Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will present a review of literature conducted in the Philippines and abroad which

provided the researchers insights and information relevant to the study. As an initial step in the

investigation, the researchers review the relevant to the study.

Foreign Literature

Traffic rules violation stems from numerous causes such as the lack of appropriate traffic

rules training, non-institutionalization of respect to the rights of others especially pedestrians, and

more importantly self-preference. There is a need for accidents prevention and deeper analysis of the

multi-attributes which lead to unwanted accidents and lethal crashes resulting in death (Reza Kiani

Mavi, Navid Zarbakhshnia, Armin Khazraei, 2017).

The dangerous cases of driving behavior can be associated with poor car handling techniques

or Inadequate skills rather than personal intention to harm other street users. There is ample evidence

Suggesting that deliberate, aggressive driving is pretty rampant (Scott-Parker, 2009). In fact,

aggressive Driving style involves several behavioral manifestations, including verbal, physical or

vehicular Expressions (Deffenbacher et al., 2002)

Driver’s personality trait and culture have so far been studied as two separate parameters.

Compared to social cognitive constructs, culture is more relevant to traffic safety in low- and middle

income countries where traffic regulations are formulated and enforced poorly. In most low- and

Middle-income countries, the police officers are not adequately trained to handle traffic regulations.

They usually lack the essential resources to enforce traffic laws (World Bank, 2002). Culture can be

a Critical parameter since lenient road traffic regulations and unwillingness to enforce such

regulations May highlight the importance of informal and less rule-oriented psychological behaviors

for making Risky driving decisions. A number of studies have explored cultural differences among
drivers. For Example, Rakauskas et al. (2009) found that drivers in rural areas usually show riskier

behavior than Drivers based in urban areas.

Aside from that, behavior is to a large extent affected by Biological variables such as gender

and age (Foss, 2007). In fact, previous studies focusing on the Demographic factors contributing to

dangerous driving style have revealed that gender and age are Linked to risky driving. More

specifically, younger drivers tend to violate the traffic rules more Frequently than older ones

(Groeger and Brown, 1989; Parker et al., 1995). Furthermore, a number of Researchers have

demonstrated that younger male drivers exhibit a lower level of normative motivation to abide by

traffic laws voluntarily (Yagil, 1998).

During the past few years, traffic accidents & congestion has increased enormously. Even in

our daily life, we come across many problems caused due to traffic rule violation by some people.

Also when we go through the daily newspaper, we realize that road accidents are one of the major

problems now a day in every city. These problems cause disturbance to the whole system and also

consumes our precious time. So in an attempt to reduce it & improve the traffic discipline, advanced

technological solutions have been proposed. The Automatic Penalty charging for violation of traffic

rules, which will continuously monitor the vehicles using RFID reader and RFID transceivers and

automatically incur penalty for violation of any of the traffic rules. If a driver violates any of the

traffic rules, the driver will be charged according to the RTO rules. The charging amount will be

automatically stored in a smart card which will be fixed in the vehicle. If a driver fails to pay the

charges in a given period of time, his/her license will be suspended and the car won’t start.

The ministry of heavy industries is considering a proposal to make it mandatory to fit RFID-

enabled devices in The cars manufactured in India. It is believed that RFID tags would help in traffic

management as traffic violations by Motorists could be tracked and all violations identified. Also,

motorists would get charged automatically as soon as they Enter a toll area.
 For car ignition, the driver has to insert his smart card in the car unit smart card slot. If any

document (e.g. PUC, license) is expired or smart card is not inserted, then car won’t start and the

reason will be displayed on the LCD Screen. Thus, carrying the smart card with you is mandatory.

After checking all the details of the driver, the system Will go for alcohol detection. The user has to

blow air near the alcohol sensor present in car unit. If the content of Alcohol in human breath is

found to be more than the set threshold, then the ignition of the car will not be triggered. This

Prevents drunk driving and accidents caused due to it.

Smart card is used for storing car details like driver’s license number, PUC, expiry dates of

Both as well as the number of penalties that has been charged to that driver. For the convenience of

the user LCD is used to display all the information about the penalties and other Required details.

The buzzer will ring after each penalty is charged to indicate the driver. At the traffic signals there.

Will be RFID reader attached to the AVR Microcontroller at the signal pole. RFID reader will detect

the RFID TAG of The car which has crossed the road when the signal is red. The RFID TAG is

attached at the bottom of each car, with Each TAG having its own different identity. Warning will be

issued to the driver by sending message to the car unit and Penalty will be charged to that particular

driver’s smart card only. At the speed limit zone and no parking zone also There are RF transceivers.

The speed limit is saved in AVR microcontroller at the speed limit zone which will be Continuously

transmitted by the RF module attached to the microcontroller. If the speed of the car is more, then

penalty Will get charged. Again in the no parking zone also there is one RF module, if it receives the

RF waves 10 times then it Is considered that the car is parked and penalty will be charged to that car.

To pay the penalty and to clear his smart card, car owner must go to the authorized RTO Centre with

his smart card. Our RTO unit is interfaced serially with the computer. At the RTO Centre, there is

also one Smart card slot where you need to insert your smart card. Microcontroller will then scan the

smart card and accordingly The penalty count will be displayed on the LCD screen. The RTO officer
will then nullify the penalty by issuing a Command through keyboard (Aditi Dambe, Upasana

Gandhe, Varsha Bendre, 2013).

In relation to police supervision, in the specific case of Spain, the monitoring and control

systems, measures and countermeasures, have been substantially intensified through the recent years.

Given the possible increasing of traffic offenders, especially those performing dangerous behaviors

on the road such as driving after consuming alcohol and drugs, or non-using seat belts, it has become

imperative to adopt new and more intensive strategies for surveillance and risk prevention (Alonso,

Pastor, Montoro, & Esteban, 2015). However, it must be mentioned that, in a holistic view, a

constant monitoring and coercive measures –including traffic sanctions- are important, but not

enough to build a road safety culture, considering that public awareness and norm internalization

should be the ultimate objective of all these measures (Valkanova, Jorda, Tomitsch, & Vande Moere,

2013). Meanwhile, sanctions are necessary for drivers to perceive the potential consequences of their

road misbehaviors, and thus prevent different the occurrence or reoccurrence of different risky

behaviors (Vargas, Castro, Martos, & Trujillo, 2012). Many of drivers are, nevertheless, still

unaware of which type of penalty is associated to each road offense; for example, if its punishing

manner corresponds to an economic, administrative or penal/criminal sanction (Alonso, Esteban,

Calatayud, Sanmartín, Alamar, & Ballestar, 2015; Alonso, Esteban, Serge & Ballestar, Alonso,

Esteban, Serge, & Ballestar, 2017).

Finally, and leaving behind the mere explanation of why some people use to violate traffic

norms through the commission of different misbehaviors on the road, the positive question of why

people are willing to comply with the law and to cooperate with the police has also been addressed

and developed in recent studies (Shen, Ge, & Qu, 2017; Shope, 2006). Further, according to the

procedural justice model, traffic law compliance is positively influenced by the trustiness in the

police, and the control bodies, building the legitimation of institutions that, at the same time, acquire

social representations related to respect and obedience (Van Damme & Pauwels, 2016). This fact
becomes really important when considering that traffic safety policies are still conventionally ranked

as financial and environmental issues in many developing countries, yet the concept of equity can be

advantageously used as an integral part of the process of traffic safety policy-making. Equity in

transportation is, moreover, defined as how appropriately and equally the impacts of transportation

are distributed among different types of users (Najaf, Taghi Isaai, Lavasani, & Thil, 2016), and aims,

at the same time, to represent an enforcer for road safety culture among all road users.

The global rise in the amount of road crashes, which result in Large numbers of fatalities and

disabilities, is recognized as a major Public health concern. More than 1.2 million people worldwide

die On the roads every day, and about 50 million are injured (World Health Organization, 2009).

Malaysia has the third highest fatality Rate from road traffic accidents in Asia and ASEAN, behind

Thailand and Vietnam (Lum, 2019).

To reduce the number of road accidents, many relevant Authorities have implemented road

safety campaigns and Programmes. The objectives of these programmes are to inculcate a Positive

attitude towards and knowledge of road safety and to make Road users more alert to potential road

accidents.

Although many road safety programmes have been implemented, many drivers remain

unaware that human error is a major root cause of road accidents in today’s world, as revealed in past

studies (e.g., Bekibele et al., 2007; Hojjati-Emami et al., 2012; Iversen et al., 2005; Yilmaz & Elik,

2006). In Malaysia, 94% of road accidents are Caused by the negligence of the driver (Lim, 2007).

Another factor That may contribute to road accidents is the role of negative human Emotions, such

as anger. Recent research and media reports have Suggested that incidents involving angry drivers

are becoming Common. Moreover, many studies have indicated that anger is one of the most

prevalent factors involved in road accidents. Some authors Also reported a relationship between a

high level of anger and various Risky behaviors’ on the road, including tailgating, speeding, and light

Flashing. Therefore, anger contributes to the violations of traffic laws Such as speeding, making
illegal U-turns, and failing to stop at a red Traffic light. Past research (e.g., Nesbit et al., 2006;

Sullman et al., 2014) showed that driving anger is a type of anger that represents a Significant and

dangerous phenomenon that commonly occurs in Society. Anger, as a personality trait, is one of the

most important Issues that has been investigated extensively (Yasak & Esiyok, 2009).

Many reasons account for why people feel a general inhibition Against breaking the law most

of the time. Some may think that it is Wrong to violate road regulations, and, that it is costly in terms

of Receiving a road penalty for not following the rules, and other people Follow the rules without

thinking about it at all (Sigelman & Sigelman, 1976). Road accidents can happen at any time and in

any Place.

Globally road traffic accidents and injuries are among the foremost cause of death and

Disability, with a disproportionate number occurring in developing countries. Road Traffic injuries

are currently ranked ninth globally among the leading causes of Disability adjusted life years lost,

and the ranking is projected to rise to third by 2020(Nantulya and Reich 2002). In Pakistan, road

accidents are very common and the situation has become worsened Day by day. Experts in the

different research reports reported that most accidents are Caused by different factors such as

careless driving, violation of traffic rules, bad roads And faulty old vehicles. According to the World

Health Organization (WHO) report (published in 2013) road accidents will become the fifth major

cause of deaths by 2030. Over 3400 people die on the world’s roads every day and tens of millions of

people Are injured or disabled every year. Children, pedestrians, cyclists and older people are

Among the most vulnerable of road users. WHO had predicted that road accidents Were claiming

30,310 lives in Pakistan annually? This indicates that approximately 20 people out of 100,000 die in

road accidents in a year, making Pakistan rank 67 Globally for a higher percentage of road traffic

accidents (Kazmi 2017).

Chakrabarty, Gupta, and Bhatnagar (2013) had studied a research about awareness of traffic

safety among drivers in Delhi-India. The study indicated that increasing Number of road accidents
coupled with increasing vehicle population. Inexperienced Drivers often experience anxiety due to

their underdeveloped & declining skills which Influence their behavior towards driving.

(Tajvar et al. 2015) had studied a research about knowledge, attitudes and practice of drivers

towards traffic regulations in Bandar-Abbas, Iran. The study indicated That the knowledge, attitudes

& practice of drivers towards traffic regulations are key Factor in decreasing traffic injuries and

death.

Local Literature

Laws are a set of rules created by a community which everyone should recognize in order for

it to be seen as a legitimate ordinance to follow. According to Allan (1996), laws were created as a

means of avoiding conflict through mutual agreement between all individuals on what is deemed as

acceptable and forbidden. During the span of human history, laws have played an important role in

maintaining peace and order in society. Though we cannot truly say when the first law was given, we

cannot deny that significance of laws in society. However, laws can be changed or altered over time

depending on the standards of the era’s generation. Something that is considered unimaginable as of

today’s standards could be seen as the norm in the next century. Lawmakers also layout laws in such

a way that makes a law easily understandable and nearly impossible to misinterpret. Lawmakers first

descriptively define the variables involved, such as the definition of a vehicle, before enumerating

the rights and restrictions concerning these variables. There have been cases where an individual has

abused certain loopholes in a law due to lack of specification in a variable’s definition. There are

different types of laws which try to regulate certain variables, but in this study we will focus on laws

concerning the Philippines traffic system.

In developing state, transportation is one of today’s needs for different human activities.

People Need vehicles in any form as a mode of transportation to reach to their target destination.

Before, people used animals to travel from one place to another but at present fuel and solar
Automobiles have been invented to make transportation more convenient, comfortable, and Faster

(Jazzel O Lauderis, Leah Eve B Petalino, Netcellyn A Ramay, 2019). With the recent development

of these technologies, demand for vehicles increases as Said by the American Public Transportation

Association (2007). As a result, metropolitan areas Experience traffic congestion. The phenomenon

increase of number of vehicles on the roads Leads to the increases in traffic problems. (Shang, R.,

2008).

Thus, in the Philippines the government enacts R.A. 4136, which is known as “The land

transportation and Traffic code”. This act contains provisions that shall control and regulate the

registration, Licensing and operation of motor vehicles. This serves as the basis of traffic enforcers in

Implementing smooth road operations in the vicinity of the city, and alleviates the unending

Congestion.

Factors that affected the traffic situation, driver and pedestrian awareness and observance of

laws, types of vehicles traversing the roads, flow and route of traffic and other features were also

considered as important aspects, as not only traffic regulations affect the traffic situation, other facets

such as discipline of the populace, breadth and width of roads, the implementing offices for traffic

laws and their officers are indispensable elements of the overall traffic situation in the city. Traffic

regulations and legislations greatly affect society, transportation is a vital aspect of civilization,

hence, improving traffic regulations tend to refine the daily traffic conditions and improve daily lives

of citizens, and on the other hand, poor traffic regulation and enforcement can be compared to a

calamity or disaster which no one would want to encounter (Brenton H Bionat, 2018).

It is generally accepted that it is not possible to completely prevent Vehicle crashes, but that

some of the injuries and severity can be Prevented or minimized by skilled traffic enforcer. Redhwan

and Karim (2010) stated that most cause of road traffic collisions is Drivers ‘ lack of awareness

about traffic regulations and laws, and Drivers ‘ failure to comply with traffic rules and regulations.

Thus, Borlongan (2007) emphasized that traffic laws should be strictly Enforced in the highly
urbanized Philippine cities; hence, traffic Enforcers.According to Al Mazruii (2015), Traffic

enforcing goals are Unclear to officers in current traffic policing strategies and Practices, and this

appeared to have a negative impact on road Safety achievement. Al Khaldi (2006) concluded that

negative attitudes and Practice of a driver can only be addressed by the traffic enforcer With

aggressive enforcement of the regulation. Mohlala (2017) Further concluded that traffic enforcers’

presence must have high Visibility, as defined, to deal with the lawlessness of the breach on All

serious offences.

The importance of traffic laws is undeniable because it is designed to protect both the lives of

the Drivers and passengers. Having sufficient knowledge of rules on the road and much more on

practicing those rules Make a driver skilled and would surely minimize the accidents or crash on the

road (Aydinan, J. B., 2020).