farming along water

sources by establishing new water streams that they used for irrigation something that

cause reduction of water in the rivers hence they become dry. Also this findings concur

33
with that one of Aldo Leopold (2015) and David zetland (2011) discussed how farming

can hinder effective water sources management.

Table 9: Human Activities

Human activities that are obstacles Frequency Percentage

Farming 25 37.8

Lumbering 25 37.8

Pastoralism 7 10.6

Industrial 9 13.6

Total 66 100

4.4.2 Financial service

Results shows as follows (63.6%)of respondents were suggesting shortage of financial

service for repairing while (36.4%)were suggesting shortage of financial service for

management and control water infrastructures. This implies that financial service

constraints was major obstacles towards water sources management such as lack of fund

to supporting water sources projects like security, water treatment , repairing and

maintenances but respondents who suggesting no trying to provide another obstacles like

poor leadership style ,low participation, and corruption .This findings related to that one

of Bswas, A.k, and Tortajada, C (2013) try to explain how lack of financial service can

hinder smoothly implementation of water projects.

34
Table 10: Financial Service

frequency percentage

Repairing and 42 63.6

maintenance

Management 24 36.4

Total 66 100

35
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion drawn from the results and

the recommendations by the researcher. The main objective of this study was to assess

the obstacles towards water sources management

The first specific objective was to determine social cultural obstacles towards water

sources management. The study revealed that medium level of awareness and low level

of education were the main obstacles towards water sources management which

(77.35%) of respondents had medium level of awareness and (60.6%) of respondents

had low level of education on water sources management.

The second objective was to examine environmental obstacles towards water sources

management .The study revealed that pollution was the main obstacle (78.8%) of

respondents suggests it and the main pollution instance its domestic wastes such as

plastic materials where’s (60.6%) of respondents suggests it .

The third was to determine economic obstacles towards water resources

management .The study revealed that insufficient financial service were the main

obstacle in which (63.6%) of respondents suggesting lack of fund for repairing and

maintenance was bottleneck towards implementation of water resources management.

36
5.2 Recommendations

Public awareness and education campaigns to the community develop targeted and

culturally sensitive public awareness campaigns to educate communities about the

importance of water conservation, proper water use, and the potential consequences of

mismanagement. Collaborate with local schools, community centers, and media outlets

to disseminate information and engage residents.

Enhance education levels invest in improving educational opportunities, especially in

regions with low levels of education. Integrating water-related topics into school

curricula and providing adult education programs can help raise awareness and empower

individuals to make informed decisions about water use.

Strengthen policy frameworks by government Collaborate with experts, stakeholders,

and communities to develop comprehensive water management policies that consider

environmental, social, and economic factors. Ensure these policies are well-defined,

transparent, and effectively enforced to guide sustainable water use and allocation.

Government should provide financial Services to the water authority Establish

accessible financial mechanisms such as microfinance programs, community-based

savings initiatives, and affordable loans to support water-related projects at the local

level. Financial empowerment enables communities to invest in water-saving

technologies and infrastructure.

37
By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders can work together to overcome

obstacles and create a more sustainable and resilient water sources management system,

ensuring equitable access to clean water and the responsible use of this vital resource.

38
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Aldo Leopold (2015) and David zetland (2011) discussed how farming can hinder

effective water resources management

Carson,R(2011) about impact of pollution and the need to protect environment

E . Mostert. M. Craps & C. Pahl-Wostl. Social learning: the key to integrated water

sources management?.Water International. Vol. 33 no. 3 (2008)

Elinor ostrom (2021) Water management and tradition.

H.J. Cortner, & M.A. Moote. Trends and issues in land and water sources management:

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Hall, A. E. (2004). Breeding for adaptation to drought and heat in cowpea. European

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Hall, A. E. (2004). Breeding for adaptation to drought and heat in cowpea.

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John Allan(2011) ,he emphasizes how deforestation can lead to reduced water retention

in the soil and disrupt water cycle ,affecting water availability downstream.

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[challenge’s faced effectively managing water resources

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livelihood factors influencing local people participation in water resource

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Mwakalila, S. (2007). Water Sources Management in Tanzania.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1 : RESEARCH QUESTIONNARES

Dear Respondents,

I am MARIA L MBUYA from INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PLANNING (IRDP DODOMA) pursuing a Bachelor Degree in regional development

planning. I kindly request you to assist me to facilitate the completion of my research

work, which is prerequisite for partial fulfilment of my Bachelor deegree in regional

development planning.

The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess obstacles to good water sources

management in Moshi district at Mwika Kusini ward.

SECTION A; RESPONDENTS DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

1. Sex: (a) Male [ ] (b) Female [ ]

2. How old are you...?

3. Marital status ( a) married[ ] ( b) single [ ] (c) widow[ ] (d ) widower

4. Education level ( a) primary education ( ) (b) secondary education ( )

( c)collage/university ( ) (d) not attended ( )

43
SECTION B; to determine social cultural obstacles towards good water sources

management

1. Do you know the prevailing tradional beliefs and practices that lead to

destruction water sources?

(a) Yes ( ) (b.) No ( ) lf yes can you mention it..........

2 What are the cultural and social barriers to adopting sustainable water

management practices in the community?

(a) Poverty ( ) b. Norms ( ) C.tradional ceremony ( ) c. Population ( ) d . Lack of

awareness ( )

3 What is the level of awareness and understanding of the importance of water

sources management among different social groups within the community?

(A) Medium ( ) (b) low ( ) (c) high ( ) If the answer is A, B,or c state

why?..........

4 What are the social and cultural barriers to implementing water conservation

(a) Beliefs ( ) ( b) lack of infrastructure ( ) (c) traditional ceremony ( ) ( d)

resistance to change ( )

SECTION C ;To examine environmental obstacles towards good water sources

management

1. Do you think climate change has had an impact on water sources in your area? If

yes, how has it affected water availability and quality?

43
 2. Variability in precipitation and severe drought which one is an obstacle towards

water sources management in the area?

3. Have you witnessed any instances of water pollution or contamination in your

area? If yes, please describe the incidents and their possible causes.

4. How much does deforestation affect water sources?

(a) Small extent ( ) (b) large extent ( ) (c) medium extent ( )

SECTION D; to determine economic obstacles towards development of good water

sources management.

1. In your opinion, which specific economic obstacles have the most negative

impact on the development of good water sources management? Please explain.

2. Do financial constraints significantly hinder effectively water sources

management?

44