Museum of

The French Revolution and

The Chinese Revolution

Presented by: Jessie

and Nathan
 TABLE OF

Contents
01. Timelines 04. Similarities & Differences
02. Factors 05. Stance
03. Nationalism 06. Bibliography
 Chinese
Revolution
Timeline

EARLY 20TH EXTERNAL THREATS

WUCHANG FORMATION OF THE ERA OF AND JAPANESE
CENTURY CHAOS
UPRISING (1911) CHINESE REPUBLIC (1912) WARLORDS (1916) INVASION (1920S-
AND FAMINE 1930S)

By 1912, the rebellion had Outside forces try to

In the fall of 1911, spread, establishing the take control of China’s
At the beginning of the revolutionaries in In 1916, China was
Chinese Republic. land, the worst being
20th century, China was fragmented into
Wuchang rebelled However, the revolution Japan. Imperialist Japan
in a state of chaos, with numerous regions, each
against the was primarily driven by had invaded Manchuria,
peasants suffering from ruled by local warlords,
authorities. army officers and the and taken control of the
famine, theft, and with the central
middle class; therefore, it historical Northeastern
exploitation. government losing
did not address the severe part of China, establishing
power and influence.
poverty crisis among a puppet government.
Chinese peasants.

Mao Zhedong
(CCP)
FORMATION OF
KUOMINTANG (KMT) AND
CHINESE COMMUNIST
PARTY (CCP):
Two parties formed
due to the invasion.
The Kuomintang (KMT) were
made up of Chinese nationalists.
The KMT fought for a democratic
republic but did not want
economic change. This was led
by Chiang Kai-Shek.
The Chinese Communist Party
(CCP) wanted political reform,
and a social and economic
revolution to aid the peasant’s
poverty. This was led by Mao
Zedong.
Chinese
Chiang Kai-Shek
(KMT)
Revolution
Timeline
UNITED FRONT AGAINST
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
(1930S-1940S)
China, divided into three, the
Communist, National, and
Japanese, had its communist and
nationalist groups ally, albeit
cautiously, with the other in order
to drive out their common enemy,
the Japanese. KMT’s
ineffectiveness in driving out the
Japanese lost its support, while
CCP’s use of guerrilla tactics gave
it popularity throughout much of
rural China.
WORLD WAR II AND
JAPANESE DEFEAT (1945)
The Allied Forces, including
China, emerged victorious
in World War II, leading to
the dissolution of the
Japanese puppet state of
Manchuria and the
restoration of Chinese
control.
FAILED COALITION VICTORY OF THE
GOVERNMENT CHINESE
(1946): COMMUNIST PARTY
(1949)
In 1946, the two parties
The CCP appealed especially to
attempted to form a poor, rural peasants; ideas about
coalition government but equality, social justice, and removing
failed due to rising corrupt government. These ideas
penetrated Chinese society and
tensions. 1946 - Marshall
even appealed to the nationalism of
Mission - George Marshall is the people through their previous
sent to China to broker a guerrilla tactics with the Japanese
and giving land to the poor.
peace treaty between the
Conversely, the KMT was “out of
parties, as the United States touch” with Chinese peasants and
wished for stronger failed to persuade the people.
1949 - The communists, successful in
opposition to the Soviet
their war, formed the People’s
Union, but ultimately fails Republic of China which still
ultimately resulting in civil holds power today. The nationalists
fled to Taiwan.
war.

ESTATE
SYSTEM
First and Second Estates didn’t
contribute in terms of taxes, the
peasants footed the bill for the
costly wars that the King loved to
engage in. The clergy were corrupt,
and held a hierarchy of their own,
while the nobility were the
landowners, rather than the people
working on these lands. The third
estate also made up 97% of the
population.
French
Revolution
Timeline
ABSOLUTE ENLIGHTENMENT
MONARCHY AND AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
Enlightenment (printing
The divine right of kings
press + rational thought) -
was unquestionable at
Literacy rates rose, and
this time, but the weak,
rational thought began to
manipulable King Louis
spring up, questioning the
XVI had no interest in
status quo.
solving the problems of
his citizens, instead
American Revolution - King
preferring to war.
Louis’ support of the
successful American
Revolution, aiming for
equality and liberty, stoked
that sentiment within
France.
BREADFLATION
Droughts -> Breadflation ->
Bread Riots - Due to poor
weather conditions, crops
hardly grow, leaving the poor
to starve. Bread skyrocketed
in price, and angry citizens
began to riot, mobbing
bakers who they suspected
were hoarding bread.
ESTATES
GENERAL
tax reforms declined - The
king calls for the Estates
General, a system rarely used,
in order to address the
taxation problems. The first
and second estates vote in
their own self-interest, opting
not to change the system.
The third estate, despite
being the vast majority of
people, are outvoted.
 French
Revolution
Timeline

NATIONAL STORMING OF LEGISLATIVE NAPOLEON

WOMEN’S MARCH
ASSEMBLY & BASTILLE ASSEMBLY & SEIZES POWER
EXECUTION OF
TENNIS FORMER MONARCHS
COURT OATH Citizens storm the The women, fed up
Increasing Radicalization - France
Reform - Legislated Assembly - With the is left unsure how to proceed. The
king’s prison, Bastille, a revolutionaries' success came a new
They relocate to a nearby with the scarcity of Jacobins believe that the
symbol of the king's constitution, limiting the power of the revolution must continue even
Tennis Court, where they food, march to the monarchs and aiming to put the power further in spirit, and seize power,
absolute power, and
rename themselves as the palace and cow the in the hands of an elected Legislated beginning another bloody
successfully take over Assembly, better representing the
insurrection. After their subsequent
National Assembly and king into coming back, people. Soon came the Declaration of
in order to raid defeat, a power vacuum is left,
swear not to disband until a trapping him as a the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
gunpowder supplies. with foreign opposition dogging
more just constitution is
Louis XVI flees to his political prisoner. Execution of former monarchs - King
France’s every step.
made.
palace in Versailles. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were
Napoleon rose to power and
both executed, formally ending the
monarchy which had lasted for over 900
created an empire that marked the
years. start of France’s reign over
continental Europe.
 F a ct o r s
sh a p in g
Na tio na li sm
 Factors Shaping Nationalism
Historical
Factors French Revolution
The Divine Right of Kings had
established a monarchy in France
for over 900 years. This brought
about the idea that France should
not be governed as a monarchy but
be founded on the will and
collective identity of the people. A
nation’s destiny should be controlled
and governed by the citizens.
Chinese Revolution
After suffering various defeats in the
Opium Wars and the Sino-Japanese
Wars, China had multiple forms of
foreign intervention in the land. Japan
occupied Manchuria and created a
colony, exercising its control over the
land and reaping the rewards. This led
to a desire from China’s people to
overcome and establish “Chinese”
control over their own country.
 Factors Shaping Nationalism
Geographical
French Revolution Factors
Church and nobility owned
land, whilst peasants only toiled
on the land. The unfair
distribution of land, and
contributed to economic
disparities between Estates.
The land had also been
wrought with droughts and
harsh weather conditions which
starved the people.
Chinese Revolution
The CCP offered land to rural
peasants, generating loyalty
and support for the CCP.
Many rural Chinese farmers
would later band together
and support the CCP, and
become a nation.
 Factors Shaping Nationalism
French Revolution
The estate system in its entirety created a
disproportionate gap between France’s
citizens, and there was no way to higher
status besides working in the clergy, which
had a hierarchy of its own. The third Estate
didn’t feel as though the government was
working to their benefit, and once the
National Assembly formed, they, with the
support of the people, swore to continue
until a new constitution was made in
what known as the Tennis Court Oath.
Political
Factors
Chinese Revolution
As the KMT was unable to fulfill the needs of
the poor, communist thought began to
spread, creating the CCP. The CCP
advocated for a communist revolution and the
financial well-being of the people would have
a better life in general. Conversely, the KMT
was not able to appeal to the people, and
could not bring about a better society for the
people. The political struggle between these
two major parties shaped the course of the
revolution.
 Factors Shaping Nationalism

Economic
Factors French Revolution Chinese Revolution
The Third Estate faced economic The economic hardship faced by Chinese
inequality as only they paid for taxes, but peasants, who were burdened by oppressive
the First and Second Estate were landowners, played a significant role in shaping
exempted. The state’s bankruptcy from nationalism during the Chinese Revolution of 1949.
prior wars as well as Louis XVI's poor The extreme poverty and land inequalities
government and financial decisions experienced by the rural population fueled a
(funding the American Revolution with no desire for economic reform and social justice. This
gain for France). As the poor starved and economic inequality contributed to the appeal of
slaved away, the aristocracy and clergy had the Chinese Communist Party's message, which
lavish lifestyles, causing social unrest promised to address these issues through land
among the peasants. redistribution and economic transformation.
 Factors Shaping Nationalism
Social
French Revolution
Factors
Enlightenment and the
influence of salons, Thinkers
like Voltaire, Locke, and
Descartes provided the
intellectual foundations for
revolutionary ideas. The
American Revolution had
French people return with
dreams of equality, creating
ideas of a Revolution.
Chinese Revolution
The dire living conditions, food scarcity,
and the suffering of ordinary people
created a strong desire for change
and improvement in the social and
economic aspects of their lives. This
discontent with the status quo
contributed to the appeal of the
Chinese Communist Party's message,
which promised to alleviate social
inequalities and improve the lives of
the marginalized and impoverished.
Exp r ess io ns
of
Na tio n al is m
 Chinese Revolution
Nationalism

Mao Zedong’s face on the

Chinese currency is a
Maoism is a departure from
Youth Day, established by the CCP,
should not be confused with the “Aiguo” (愛國 ) sentiment, or
symbol of Chinese Tiananmen Square protests that occurred love for the country. During
nationalism, having helped Marxism or Leninism, on the same day. In 1919, Japan
occupied Qingdao and Chinese students
the revolution, this was
shaped China’s identity stressing the importance of
gathered in Tiananmen Square to protest. used to express their
and history. Reinforces the the middle and lower When the authorities cracked down on patriotic fervor and desire
shared history, struggles, classes, and is still studied them, it led to a series of strikes against
Japanese involvement in China. This is for national greatness and
and creates a collective today. distinct from the more well-known sovereignty.
Tiananmen Square protests, which were
consiousness.
directed against the CCP.

Chinese
Maoism Youth Day Aiguo
Currency
 Chinese
After
Before
“Cup of Gold” 1911-1912
Anthem 1949+
“March of the
Volunteers”
巩金瓯， Solidify our golden empire,
起来！不愿做奴隶的人们！
承天帱， Follow the will of Heaven,
把我们的血肉，筑成我们新
Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves! With

民物欣凫藻， All of creation will celebrate,

的长城！ 中华民族到了最危
our flesh and blood, let us build a new

喜同袍。 All of mankind will be filled with Great Wall! As the Chinese nation faces
清时幸遭, happiness,
险的时候， 每个人被迫着发 its greatest peril, All forcefully expend
真熙皞，
As long as the Qing rules.
May the enlightened empire, 出最后的吼声。 起来！起 their last cries. Arise! Arise! Arise!
帝国苍穹保。 And its vast boundaries be 来！起来！ 我们万众一心，
天高高， protected.
冒着敌人的炮火，前进！前
Millions of hearts with one mind, Brave

海滔滔。 The sky is high,

The sea is turbulent. 进！前进！进！
the enemy's gunfire, march on! March on!
March on! On!
 French Revolution
Nationalism

The Declaration of the Rights

Emphasize ideals of
“Liberty, Equality, and historic day where the
Fraternity”. Provides a
common vision and
national unity for the Third
Estate.
Celebrating the of Man and of the Citizen of
1789. These were the rights
that the 3rd Estate fought for,
kings power
and applied to all French
symbolically fell white males, regardless of
social and economic
background, and is the
foundations of their ideals
and identity.
Calls for
Tricolor flag, with blue and
red representing the city of Frenchmen to
Paris. These colors were stand up against
popular among the French tyranny and fight
revolutionaries and
no matter what;
represented the ideas of
Liberty, fraternity, and patriotism.
democracy.

“Liberty, Declaration of
Bastille the Rights of France’s Anthem - “La
Equality, and Flag Marseillaise”
Day Man and of
Fraternity” the Citizen
 e v olution
French R
g , b u t t o
is n o t h in
s m
“Death
ona li
d
ti
n
a
a
N
a t e d
live defe die daily.”
t o
Napoleon’s
o u s i s
inglori

Lasting Impact
National Banks - centralized French banking
system, unifying the national economy.
Schools - “Napoleon University” Government-run
schools, promoting language, culture, and
national history.
Figurehead on currency - Napoleon is featured
on French currency, helping solidify his status as
a symbol of France.
Napoleonic Code of Equality, Liberty, and
Secularism - helped create collective
consciousness, and helped pass secular laws.
Applicable to other nations, like Quebec.
Statues - erection of statues, which reflect
France’s pride and nationality.
National hero - Becomes a national hero, and
his image embodies French ideals and a source
of French patriotism.
Sim ila rit ie s
&
D iff e re nc es
Similarities
Both led to dictatorships: China under Mao Zedong
and France under Napoleon.
Severe punishment for the losing sides: KMT fled to
Taiwan, and the French monarchy faced the guillotine.
Faced foreign opposition: European monarchs aimed
to stop the spread of democracy, and the United States
opposed communism.
Shared goal of creating ideal societies through their
respective revolutions.
Responses to economic exploitation and uprisings by
the common people.
Reflection of civic nationalism: Emphasizing
revolution, citizenship, and unity during challenging
times.
Differences
The victorious revolutionary power, the CCP,
remains in power in China today, while the
new French government has undergone
multiple renamings and conflicts.
China adopted communism with the CCP,
while France eventually transitioned to a
democratic republic.
At the onset of the revolution, China had
already moved beyond its monarchical system
characterized by dynasties, compared to
France.
Stance
 The Stance
While both revolutions attempted to address their historical issues, they expressed
different aspects of nationalism. China emphasized the importance of an ethnic
nation, and its revolutionaries' primary purpose was to regain control of their
historical lands. Chinese nationalism reflects this, as can be seen through the
national anthem, originally titled “March of the Anti-Manchukuo Counter-Japan
Volunteers.” However, along the way were promises to fix the problems in Chinese
society, like rampant inequality. While improvements have occurred, and the living
conditions of those living in China have undoubtedly skyrocketed, the historical
promises fed further through propaganda have not been fulfilled. The Cultural
Revolution, perhaps Mao’s defining moment as the leader of the CCP besides
establishing the PRC, carved a bloody history by killing dissenters and attempting to
rewrite China’s history. While preaching the ideals of socialism, Mao held a fascist
rule and ruled with intimidation; these ideals thought of during the revolution have
not been realized by China, and the loss of life even today reflects this. Though the
Cultural Revolution was formally denounced even by the CCP, dissenters today are
unable to speak up in fear for their lives. The legal state of Taiwan also comes into
question.
Though the Chinese Revolution accentuated the idea of controlling its own land, the
China of today is all too happy to act in a neo-imperialist manner, threatening
expansionism on historical lands similar to the Japanese occupying China’s land.
Ironically, this goes directly against the idea of Chinese nationalism during the
revolution, where they denounced this action. In comparison, the French Revolution still
eventually accomplished its valued “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.” Napoleon’s reign
and empire, though autocratic, was defeated, and the remnants were not all bad; the
seed of liberty had been planted in the countries of Europe, though it was to stand up
against Napoleon’s rule. The constant change in government, sporadic and often as it
was, was fought for until the democratic republic strived for by the revolutionaries was
reached, following their anthem. Modern-day France is seen as the progenitor of liberty,
and the other values the French Revolution held embody the country. This can be seen in
its stance on the Ukraine-Russia war today - it strongly supports Ukraine’s bid for
freedom and peace, through its military support and advocating for its membership in
NATO. Its Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizen was the blueprint for
many countries' own constitutions, and it had been the main catalyst in Europe for other
countries to adopt revolutionary ideals of their own, resulting in a freer, more equal
Europe. It has evolved as well, with the rights of women and minorities protected,
expanding on the initial document. French nationalism has grown over time, rallying
with the progression of its people, while China’s has been repressed, in fear of the
government, whose idea of nationalism seems more and more different from its people.
In this regard, French nationalism is absolutely successful, while China’s is less so,
resulting in a more true nationalism.
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