Chemical Bonding

and
Polarity of Molecule
 Ion- atom or group of atoms that has an electrical charge.
◦ Ex. Li + , O2-, Na + , F –
 When electrons is transferred or shared between atoms, elements
bond together molecularly.

Na Cl
Sodium Chlorine

Na+ Cl-
 CHEMICAL SYMBOL- is a notation of one or two letters representing
an element.
◦ Ex. Li- Lithium
◦ Cu- Copper (Cuprous)
 CHEMICAL FORMULA - set of chemical symbols showing the
elements present in a compound or a molecule and their relative
proportions. ex . NaCl- Sodium Chloride
◦ Subscript- it is to indicate the number of atoms of an element in a compound.
ex. H2O, CO2
◦ Coefficient –the number before the chemical formula. It is to indicate that
there are more than molecule or ion.
ex. 2H2O, 4CO2
 An atom is basically neutral (equal number of protons and electrons)
but during the process of chemical bonding, atoms lose or gain
electrons making that atom an ion
Na+ Cl-
-
+ -
Na + -
Atomic number=11
+
+
-
- Cl
- Atomic number=17
+ - +
+ -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ -
 Possible charge of anions and cations

IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

(1+) (2+) (3+) (4+)(4-) (3-) (2-) (1-)

Li Be B C N O F

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

K Ca
Two types of ions
• Cation- are positive ions and are usually metal elements. It is a result of losing
electrons. Ex. Li + , Na +
• Anion- are negative ion and are usually non metal elements. It is a result of
gaining electrons. Ex. O2-, F –

• What is the resulting ion?

Element Ions formed

Na Loses 1 e- Na +

Ca Loses 2 e- Ca 2+

Al Loses 3e- Al 3+

F Gain 1 e- F –

O Gain 2 e- O 2 -
Polyatomic ions
 Are groups of atoms (two or more
covalently bonded atoms) which carry
electrical charges as unit particles.
 Example:
Gilbert Newton Lewis
◦ Proposed that chemical bonds are formed
between atoms because electrons interact with
each other.
◦ He observed that elements are most stable when
they have 8 electrons in their valence shell. This
rule is known as octet rule.

Na Mg Al Cl
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Chlorine
 Octet rule- a chemical rule that reflects observation
that atoms of main groups (family A) elements tend
to bond in such a way that 8 electrons is present in
its valence shell.

Na Mg Al Cl
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Chlorine
 Lewis Dot Symbol- consist of chemical
symbol and dot around which dot is equal
to its number of valence electrons.

O Cl

CH3CH2OH
Chemical Bonding
 Chemical Bond- is an electrical attraction
between the nuclei and valence electrons
of an atom and which atoms binds atom
together.
 Intramolecular force (inside)- is a force that
binds together the atoms making up a
molecule or a compound.
 Intermolecular force(between)- force
present between molecules or compounds.
 Intramolecular force (inside)- is a force that
binds together the atoms making up a
molecule or a compound.

O
H2O H H
 Intermolecular force(between)- force
present between molecules or compounds.

Intermolecular force

O O
H2O H2O
H H H H
Types of Chemical bond
 Ionic Bonding- results from the transfer
of one or more valence electrons from one
atom to another.
 Formula unit- a pair cation and anion
form during ionic bonding.

Na Cl
Sodium Chlorine
 This bond exist between a metal that has
a tendency to lose electrons and non-
metal that has a tendency to accept
electrons.

Na Cl
Sodium Chlorine
Ionic Compound
 Usually between metal and non-metal
elements.
 Dissolve easily in water and polar
solvents.
 Easily conduct electricity
 Usually solid and tend to crystallize
 Has high melting point.
Types of Chemical bond
 Covalent bond- when atoms share
electrons forming a bond between atoms.
◦ It occurs between two non-metal elements.
◦ It occurs because 2 non-metal elements have
similar tendency to gain electrons.
 Molecular compounds- the compounds that
consist of atoms bonded together by sharing
electrons.
◦ Ex. A bond between Cl2 molecule is a covalent.
Lewis Electron Dot Structure
 To represent chemical bonding Lewis
Electron Dot Structure (LEDS) is used.
 How to write the LEDS of Ionic Bonding
1. Write the element participating in a compound.
Put the dots which represents the valence
electrons.
2. To represent the giving of electrons between
atoms write an arrow.
ex. Write the LEDS of NaCl

Na Cl Na+ + Cl-
 How to write the LEDS of Ionic Bonding

 Write the LEDS of the compound Al2O3

Al O

O 2Al3+ + 3O2-

Al O
General rule for writing LEDS for Covalent
Bonding.

• Write the element participating in a

compound. Then put the dots around the
atom. Each dot represent the valence
electrons of that element. First write the dot
around before pairing them up.
Ex. The valence electrons of Oxygen is 6 and so its dots .

O O
Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)
• To represent chemical bonding write a
connecting line.
• The ultimate goal is to satisfy octet rule.
• There are some atom have to share more than
one electrons then multiple bonds is needed.

O O
8 8
 Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)
• In a compound consisting of more than two different
elements, pick a central atom.
• In picking there are two ways.
• If it is based on electronegativity. Put the least electronegative
element at the center and the most electronegative as the outside
atom.
• Electronegativity- is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract
electrons towards itself.
• Non-metals attract electrons than metal hence it is also more
electronegative.
• Ex. CF4
• Carbon- 2.5
F 8

• Fluorine- 4.0 8
8
F C F 8

8
F
 Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)
• In a compound consisting of more than two different
elements, pick a central atom.
• In picking there are two ways.
• B. Just follow the arrangement of elements in a compound.
• Ex. CH3CH2OH and C2H6
 Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)

• Exemptions to the rule:

1. Hydrogen always has one valence electrons. 2 electrons in
its valence shell makes it stable so it does not follow the octet
rule.

Remember: the 1st principal energy level can

accommodate up to 2 electrons.

NOTE: Hydrogen is always outside atom not a central atom.

2. Too few electrons- there are atoms like Hydrogen, Beryllium and
Boron which has few valence electrons and so it will not complete the
8 valence electrons as stated in the octet rule.
Ex. BeCl2 and BCl3

8 Cl Be Cl 8

3. Expanded octet- there are atoms that can accommodate more than
8 electrons but still stable. Elements in the period 3 can expand their
shells to accommodate more electrons.
Ex. PCl5, SF6
8 F F 8

8 F 12 S
F 8

8 F F 8
Draw the Lewis Electron Dot Structure of the
following Covalent Compounds

1) CO2
2) CH4
3) POCl3
4) N2O2
5) C 2F4
1. CO2 3. POCl3
O
O C O Cl P Cl
2. CH4 Cl
H
4. N2O2
H C H
O N N O
H
5. C2F4 F F
F C C F
F F