Republic of the Philippines

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City

I. Topic:
Reproduction Among Flowering Plants

II. Learning Objectives:

 Define sexual and asexual reproduction.

 Identify the different parts of a flower and their roles in reproduction.
 Identify the different methods of pollination, including wind, insects, and other
animals.
 Explain the importance of flowers and seeds in the life cycle of flowering
plants.
 Recall that asexual reproduction is carried out by single organisms
 Understand the process of sexual and asexual reproduction.

III. Explanation/Discussion of Concepts:

A. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Flowering plants, also called angiosperms, use a sexual mode of
reproduction. Reproduction in plants, mainly revolves around the flower, which has
both the male and the female gametes. All parts of a flower aid in the process of
reproduction, although some of them are sterile. Therefore, to understand the
process of reproduction in flowering plants, we need to look at the different parts of
the flower and their functions.
Parts of flowers
a) Stigma
b) Styles
c) Ovary
d) Ovule
e) Anthe
 f) Filament
g) Petal
h) Sepal
i) Receptacle
j) Peduncle

The Stigma, styles, and ovary (ovule) are called “pistil” which we can find in female
flowers. Whereas, the Anther and filament are called “stamen” which we can find in
male flowers.) now let’s talk about the parts of the flowers and their functions.

 Pistil- The female organs of a flower, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary.
Ovary- The ovary is a chamber where ovules (eggs) are stored, waiting for
fertilization.
Stigma- It is attached to the top of the carpel, where the pollen from other flowers
lands.
Style- It is a tubular structure that connects the ovary and the stigma. It is
responsible for the transportation of pollen from the stigma to the ovary and holding
the stigma in place.

 Stamen- The male fertilizing organ of a flower, typically consisting of a pollen-

containing anther and a filament.
Anther- This is a four-lobed sac-like structure responsible for pollen formation.
Filaments- These thread-like structures are attached to the anther, and they keep
the anther in place.

How do pollination and seed production happen?

Pollination- transfer of mature pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

Side Q: How can the mature pollen grains transfer from the anther to the stigma?
Answer: With the help of pollinators
Side Q: What are the types of pollinators?
Answer:
-wind
-insects like; bees, butterflies, moths, wasps, etc.
- birds and other animals like; bats, hummingbirds, sunbirds, etc.
 Pollination happens when one part of the flower called the anther makes
pollen and with the help of these pollinators, the matured pollen grains transfer to
another part of the flower called the pistil which leads to the ovule (egg) that
becomes a seed through fertilization.
Fertilization happens when the sperm travels through the pollen tube to the ovule.
The sperm and egg fuse forming the zygote (fertilized egg)- it grows into the plant
embryo (cells grow by mitosis).
Zygote- fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or
ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).
Mitosis- is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then
segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.
Nuclei- The most integral component of the cell is the nucleus (plural: nuclei).

There are two types of pollination, which are;

 Self-pollination- pollen from the same flower
 Cross-pollination- pollen from a different flower or more variation of flowers.
The flower is the reproductive organ of a flowering plant. Some kinds of plants have
flowers that produce both male and female sex cells. Other kinds have flowers that
produce either male or female sex cells.

1. Pollination can take place only between plants of the same kind. For example, if
the pollen from a papaya blossom lands on a guava it means no pollination occurs.
(A mango flower must be pollinated by pollen grains from another mango flower).
When an insect or small bird visits a flower, that animal transfers a male sex cell
from one flower to another. This transfer is a part of the process of sexual
reproduction in the flower.
2. In fertilization, a male sex cell joins with a female sex cell to produce a fertilized
cell.
3. After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds. The seed contains the embryo.
Ovules develop into mature seeds, while the ovary develops into a fruit. A fruit is a
ripened ovary that contains one or more mature seeds.
4. When conditions are proper for growth, seeds undergo germination. Germination
is the growth of an embryo into a young plant.

A. Asexual Reproduction or Vegetation Propagation in Plants

Asexual reproduction in plants occurs through budding, fragmentation, vegetative
propagation, and spore formation. No flowers are required for this method. The
plants produced by asexual reproduction thrive well in stable environments.

Types of Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Asexual reproduction in plants takes place in two ways:
 Natural Method
 Artificial Method

Natural Methods
Natural methods of asexual reproduction include self-propagation. The different ways
in which a plant self-propagates are mentioned below:
- Plants such as ginger, onion, dahlia, potato, grow from the buds present on
the surface of the stem. A stem tuber has several eyes on the surface. Under
favourable conditions, these eyes sprout producing leafy shoots.
- In sweet potato, new plants can grow from the adventitious buds or stolons.
- In Byophyllum, the small buds o the margin of the leaves gets detached and
grows into an independent plant.
Budding
- Budding is the mode of asexual reproduction wherein a new plant is
developed from an outgrowth known as the bud. A bud is generally formed
due to cell division at one particular site.
- For example, if you keep a potato for a long time, you can notice a number of
small outgrowths, which are commonly referred to as ‘eyes’. Each of them can
be planted which will grow up like a clone of an original potato plant.

Vegetative Propagation
- It is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants, in which new plants
are produced from the vegetative parts of the plants, i.e. roots, stems or buds.
Vegetative propagation in plants can occur both by naturally or also can be
artificially induced by horticulturists.

The most common techniques of vegetative propagation are:

Stems – Runners are the stems that usually grow in a horizontal form above the
ground. They have the nodes where the buds are formed. These buds usually grow
into a new plant.
Roots – A new plant is developed from modified roots called tubers. Example: Sweet
Potato
Leaves – In some plants, detached leaves from the parent plant can be used to
grow a new plant. They exhibit growth of small plants, called plantlets, on the edge of
their leaves. Example: Bryophyllum.

Fragmentation
- This is a mode of asexual reproduction in which a new plant is produced from
a portion of the parent plant. Each section or a part of the plants develop into
a mature, fully grown individual. Some plants possess specialized structures
for reproduction through fragmentation. This type of reproduction happens
naturally where the small part of the plant fall off onto soil and then begin to
grow up into a new plant. This mode is often used by nurseries and
greenhouses to produce plants quickly.

Spore Formation
- Many plants and algae form spores in their life cycle. A spore is an asexual
reproductive body, surrounded by a hard protective cover to withstand
unfavourable conditions such as high temperature and low humidity. Under
favourable conditions, the spores germinate and grow into new plants. Plants
like moss and ferns use this mode of reproduction.

Artificial Methods
Following are the artificial methods of asexual reproduction in plants:
Cutting
- In this method, a part of a plant is cut along with the node and is buried in the
soil.
- The cutting is watered regularly.
- this is the cheapest method of vegetative propagation in plants.
Grafting
- In this method, the parts of two different plants are joined together such that
they continue to grow as a single plant.
The rooted plant is known as the stock. The other plant is known as the graft.
Layering
- It is the method in which a stem attached to a plant is lowered in the ground
and covered with soil. The stem grows roots while attached to the parent plant
and then detaches as an independent plant.

Micropropagation
- This is the method of producing a large number of plants from an explant
under laboratory conditions within a short time interval. This facilitates the
growth of rare and endangered plant species that are difficult to grow under
natural conditions.

IV. Definition of Key Concepts:

Pistil- The female organs of a flower, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary.
Ovary- The ovary is a chamber where ovules (eggs) are stored, waiting for
fertilization.
Stigma- It is attached to the top of the carpel, where the pollen from other flowers
lands.
Style- It is a tubular structure that connects the ovary and the stigma. It is
responsible for the transportation of pollen from the stigma to the ovary and holding
the stigma in place.
Stamen- The male fertilizing organ of a flower, typically consisting of a pollen-
containing anther and a filament.
Anther- This is a four-lobed sac-like structure responsible for pollen formation.
Filaments- These thread-like structures are attached to the anther, and they keep
the anther in place.
Pollination- transfer of mature pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
Zygote- fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or
ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).
Mitosis- is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then
segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.
Nuclei- The most integral component of the cell is the nucleus (plural: nuclei).
Self-pollination- pollen from the same flower.
Cross-pollination- pollen from a different flower or more variation of flowers.
Asexual Reproduction- occurs through budding, fragmentation, vegetative
propagation, and spore formation. No flowers are required for this method.
Natural methods- of asexual reproduction include self-propagation
Budding- is the mode of asexual reproduction wherein a new plant is developed
from an outgrowth known as the bud
Vegetative Propagation- It is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants,
in which new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of the plant
Fragmentation- This is a mode of asexual reproduction in which a new plant is
produced from a portion of the parent plant.
Spore Formation- Many plants and algae form spores in their life cycle.
Cutting- In this method, a part of a plant is cut along with the node and is buried in
the soil.
Grafting- In this method, the parts of two different plants are joined together such
that they continue to grow as a single plant.
Micropropagation- This is the method of producing a large number of plants from
an explant under laboratory conditions within a short time interval.

V. Enrichment (Virtual Laboratory Experience, Video clips, Recent articles,

etc.):

Below are the clips, articles, and virtual laboratory experiments about
Reproduction among Flowering Plants:
https://youtu.be/iE8eMLbuEJs?si=lXeu8kF6jjNvkcHD
https://youtu.be/h077JEQ8w6g?si=qA6MTUIa1Hg1K1Ye
https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2020.00008
https://youtu.be/493WeySyf-8

Vl. Summary of Concepts:

 Asexual reproduction in plants involves the production of offspring using only
one parent. This can occur through methods such as fragmentation, where a parent
plant breaks into fragments that can grow into new individuals, or through the
formation of specialized structures like bulbs or grafting.
On the other hand, sexual reproduction in plants involves the fusion of male
and female gametes, resulting in offspring that inherit traits from both parents. This
process can include mechanisms such as pollination, where pollen from the male
reproductive structure (anther) is transferred to the female reproductive structure
(stigma), and fertilization occurs.
Both asexual and sexual reproduction have their advantages and
disadvantages. Asexual reproduction allows plants to rapidly produce offspring
without the need for a mate, ensuring genetic continuity but limiting genetic
variability. Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, promotes genetic diversity,
increasing the chances of adapting to changing environments but requires the
involvement of two parents and the transfer of gametes.

Vll. Evaluation Questionnaire:

Name: ________________________________
Date:____________________
Test I: Multiple Choice

1. Which type of reproduction in plants involves the fusion of gametes front

two different plants?
a) Sexual reproduction
b) Asexual reproduction
c) Vegetative reproduction
d) None of the above
2. Which part of the flower produces pollen?
a) Pistil
b) Stamen
c) Sepal
d) Petal
3. What is the process by which pollen from the male part of the flower is transferred
to the female part of the flower?
a) Fertilization
b) Pollination
c) Seed dispersal
 d) Vegetative reproduction
4. Which of the following is a method of asexual reproduction in plants?
a) Production of seeds
b) Fusion of gametes
c) Vegetative reproduction
d) Both A and B
5. What is the importance of reproduction in plants?
a) It ensures the survival of the species
b) It maintains genetic diversity
c) It allows for adaptation to changing environments
d) All of the above
7. Which type of reproduction in plants does not involve the production of seeds?
a) Sexual reproduction
b) Asexual reproduction
c) Both A and B
d) None of the above
8. What is the process by which the male and female gametes fuse to form a
zygote?
a) Pollination
b) Fertilization
c) Seed dispersal
d) Vegetative reproduction
9. Which part of the flower contains the ovules?
a) Pistil
b) Stamen
c) Sepal
d) Petal
10. Which type of reproduction in plants involves the production of new individuals
from a single parent plant?
a) Sexual reproduction
b) Asexual reproduction
c) Vegetative reproduction
d) None of the above

Test II. Label the parts of a flower. 15 points.

Test III. Name 5 plants that reproduce asexually.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.