MEMBERS

Martin Felipe Moreno Zarate

Sibley Alejandra Rincon Duque
Isney Alexandrá Ramirez Arevalo

TEACHER'S NAME
DIANA BERNAL

SCHOOL NAME
COLEGIO CASTILLA (IED)

GRADE
1003

PERIOD
#4

DATE: 21/09/2023 Bogotá D.C.

INDEX

Introduction.................................... 3
General objetive............................. 4
Specific objetives........................... 4
History of Iceland.......................... 5
Geography....................................... 6-8
Geographic location................ 6
Climate....................................... 6
Biodiversity................................ 7
- Flora
- Wildlife
Environment............................. 8
The country as a nation.............. 9-15
Economy.................................... 9
Education................................... 9
Policy.......................................... 10
Health......................................... 11
Tourism..................................... 12
Society....................................... 12
International relations........... 13
Sports......................................... 14
Population................................. 15
Army........................................... 15
Mobility..................................... 15
Culture............................................. 16-19
Gastronomy.............................. 16
Ancestral customs................... 17
Citizen customs....................... 17
Festivities................................... 18
Typical Dances.......................... 18
Typical Activities...................... 19
Typical Songs............................ 19
Reykjiavik festival.......................... 20
Conclusions.................................... 21
 INTRODUCTION

Iceland, known as the "Land of Ice and Fire," is a country that conjures images of

majestic glaciers, roaring geysers, and active volcanoes emerging from the

depths of the Earth. Located in the far northwest of Europe, this volcanic island
is a true natural treasure that has captivated the imagination of travelers and
adventurers for centuries.

However, its allure is not limited to its natural wonders alone, as Iceland also
hosts a modern society that maintains strong connections with its enriching
Viking heritage and a rich cultural tradition. Throughout history, Iceland has

been shaped by a unique combination of geological and cultural factors.

Constant volcanic activity has shaped its dramatic landscape, creating a
topography of craters, canyons, waterfalls, and glacial lakes. This active geology

has also influenced the daily lives of Icelanders, marking their relationship with
nature in a profound and meaningful way.

In addition to its exceptional natural environment, Iceland has preserved a

culture that traces back to its Viking roots. Medieval Icelandic literature, with
epic sagas and heroic poems, has left an indelible mark on the country's cultural
identity. The Icelandic language, largely unchanged since the time of the

Vikings, is a living testament to this literary legacy. In this paper, we will delve
into the fascinating history, geography, culture, and highlights of Iceland.
 GENERAL OBJETIVE
The main objective of this project is to provide a comprehensive overview of
Iceland, including its geography, history, culture, economy, politics, education,
health and environment. We also seek to foster understanding of its natural and

cultural diversity, highlight the importance of environmental sustainability in a

unique environment and explore how geography influences culture. In addition,

we want to promote sustainable tourism by informing about Iceland's

attractions and its commitment to environmental protection. In short, this

project aims to educate, inspire and raise awareness about Iceland in all these
key aspects

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The specific objectives related to the Iceland reporting project focus on several
key aspect, are talk about:

Geography and Nature: Describe the unique geographical features of Iceland

and its biodiversity.

History: Narrate key historical milestones and the influence of geography on

Icelandic history.
Culture: Explore cultural traditions and local festivities.
Economy: Examine the Icelandic economy and highlight challenges and
opportunities.
Politics and Education: Analyze the Icelandic political and educational system.

Health and Wellness: Inform about the health care system and preventive health
programs.
Environment: Describe environmental challenges and environmental protection
policies.
Relationship between Geography and Culture: Analyze how geography

influences Icelandic culture.

Sustainable Tourism: Promote responsible tourism and highlight

environmentally friendly practices.

 HISTORY OF ICELAND

The history of Iceland dates back to Viking settlements in the 9th and 10th

centuries when Norwegian and Norse explorers arrived in search of land and
trade opportunities. During the Icelandic Commonwealth period (10th to 13th
centuries), a parliamentary democracy known as the Alþingi was established in

930, and literature flourished with sagas and epic poetry. However, Iceland fell
under Norwegian and later Danish rule in the 13th century, losing autonomy and
experiencing the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.

In the late 19th century, a nationalist movement emerged, leading Iceland to

gain some autonomy under the Danish Crown in 1874. Finally, in 1944, during

World War II and Denmark's occupation by Germany, Iceland declared its

independence and established the Republic of Iceland.

In the 20th century, the country experienced rapid economic development,

diversifying into industries such as fishing and geothermal energy. However, it
faced a severe financial crisis in 2008 that deeply impacted its economy and
politics. In the 21st century, Iceland became an attractive tourist destination due
to its unique natural beauty and culture, which had a significant impact on its
economy and society.
 GEOGRAPHY

Geography location

Iceland, located at the far northwest of Europe in the North Atlantic Ocean, is a
volcanic island with approximate geographic coordinates of 63°-66° North

latitude and 16°-24° West longitude. This unique location places it in a

geographical environment characterized by isolation and extraordinary natural

beauty, featuring a topography that includes glaciers, volcanoes, waterfalls, and
a stunning coastline. Iceland, due to its position, is also prone to experiencing
unique natural phenomena such as the Northern Lights and the Midnight Sun.

Its geography greatly influences its culture and way of life, making it an

unparalleled destination for explorers and nature enthusiasts from around the
world.

Climate
The climate in Iceland is cool throughout the year, with cold winters and mild
summers. Winter temperatures range between -1°C and 1°C on the coasts and
are even lower in the interior. In summer, average temperatures are between
10°C and 13°C on the coasts, with highs exceeding 20°C on warm days. Iceland
experiences constant precipitation, which can be rain on the coasts and snow

in the interior. It experiences strong winds in winter and, during the summer,
encounters the phenomenon of the "Midnight Sun" in the north. The country
has felt the effects of climate change, such as glacier retreat, and promotes
sustainability. Due to its climatic variability, it is recommended to dress in
layers and be prepared for unpredictable conditions at any time of the year.
Biodiversity
Flora

Iceland's flora is limited due to its cold climate and volcanic geography.

Among the plants found on the island are mosses and lichens, which cover
much of the ground and rocks. You can also find tundra herbs like dwarf birch

and alpine heather, especially in lowland and coastal areas. In grasslands and
cultivated lands, grasses and sedges such as Iceland moss, white clover, and
red fescue thrive. Additionally, trembling aspen has been introduced in some

areas, known for its leaves that tremble in the wind. Blueberries are common
in the highlands and serve as a food source for local wildlife. In coastal and
marshy areas, glasswort grows, a plant adapted to saline soils. Some species of

marsh orchids can also be found. In lower-lying areas, edible herbs like
angelica and sea arrowgrass are found, used in traditional Icelandic cuisine.

Wildlife

The wildlife in Iceland is diverse and adapted to its unique environment.

Seabirds thrive along the coasts and cliffs, with species like puffins, Atlantic
puffins, gulls, and ospreys being some of the notable ones. Rivers and streams

are teeming with salmon and trout, making fishing popular and contributing
to the country's fishing industry.

Along Iceland's coasts, various seal species can be found, including the
common seal and the gray seal, often spotted while exploring beaches and

fjords. Furthermore, Iceland is one of the world's premier destinations for

whale watching, including humpback whales, blue whales, and minke whales,
on thrilling whale-watching excursions in its coastal waters.

The terrestrial fauna is also noteworthy. Arctic foxes, the only native land

mammals in Iceland, are known for their white fur in winter and darker coats
in summer. Icelandic reindeer, a unique subspecies, inhabit the mountainous

regions of the country's north and are an iconic part of Icelandic wildlife.
Additionally, Icelandic horses, famous for their endurance and versatility, are
an integral part of the country's culture and are bred throughout the
territory.
Environment
Iceland stands out for its natural beauty, which includes glaciers, waterfalls,
geysers, and volcanoes. Much of the country remains in its natural state, and
environmental conservation is a top priority. Additionally, Iceland leads in the

use of geothermal and hydroelectric energy, deriving over 80% of its energy
from renewable sources, contributing to a low carbon footprint.

Biodiversity is notable despite the extreme climate, with seabirds, fish, seals,

and whales. Protected areas have been established to preserve wildlife.

Iceland boasts high-quality drinking water and focuses on glacier protection,
although they are receding due to climate change.

Tourism is significant, but sustainable tourism is promoted. Waste

management and plastic reduction are priorities. The country faces

challenges due to climate change, taking measures to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. Icelanders are committed to environmental activism and the

protection of their natural environment.

 THE COUNTRY AS A NATION
Economy
The Icelandic economy is based on its natural resources, with geothermal
energy and fishing as key pillars. Tourism has grown significantly, driven by

the country's natural beauty. The financial sector experienced a boom

followed by a crisis in 2008. Manufacturing, information technology, and

communication (ICT) industries are also important. Agriculture is focused on

sheep farming and dairy products.

Economic policy is centered on social welfare and income equality. Iceland

primarily trades with the European Union, the United States, and China, with
fishing being a significant sector. The country aims for sustainable

development through responsible use of natural resources. However, it faces

challenges such as financial volatility, currency fluctuation, and economic
diversification.

Education
In Iceland, education is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16 and includes
primary and secondary school, as well as preschool education. The
educational system promotes active participation and questioning, with an
emphasis on the Icelandic language and English. Higher education is free for
Icelandic citizens and often for international students as well. Iceland boasts a

high literacy rate and provides opportunities for continuous adult education
and training.
Policy

Iceland is a democratic republic with a government system based on its 1944

constitution. The country has a president as the head of state and a prime

minister as the head of government. Its parliament, the Alþingi, is one of the
oldest in the world and consists of 63 members elected every four years. The

political system is multipartisan, with prominent parties such as the

Independence Party, the Left-Green Movement, the Progressive Party, and

the Social Democratic Party.

Iceland follows a policy of neutrality and is not a member of the EU, but it is
part of the EFTA and has free trade agreements. The country has a strong

tradition of human rights and gender equality, notable for having a female
president in 1980. Economic policy is centered on social welfare and income
equality, supported by a robust social security system.

Environmental protection is a priority, with a focus on renewable energy and

sustainability. Iceland maintains diplomatic relations and is a member of

international organizations such as the UN and NATO, as well as being
involved in regional cooperation in the Arctic due to its strategic location in
that region.
Health
In Iceland, there is a universal healthcare system primarily funded through taxes

and social security contributions. The emphasis is on equal access, regardless of

nationality. The country boasts high-quality hospitals and healthcare centers,

including the National University Hospital of Iceland in Reykjavik, as well as clinics

in remote areas. Healthcare professionals are highly trained, and prevention and
health promotion are priorities, with awareness campaigns in place.

Mental health is addressed nationwide, with psychological and psychiatric care

provided. Prescription medications are available in pharmacies, regulated by the
government to ensure affordability. Prenatal and postnatal care is of high quality,

and childbirth typically occurs in hospitals, with active involvement of mothers in

decisions related to their health and that of their baby.

Iceland's public healthcare infrastructure was put to the test during the COVID-19
pandemic, with effective measures to contain the virus's spread and provide

medical care to those affected.

Tourism

Iceland is famous for its stunning natural attractions, including waterfalls,

geysers, glaciers, and fjords. The Northern Lights are a highlight during winter

nights. Outdoor enthusiasts can enjoy hiking, skiing, and more. Geothermal hot
springs like the Blue Lagoon offer relaxation. Explore Icelandic culture through

museums and festivals. Responsible tourism is encouraged. Accommodation

options range from luxury hotels to rustic cabins, and the cuisine includes unique
dishes. Improved transportation infrastructure makes it easy to access

attractions. Iceland is known for safety and friendly locals.

Society
Iceland is notable for its commitment to gender equality, with policies to promote
equality in politics and the economy, as well as having had a female president in
1980. It values social well-being with a strong social security system, healthcare

and quality education. , and free education up to 16 years of age. It also pays
attention to mental health and encourages civic activism.

Icelandic society promotes cultural diversity and inclusion due to immigration.

Icelanders have a strong connection with nature and value environmental
conservation. Family and community are essential in your daily life. Furthermore,
Iceland has a rich literary and cultural tradition, and is considered one of the
safest countries in the world, with a high quality of life.
International relations

Iceland is a full member of NATO, although it does not have its own armed forces,
its defense is guaranteed by NATO, including the United States. Despite not being

part of the European Union, Iceland is part of the European Free Trade
Association (EFTA) and has free trade agreements with the EU. Additionally, she is

involved in Arctic cooperation and is a member of the Arctic Council, where she

addresses issues such as climate change and sustainable development.

Relations with the United States are close, especially in defense and security.
Although Keflavik Air Base closed in 2006, Iceland continues to cooperate on
security issues with the United States. It also maintains close relations with other
Nordic countries, such as Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland, due to cultural

and economic similarities.

Iceland is a small economy but open to international trade, with free trade
agreements with several countries and a focus on strengthening global economic
relations. Promotes diplomacy and cooperation in human rights, sustainable
development, environmental conservation and humanitarian assistance. In

addition, it is a member of various international organizations, including the

United Nations and the OSCE, and stands out for its commitment to promoting
international peace and security, despite not having its own armed forces.
Sports

Soccer is the most popular sport in Iceland, notable for the success of its national
team in international competitions such as the Euro Cup. In addition, Icelanders

enjoy the Liga Úrvalsdeild, the highest category of local football.

Outdoor and endurance sports, such as athletics, trail running, mountain biking

and climbing, are very popular due to Iceland's unique geography. Handball is also
very popular, especially the men's national team, which has had success in
international competitions.

In winter, skiing, snowboarding, and ice skating are common activities, with ski

resorts and skating areas available. Swimming is appreciated, especially in natural

geothermal pools, and serves as a place of socialization.

In addition to football and handball, other popular team sports include volleyball,
basketball and rugby, with clubs competing in national and international leagues.

Hunting and sport fishing are common activities in rural areas, while motor
racing, motocross and participation in the Olympic Games, where Iceland has had
notable successes in weightlifting and athletics, are also part of the sporting
scene. For tourists, Iceland offers a variety of outdoor activities, such as hiking,
rafting, horseback riding, and glacier excursions, allowing them to enjoy the

country's unique nature while participating in exciting sports.

population

The population of Iceland was estimated at around 356,991. It is important to

note that Iceland is a small country in terms of population, but its population has

been gradually increasing in recent decades due to immigration and natural

growth.

Army

Iceland does not have an army in the traditional sense. Instead of armed forces, it
relies on its membership in NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) for its

defense. Iceland's security is guaranteed by NATO members, particularly the

United States, which has maintained a military presence at Keflavik Air Base in the
past. Iceland focuses on diplomacy and international cooperation rather than
maintaining its own armed forces and considers itself a peaceful and neutral
nation.

Mobility
In Iceland, car rental is the most popular way to get around, with good main roads
and rental options at Keflavik and Reykjavik airport. Public transport is limited, but

there are bus services connecting cities and towns, and the company "Strætó"
operates in Reykjavik. Motorhomes are popular for flexibility and camping in
designated areas.

You can also join organized tours and excursions to visit tourist attractions.

Cycling is an option, although the weather and roads can be challenging. For long
distances or remote areas, domestic flights or ferries can be used to visit nearby
islands. Hiking is ideal for exploring remote natural areas, but requires good
planning and equipment. Use navigation applications and updated maps, check
road conditions and drive carefully, respecting traffic rules and maximum speeds,

especially in winter.
 CULTURE
The Icelandic language, similar to Old Norse, is essential to national identity and
allows the reading of medieval sagas. The Northern Lights are an iconic natural

phenomenon in Iceland. Norse mythology and belief in mythical beings, such as

elves and trolls, are part of the culture. The music, from Sigur Rós to Björk, is
outstanding. Nature influences art and architecture.

Iceland encourages outdoor activities, such as hiking and horse riding. Its cuisine
includes local ingredients such as fish and lamb, with specialties such as hákarl
and skyr. Education is free and compulsory, and literacy is high. Icelandic society

is egalitarian and progressive, with a notable commitment to gender equality and

LGBTQ+ rights.

Gastronomy
Icelandic cuisine is notable for its abundance of fish and shellfish, including cod,
salmon, herring and hákarl (fermented shark). Icelandic lamb is famous for its

unique flavor, while soups, stews, and rye bread are common due to the cold
climate. Skyr is a popular dairy product, and legumes are used in dishes such as
"kjötsúpa."

Iceland is known for gastronomic peculiarities such as svið (boiled lamb's head)
and sviðasulta (lamb's head jelly). Desserts include berries and berries, and "kleina"

is a traditional dessert. The country has high-quality drinking water and a coffee
culture, in addition to the common consumption of local beer and spirits.

In recent years, Icelandic cuisine has experienced a renaissance with chefs fusing
local ingredients and international influences. Reykjavik has a growing number of

high-quality restaurants offering contemporary food.

Ancestral customs
The ancient customs of Icelanders include beliefs in mythical beings such as elves

and trolls, as well as a strong connection to Norse mythology and Viking legends.
They celebrate nature, with a deep relationship with the natural environment, and

have practiced traditional crafts such as wool making and the creation of wooden

objects for centuries. Kinship systems and traditional music and dance are also
important aspects of their culture. These ancient customs are combined with
traditions and contemporary life in Iceland.

Citizen customs
Iceland's contemporary citizen customs reflect an egalitarian and progressive
society. They are proud of their commitment to gender equality, and women enjoy
equal rights and opportunities. They celebrate festivals and holidays such as New

Year and Easter, and education and literacy are valued. The cuisine includes local
foods such as fish and lamb, with traditional dishes such as hákarl (fermented

shark). Cities like Reykjavik boast a growing culinary and cultural scene, while
coffee is an integral part of everyday life and alcohol consumption is common,
with local drinks and beer.
Festivities
New Year (Nýársdagur): The arrival of the New Year is celebrated with

enthusiasm in Iceland. On the night of December 31, fireworks are set off across
the country, and people gather to celebrate with friends and family. The next day,
January 1, is an official holiday.

Independence Day (Þjóðháttardagurinn): On June 17, Iceland celebrates its

independence from Denmark. Parades and activities are organized throughout the

country to commemorate this national day.

Labor Day (Verkalýðsdagurinn): On May 1, Iceland joins other countries in

celebrating Labor Day. Marches and events related to labor rights and the union
movement are organized.

Night of Light (Festival of Lights - Ljósanótt): This annual event is celebrated in

Reykjavik at the end of August. Includes live music, light shows and cultural

activities in the city center.

Reykjavik Music Festival (ReykjavikurDætur): This music festival is one of the

largest events in Iceland, attracting local and international artists. It is celebrated
in August and offers a wide variety of musical genres.

Typical dances
In Iceland, typical dances include "rímur," a form of epic sung poetry that is often

accompanied by music and simple dance movements. The "Sword Dance" is a

tradition in which dancers perform patterns with wooden swords at festivities.
The "Circle Dance" is popular at social events, where participants follow steps to
the rhythm of traditional Icelandic music. Additionally, Iceland has a modern and
contemporary dance scene, and at social events and weddings, social dancing is
enjoyed to the tune of local and international music.
Typical activities
In Iceland, you can enjoy a wide range of activities, such as Northern Lights
viewing during winter, relaxing baths in geothermal hot springs such as the Blue
Lagoon and Secret Lagoon, exciting hiking and trekking excursions in various

natural environments, exciting tours Whale watching to see various marine

species, fishing excursions on the high seas or in rivers and lakes, exciting

horseback riding on the hardy breed of Icelandic horses, exploring majestic

waterfalls such as Gullfoss, Seljalandsfoss and Skogafoss, tours of the famous

Route of the Golden Circle including attractions such as Thingvellir National Park,
Strokkur Geyser and Gullfoss Waterfall, exploring charming Icelandic towns and
cities, seabird watching along the coasts and cliffs, and exploring stunning lava

caves and volcanoes such as Cave of Vatnshellir lava and the Thrihnukagigur
volcano during certain times of the year. These activities offer a variety of

experiences to enjoy Icelandic nature and culture.

Typical songs
Music in Iceland is diverse and rich in traditions, ranging from ancient rímur, epic
songs more than 500 years old, to folk music that celebrates nature and rural life.
Kvæði, a melodic narrative chant, is used to convey stories and folk tales.
Additionally, modern popular music has brought Icelandic artists such as Björk
and Sigur Rós to global fame. Strong choral tradition, instrumental music and

musical presence at events and festivities are also an important part of Icelandic
musical culture, celebrated at festivals such as the Reykjavik Music Festival.
 REYKJAVIK FESTIVAL
The Reykjavik festival in Iceland is a cultural and artistic event held in the capital
of Iceland. It has its origins in 1970 and has become one of the most prominent

festivals in the country. During the festival, a variety of artistic and cultural

activities take place, such as concerts, art exhibitions, film screenings and theater
performances.

Dates: The Reykjavik festival usually takes place over several days on different

dates throughout the year. Exact dates may vary from year to year, so it is
advisable to check the official festival calendar for the most up-to-date

information.

Duration: The festival lasts several days, during which you can enjoy an extensive
program of events and artistic activities.

Origins: The Reykjavik festival originated in 1970 as a celebration of local music

and culture. Over time, it has grown in size and popularity, becoming an
important platform for national and international artists.

Programming: The Reykjavik festival program includes a wide range of activities

for all tastes and interests. In addition to live music concerts, art exhibitions and
film screenings, you can also find theater performances, talks, workshops and
special events. The programming is varied and offers an exciting and diverse

cultural experience.
 CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, Iceland stands out for its extraordinary wealth both in natural and
cultural terms. Its unique geography has left a distinctive mark on the way its
society develops and lives.

One of the most notable aspects of Iceland is its strong commitment to

sustainability and environmental conservation. The nation has adopted policies

and practices that promote the use of renewable energy and the protection of

nature, setting an example on the world stage.

Additionally, Iceland provides its citizens with high-quality education and

healthcare services, with a focus on equal access and promoting the well-being of
all.

Tourism is an important part of the Icelandic economy, but it is encouraged

responsibly and sustainably to preserve the country's natural resources and its
unique beauty.

Finally, Iceland has demonstrated its resilience and ability to face challenges, such
as the COVID-19 pandemic, through effective measures and a strong sense of
community and responsibility. Together, these findings highlight the uniqueness
and vitality of Iceland in various aspects of life and society.